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Indigenous peoples of Russia (narrated by Alexander Matveev)

Indigenous peoples of the North

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List of Indigenous Peoples of the North

According to government approved Russian Federation the list of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and Far East In the Russian Federation, such peoples include (breakdown by language groups according to their native language, sorted by the number of people in Russia according to the 2010 census):

Tungus-Manchurian languages

Total: 76,263 people

Finno-Ugric languages

Total: 50,919 people

Samoyedic languages

Total: 49,378 people

Turkic languages

Total: 42,340 people

Paleoasian languages

Total: 37,562 people

Slavic languages

Sino-Tibetan languages

Places of traditional residence and types of traditional economic activities

List of places of traditional residence and traditional economic activity and the list of types of traditional economic activities of the small peoples of the North are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. A culturally developed area with roaming routes of reindeer herders, seasonal routes of hunters, gatherers, fishermen, sacred, recreational places, etc., which ensures their traditional way of life, is extremely extensive: from the Dolgans and Nganasans on the Taimyr Peninsula to the Udege in southern Russia, from the Aleuts on the Commander islands to the Saami on the Kola Peninsula.

According to the list of traditional economic activities, these include:

• Animal husbandry, including nomadic (reindeer breeding, horse breeding, yak breeding, sheep breeding).
• Processing of livestock products, including the collection, preparation and dressing of skins, wool, hair, ossified horns, hooves, antlers, bones, endocrine glands, meat, offal.
• Dog breeding (breeding of reindeer, sled and hunting dogs).
• Breeding of animals, processing and sale of fur products.
• Beekeeping , beekeeping .

• The current state of the small peoples of the North

  In general, there is a positive dynamics of demographic processes among the small peoples of the North. The number of Oroks (Ulta) increased almost 2.5 times, the number of Nenets, Selkups, Khanty, Yukagirs, Negidals, Tofalars, Itelmens, Kets, and others increased significantly (by 20-70 percent). The number of a number of peoples decreased, which is explained as a general negative demographic dynamics in the Russian Federation, as well as the selection during the census of the small peoples of the North of the original ethnic groups that began to identify themselves as independent peoples.

  At the end of XX - early XXI centuries there has been an increase ethnic identity small peoples of the North. arose public associations, training centers, associations and trade unions (reindeer herders, sea hunters, etc.) of the small peoples of the North, whose activities are supported by the state. In many places of residence of the small peoples of the North, communities have been recreated as traditional forms organizations joint activities, product distribution and mutual assistance. In a number of places of traditional residence and traditional economic activity, "ancestral lands" have been created, territories of traditional nature management of regional and local significance, assigned to representatives of the small peoples of the North and their communities.

  About 65 percent of citizens from among the small peoples of the North live in rural areas. In many national villages and townships, the communities of these peoples have become the only economic entities that perform a number of social functions. In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, communities as non-profit organizations enjoy a number of benefits and use a simplified taxation system.

  In the Russian Federation, as a whole, a legal framework has been created in the field of protecting the rights and traditional way of life of the small peoples of the North. Russia is a party to international treaties in this area. Measures state support(in the form of benefits, subsidies, quotas for the use of biological resources) are also legally fixed. Benefits for representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North living in places of traditional residence and traditional economic activities and engaged in traditional economic activities are provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the Water Code of the Russian Federation and the Land Code of the Russian Federation.

  A significant achievement was the formation of financial instruments of state support for the socio-economic development of the small peoples of the North. Over the past 15 years, three federal target programs have been implemented in the Russian Federation, as well as numerous regional target programs and subprograms for the socio-economic development of the indigenous peoples of the North, designed to create conditions for their sustainable development at the expense of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and extrabudgetary sources. At the expense of the federal budget, subsidies were provided to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to support reindeer husbandry and livestock breeding.

  In the places of traditional residence and traditional economic activities of the small peoples of the North, there are daytime programs for teaching children of reindeer herders, fishermen and hunters, including in their native language. comprehensive schools, boarding schools. In the places of nomadic reindeer herders, the creation of nomadic schools was initiated, in which children receive elementary education taking into account the traditional way of life of the small peoples of the North.

