Essay “The Theme of Art in A. Chekhov’s play “The Seagull”

Biography and creativity of N.A. Nekrasov.

Childhood.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on October 10 (November 28), 1821 in Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province.

Nekrasov's father, Alexey Sergeevich, was a small nobleman and an officer. After retiring, he settled on his family estate, in the village of Greshnev, Yaroslavl province (now the village of Nekrasovo). He had several serf souls, whom he treated quite harshly. His son with early years observed this, and it is believed that this circumstance determined the formation of Nekrasov as a revolutionary poet.

Nekrasov's mother, Alexandra Andreevna Zakrevskaya, became his first teacher. She was educated, and she also tried to instill in all her children (of whom there were 14) a love of the Russian language and literature.

Nikolai Nekrasov spent his childhood years in Greshnev. At the age of 7, the future poet already began to write poetry, and a few years later - satire.

1832 – 1837 – studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Nekrasov is an average student, periodically conflicting with his superiors over his satirical poems.

Petersburg.

1838 - Nekrasov, not completing training course at the gymnasium (he only reached the 5th grade), leaves for St. Petersburg to join a noble regiment. My father dreamed that Nikolai Alekseevich would become a military man. But in St. Petersburg, Nekrasov, against the will of his father, tries to enter the university. The poet fails the entrance exams, and he has to become a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology.

1838 - 1840 - Nikolai Nekrasov was a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg University. Having learned about this, his father deprives him of financial support. According to Nekrasov’s own recollections, he lived in poverty for about three years, surviving on small odd jobs. At the same time, the poet is part of the literary and journalistic circle of St. Petersburg.

In the same year (1838) Nekrasov’s first publication took place. The poem “Thought” is published in the magazine “Son of the Fatherland”. Later, several poems appear in the “Library for Reading”, then in the “Literary Additions to the Russian Invalid”.

Nikolai Alekseevich will describe all the difficulties of the first years of life in St. Petersburg later in the novel “The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov.” 1840 - with his first savings, Nekrasov decides to publish his first collection, which he does under the signature “N.N.”, despite the fact that V.A. Zhukovsky dissuades him. The collection “Dreams and Sounds” is not successful. Frustrated, Nekrasov destroys part of the circulation.

1841 - Nekrasov begins to collaborate in Otechestvennye zapiski.

During the same period, Nikolai Alekseevich earned his living by doing journalism. He edits the “Russian Newspaper” and runs the columns “Chronicle of St. Petersburg Life” and “Petersburg Dachas and Surroundings”. Collaborates in “Notes of the Fatherland”, “Russian Disabled Person”, theater “Pantheon”. At the same time, under the pseudonym N.A. Perepelsky writes fairy tales, ABCs, vaudeville, and melodramatic plays. The latter are successfully staged on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg.

Collaboration with Belinsky.

1842-1843 Nekrasov became close to V.G. Belinsky’s circle. In 1845 and 1846, Nekrasov published several almanacs that were supposed to create an image of “grassroots” St. Petersburg: “Physiology of St. Petersburg” (1845), “Petersburg Collection” (1846), “First of April” (1846). The almanacs included works by V.G. Belinsky, Herzen, Dahl, F.M. Dostoevsky, I.S. Turgenev, D.V. Grigorovich. In 1845-1846 Nekrasov lived in Povarsky Lane no. 13 and in no. 19 on the embankment of the Fontanka River. At the end of 1846, Nekrasov, together with Panaev, acquired the Sovremennik magazine from Pletnev, to which many employees of Otechestvennye Zapiski transferred, including

including Belinsky.

Creation.

In 1847-1866 Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was the publisher and actual editor of Sovremennik, on whose pages the works of the best and most progressive writers of that time were published. In the mid-50s, Nekrasov had problems serious problems with a sore throat, but the treatment in Italy was beneficial. In 1857 N.A. Nekrasov, together with Panaev and A.Ya. Panaeva, moved to an apartment in building 36/2 on Liteiny Prospekt, where he lived until the last days of his life. In 1847-1864 Nekrasov was in a civil marriage with A.Ya. Panaeva. In 1862 N.A. Nekrasov acquired the Karabikha estate, not far from Yaroslavl, where he came every summer. In 1866, the Sovremennik magazine was closed and in 1868 Nekrasov acquired the right to publish Otechestvennye Zapiski (together with M.E. Saltykov; directed in 1868-1877)

Last years of life.

