Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky earlier years. Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich

Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich is a famous Russian writer and journalist. He was born in 1828 in Saratov. Since his father was a priest, Nicholas began his studies at a theological seminary. Then, at the age of 18, he entered St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of History and Philology.

At 25, Chernyshevsky marries Olga Vasilyeva. In marriage, he adhered to the equality of the sexes, which at that time seemed to be a revolutionary idea.

At the same time, he moved to St. Petersburg and began to build a career as a publicist. He gained particular fame while working in the Sovremennik magazine.

In the 50s, the writer's works were actively published, in which he openly expressed his opinion about the expected peasant uprising. For revolutionary-democratic views, the magazine was closed. Chernyshevsky continued to promote his ideas, writing revolutionary proclamations. The authorities put him under surveillance, and soon Nikolai was arrested and sent for the duration of the investigation to Peter and Paul Fortress. According to the verdict, he was sentenced to 7 years of hard labor and exile to Siberia until the end of his life.

During the investigation, Nikolai Chernyshevsky created his work "What to do".

In 1883 Chernyshevsky was allowed to leave for Astrakhan. In 1889, Nikolai Chernyshevsky passed away.

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Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich, Russian revolutionary and thinker, writer, economist, philosopher. Born in the family of a priest. He studied at the Saratov Theological Seminary (1842-45), graduated from the historical and philological department of St. Petersburg University (1850). Ch.'s worldview was mainly formed in student years under the influence of Russian feudal reality and the events of the revolutions of 1848-49 in Europe. The classics influenced the formation of his views. German philosophy, English political economy, French utopian socialism(G. Hegel, L. Feuerbach, D. Ricardo, C. Fourier and others) and especially the works of V. G. Belinsky and A. I. Herzen. By the time he graduated from the university, Ch. was a staunch democrat, revolutionary, socialist, and materialist. In 1851-53, Ch. taught Russian language and literature at the Saratov gymnasium, frankly expressing his convictions to the gymnasium students (many of his students later became revolutionaries). In 1853 he moved to St. Petersburg and began to collaborate in Otechestvennye Zapiski, then in Sovremennik, where he soon took a leading position.

The basis of Ch.'s worldview was the anthropological principle (see Anthropologism). Based on general concepts about the "nature of man", about his desire for "own benefit", Ch. made revolutionary conclusions about the need to change social relations and forms of ownership. According to Ch., the consistently carried out anthropological principle coincides with the principles of socialism.

Standing on the positions of anthropological materialism, C. considered himself a student of Feuerbach, whom he called his father new philosophy. Feuerbach's teaching, in his opinion, "... completed the development of German philosophy, which, now for the first time reaching positive decisions, threw off its former scholastic form of metaphysical transcendence and, recognizing the identity of its results with the teaching natural sciences, merged with general theory natural science and anthropology)" (Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 3, 1947, p. 179). Developing Feuerbach's teaching, he put forward practice as a criterion of truth, "... this immutable touchstone of any theory ..." (there 2, 1949, p. 102. Ch. contrasted the dialectical method with abstract metaphysical thinking and was aware of the class and party character of political theories and philosophical teachings.

In 1855, Ch. defended his master's thesis, The Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality, which marked the beginning of the development of materialistic aesthetics in Russia. Criticizing Hegelian aesthetics, he asserted the social conditioning aesthetic ideal and formulated the thesis "beautiful is life" (see ibid., vol. 2, p. 10). The sphere of art, according to Ch., is not limited to the beautiful: “the general interest in life is the content of art” (ibid., p. 82). The purpose of art is the reproduction of life, its explanation, "the verdict on its phenomena"; art should be a "textbook of life" (see ibid., pp. 90, 85, 87). The aesthetic teaching of Ch. strongest blow apolitical theory of "art for art's sake". Wherein aesthetic issues for Ch. were only a "battlefield", his dissertation proclaimed the principles of a new, revolutionary trend.

Ch.'s journalistic activity was devoted to the struggle against tsarism and serfdom. "... He knew how," wrote V. I. Lenin, "to influence everything political events his epoch in a revolutionary spirit, passing through the obstacles and slingshots of censorship the idea of ​​a peasant revolution, the idea of ​​the struggle of the masses to overthrow all the old authorities" (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 20, p. 175). In 1855 -57 Ch. acted mainly with historical-literary and literary-critical articles, defending the realistic trend in literature, propagandizing the service of literature to the interests of the people. Gogol period of Russian literature", 1855-56), developing the traditions of democratic criticism of Belinsky. Analyzing "with adjustment to our domestic circumstances" the Enlightenment in Germany ("Lessing. His time, his life and work", 1857), C. found out the historical conditions under which literature can become "... the main engine of historical development..." (Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 4, 1948, p. 7). Ch. highly appreciated A. S. Pushkin and especially N. V. Gogol: he considered N. A. Nekrasov to be the best modern poet.