  In publishing houses under the state order is published educational literature to study the languages ​​of the small peoples of the North. The Institute of the Peoples of the North of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after AI Herzen has been operating for several decades.

  The Russian Federation took an active part in the International Decade indigenous peoples of the world, proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in December 1994, and also became the first UN member state to create a National Organizing Committee for the preparation and holding in the Russian Federation of the Second International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples.

  Behind last years as part of the development of public-private partnerships, the practice of concluding agreements with large industrial companies, including the fuel and energy complex, with authorities state power subjects of the Russian Federation, authorities local government, communities of small peoples of the North, district and settlement associations of small peoples, individual national households - owners of "ancestral lands", which made it possible to create off-budget funds credit support for enterprises of the small peoples of the North.

  Constraints to sustainable development

  The position of the small peoples of the North in recent decades complicated by the inability of their traditional way of life to modern economic conditions. The low competitiveness of traditional types of economic activity is due to small volumes of production, high transport costs, and the lack of modern enterprises and technologies for the complex processing of raw materials and biological resources.

  The crisis state of traditional types of economic activity has led to an aggravation social problems. The standard of living of a significant part of citizens from among the small peoples of the North, living in rural areas or leading nomadic image life, below the national average. The unemployment rate in the regions of the North, where the small peoples of the North live, is 1.5-2 times higher than the average for the Russian Federation.

  Intensive industrial development natural resources northern territories of the Russian Federation has also significantly reduced the possibilities of conducting traditional types of economic activity of the small peoples of the North. Significant areas of reindeer pastures and hunting grounds have been withdrawn from the traditional economic turnover. Some of the rivers and reservoirs previously used for traditional fisheries due to environmental issues lost their fishery importance.

  Violation traditional way life in the 1990s led to the development of a number of diseases and pathologies among representatives of the small peoples of the North. Significantly higher than the average Russian indicators among these peoples are the indicators of infant (1.8 times) and child mortality, the incidence of infectious diseases and alcoholism.

  See also (in Russia as a whole) SibFU, 2015. - 183 p.

Links

• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation 04.02.2009 N 132-r “On the Concept sustainable development indigenous small peoples North, Siberia and Far Russian East Federations" on the Consultant Plus website

Only on the territory of Russia there are 65 small peoples, and the number of some of them does not exceed a thousand people. There are hundreds of similar peoples on Earth, and each carefully preserves its customs, language and culture.

Our top ten today includes smallest nations in the world.

This little people lives on the territory of Dagestan, and its number is only 443 people as of the end of 2010. For a long time The Ginukh people were not singled out as a separate ethnic group, since the Ginukh language was considered only one of the dialects of the Tsez language common in Dagestan.

9. Selkups

Until the 1930s, representatives of this West Siberian people were called Ostyak-Samoyeds. The number of Selkups is slightly more than 4 thousand people. They live mainly on the territory of the Tyumen, Tomsk regions, as well as the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

8. Nganasans

This people lives on the Taimyr Peninsula, and its number is about 800 people. The Nganasans are the northernmost people in Eurasia. Until the middle of the 20th century, the people led a nomadic lifestyle, driving herds of deer over great distances; today, the Nganasans live settled lives.

7. Orochons

The place of residence of this small ethnic group is China and Mongolia. The population is about 7 thousand people. The history of the people has more than a thousand years, the Orochons are mentioned in many documents related to the early Chinese imperial dynasties.

6. Evenki

This indigenous people of Russia lives in Eastern Siberia. This people is the most numerous in our ten - its number is quite sufficient to populate a small town. There are about 35 thousand Evenks in the world.

5. Kets

Kets live in the north Krasnoyarsk Territory. The number of this people is less than 1500 people. Until the middle of the 20th century, representatives of the ethnic group were called Ostyaks, as well as Yeniseis. The Ket language belongs to the group of Yenisei languages.

4. Chulyms

The number of this indigenous people of Russia is 355 people as of 2010. Despite the fact that most of the Chulyms recognize Orthodoxy, the ethnic group carefully preserves some traditions of shamanism. Chulyms live mainly in the Tomsk region. Interestingly, the Chulym language does not have a written language.