1875 - the poem “Contemporaries” was written. At the beginning of the same year, the poet became seriously ill. The then famous surgeon Billroth came from Vienna to operate on Nekrasov, but the operation did not produce results.

1877 - Nekrasov publishes a cycle of poems “Last Songs”. December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov dies in St. Petersburg from cancer. Buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.

Nekrasov was buried in St. Petersburg.

Composition

The work of N.A. Nekrasov constitutes an entire era in the history of Russian literature. His poetry was an expression of the new time, when commoners came to replace the outgoing class of nobles in the public life of the country. For the poet, the concepts of the Motherland and the working people - the breadwinner and defender of the Russian land - merged together. That is why Nekrasov’s patriotism is so organically combined with a protest against the oppressors of the peasants.
In his work, N. Nekrasov continued the traditions of his great predecessors - M. V. Lomonosov, K. F. Ryleev, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov - who considered the “civil rank” to be the highest.

Back in 1848, in one of his poems, the author compared his poetry with the image of a peasant woman. His muse is close to troubles and suffering ordinary people. She herself is one of many thousands of disadvantaged and oppressed:

Yesterday, at about six o'clock,
I went to Sennaya;
There they beat a woman with a whip,
A young peasant woman.
Not a sound from her chest
Only the whip whistled as it played,
And I said to the Muse: “Look!
Your dear sister."

With this poem, Nekrasov began his path in poetry, from which he never turned back. In 1856, the poet’s second collection was published, which opened with the poem “The Poet and the Citizen,” printed in a larger font. This seemed to emphasize the role of verse in the collection.

“A noble and strong thing. So the motive of his entire muse hums,” wrote one of the poet’s contemporaries A. Turgenev, having become acquainted with the works of this book.
“The Poet and the Citizen” is the most vivid, clear and definite expression of Nekrasov’s civic position, his understanding of the goals and objectives of poetry... The poem is a dialogue between the Poet and the Citizen, from which it becomes clear that the Citizen is sensitive to the changes taking place in society.

“What a time it is,” he says enthusiastically. The citizen believes that everyone has a duty to society not to be indifferent to the fate of their homeland. Moreover, this is the duty of a poet, whom nature and fate have awarded with talent and who must help discover the truth, ignite the hearts of people, and lead them along the path of truth.

“Boldly smash the vices,” the Citizen Poet calls.

He tries to awaken the indifferently sleeping soul of the Poet, who explains his social passivity by the desire to create “real,” “eternal” art, far from the burning issues of our time. Here Nekrasov touches on a very important problem generated by new era. This is the problem of contrasting socially significant poetry " pure art" The dispute between the heroes of the poem is ideological, a dispute about life position a poet, but he is perceived more broadly: not only a poet, but any citizen, a person in general. A true citizen “bears on his body all the ulcers of his homeland like his own.” The poet should be ashamed

In a time of grief
The beauty of the valleys, skies and sea
And sing of sweet affection.

Nekrasov’s lines became an aphorism:

You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen.

Since then, every true artist has used them to check the true value of his work. The role of the poet-citizen especially increases during periods of great social storms and social upheavals. Let's turn our gaze to today. With what passion, despair and hope, with what fury our writers and poets, artists and performers rushed to fight against outdated dogmas for the creation of a renewed, humane society! And even though their views are sometimes diametrically opposed and not everyone can agree with them, the attempt itself is noble, albeit with difficulty, making mistakes and stumbling, to find Right way moving forward. For them, the “rank of citizen” is as high as in Lomonosov, Pushkin and Nekrasov times.

Nekrasov called “Elegy” - one of his last poems. In it, the poet reflects with deep bitterness on the causes of disharmony in society. Life has been lived, and Nekrasov has come to a wise, philosophical understanding of existence.
But the powerless situation of the people, their life, the relationship between the poet and the people still worries the author.

Let changing fashion tell us,
That the old theme is “the suffering of the people”
And that poetry should forget her,
Don't believe it, boys!
She doesn't age
he claims.

Responding to all those who hesitate and doubt that poetry can somehow seriously influence people’s lives, he wrote:

But everyone go into battle! And fate will decide the battle...