From the end of 1857 Ch., having transferred the department of criticism to N. A. Dobrolyubov, concentrated all his attention on economic and political questions. Involved in a journal campaign to discuss the conditions of the forthcoming peasant reform, Ch. in the articles "On New Conditions rural life"(1858), "On the methods of redemption of serfs" (1858), "Is it difficult to buy land?" (1859), "The arrangement of the life of landlord peasants" (1859) and others. -democratic solution of the peasant question.He advocated the elimination of landowner ownership of land without any redemption.In December 1858, finally convinced of the inability of the government to satisfactorily resolve peasant question, he warned of the unprecedented ruin of the peasant masses and called for a revolutionary disruption of the reform.

Overcoming anthropologism, Ch. approached the materialistic understanding of history. He repeatedly emphasized that "... mental development, like political and any other, depends on the circumstances of economic life ..." (ibid., vol. 10, 1951, p. 441).

To substantiate his political program, Ch. studied economic theories and, in the words of K. Marx, "... masterfully showed ... the bankruptcy of bourgeois political economy ..." (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed. , vol. 23, p. 17). In research" Economic activity and Legislation" (1859), "Capital and Labor" (1860), "Notes on D. S. Mill's Foundations of Political Economy" (1860), "Essays on Political Economy (according to Mill)" (1861), etc. Revealed the class character of bourgeois political economy and opposed it with his own economic "working people's theory", which proves "... the need to replace the current economic system with a communist one..." (Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 9, 1949, p. 262) . Economic theory Ch. was the pinnacle of pre-Marxist economic thought. Ch. rejected the inevitability of exploitation and argued that economic forms (slavery, feudalism, capitalism) are transient. He considered the ability to ensure productivity growth as a criterion for the superiority of one form over another. social labor. From this position, he criticized serfdom with exceptional depth. Recognizing the relative progressiveness of capitalism, C. criticized it for the anarchy of production, for competition, crises, and the exploitation of the working people, and for its inability to ensure the highest possible productivity of social labor. He considered the transition to socialism to be a historical necessity, conditioned by the entire development of mankind. Under socialism "... separate classes of hired workers and employers of labor will disappear, being replaced by one class of people who will be workers and masters together" (ibid., p. 487).

Ch. saw that the Russian economy had already begun to obey the laws of capitalism, but mistakenly believed that Russia would be able to avoid the "proletariat ulcer", because. the question of "the nature of the changes in Russian economic life" has not yet been resolved. In the articles On Landed Property (1857), Criticism of Philosophical Prejudices Against Communal Ownership (1858), Superstition and Rules of Logic (1859), and others, Ch. peasant community to go over to socialism. This opportunity, according to Ch., will open up as a result of the peasant revolution. Unlike Herzen, who believed that the socialist system in Russia would develop independently from the patriarchal peasant community, Ch. developed countries. This idea, which became a reality for backward countries with the victory of the October Socialist Revolution in Russia, in those historical conditions was utopian. Along with Herzen Ch. - one of the founders of populism.

By the beginning of 1859, Ch. had become a generally recognized leader, and Sovremennik, headed by him, had become a militant organ of revolutionary democracy. Convinced of the inevitability of imminent popular indignation, Ch. peasant revolution, designed political program revolutionary democracy. In a series of articles on the history of France, analyzing revolutionary events, he sought to reveal the leading role populace, their interest in fundamental economic changes. In the article "A Russian Man on Rendez-Vous" (1858), written in connection with I. S. Turgenev's story Asya, Ch. showed the practical impotence of Russian liberalism. In monthly reviews international life- "Politics" (1859-62) C. relied on historical experience Western Europe to highlight the pressing issues of Russian life and indicate ways to resolve them.