3. Basins

The number of this people living in Primorye is only 276 people. The Taz language is a mixture of one of the Chinese dialects with the Nanai language. Now less than half of those who identify themselves as Taz speak this language.

2. Livy

This extremely small people lives in the territory of Latvia. From time immemorial, the main occupations of the Livs were piracy, fishing and hunting. Today, the people are almost completely assimilated. According to official figures, only 180 Livs remained.

1 Pitcairnians

This people is the smallest in the world and lives on the small island of Pitcairn in Oceania. The number of Pitcairns is about 60 people. They are all descendants of the sailors of the British warship Bounty, who landed here in 1790. The Pitcairn language is a mixture of Simplified English, Tahitian and Maritime vocabulary.

Details Published on 08/13/2014 04:32 PM Friday, December 18, 2011, at Russian newspaper The official census results were published. Of course, they were incomplete, the complete ones are never published and lie in the archives, and the Saami complete of those published - not in newspapers, of course - take up several volumes (in Russia / USSR from one book in 1979 to almost 100 in 1897).

I managed to find the data on the national composition that I was interested in. But they were in the form of a drawing, and so small that I had to tinker with translating them into a readable, and then into a digital form. (True, in the Internet Russian newspaper there was a link to Federal Service state statistics. But on the FSGS website, an attempt to call up any of the "Information materials on the final results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2010" ended with the answer The page cannot be found. The following week, access still appeared. –http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm - and I also used his data).

Before turning to the question of the change in the number of the peoples of the North, two fundamental remarks must be made.

The first is about the specific 2010 census. In it, about 4% of the population (5.6 million people) did not indicate their nationality. This huge growth- almost 4 times - in comparison with the 2002 census (then 1.5 million, or about 1%) and quite an avalanche in comparison with the late Soviet censuses - then there were not even two tens of thousands.

The opinion was expressed that they were all foreigners. But, in our opinion, this is not at all the case. Some of these people really did not want to answer this question, but there are apparently very few of them. The overwhelming majority of those who “did not indicate” are those to whom the counters did not come. They were recorded on the basis of some lists, databases, etc., they simply wrote out their gender and age and nothing more. This was practiced in 2002, and by 2010 it was even legally allowed. But there are also those who were simply drawn / attributed. And these, judging by some distortions in the age structure of the population of a number of regions, in 2010 are also quite a few.

All reasoning about the national composition according to the census should be done with an eye on the mass of "not indicated".

The second is about the inclusion of nationality in censuses. In the minds of Russians, national/ethnic affiliation is something obligatory: an inalienable sign received at birth and irreplaceable throughout life. The official record of nationality in the documents reflected this opinion, strengthened and consolidated it. And even with the disappearance of such a record, this belief remains widespread. In reality, everything is much more complicated.

From census to census, many people change what the 2010 census form called "your nationality." Ethnographers speak in such cases of a "change of ethnic identification." Among the peoples of the North, such processes are quite noticeable. This is especially true for people of mixed ethnicity. For example, children from mixed families, where, as a rule, the mother is “indigenous” and the father is “non-indigenous”, recorded in one census according to the nationality of the mother, in the next, when they grow up, indicate the nationality of the father. And in the third census, they again talk about belonging to the nationality of the mother.

In addition, methodological factors come into play: one census highlights given people, the other - "hides" it in a larger, related. For example, the 1926 census took into account about 700 Chuvans, in 1939 they were also taken into account as a separate people (“etels”), but they were not singled out, but attributed to “other northern peoples”. And in the censuses of 1959, 1970 and 1979. all those who called themselves Chuvans were referred to the Chukchi in the development. And ethnographers called it "ethnic consolidation". And it happens vice versa. In relation to the peoples of the north: the same Chuvans in 1979 were attributed to the Chukchi, and in 1989 they were considered a separate people (about 1.4 thousand people). Or, for example, the Enets, who were listed as Nenets in the results of all Russian/Soviet censuses and only since 1989 began to be singled out as a separate people (200 people).