And Nekrasov, until the last moments of his difficult life, remained a warrior, striking blows at the tsarist autocracy with every line of his works.
Nekrasov’s muse, so sensitive to the pain and joy of others, has not laid down her poetic weapons even today; she is at the forefront of the struggle for a free, happy, spiritually rich person.

Most of Nekrasov's lyrics are devoted to the theme of the suffering of the people. This topic, as the author states in the poem “Elegy,” will always be relevant. He understands that many generations will continue to pose the question of restoring social justice, and that while the people “languish in poverty,” the only companion, support, and inspirer will be the Muse. Nekrasov dedicates his poetry to the people. He affirms the idea that victory goes to the people only if everyone goes into battle.

Let not every warrior harm the enemy,
But everyone go into battle! And fate will decide the battle...
I saw a red day: there is no slave in Russia!
And I shed sweet tears in tenderness...

With these lines, the author calls for the fight for freedom and happiness. But by 1861 the issue of freedom for the peasants had already been resolved. After the reform of the abolition of serfdom, it was believed that the life of the peasants went along the path of prosperity and freedom. Nekrasov sees the other side of this aspect; he poses the question like this: “The people are liberated, but are the people happy?” This makes us wonder whether the people have gained real freedom?
In the poem “Elegy,” written at the end of his life, Nekrasov seems to sum up his thoughts on the topic of the purpose of a poet and poetry. Nekrasov devotes the main place in his poetry to the description of the life of the people, their difficult fate. He's writing:

I dedicated the lyre to my people.
Perhaps I will die unknown to him,
But I served him - and my heart is calm...
But still, the author is depressed by the thought that the people did not respond to his voice and remained deaf to his calls:
But the one about whom I sing in the evening silence,
To whom are the poet’s dreams dedicated?
Alas! He doesn’t heed and doesn’t give an answer...

This circumstance worries him, and therefore he sets himself the task of becoming “an exposer of the crowd,” “its passions and delusions.” He is ready to go through the difficult thorny path, but fulfill his mission as a poet. Nekrasov writes about this in his poem “Blessed is the gentle poet...”. In it, he shames the lyricists who remain aloof from the most “sick”, most pressing and controversial problems of the peasantry. He ridicules their detachment from real world, their head in the clouds, when such troubles are happening on earth: children are forced to beg, women take on the unbearable burden of being the breadwinner of the family and work from dawn to dusk.
The author argues that in any, even the most difficult times, the poet is not free to ignore what worries the Russian people most. A real poet, according to Nekrasov:

Armed with satire, he walks a thorny path
With your punishing lyre.

It is precisely such a poet who will always be remembered, although they will understand late how much he did...
Poems on the topic of the purpose of a poet and poetry occupy an important place in Nekrasov’s lyrics. They once again confirm his boundless devotion to the Russian people, his love for them, his admiration for his patience and hard work, and at the same time the pain that the author experiences, seeing his inaction and resignation to his cruel fate. All his work is an attempt to “awaken” the spirit of the people, to make them understand how important and good freedom is, and that only with it the life of the peasants can become truly happy.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (1821─1877) - an outstanding Russian poet, writer and publicist, who became a classic of Russian literature. Most famous received his works “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Troika”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares”. For a long time he was involved in active social activities, managing the magazines Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski.

Nikolai Alekseevich became famous as an apologist for popular suffering, trying to show through his works the true tragedy of the peasantry. He is also known as an innovative poet who actively introduced folk prose and speech patterns into Russian poetry.

Childhood and youth

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 22, 1821 in the Vinnitsa district of the Podolsk province in the family of a large Yaroslavl landowner Alexei Nekrasov. At this time, the regiment in which he served was quartered in these places. The mother of the great poet was a Polish woman, Elena Zakrevskaya. Soon after the birth of his son, the father abandoned military service, and the family moved near Yaroslavl to the family estate Greshnevo.

The future poet early became acquainted with the realities of the serf Russian village and the difficult peasant life. All this made a depressing impression and left a deep imprint on his soul. The gloomy and dull life in these places will be echoed in the poet’s future poems “Motherland”, “The Unhappy”, “In the Unknown Wilderness”.