In the article "The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy" (1860), systematizing his philosophical views, Ch. outlined ethical theory"reasonable selfishness". The ethics of Ch. does not separate personal interest from the public: "reasonable egoism" is the free subordination of personal gain common cause, the success of which ultimately benefits the personal interest of the individual. In his Preface to Current Austrian Affairs (February 1861), Ch. directly responded to the peasant reform, pursuing the idea that absolutism could not allow the abolition of feudal institutions and the establishment of political freedom. At the same time, Ch. led a narrow group of like-minded people who decided to appeal to different groups population. In a proclamation written by him "Bow to the lord peasants from their well-wishers ..." (taken during the arrest of an illegal printing house), he exposed the predatory nature of the peasant reform, warned the landowning peasants against spontaneous scattered actions and urged them to prepare for a general uprising at the signal of the revolutionaries. In the summer of 1861 - in the spring of 1862 Ch. ideological inspirer and adviser to the revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom". In "Letters without an address" (February 1862, published abroad in 1874), he put forward an alternative to the tsar: the rejection of autocracy or a popular revolution.

Fearing the growing influence of Ch., the tsarist government forcibly interrupted his activities. Following the ban on Sovremennik for eight months, on July 7, 1862, Ch. (who had been under secret police surveillance since September 1861) was arrested and imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The reason for the arrest was a letter from Herzen to N. A. Serno-Solovyevich intercepted by the police, in which the name of Ch. was mentioned in connection with a proposal to publish the banned Sovremennik in London. In solitary confinement, deprived of the opportunity to engage in current journalism, Ch. turned to fiction. In the novel "What to do?" (1862-63) Ch. described the life of new people - "reasonable egoists" who live by their work, arrange things in a new way family life conduct practical propaganda of the ideas of socialism; created the images of Rakhmetov, the first professional revolutionary in Russian literature, and Vera Pavlovna, an advanced Russian woman who devoted herself to socially useful work; promoted the ideas of women's equality and artel production. The novel, which foretold the victory of the people's revolution and painted pictures of the coming society, was a synthesis of the sociopolitical, philosophical, and ethical views of Ch. and provided a practical program for the activities of progressive youth. Published due to an oversight of censorship in Sovremennik (1863), the novel had a great influence on Russian society and contributed to the education of many revolutionaries. In the Peter and Paul Fortress, Ch. also wrote the novella Alferyev (1863), Tale in the Story (1863–64), Small Stories (1864), and others. In 1864, despite the lack of evidence and brilliant self-defense, Ch. with the help of forgeries and provocations, was found guilty "of taking measures to overthrow existing order management" and sentenced to 7 years hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia. After the rite of civil execution on Mytninskaya Square (May 19, 1864), Ch. During hard labor he wrote the novel Prologue (1867-69; the first part was published abroad in 1877), which contained autobiographical features and painted a picture of the social struggle on the eve of the peasant reform. the novel Reflections of Radiance, the novella The Story of a Girl, the play The Craftswoman of Cooking Porridge, and others have survived (incompletely). In these works, Ch.

Russian revolutionaries made bold attempts to wrest Ch. from Siberian isolation (G. A. Lopatin in 1871 and I. N. Myshkin in 1875). In 1881 the Board " People's Will"in negotiations with the" Sacred Squad " put forward the release of Ch. as the first condition for ending the terror. Only in 1883 Ch. was transferred to Astrakhan under police supervision, and in June 1889 received permission to live in his homeland.

In Astrakhan and Saratov Ch. wrote philosophical work"Character human knowledge", memories of Dobrolyubov, Nekrasov and others, prepared "Materials for the biography of N. A. Dobrolyubov" (ed. 1890), translated 111/2 vols. " General History" G. Weber, accompanying the translation with his articles and comments. Ch.'s writings remained banned in Russia until the Revolution of 1905-07.

K. Marx and F. Engels studied the writings of Ch. and called him "... the great Russian scientist and critic ...", "... socialist Lessing ..." (Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23, 18 and vol. 18, p. 522). V. I. Lenin believed that Ch. "... made a huge step forward against Herzen. Chernyshevsky was a much more consistent and militant democrat. The spirit of class struggle emanates from his writings" (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 25, p. 94). C. came closer to scientific socialism than other thinkers of the pre-Marxist period. Due to the backwardness of Russian life, he could not rise to the dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels, but, according to Lenin, he is "... the only really great Russian writer who managed from the 50s until the 88th year to remain at the level integral philosophical materialism..." (ibid., vol. 18, p. 384).