Finally, in addition to methodology, there is also the practice of conducting a census, when administrative resources are often used, as in elections. Bashkir-Tatar disagreements are known in Bashkortostan, when in 2002 the leadership of the republic campaigned for certain border groups of the population, previously recorded as Tatars, to be recorded as Bashkirs. Less well known are similar cases in Dagestan, where, for example, census takers simply told the small Archins that there was no such people, and recorded them as Avars, or in Kamchatka, where census takers demanded evidence of this from those who called themselves Kamchadals. All this is clearly contrary to the census regulations and its instructions, but most likely this was indicated to the enumerators at the local level.

I dwell on this in such detail so that it is clear that not only, but often, and not so much birth and death rates, affect the change in the number of peoples between censuses. And sometimes these processes are very far from "reproduction" and "extinction".

Finally, about the peoples of the North. I checked the list of the peoples of the North according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 17, 2006 N 536-r (as amended on May 18, 2010 N 352). Judging by it, 40 ethnic groups belong to the indigenous peoples of the North (it is interesting that the website of the Committee of the North of the State Duma http://www.severcom.ru/nations/, where a list of 38 peoples is given, is at least 5 years behind the times - checked on 12/25/2011) .

So, what did the 2010 census tell us about the peoples of the north, “indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation” (SIPN) in official terminology, or simply “indigenous”, as the inhabitants of the North say.

Below is a table of changes in the number of these forty peoples of the North of Russia over the past three censuses. By the way, when analyzing the census, one can speak of not 40, but 38 peoples: the 2010 census did not find the Alyutors at all (in 2002 - 12 people assigned to the Koryaks), and the Kereks counted only four, and in their habitat - the Chukotka District - only one.

It should be noted right away that many of the peoples mentioned in this table began to be taken into account by state statistics only from the 1990s, on the rise of democratization, and along with it, national movements. Therefore, it is impossible to trace the dynamics of their numbers over the entire more than 20-year period. And to compare the number of twenty-eight peoples in 1989 with the number of thirty-eight in 2002 and 2010, as was often done, is completely wrong. Therefore, we separately gave the dynamics for the entire period of a group of unchanged 28 peoples, so that the general situation would be better understood. Moreover, the intervals between censuses are different: almost 14 and 8 years. Therefore, in addition to the growth for the entire intercensal period, we present the average annual growth, which will allow us to make more accurate comparisons.

Some of the SIPN in the all-Russian census scale are classified as ethnographic groups within others, big nations. They are marked with (*) in the table. Tuvans-Todzhans were considered an ethnic group of Tuvans in 2002, but the Telengits, Tubalars and Chelkans were separate peoples in 2002, and now they have become ethnic groups within the Altaians. What influenced such a change in the opinion of ethnographers, namely, their recommendations are based on statistics when taking into account national composition, for 8 years is unclear? After all, even earlier, before the 2002 census, they insisted that these indigenous peoples, together with the Kumandins and Teleuts, be considered independent peoples and separate them from the Altaians. On the other hand, the Alyutors, who in 2002 were considered part of the Koryaks, were made into separate peoples, but none of the rewritten people called themselves that.

In general, the number of all indigenous peoples has increased, although much less than in 1989-2002. However, the country's population as a whole is declining, and the small numerical increase of the indigenous peoples against this background looks more impressive. Perhaps voices will again be heard about the "moderately optimistic demographic situation" among the indigenous northerners.

But, looking more closely at the table, we will see that the increase was noted not among all peoples, but only among fourteen; in 24 - there was a decrease in the number. In the last inter-census period, 18 peoples grew, and only 10 peoples decreased in number. There is a clear deterioration in the situation.

If we talk about the increase in the number of certain peoples, we note right away that in current situation numbers above 12-15% (corresponding to an average annual growth of 1.4-1.8%) are impossible from a demographic point of view. The average annual increase among the most rapidly growing peoples of Russia only due to the natural increase - the Chechens and Ingush - amounted to about 1%. We believe that this is the maximum possible for the period 2002-2010. Therefore, when we see numbers of the order of 20-50%, it is clear that this increase was achieved due to non-demographic factors. Most likely, this indicates some kind of ethnic processes, since there is no need to talk about the migration of the indigenous peoples to Russia from outside. This applies both to the growth of the Telengits, Chelkans, Tubalars and Soyots, and to the decline of the Tuvans-Todzhans, Chulyms and Vepsians.