Complicated by harsh realities bad relationship mother and father, which had a detrimental effect on life large family(Nekrasov had 13 sisters and brothers). There, in native land, Nekrasov first fell ill with poetry. He was inspired by his beloved mother, who was well educated, to love art. After her death, the poet found many books in Polish, in the margins of which she left notes. Little Kolya also dedicated his first poems, written at the age of seven, to his mother:

Dear mother, please accept
This weak work
And consider
Is it suitable anywhere?

After entering the gymnasium, Nekrasov left his homeland and enjoyed freedom. He lived in the city in a private apartment with his younger brother and was left to his own devices. This is probably why he did not study well, and he often got into verbal altercations with teachers and wrote satirical poems about them.

At the age of 16, Nikolai moved to St. Petersburg. The change in circumstances turned out to be forced, since after expulsion from the gymnasium he was threatened with a military career with a barracks spirit intolerable to the freedom-loving Kolya. In 1838 he came to the capital with letter of recommendation for admission to cadet corps, but instead begins preparing for university. Emphasizing his desire to break with the hated past, in which the only bright spot were memories of his mother, the poet writes the poem “Thought.”

Nekrasov’s first collection of poetry, entitled “Dreams and Sounds,” was not accepted either by critics or by the author himself. After this, he withdrew from poetry for a long time, and immediately destroyed all copies of the book that fell into his hands. Until his death, Nikolai Alekseevich did not like to remember these plays and poems.

In the literary field

After such a turn, his father refused material support, so Nekrasov was forced to do odd jobs and even risked starvation. Nevertheless, he firmly believed in literature as the most perfect form of free and rational activity. Even the most severe need did not force him to leave this field. In memory of this period, he began to write, but never finished, the novel “The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov.”

In the period from 1840 to 1843, Nikolai Alekseevich began writing prose, while simultaneously collaborating with the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Many stories came from his pen - “Morning in the Editorial Office”, “Carriage”, “Landowner 23 Years Old”, “Experienced Woman” and many others. Under the pseudonym of Perepelsky, he writes dramas “The Husband Is Out of Place”, “Feokfist Onufrievich Bob”, Grandfather’s Parrots”, “Actor”. At the same time, he became known as the author of numerous reviews and feuilletons.

In 1842, the long-awaited reconciliation with his father took place, which opened the way for him home. “With a tired head, neither alive nor dead,” is how he describes his return to Greshnevo. By that time, the already elderly father had forgiven him and was even proud of his son’s ability to overcome difficulties.

The next year, Nekrasov met V. Belinsky, who at first did not take his literary gift very seriously. Everything changed after the appearance of the poem “On the Road,” which forced the famous critic to call him a “true poet.” Belinsky admired the famous “Motherland” even more. Nekrasov did not remain in debt and called the meeting with him his salvation. As it turned out, the poet with his enormous talent he really needed a person who would enlighten him with his ideas.

Singer of the folk soul

After writing the poem “On the Road,” which bared the soul intelligent person, who was no stranger to people's suffering, he creates about a dozen more works. In them, the author accumulates all his hatred for the meaningless opinion of the crowd, ready to brand any victim of a hard life with false and empty chatter. His poems “When from the darkness of delusion” became one of the first attempts by Russian authors to show a bright image of a woman who was dying from poverty and misfortune.

In the period from 1845 to 1854, the poet did not write much, creating the immortal poems “In Memory of Belinsky”, “Muse”, “Masha”, “Uncompressed Strip”, “Wedding”. It’s hard not to notice in them the calling that I found in my destiny great poet. True, he still followed this path with extreme caution, which was facilitated by best years for literature related to the strengthening of the reactionary Nikolaev regime.

Social activity

Beginning in 1847, the poet took the helm of the Sovremennik magazine, becoming its publisher and editor. Under his leadership, the publication turned into a full-fledged organ of the revolutionary-democratic camp, the most advanced literary minds Russia. Despite desperate attempts to save the magazine, when Nekrasov recited his poems at a dinner in honor of the famous Count N. Muravyov (“the hangman”), Sovremennik was closed in 1866. The reason for such a decisive step by the authorities was Karakozov’s shots at Summer Garden, which almost cost the emperor his life. Until his last days, the poet regretted his action, calling it “the wrong sound.”

Two years later, Nekrasov finally returned to publishing activities, acquiring the right to publish Otechestvennye Zapiski. This magazine will be the last brainchild of Nikolai Alekseevich. On its pages he published chapters famous poem“Who Lives Well in Rus'”, as well as “Russian Women”, “Grandfather” and a number of satirical works.