The works of Ch. and the very appearance of a revolutionary, steadfast in his convictions and actions, contributed to the education of many generations of Russians. advanced people. He had a great influence on the development of culture and social thought of the Russian and other peoples of the USSR.

Chronicle of life and work
Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky
(1828-1889)

1828 — July 12 (24)- at the Saratov archpriest, dean member of the consistory Gavriil Ivanovich Chernyshevsky son Nicholas is born.

The father of Nikolai Gavrilovich is the son of a deacon from the village of Chernysheva, Chembarsky district, Penza province. He received his surname when he entered the Penza seminary by the name of his native village. After the death of the Saratov archpriest of the Sergius Church, E. I. Golubev, at the insistence of the governor, appoint the deceased "best student" from among those who graduated from the seminary (at that time Chernyshevsky's father worked as a teacher at the seminary), moves to Saratov and becomes the new archpriest and marries daughter of the deceased Evgenia Egorovna Golubeva- mother of Nikolai Gavrilovich.

1835 — summer- Beginning of studies under the guidance of his father.

1836 — December - Chernyshevsky entered the Saratov Theological School.

1842 — September- Chernyshevsky is enrolled in the Saratov Theological Seminary.

1846 — May - Chernyshevsky moved from Saratov to St. Petersburg to enter the university. This summer, Chernyshevsky successfully passes his exams and enters the historical and philological department of the philosophical faculty of St. Petersburg University. IN august, after the start of classes at the university, Chernyshevsky met the poet M. L. Mikhailov, a future revolutionary and employee of Sovremennik.

1848 - since the spring of this year, Chernyshevsky begins to take an interest in the course of revolutionary events in the countries of Western Europe, in particular, in France. After meeting and communicating with the Petrashevist A. V. Khanykov begins to study the works of the French utopian socialist Fourier. Conversations with Khanykov strengthen Chernyshevsky in his thoughts about the proximity and inevitability of a revolution in Russia.

1850 - after graduating from the university, Chernyshevsky became a teacher of literature in the 2nd St. Petersburg Cadet Corps.

1851-1853 - having received an appointment at the Saratov gymnasium as a senior teacher of Russian literature, Chernyshevsky moved to Saratov in the spring of 1851. In 1853 he met there with O. S. Vasilyeva whom he will soon marry. IN May goes with her to Petersburg. Begins cooperation with the journal "Domestic Notes". Works on master's thesis "Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality". Secondary admission as a teacher of literature in the 2nd St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. autumn Chernyshevsky meets N. A. Nekrasov and begins working at Sovremennik.

1854 - Chernyshevsky's articles are published in the Sovremennik magazine: about novels and short stories M. Avdeeva, "On Sincerity in Criticism", on comedy A. N. Ostrovsky"Poverty is not a vice", etc.

1855 — May- Defense of Chernyshevsky's master's thesis "Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality" at the university. Issue 12 of Sovremennik publishes Chernyshevsky's first article from the cycle Essays on the Gogol Period of Russian Literature.

1856 - acquaintance and friendship with N. A. Dobrolyubov. N. A. Nekrasov, going abroad for treatment, transfers his editorial rights to Sovremennik to Chernyshevsky.

1857 — No. 6 of Sovremennik publishes an article on the Provincial Essays M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. In second half of the year Chernyshevsky, having transferred the literary-critical department of the journal to Dobrolyubov, begins to develop philosophical, historical, political and economic questions on the pages of Sovremennik, in particular, the question of the forthcoming liberation of the peasants from serfdom.

1858 - Chernyshevsky becomes the editor of the Military Collection. Sovremennik No. 1 published an article entitled Cavaignac, in which he harshly denounces the liberals for betraying the cause of the people. In No. 2 of Sovremennik, an article "On the new conditions of rural life" is published. In the magazine "Atenei" (part III, No. 18) an article "Russian man on rendez-vous" was published. In No. 12 of Sovremennik there is an article "Criticism of Philosophical Prejudices Against Communal Ownership".

1859 - in the journal Sovremennik (from No. 3) Chernyshevsky begins to publish systematic reviews of European political life under the heading "Politics". IN June Chernyshevsky goes to London to A. I. Herzen for an explanation about the article “Very dangerous!” (“Very dangerous!”), published in The Bell. Upon returning from London, he leaves for Saratov. IN September returns to Petersburg.