Of course, the change of ethnic identity as a source of population growth is quite normal, but for small and newly constituted communities, it is neither very constant nor reliable. An example of this can be a strong decrease in the number of those who in 2010 called themselves Tuvan-Todzha or Kamchadal. And, if we go beyond the official list of the indigenous peoples of the North, the number of Komi-Izhma also sharply decreased (from 15,607 in 2002 to 6,420 in 2010).

If we evaluate the natural growth of the three unusually grown peoples from the Republic of Altai, we should compare it with the Teleuts, Kumandins and Altaians who live nearby. All of the indicated ones showed a slight increase or a slight decrease: the number remained practically unchanged.

This means that only seven peoples remain with stable positive dynamics: Nenets, Dolgans, Evenks with Evens, Yukaghirs, Khanty and Mansi. Of these, perhaps, only the Nenets are growing in numbers due to the high birth rate among the reindeer herders of Yamal and Taimyr (but not the European tundras of the Nenets district). In all other cases, there are other explanations. For example, the change in ethnic identification as a source of growth in the number of Khanty and Mansi, which was also noted in the 1990s. Dolgans are growing exclusively at the expense of Yakut tribesmen (from the Anabar ulus), where their number increased 1.5 times (and in 1989-2002 it even tripled); in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the number of Dolgans remained unchanged. We cannot explain only the growth in the number of Yukaghirs. The demographic parameters of this people are not too different from the neighboring Evens and Chukchis, and even the Yakuts, which means that non-demographic factors also take place here. But these factors are stable and provide fast growth Yukagirs for half a century. 440, 593, 801, 1112, 1509, 1603 - these are the dynamics of their number in Russia according to post-war censuses. Small Yukaghirs "assimilate" their neighbors - otherwise you cannot explain the annual growth rate of 2-3% from 1959 to 2002, and even 0.8% in the last eight years is not at all small.

As for the peoples whose numbers have decreased, there is no single factor responsible for this process. Here, there is a decrease in the birth rate, and ethnic processes - assimilation by Russians. The most culturally Russified and/or miscegenated are decreasing more rapidly. These are Veps and Shors, Saami, peoples of the Amur region, Aleuts and Chuvans. Previously, we believed that the number of the Saami would continue to grow, as in 1989-2002, thanks to the same “change of ethnic identification” that is observed among the Mansi. But the national revival of the Saami in the 2000s subsided and everything returned to the previous assimilation, recorded almost from the end of the 19th century.

Speaking about the resettlement of the indigenous peoples in the country, it must be said that for the second decade they have been concentrated in the areas of the main settlement: in 1989, 6.7% of the indigenous peoples lived outside their "own" regions, in 2002 - 4.3, in 2010 - 3.4% . The urbanization of indigenous northerners is growing, although it remains much lower than the national average: in 2002, 30.3% of indigenous peoples lived in urban settlements, and in 2010 - 32.5%. Moreover, the peoples who joined the SIM in the 1990s are more urbanized than the peoples of the 1989 list (“old NS”) – 41% versus 31%.

If we take individual regions, then out of 26 territories where there is data on indigenous peoples, an increase in their number was recorded in 7 (Republic of Altai, Buryatia, Sakha-Yakutia, Khakassia, Tyumen and Magadan regions and in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug), in the remaining 19 the population of the indigenous peoples has decreased, especially in the Republics of Tyva, Komi and Kareli, Tomsk and Leningrad regions.

Green marks the regions with an increase in the number of indigenous peoples.

The 2010 census noted a decrease in the number of most of the indigenous peoples throughout the country and in most areas of their settlement. However, in general total number SIM increased slightly. But the entire population of Russia continued to decrease and this will be the main result of the census. Therefore, there is reason to believe that the deterioration of the situation among the indigenous peoples of the North again, like eight years ago, will be retouched by scientists and not noticed by society.

