Schiller his novels. Awards and achievements

After studying at primary school and studies with the Protestant pastor Schiller in 1773, at the insistence of the duke, entered the newly established military academy and began to study law, although from childhood he dreamed of becoming a priest; in 1775 the academy was transferred to Stuttgart, the course of study was extended, and Schiller, leaving law, took up medicine. After completing the course in 1780, he received a position as a regimental doctor in Stuttgart.

Born November 10, 1759 in Marbach (Württemberg); comes from the lower classes of the German burghers: his mother is from the family of a provincial baker-innkeeper, his father is a regimental paramedic. After studying in elementary school and studying with a Protestant pastor, in 1773, at the insistence of the duke, Schiller entered the newly established military academy and began to study law, although from childhood he dreamed of becoming a priest; in 1775 the academy was transferred to Stuttgart, the course of study was extended, and Schiller, leaving law, took up medicine. After completing the course in 1780, he received a position as a regimental doctor in Stuttgart.

While still at the academy, Schiller moved away from the religious and sentimental exaltation of his early literary experiments, turned to dramaturgy, and in 1781 completed and published Robbers (Die Ruber). At the beginning of the next year, the Robbers were staged in Mannheim; Schiller attended the premiere without asking the sovereign for permission to leave the duchy. Having heard about the second visit to the Mannheim theater, the duke put Schiller in a guardhouse, and later ordered him to practice medicine alone. September 22, 1782 Schiller fled from the Duchy of Württemberg. The following summer, apparently no longer fearing the duke's revenge, the quartermaster of the Mannheim theater, Dahlberg, appoints Schiller a "theater poet", concluding a contract with him to write plays for production on the Mannheim stage. The two dramas that Schiller had been working on even before his flight from Stuttgart - The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa (Die Verschw rung des Fiesco zu Genua) and Cunning and Love (Kabale und Liebe) - were staged at the Mannheim Theater, the latter having big success. Dahlberg did not renew the contract, and Schiller found himself in Mannheim in very cramped financial circumstances, moreover, tormented by torment unrequited love. He readily accepted the invitation of one of his enthusiastic admirers, Privatdozent G. Körner, and for more than two years (April 1785 - July 1787) stayed with him in Leipzig and Dresden.

The second edition of The Robbers (1782) had on the title page an image of a roaring lion with the motto "In tyrannos!" "(lat. "Against tyrants!"). The plot of the play is based on the enmity of two brothers, Karl and Franz Moor; Karl is impetuous, courageous and, in essence, generous; Franz is an insidious scoundrel, seeking to take away from his older brother not only the title and estates, but also the love of his cousin Amalia. Despite the illogicality of the gloomy plot, the irregularities of the rough language and youthful immaturity, the tragedy captures the reader and viewer with its energy and social pathos. First of all, the Robbers prompted the French in 1792 to make Schiller an honorary citizen of the new French Republic.

Fiesco (1783) is significant primarily because it anticipates Schiller's later triumphs in historical drama, but, writing a play based on the material of the biography of the Genoese conspirator of the 16th century, to grasp dramatic essence historical events, clearly identify moral issues the young poet did not yet know how. In Insidiousness and Love (1784), Schiller refers to the reality of the small German principalities, well known to him. In Don Carlos (Don Carlos, 1787) the concept of personal and civil freedom was clarified and refined. Don Carlos ended the first period of Schiller's dramatic work.

In July 1787, Schiller left Dresden and until 1789 lived in Weimar and its environs. In 1789 he received a professorship of world history at the University of Jena, and thanks to his marriage (1790) to Charlotte von Lengefeld, he found family happiness. The meager salary of the poet was not enough even to meet modest needs; help came from Crown Prince Fr.Kr.von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Count E.von Schimmelmann, who paid him a scholarship for three years (1791–1794), then Schiller was supported by the publisher I.Fr.Kotta, who invited him in 1794 to publish the monthly magazine Ory. The magazine "Thalia" - an earlier enterprise for the publication of a literary magazine - was published in 1785-1791 very irregularly and under various names; in 1796, Schiller founded another periodical, the yearly Almanac of the Muses, where many of his works were published. In search of materials, Schiller turned to J.W. Goethe. They met shortly after Goethe returned from Italy (1788), but then things did not go beyond a superficial acquaintance; now the poets have become close friends. In 1799, the duke doubled Schiller's maintenance, which in fact became a pension, because. teaching activities the poet was no longer engaged and moved from Jena to Weimar. In 1802, Francis II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, granted Schiller the nobility. Schiller was never in good health, he was often ill, he developed tuberculosis. Schiller died in Weimar on May 9, 1805.