1860 - in No. 1 of Sovremennik Chernyshevsky's article "Capital and Labor" is published. From the second issue of Sovremennik, his translation of the Foundations of Political Economy begins to appear. J. S. Mill followed by deep critical commentary. Issue 4 of Sovremennik published Chernyshevsky's article "The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy", which is one of the most famous declarations of materialism in Russian literature.

1861 - a trip to Moscow to attend a meeting of St. Petersburg and Moscow editors on the issue of problems and mitigation of censorship. No. 6 of Sovremennik publishes the article "Polemical Beauties"—Chernyshevsky's original response to the attacks of reactionary and liberal writers on his article "The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy." IN august well-known provocateur Vsevolod Kostomarov passes through his brother to the Third Department two handwritten proclamations: "To the Barsk Peasants" (author N. G. Chernyshevsky) and "Russian Soldiers" (author N. V. Shelgunov). In autumn, according to an eyewitness A. A. Sleptsova, Chernyshevsky discusses activities to organize secret society"Land and freedom". The police set up systematic surveillance of Chernyshevsky and gave secret instructions to the governors not to issue a passport to Chernyshevsky.

1862 - Chernyshevsky is present at the opening of the Chess Club in St. Petersburg, which had the goal of uniting representatives of the progressive public of the capital. Censorship forbids the publication of Chernyshevsky's "Letters without an Address", since the article contains sharp criticism peasant "reform" and the socio-political picture of life in Russia. IN March Chernyshevsky speaking at literary evening in the Ruadze hall with a reading on the topic “Acquaintance with Dobrolyubov”. In June, Sovremennik is closed for eight months. July 7 Chernyshevsky was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

1864 — May 19 a public "civil execution" of Chernyshevsky took place on Mytninskaya Square in St. Petersburg and a subsequent exile to Siberia. IN august Chernyshevsky arrives at the Kadainsky mine (Transbaikalia).

1865-1868 - the period of work on the novel "Prologue of the Prologue", "Levitsky's Diary" and "Prologue".

1866 — in August O. S. Chernyshevskaya with son Michael arrives in Kadai for a meeting with N. G. Chernyshevsky. IN September Chernyshevsky was sent from the Kadainsky mine to the Aleksandrovsky plant.

1871 — in February revolutionary populist arrested in Irkutsk German Lopatin, who came to Russia from London with the aim of releasing Chernyshevsky. IN december Chernyshevsky is transferred from the Aleksandrovsky plant to Vilyuysk.

1875 - attempt I. N. Myshkina release Chernyshevsky.

1883 Chernyshevsky is being sent from Vilyuysk to Astrakhan under police supervision.

1884-1888 - in Astrakhan Chernyshevsky leads a large literary activity. He wrote "Memoirs of Turgenev's relationship to Dobrolyubov", articles "The nature of human knowledge", "The origin of the theory of benevolence of the struggle for life", prepared "Materials for the biography of Dobrolyubov", translated from German language eleven volumes of the "General History" G. Weber.

1889 - Chernyshevsky is allowed to move to Saratov, where he goes to end of June.

October 17 (29) Chernyshevsky, after a short illness, dies of a cerebral hemorrhage.

Places of residence in St. Petersburg:

June 19 - August 20, 1846 — tenement house Prilutsky - Embankment of the Ekaterininsky Canal (now - Griboyedov Canal), 44;

August 21-December 7, 1846— profitable house of Vyazemsky — Ekaterininsky Canal Embankment (now — Griboyedov Canal), 38, apt. 47;

1847-1848 - Frideriks' house - Vladimirskaya street, 13;

1848- Solovyov's apartment building - Voznesensky Prospekt, 41;

September 20, 1849 - February 10, 1850- apartment of L. N. Tersinskaya in the apartment building of I. V. Koshansky - Bolshaya Konyushennaya street, 15, apt. 8;

1853-1854 - I. I. Vvedensky's apartment in Borodina's apartment building - Embankment of the Zhdanovka River, 7;

Late June 1860 - June 7, 1861— profitable house of V. F. Gromov — 2nd line of Vasilyevsky Island, 13, apt. 7;

June 8, 1861 - July 7, 1862— profitable house of Esaulova — Bolshaya Moskovskaya street, 6, apt. 4.

Works by N. G. Chernyshevsky

Novels

1862-1863 - What to do? From stories about new people.

1863 - Stories in stories (unfinished).

1867-1870 - Prologue. A novel from the early sixties (unfinished).

Tale

1863 - Alferyev.

1864 - Small stories.

Literary criticism

1850 - About the "Foreman" Fonvizin. PhD work.