Dmitry Bogoyavlensky

Institute of Demography, Higher School of Economics
2012

© Center for Assistance to the Indigenous Minorities

Small nations, not small! It's time to put the law in order!

On January 29, the draft law No. 984312-6 “On Amending the the federal law dated April 30, 1999 No. 82-FZ "On Guarantees of the Rights of the Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation" and separate legislative acts. The issue that is intended to regulate this bill is the creation of a register of persons belonging to the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation .

This is a fairly old topic. The category of people, which is classified as an indigenous people in the Russian Federation, has certain rights that are more extended in relation to other citizens. For example, the right to lead a traditional way of life, priority use of nature, the implementation of crafts, as well as in the field of education and culture. There are also a number social guarantees, which are specified in the law "On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation". But due to the fact that nationality is no longer indicated in the passport, and the state is increasingly trying to record relations with citizens, it became necessary to confirm nationality. Otherwise, it is simply impossible to use the guaranteed rights. The Constitution of the Russian Federation says that everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality. At the same time, there is no legislative mechanism for the implementation of this right.

Back in 2007, a set of priority measures was approved for the preparation and holding in the Russian Federation of the Second International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples, which provided for the development of a normative act of documentary confirmation of the nationality of persons from among indigenous peoples. Unfortunately, this point was never implemented, and subsequently completely excluded. And until recently, the question of the procedure for confirming nationality at the level of the Government was not raised.

The situation has worsened in recent years. For example, indigenous minorities have the right to a preferential pension, they reach retirement age 5 years earlier, but it is difficult to get it if you do not confirm your nationality. The same applies to the issue of setting a special mark in the hunting license for indigenous peoples giving the right to hunt without permits. There is a practice that these people are forced to go to court and individually prove that they belong to indigenous peoples. Today, in some cases, only after receiving judgment people can exercise their rights. But confirm your nationality in judicial order maybe only a part of the citizens. This is due to the lack of access to the courts due to the remoteness of residence, ignorance of the procedure for applying, lack of funds for the road to appear in court.
We have repeatedly said that the Government should approve the procedure for confirming nationality. Many services objected, for example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs refused to issue inserts to the passport or put a seal on nationality. Therefore, there is no official order today.

On July 8, 2015, the President of the Russian Federation approved the list of instructions No. K 503 for the implementation additional measures aimed at the implementation public policy in the field of improving the quality of life and preserving the original culture of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation, who were instructed to ensure, by March 1, 2016, the development of legislative and other regulatory legal acts aimed at improving the procedure for classifying citizens as small peoples, including leading a traditional way of life in places of traditional residence, and their accounting.

As part of the implementation of these instructions, we summarized regional experience, there are regions where passport inserts are issued, regions where registries are maintained, we studied international experience and came to the conclusion that the procedure for maintaining a register is more appropriate for our today's reality.
The bill proposes to amend the federal laws: “On guarantees of the rights of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation” dated April 30, 1999 No. 82-FZ, “On general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation” of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ, expanding the powers of federal government bodies, giving the opportunity to approve the regulation on the formation and maintenance of the register of persons belonging to the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation.
Local self-government bodies are empowered by the draft law to form and maintain a register of persons belonging to the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation living in the territory municipal district or an urban district included in the List of places of traditional residence and traditional economic detail of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation.
The draft law also proposes to amend the conceptual apparatus of the federal law "On Guarantees of the Rights of the Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation" by defining what is meant by the register of persons belonging to the indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation.
Giving local governments the right to form and maintain a register of persons belonging to indigenous peoples living in the territory of a municipal district or urban district included in the List of places of traditional residence and traditional economic detail of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation will return to the previously existing practice and minimize costs persons belonging to indigenous peoples to confirm their nationality, since they will have the opportunity to obtain an extract from the register and present it at the place of demand.
It is assumed that the registry data will be formed on the basis of information obtained from various sources: birth certificates, extracts from household books, certificates public organizations and communities of indigenous peoples, other sources on the basis of personal applications of citizens of the Russian Federation, the procedure for submitting which will be determined by the regulation on the maintenance of the register, approved by a specially authorized federal government body.