Communication with Koerner aroused Schiller's interest in philosophy, especially in aesthetics; as a result, Philosophical Letters (Philosophische Briefe, 1786) appeared and whole line essay (1792–1796) – On the Tragic in Art (ber die tragische Kunst), On Grace and Dignity (ber Anmut und W rde), On the Sublime (ber das Erhabene) and On Naive and Sentimental Poetry (ber naive und sentimentalische Dichtung) . Philosophical views Schiller were under strong influence I. Kant. Unlike philosophical poetry, purely lyrical poems - short, songlike, expressing personal experiences - are less typical for Schiller, although there are remarkable exceptions here. The so-called "ballad year" (1797) was marked by Schiller and Goethe with excellent ballads, incl. Schiller has the Cup (Der Taucher), the Glove (Der Handschuh), the Ring of Polycrates (Der Ring des Polykrates) and the Ivikov Cranes (Die Kraniche des Ibykus), who came to Russian reader in excellent translations by V.A. Zhukovsky. Xenien, short satirical poems, were the fruit of the joint work of Goethe and Schiller.

Studying materials for Don Carlos, Schiller prepared his first historical research- The history of the fall of the Netherlands from Spanish rule (Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung, 1788); in Jena, he wrote the History of the Thirty Years' War (Die Geschichte des Drei igj hrigen Krieges, 1791-1793).

The second period of Schiller's dramatic work began in 1796 with Wallenstein and ended with a fragment from Russian history Demetrius, work on which was interrupted by death. Studying the History of the Thirty Years' War, Schiller saw in the generalissimo of the imperial troops Wallenstein a grateful figure in a dramatic sense. The drama took shape in 1799 and took the form of a trilogy: Wallenstein's Lager acting as a prologue and two five-act dramas - Piccolomini (Die Piccolomini) and Wallenstein's Death (Wallensteins Tod).

The next play, Marie Stuart (1800), illustrates Schiller's aesthetic thesis that it is perfectly acceptable to change and reshape historical events for the sake of dramaturgy. Schiller did not bring to the fore in Mary Stuart political and religious issues and determined the denouement of the drama by the development of the conflict between the rival queens. Leaving aside the question of historical accuracy, Mary Stuart is an extremely stage play, and the title role was invariably loved by all the great European actresses.

The Virgin of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans, 1801) is based on the story of Joan of Arc. Schiller gave free rein to fantasy, using the material of a medieval legend, and admitted his involvement in the new romantic movement, calling the play a "romantic tragedy." The poet was well-read in Greek dramaturgy, translated from Euripides and studied the Aristotelian theory of drama, and in the Bride of Messina (Die Braut von Messina, 1803) he experimentally tried to introduce a choir into medieval drama ancient tragedy and the Greek concept of rock. Wilhelm Tell (1804), the last of his completed plays, is a grandiose picture of the struggle of four Swiss forest cantons against the tyranny of Imperial Austria.

Starting with Don Carlos, Schiller wrote his dramas in blank verse, sometimes interspersing it with metrical verse. The language of his works is sublime, melodic and expressive, although sometimes too rhetorical and pompous, but on stage he makes an extremely winning impression. Schiller enriched the literature of his country with outstanding dramatic works. In addition to his own plays, he created stage versions Shakespeare's Macbeth and Turandot K. Gozzi, and also translated Racine's Phaedra. Schiller has been known in Russia since the end of the 18th century.

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German: Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller; November 10, 1759, Marbach am Neckar - May 9, 1805, Weimar) - German poet, philosopher, art theorist and playwright, professor of history and military doctor, representative of the Storm and the onslaught and romanticism in literature, the author of "Ode to Joy", a modified version of which became the text of the anthem European Union. He entered the history of world literature as a fiery defender of the human personality. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788-1805) he was friends with Johann Goethe, whom he inspired to complete his works, which remained in draft version. This period of friendship between the two poets and their literary controversy entered German literature under the name "Weimar classicism".

Johann Christoph Friedrich was born in Marbach an der Neckar on November 10, 1759 in the family of an officer, regimental paramedic. The family did not live well; the boy was brought up in an atmosphere of religiosity. He received his primary education thanks to the pastor of the town of Lorch, where their family moved in 1764, and later studied at the Latin school in Ludwigsburg. In 1772, Schiller was among the students of the military academy: he was assigned there by order of the Duke of Württemberg. And if from childhood he dreamed of serving as a priest, then here he began to study jurisprudence, and from 1776, after transferring to the appropriate faculty, medicine. Even in the first years of his stay at this educational institution, Schiller was seriously carried away by the poets of Storm and Onslaught and began to compose a little himself, deciding to devote himself to poetry. His first work - the ode "The Conqueror" - appeared in the journal "German Chronicles" in the spring of 1777.

The grief that comes is easier than expected: there is an end to the coming grief, but the fear of the coming grief knows no bounds.