1854 - On sincerity in criticism.

1854 - Songs of different nations.

1854 - Poverty is not a vice. Comedy by A. Ostrovsky.

1855 - Pushkin's works.

1855-1856 - Essays on the Gogol period of Russian literature.

1856 - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. His life and writings.

1856 - Koltsov's poems.

1856 - Poems by N. Ogarev.

1856 - Collection of poems by V. Benediktov.

1856 - Childhood and adolescence. Military stories of Count L. N. Tolstoy.

1856 - Essays from peasant life A. F. Pisemsky.

1857 - Lessing. His time, his life and work.

1857 - " Provincial essays» Shchedrin.

1857 - Works by V. Zhukovsky.

1857 - Poems by N. Shcherbina.

1857 - "Letters about Spain" by V. P. Botkin.

1858 - Russian man on rendez-vous. Reflections on reading the story of Mr. Turgenev "Asya".

1860 - Collection of miracles, stories borrowed from mythology.

1861 - Is not the beginning of a change? Stories by N. V. Uspensky. Two parts.

Publicism

1856 - Review of the historical development of the rural community in Russia by Chicherin.

1856 - "Russian conversation" and its direction.

1857 - "Russian conversation" and Slavophilism.

1857 - On land ownership.

1858 - Farming system.

1858 - Cavaignac.

1859 - Materials for solving the peasant question.

1859 - Superstition and the rules of logic.

1859 - Capital and labor.

1859-1862 - Politics. Monthly surveys of foreign political life.

1860 - History of civilization in Europe from the fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution.

1861 - Political and economic letters to the President of the United States of America G. K. Carey.

1861 - On the causes of the fall of Rome.

1861 - Count Cavour.

1861 - To the lordly peasants from their well-wishers.

1862 - In gratitude Letter to Mr. Z<ари>Well.

1862 - Letters without an address.

1861 - N. A. Dobrolyubov. Obituary.

1878 - Letter to the sons A. N. and M. N. Chernyshevsky.

Memoirs

1883 - Memories of Nekrasov.

1884-1888 - Materials for the biography of N. A. Dobrolyubov, collected in 1861-1862.

1884-1888 - Memories of Turgenev's relationship to Dobrolyubov and the break in friendship between Turgenev and Nekrasov.

Philosophy and aesthetics

1854 — critical eye to modern aesthetic concepts.

1855 - Aesthetic relationship of art to reality. Master's dissertation.

1855 - Sublime and comic.

1855 - The nature of human knowledge.

1858 - Criticism of philosophical prejudices against common ownership.

1860 - Anthropological principle in philosophy. "Essays on questions of practical philosophy". Composition by P. L. Lavrov.

1888 - The origin of the theory of beneficence of the struggle for life. Preface to some treatises on botany, zoology and the sciences of human life.

Translations

1860 — D. S. Mill's Foundations of Political Economy. With your notes.

1884-1888 - "The General History of G. Weber". With articles and comments.

Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky (1828-1889) – literary critic, publicist, writer.

Chernyshevsky was born on July 12, 1828 in Saratov. Father, both grandfathers and maternal great-grandfather were priests. From childhood, he grew up in an atmosphere of a patriarchal family and did not need anything.

By family tradition in 1842, Nikolai Chernyshevsky entered the Saratov Theological Seminary. However, he was not interested in cramming church texts. He was mainly engaged in self-education, studying languages, history, geography, and literature.

In the end, he left the seminary and in May 1846 entered St. Petersburg University in the historical and philological department of the philosophical faculty. Church commandments were replaced by the ideas of the French utopian socialists.

In 1850, Chernyshevsky graduated from the university and was assigned to the Saratov gymnasium, where he appeared in the spring of the following year. However, the gymnasium audience is clearly not enough to present ideas about the reorganization of society, and the authorities do not welcome this.

In the spring of 1853, Chernyshevsky married the daughter of a Saratov doctor, Olga Sokratovna Vasilyeva. There was love on his part. From her - the desire to free herself from the guardianship of her parents, who considered her "an overly lively girl." Chernyshevsky understood this. In turn, he warned the bride that he did not know how long he would be free, that on any day he could be arrested and put in a fortress. A few days after the wedding, Chernyshevsky and his wife left for St. Petersburg.

Ideas N.G. Chernyshevsky bored Olga Sokratovna. She aspired to female happiness, as she herself understood it. Chernyshevsky gave his wife complete freedom. Moreover, he did everything possible to ensure this freedom.