The law is expected to adopt normative act who will establish the procedure for maintaining the register, the criteria for referring to indigenous peoples. The register itself can provide for three categories of citizens:
1. Persons belonging to indigenous peoples who lead a traditional way of life and traditional management constantly;
2. Individuals who are indigenous but lead traditional image life is not permanent, but auxiliary. As a rule, these are people living in rural areas and working in social sphere, school, local authorities;
3. Persons who do not belong to indigenous peoples, but who permanently reside and lead a similar lifestyle. As a rule, these are family members in mixed marriages as well as the old-timer population. Such people should and can enjoy the rights to priority use of natural resources on an equal basis with indigenous peoples.
Depending on the category, it is possible that the scope of rights will be determined, so, for example, the first category will have the ability to fully use all statutory preferences.

Currently, this procedure for maintaining the registry is under development. FADN plans to gather experts, the public, representatives of interested authorities in the near future and discuss this document. After that, we plan to circulate it for wider discussion.
The procedure for passing a law is quite lengthy. And much depends on the position of the Government of the Russian Federation. If the Government agrees that it should be adopted as soon as possible, the process will accelerate. Now it is necessary to collect feedback from the authorities, including from the regions, consider their position and make the necessary adjustments, taking into account their opinions. I believe that if the law passes and a register appears, then many problems for indigenous peoples will be removed.

You can get acquainted with the draft federal law No. 984312-6 "On Amendments to the Federal Law of April 30, 1999 No. 82-FZ "On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation" and certain legislative acts" and materials to it can be found at the link: http ://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=984312-6

Yulia Yakel, Honorary Advocate, Director of the Legal Center of the Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation, ANO "Keepers"

Inhabitants big cities Russia knows little about the peoples living in the north of the country and carefully preserving their extraordinary culture and way of life. Some individual knowledge comes to us from books and the media, but nothing more. Let's get to know these little ones. northern peoples closer.

Indigenous peoples of the North (Siberia)

For many centuries in a row, the territories of Siberia were inhabited different nations who lived in small villages. They lived in clans or communities, peacefully adjoining each other. Conducted a joint household and maintained family ties. The large expanses of the Siberian Territory became the reason for the isolation of each community and formed many languages ​​and language groups. Also, some settlements were absorbed by stronger ones and disappeared, while others, on the contrary, acquired new territories and developed intensively.

Selection

Definition of the inhabitants of the North, Siberia in special group starts at the time of arrival Soviet power. Then it was possible to count about fifty separate groups. As a rule, the peoples of the North were engaged in reindeer herding, and their nomadic way of life differed significantly from the vision of the new government.

Speaking about the inhabitants of Siberia, they meant the small peoples of the North. As for the language, so far some language groups have not been able to find close relatives. The Soviet government adopted separate bills on economic and social development peoples, but due to the intervention of the authorities, alcoholism and other social problems were actively spreading there.

By the 80s, it turned out that the indigenous peoples of the North did not forget their language, retained their culture and the desire to increase and use the knowledge of their ancestors. They are entirely dependent on their animals and have managed to keep the ancient way of life in harmony with nature.

Story

The Samoyed tribes, who settled in the north, are considered the very first inhabitants of the Siberian expanses. They were engaged in catching fish and breeding deer. To the south of them lived the Mansi, who mainly worked on hunting and led a predominantly nomadic lifestyle. It was the valuable skins of animals that were their main currency, for which they bought goods or used them as a ransom to the relatives of their wives.

In the upper reaches of the Ob River settled Turkic tribes. Their main occupations are nomadic cattle breeding, ore mining and blacksmithing. Buryats settled to the west of Lake Baikal, who also mined iron ore and made products from this metal.

Vast lands from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Yenisei were occupied by the Tungus tribes. They were mainly engaged in reindeer herding, fishing and hunting, some were engaged in handicrafts.