Late period

Much more fruitful was the period from 1855 to 1864, which began with the accession of the new Emperor Alexander II. During these years, Nekrasov appears as a true creator poetic paintings folk and public life. The first work in this series was the poem “Sasha”. It so happened that at this time there was a social upsurge, including the birth of the populist movement. The response of this concerned poet and citizen was the writing of the poem “Peddlers”, “Songs to Eremushka”, “Reflections at the Main Entrance” and, of course, “Poet and Citizen”. Trying to support the impulse of the revolutionary intelligentsia, he calls for heroism and self-sacrifice for the sake of people's happiness in the poem "To the Sowers".

The late creative period is characterized by the presence of elegiac motifs in poetry. They found expression in such poems as “Morning”, “Elegy”, “Three Elegies”, “Despondency”. The most special thing is famous work poet “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, which became his crown creative activity. It can be called a real guide to folk life where there was a place people's ideals freedom, the spokesman of which was the hero of the work, Grisha Dobrosklonov. The poem contains a large layer of peasant culture, conveyed to the reader in the form of beliefs, sayings, colloquial vernacular.

In 1862, after reprisals against many radical friends, Nekrasov returned to his native place in the Yaroslavl region. Stay on small homeland inspired the poet to write the poem “A Knight for an Hour,” which the author especially loved. Soon he bought his own estate, Karabikha, where he came every summer.

Poet and citizen

In Russian literature, Nikolai Nekrasov took his place, completely special place. He became real national poet, an exponent of his aspirations and sufferings. Denouncing the vices of those in power, he, as best he could, stood up for the interests of the village oppressed by serfdom. Close communication with his colleagues at Sovremennik helped to develop deep moral convictions associated with his active civic position. In his works “About the Weather”, “Crying Children”, “Reflections at the Front Entrance”, he shares with readers his revolutionary ideas, born in the name of people's happiness.

In 1856 it was published literary collection“Poems”, which became a kind of manifesto of progressive literature, which dreamed of forever removing the shackles of serfdom. All this contributed to the growth of the authority of Nikolai Alekseevich, who became a moral guide for many representatives of the youth of that time. And it is no coincidence that he was proudly called the most Russian poet. In the 1860s, the concept of the “Nekrasov School” was established, which “enrolled” poets of the real and civil school, who wrote about the people and spoke to their readers in their language. Among the most famous authors D. Minaev and N. Dobrolyubov stand out in this movement.

Distinctive feature Nekrasov's creativity was satirical in orientation. In his poems “Lullaby” and “Modern Ode” he ridicules noble hypocrites and bourgeois philanthropists. And in “The Court” and “Song of Free Speech” a bright, sharply satirical political subtext is visible. The poet exposes censorship, feudal landowners and the illusory freedom given by the emperor.

The last years of his life Nekrasov suffered from severe cancer stomach He agreed to the operation famous doctor Billroth, but it was unsuccessful. A trip to Crimea did not save him from a serious illness - on December 27, 1877, Nikolai Alekseevich passed away. His funeral turned into an unprecedented expression of popular sympathy among thousands of people who came on a frosty winter day to honor the memory of the great poet.

Personal life

In the most difficult times of lack of money, Nekrasov was helped by the well-known holder of a literary salon in St. Petersburg, Ivan Panaev. In his house the poet met many prominent figures literature - Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Saltykov-Shchedrin. What stood out was the acquaintance with the beautiful Avdotya Panayeva, Ivan’s wife. Despite her strong character, Nekrasov managed to win the woman’s favor. After the success that came, Nikolai Alekseevich purchased a large apartment on Liteiny, where the Panaev family also moved in. True, the husband had long lost interest in Avdotya and did not have any feelings for her. After Panaev's death, the long-awaited marriage with Avdotya did not take place. She quickly married Sovremennik secretary A. Golovachev and moved out of the apartment.

Tormented unrequited love, Nekrasov, together with his sister Anna, goes abroad, where he meets a new passion ─ Frenchwoman Sedina Lefren. For five years they would maintain a long-distance relationship, however, having received a lot of money from a successful publisher, she disappeared from his life forever.