At the beginning of 1854, Chernyshevsky joined the Sovremennik magazine and soon became one of the leaders, together with N.A. Nekrasov and N.A. Dobrolyubov. Having survived from the magazine of liberal writers, he took up the rationale for the peasant socialist revolution. To bring a "bright future" closer, in the early 1860s. took part in the creation of the underground organization "Land and Freedom".

Since 1861, Chernyshevsky was under the secret supervision of the gendarmerie, as he was suspected of "constantly inciting hostile feelings towards the government." In the summer of 1862 he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In solitary confinement, Chernyshevsky wrote the novel "What Is To Be Done?" in four months. It was published in 1863 in Sovremennik. Before publication, the novel passed an investigation commission on the Chernyshevsky case and censorship, that is, there was no blanket ban on printing the works of the "guilty" author in despotic Russia. He appeared in the "bright future". True, later the censor was fired, and the novel was banned.

In 1864, Chernyshevsky was found guilty "of taking measures to overthrow the existing order of government." After the civil execution, he was sent to Siberia. Release was offered in 1874, but he refused to petition for clemency. In 1883 Chernyshevsky was allowed to settle in Astrakhan under police supervision. It was a mercy: recently the Narodnaya Volya killed Alexander II. He was met by the aged Olga Sokratovna and adult sons. All around was a new, alien life.

After much trouble, in the summer of 1889, Chernyshevsky was allowed to move to his homeland, to Saratov. He left her full of hope, and returned old, sick, useless. Of the last 28 years of his life, he spent more than twenty in prison and exile.

On October 17, 1889, the utopian philosopher and democratic revolutionary Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

Biography of Chernyshevsky

• 1828. July 12 (July 24) - Nikolai Chernyshevsky was born in Saratov, in the family of the priest Gabriel Ivanovich Chernyshevsky.
• 1835. Summer is the beginning training sessions under the guidance of his father.
• 1836. December - Nikolai Chernyshevsky was enrolled in the Saratov Theological School.
• 1842. September - Chernyshevsky entered the Saratov Theological Seminary.
• 1846. May - Chernyshevsky left Saratov for St. Petersburg to enter the university. Summer - Chernyshevsky was enrolled in the historical and philological department of the philosophical faculty of St. Petersburg University.
• 1848. Spring - Chernyshevsky's interest in revolutionary events in France and other European countries. Belief in the proximity and inevitability of revolution in Russia.
• 1850. Graduation from the university. Appointment to the Saratov gymnasium as a senior teacher of Russian literature.
• 1851. Spring - departure to Saratov.
• 1853. Spring - marriage to O.S. Vasilyeva. May - departure with his wife to St. Petersburg. Admission as a teacher of literature in the 2nd St. Petersburg Cadet Corps.
• 1854. Beginning of work with Nekrasov in Sovremennik.
• 1855. May - public defense of Chernyshevsky's master's thesis "Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality".
• 1856. Acquaintance and rapprochement with N.A. Dobrolyubov. Nekrasov, going abroad for treatment, transferred editorial rights to Sovremennik to Chernyshevsky.
• 1857. Chernyshevsky handed over to Dobrolyubov the literary-critical department of the journal and took up philosophical, historical, political and economic issues, in particular, the issue of the liberation of the peasants from serfdom.
• 1858. In No. 1 of Sovremennik, the article "Cavaignac" was published, in which Chernyshevsky scolded the liberals for betraying the people's cause.
• 1859 Chernyshevsky began publishing reviews of foreign political life in the Sovremennik magazine. June - a trip to London to Herzen to explain about the article "Very dangerous!", printed in the "Bell".
• 1860. Article "Capital and Labor". From the second issue of Sovremennik, Chernyshevsky began to publish his translation in the journal with comments on D.S. Mill.
• 1861. August - proclamations were received by the Third Department: "To the lord's peasants" (N.G. Chernyshevsky) and "Russian soldiers" (N.V. Shelgunov). Autumn - Chernyshevsky, according to A.A. Sleptsov, discussed with him the organization of the secret society "Land and Freedom". The police established surveillance of Chernyshevsky and instructed the governors not to issue a foreign passport to Chernyshevsky.
• 1862. Censorship forbade the printing of Chernyshevsky's "Letters without an Address", since the article contained sharp criticism of the peasant reform and the situation in the country. June - Sovremennik was banned for eight months. July 7 - Chernyshevsky was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
• 1863. In No. 3 of Sovremennik, the beginning of the novel What Is To Be Done? is printed. Subsequent parts are printed in Nos. 4 and 5.
• 1864. May 19 - public "civil execution" of Chernyshevsky on Mytninskaya Square in St. Petersburg and exile to Siberia. August - Chernyshevsky arrived at the Kadai mine in Transbaikalia.
• 1866. August - O.S. Chernyshevskaya with her son Mikhail came to Kadai to meet with N.G. Chernyshevsky. September - Nikolai Chernyshevsky was sent from the Kadai mine to the Aleksandrovsky plant.
• 1871. February - the revolutionary populist German Lopatin, who came to Russia from London to free Chernyshevsky, was arrested in Irkutsk. December - Chernyshevsky was sent from the Aleksandrovsky plant to Vilyuisk.
• 1874. Refusal of Chernyshevsky to write a petition for pardon.
• 1875. I. Myshkin's attempt to release Chernyshevsky.
• 1883. Chernyshevsky was transferred from Vilyuisk to Astrakhan under police supervision.
• 1884-1888. In Astrakhan, Chernyshevsky prepared "Materials for the biography of Dobrolyubov", eleven volumes of Weber's "General History" were translated from German.
• 1889. June - Chernyshevsky moved to Saratov. October 17 (October 29) - Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