TO late XVII centuries, the Yakut and Buryat peoples turned out to be the most developed of all, and the Tatars were even able to organize a state.

Indigenous peoples of the North

The Constitution of the Russian Federation clearly singled out the right of every person to national self-determination. In fact, Russia is a multinational state with many small nationalities on the territory, so the preservation of their culture and exceptional way of life is one of the priorities of the state.

Yakuts

The most numerous people of Siberia, its number reaches 478 thousand people. The Yakut Republic of Sakha has a rather impressive territory of the Far Eastern Federal District. The Yakuts themselves have a vibrant culture, distinctive customs and even a unique epic, folk tales, legends.

Buryats

Another people of the north of Siberia with the republic of the same name and the same number as in Yakutia. Buryat cuisine is very popular in the Siberian regions. Enough interesting story and traditions make the inhabitants of these lands special. In addition, the Republic of Buryatia is a recognized center of the Buddhist movement in Russia.

Tuvans

The Tyva Republic is another significant republic on the territory of the Siberian Federal District. Total population Tuvans reaches 300 thousand. The traditions of the population are connected with shamanistic rites and Buddhism.

Khakasses

The ancient people of Siberia, who live to the west of Lake Baikal. They also managed to create their own republic with the capital in the city of Abakan. Distinctive features Khakasses are a small number, original culture and customs.

Altaians

The peoples of the North, living in the zone of the Altai mountain system, created their own compact habitats - the Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai. Despite the small number - 70 thousand, this is a fairly large group. Pronounced Altai culture and rich own epic do not allow them to get lost among the numerous peoples of Siberia. Centuries-old habitation in the mountains and severe weather conditions have left their mark on the life and traditions of the Altaians.

Nenets

Compact living on the territory of the Kola Peninsula and the culture protected by state legislation made them one of the most famous reindeer herders in the world. Unique language and a rich oral epic give the Nenets an opportunity to increase their numbers today.

Evenki

They live not only in the expanses of the Russian Federation, but also in China and Mongolia. The Evenks are well-known trackers and experienced hunters, but due to their non-compact living, they were partially assimilated. Evenk culture and reindeer husbandry are very interesting for Western media and culturologists.

Khanty

Ugrian language group small Siberian peoples. Scattered across the territories of the Ural and Siberian Federal Districts. Although traditional religion shamanism is considered, but gradually everything more Khanty identify themselves as Christians, which leads to the loss of their original culture.

Chukchi

Siberian nomads, peoples of the Far North living on the Chukchi Peninsula. The main worldview is animism, and Mongoloid roots attribute the people to the aborigines.

Shors

One of the most ancient Turkic-speaking peoples Siberia from rich history and epic. The bulk of the Shors moved to big cities, assimilated and lost its roots.

Ethnography describes many more peoples, which in more lost their primitive culture and only some of its elements have survived to this day. These are: Mansi, Nanais, Koryaks, Dolgans, Siberian Tatars, Soyots, Itelmens, Kets and other small peoples of the North. All of them to some extent assimilated with other indigenous peoples, speak different local dialects and are engaged in their characteristic trades. And deer breeding became a profitable state industry.

Contemporary Issues

Nowadays modern peoples North, Siberia turn on themselves close attention authorities and the public due to a number of factors.

The areas where small indigenous peoples live are rich in minerals. This is gold, and oil, and uranium, and gas. It turns out that the peoples of the North live in strategically important territories. Therefore, at this stage, there is a clash of interests of people who want to live on the land of their ancestors, and commercial organizations that pursue consumer goals. State companies who want to derive any benefit from these lands, only harm with their activities local residents- pollute water bodies, destroy forests. This negatively affects the ecological situation and the original life of the peoples of the North.

In order to protect their lands, rights, culture and way of life for local settlements, it is necessary to be included in the list of indigenous peoples of the North. And if there is no territory, then it will be almost impossible to ensure the safety and subsequent study mother tongue group heirs. On this moment many peoples have lost their special dialects, Yakut has become native for many, and almost everyone knows Russian. Therefore, joining one of the groups makes it possible to fully develop and transfer knowledge to the coming generations.