At the end of his life, Nekrasov became close to Fekla Viktorova, whom, according to legend, he won at cards. She was a girl of humble origin and was often embarrassed by her presence among educated society. Experiencing more paternal feelings for her, the poet awarded the girl his patronymic and contributed to the acquisition of a new name - Zinochka. Indirect proof of this is the fact that he dedicated all his later poems to A. Panaeva.

Nevertheless, shortly before his death, already very weak and exhausted, the poet decided to marry Thekla, which took place in a temporary temple built right in the dining room of his house.

N. A. Nekrasov (1821-1877)

Poet is enthusiastic and passionate

Nekrasov's noble origins left an indelible imprint on his development as a poet. His father, a retired officer and famous Yaroslavl landowner, took the family to Greshnevo (family estate), where the patriotic poet spent his childhood, who, it was no coincidence, fell in love with Russian nature. Among the apple trees of a widely spread garden not far from the deep Volga, which young poet loved to call the cradle the first years of his life.

Nekrasov always had vivid memories of the famous Sibirka, which he reluctantly recalled: “Everything that traveled and walked along it was known: postal troikas or prisoners chained in chains, accompanied by cruel guards.” This served as food for children's curiosity. Huge family (13 sisters and brothers), trials on the estate, neglected affairs forced Father Nekrasov to hire a police officer.

Having entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium in 1832, Nekrasov studied 5 classes, but studied satisfactorily and especially did not get along with the gymnasium management because of the sharp satirical epigrams, and since his father always dreamed of military career son, the 16-year-old poet went to be assigned to the St. Petersburg regiment. The matter was almost settled, but Nekrasov met his gymnasium friend Glushitsky, who aroused in the poet an unknown thirst for learning: he even ignored his father’s threats to leave him without support. So Nekrasov enters the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer student.

However, his path was thorny: the poet suffered terrible poverty and hunger. There were times when he went to a restaurant where it was possible to read newspapers, pulled up a plate of bread and ate. Living from hand to mouth, Nekrasov fell ill and owed money on the room he rented from a soldier, after which he sent him to the street. The beggar took pity on the sick man and offered him shelter: here young Nekrasov found a living, for the first time writing a petition to someone for 15 kopecks.

Over time, things went uphill: he took up teaching, wrote articles in magazines, and was published in “ Literary newspaper", composed fairy tales and ABCs in verse for popular print publishers, even staged light vaudeville on stage under the pseudonym of Perepelsky. The first savings appeared, after which Nekrasov decided to publish a collection of poems in 1840 under the name “Dreams and Sounds.”

The best representative of the “muse of revenge and sadness”

As a passionate person, women always liked Alexey Sergeevich. The Warsaw resident Zakrevskaya, the daughter of a wealthy possessor, also fell in love with him. Parents flatly refused to marry their daughter, who received an excellent education, to an army officer mediocre, however, the marriage still took place without parental blessing.

Nekrasov always spoke of his mother as a victim of a harsh environment and an eternal sufferer who drank Russian grief. The bright image of the mother, who brightened up the unattractive environment of childhood with its nobility, was reflected in the poem “Mother,” “ Latest songs", "Knight for an hour." The charm of memories of his mother in Nekrasov’s work was reflected in his special participation in the difficult female share. Hardly any of the Russian poets could do as much for mothers and wives as this stern and supposedly callous folk poet.

At the dawn of the 40s, he became an employee of Otechestvennye Zapiski. Here Nekrasov meets Belinsky, who was imbued with the poet’s work and appreciated his bright mind. But Vissarion Grigorievich immediately realized that Nekrasov was weak in prose and that nothing would come of him except as an ordinary magazine scribbler, but he loved his poems, especially noting “On the Road.”

Poet-prophet

His “Petersburg Collection” gained special fame; “Poor People” by F. M. Dostoevsky also appeared in it. His publishing business was going so well that, in tandem with Panaev, he acquired Sovremennik by 1846. The first poem “Sasha” became a magnificent lyrical introduction and was a song of joy in returning to the homeland. The poem received high praise in the 40s. "Peddlers" are set out in folk spirit in a special, original style. Kuchelbecker was the first to call the poet a prophet.

The most seasoned and famous work Nekrasova - “Red Nose Frost”. Representing an apotheosis peasant life, the poet denounces bright sides Russian nature; however, there is no sentimentality here thanks to the filigree honing of the stately style. “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is written in the original size (over 5000 verses).