Chernyshevsky - "What to do?"

Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky is one of the most famous and revered Russian writers and publicists. It is he who is the author of the novel "What to do?" and the ideological leader of "Land and Freedom" (a community in which revolutionary ideas were raised). It is precisely because of this activity that he was considered the most dangerous enemy Russian Empire.

N.G. Chernyshevsky was born on July 12, 1828 in Saratov. His father is an archpriest in one of cathedrals cities, and her mother is a simple peasant woman. Thanks to the efforts of his father, who taught Nikolai, he grew up to be a very smart and erudite man.

Such a deep knowledge of literature in a boy in such early age attracted the attention of his fellow villagers. They gave him the nickname "bibliographer", which accurately reflected the unique erudition of the future publicist. Thanks to the received during home schooling knowledge, he was able to easily enter the theological seminary of Saratov, and later - the leading university in St. Petersburg.

(Young Chernyshevsky translating history)

It was during the years of training and formation that the personality of a revolutionary activist was formed, who is not afraid to speak the truth. He grew up on the teachings of ancient, French and English works era of materialism (XVII-XVIII centuries).

Stages of life and stages of creativity

Nikolai Chernyshevsky became interested in writing literary works while visiting literary circle, where I. I. Vvedensky taught at that time ( Russian writer, revolutionary). After graduating from the Faculty of History and Philology in 1850, Chernyshevsky received the title of Candidate of Sciences and a year later began working at the Saratov gymnasium. He perceived the job he received as a chance to actively promote his revolutionary ideas.

After working for 2 years at the gymnasium, the young teacher decided to get married. His wife was Olga Vasilyeva, with whom he moved to St. Petersburg. It was here that he was appointed teacher of the Second cadet corps. Here he proved himself excellent at the beginning, but after a serious conflict with one of the officers, Chernyshevsky had to leave.

(Full fresh ideas Chernyshevsky defends his thesis)

The events experienced inspired the young Chernyshevsky to write his first articles in printed publications St. Petersburg. After several published articles, he was invited to the Sovremennik magazine, where Nikolai Gavrilovich became practically the chief editor. At the same time, he continued to be active and promote the ideas of revolutionary democracy.

After successful work in Sovremennik, he receives an invitation to the Military Collection magazine, where he holds the position of the first editor. While working here, Chernyshevsky began to lead various circles in which the participants tried to find ways to attract the army to the revolution. Thanks to your articles and vigorous activity he becomes one of the leaders of the journalistic school of his time. It was during this period (1860) that he wrote Anthropological Primacy in Philosophy (an essay on a philosophical theme).

(Chernyshevsky in captivity writes "What to do")

As a result, already in 1861 Chernyshevsky was under secret police surveillance, which became stronger after he joined the Land and Freedom (a society founded by Marx and Engels). In connection with the events in the country, Sovremennik temporarily suspended its activities. But a year later he resumed it (in 1863). It was then that the most famous novel Nikolai Chernyshevsky - "What to do?", which the author wrote during his stay in prison.