Nekrasov's poems, along with poems for a long time, provided him with one of significant places in Russian literature. From his works one can compose a large work of highly artistic merit, the significance of which will not perish as long as the great Russian language lives.

About the purpose of the poet

Polevaya dedicated laudatory reviews to Nekrasov’s lyrics, Zhukovsky treated his poems with trepidation and reverence, even Belinsky was incredibly happy about the appearance of Nekrasov as a unique phenomenon in Russian literature. The magnificent style in the work “When from the darkness of delusion I called out to a fallen soul” was noted even by critics Apollo Grigoriev and Almazov, who were averse to Nekrasov.

The poet died from a serious illness in last days December 1877 Several thousand people, despite the severe frosts, escorted his body to the place of eternal rest in the Novodevichy cemetery. F. M. Dostoevsky said a few farewell words at the grave, putting the name of Nekrasov in a row with Pushkin and Lermontov.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov- Russian poet, who occupies a special place among writers realists XIX century, publicist. Sympathetic to his people, sensitive to all injustice and the pain of others. A writer who painted a diverse and truthful picture Everyday life ordinary people. All this characterizes Nekrasov, the talented man we know, in the best possible way. literary figure. He used folklore, prose and song intonations in his poetry, showing all the richness of the simple peasant language.
The future poet was born in the small beautiful Ukrainian town of Nemirov (not far from Vinnitsa) on November 28, 1821. Also in early childhood The family moved to the father's family estate, to the village of Greshnevo, in the Yaroslavl province. Nekrasov's father, a former officer and a wealthy landowner, was a tough and even despotic man by nature. Both the serfs and the whole family suffered from it. Mother, on the contrary, was an educated and sensitive woman. She instilled in her son a love of literature. In 1832, Nekrasov was sent to study at a gymnasium. At this time he began to write his first essays. But science was not very good for the boy, and he also clashed with teachers.
After five years of study, my father decided to send Nikolai to military school. And in 1838 the young man went to St. Petersburg to enlist in military service. But instead, violating the will of his father, the young man tries to enter the university. But the attempt was unsuccessful, entrance exams Nekrasov could not pass. Therefore, he began attending classes as a volunteer at the Faculty of Philology. Having learned about such willfulness of his son, Nekrasov the father deprived him of his financial support. And the future poet was forced to look for income by working in various publications in low-paying jobs.

In 1840 The first collection of poetry, “Dreams and Sounds,” was published, and was not very favorably received by critics. From that time on, a period of persistent, hard work began in the poet’s life. Nekrasov writes stories, theater reviews, plays, feuilletons. At this time he begins to understand that he needs to write about real life people. In 1841 The writer works for Otechestvennye zapiski. And 1845-1846. were marked by the publication of two almanacs - “Physiology of St. Petersburg” and “Petersburg Collection”.
Since 1847 and until 1866 Nekrasov was the editor of Sovremennik, the magazine of the democratic forces of that time. As a talented organizer and an outstanding writer, Nekrasov attracted Turgenev, Belinsky, Herzen, Chernyshevsky and others to work in the magazine. At the same time, a new direction of the poet’s work was being formed. It affects the urgent social problems ordinary people, realistically depicts pictures of everyday hard life. A special place in his work is given to the role of women in society and her difficult fate. All these themes are revealed in the poems “On the Street”, “ Railway”, “Peasant Children”, “Frost, Red Nose”, etc. The democratic influence of the magazine on the minds of people was so great that in 1862. the government suspended its activities. And in 1866 The magazine was closed completely.
In 1868 Nekrasov acquired the right to publish Otechestvennye Zapiski. His work in last years life. At this time, the works “Who Lives Well in Rus',” “Russian Women,” and “Grandfather” were published. Were created and satirical works, including the poem “Contemporary”, which exposed bourgeois bureaucrats and hypocrites. Nekrasov is also overcome by elegiac moods, which is largely due to his illness, loss of friends, and encroaching loneliness. This period of the poet’s work was marked by the appearance of the poems “Morning”, “Elegy”, “Prophet”. The last essay became the cycle of poems “Last Songs”.
On December 27, 1877, the poet died in St. Petersburg. The loss of the talented writer was so great that his funeral turned into a kind of public manifesto.