Schiller Friedrich

After receiving a diploma in 1780, he was appointed a military doctor and sent to Stuttgart. Here his first book was published - a collection of poems "Anthology for 1782". In 1781, he published the drama The Robbers for his own money. In order to get to the performance staged according to it, Schiller left for Mannheim in 1783, for which he was subsequently arrested and banned from writing literary works. First staged in January 1782, the drama "Robbers" enjoyed major success and marked the arrival of a new talented author in dramaturgy. Subsequently, for this work in revolutionary years Schiller will be given the title of honorary citizen of the French Republic.

Severe punishment forced Schiller to leave Württemberg and settle in the small village of Oggerseim. From December 1782 to July 1783, Schiller lived in Bauerbach under a false name on the estate of an old acquaintance. In the summer of 1783, Friedrich returned to Mannheim to prepare the staging of his plays, and already on April 15, 1784, his "Deceit and Love" brought him fame as the first German playwright. Soon his stay in Mannheim was legalized, but in subsequent years Schiller lived in Leipzig, and then from the beginning of the autumn of 1785 to the summer of 1787 - in the village of Loschwitz, located near Dresden.

August 21, 1787 marked a new milestone in the biography of Schiller, connected with his move to the center of national literature - Weimar. He arrived there at the invitation of K. M. Vilond in order to collaborate with the literary magazine German Mercury. In parallel, in 1787-1788. Schiller was the publisher of the Thalia magazine.

Acquaintance with major figures from the world of literature and science made the playwright overestimate his abilities and achievements, look at them more critically, and feel a lack of knowledge. This led to the fact that for almost a decade he abandoned his own literary creativity in favor of an in-depth study of philosophy, history, aesthetics. In the summer of 1788, the first volume of The History of the Fall of the Netherlands was published, thanks to which Schiller earned a reputation as a brilliant researcher.

Through the troubles of friends, he received the title of extraordinary professor of philosophy and history at the University of Jena, in connection with which, on May 11, 1789, he moved to Jena. In 1799, in February, Schiller married and in parallel worked on the "History of the Thirty Years' War", published in 1793.

Tuberculosis discovered in 1791 prevented Schiller from working in full force. In connection with his illness, he had to give up lecturing for some time - this greatly shook his financial situation, and if it were not for the timely efforts of his friends, he would have found himself in poverty. During this difficult period for himself, he was imbued with the philosophy of And Kant and, under the influence of his ideas, wrote a number of works devoted to aesthetics.

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German: Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller; November 10, 1759, Marbach an der Neckar - May 9, 1805, Weimar) - German poet, philosopher, art theorist and playwright, professor of history and military doctor, representative of the Storm directions and the onslaught of romanticism in literature, the author of "Ode to Joy", a modified version of which became the text of the anthem of the European Union. He entered the history of world literature as a fiery defender of the human personality. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788-1805) he was friends with Johann Goethe, whom he inspired to complete his works, which remained in draft form. This period of friendship between the two poets and their literary controversy entered German literature under the name of Weimar classicism.

Born November 10, 1759 in Marbach. A native of the lower classes of the German burghers: his mother is from the family of a provincial baker-innkeeper, his father is a regimental paramedic. After studying in elementary school and studying with a Protestant pastor, Schiller in 1773, on the orders of the Duke of Württemberg, entered the newly established military academy and began to study law, although from childhood he dreamed of becoming a priest; in 1775 the academy was transferred to Stuttgart, the course of study was extended, and Schiller, leaving law, took up medicine. After completing the course in 1780, he received a position as a regimental doctor in Stuttgart.

While still at the academy, Schiller moved away from the religious and sentimental exaltation of his early literary experiments, turned to drama, and in 1781 completed and published The Robbers. At the beginning of the following year the play was staged in Mannheim; Schiller was present at the premiere For unauthorized absence from the regiment for the performance of The Robbers, he was arrested and banned from writing anything other than medical essays, which forced Schiller to flee the Duchy of Württemberg. The quartermaster of the Mannheim theater, Dalyörg, appoints Schiller a "theatrical poet", concluding a contract with him to write plays for staging on stage.

Tormented by the pangs of unrequited love, Schiller willingly accepted the invitation of one of his enthusiastic admirers, Privatdozent G. Kerner, and stayed with him in Leipzig and Dresden for more than two years.

In 1789, he received a position as professor of world history at the University of Jena, and thanks to his marriage to Charlotte von Lengefeld, he found family happiness.

The Crown Prince von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Count E. von Schimmelmann paid him a scholarship for three years (1791-1794), then Schiller was supported by the publisher I. Fr. Cotta, who invited him in 1794 to publish the monthly magazine Ory.

Schiller was interested in philosophy, especially aesthetics. As a result, "Philosophical Letters" and a whole series of essays (1792-1796) appeared - "On the Tragic in Art", "On Grace and Dignity", "On the Sublime" and "On Naive and Sentimental Poetry". The philosophical views of Schiller were strongly influenced by I. Kant.

In addition to philosophical poetry, he also creates purely lyrical poems - short, song-like, expressing personal experiences. In 1796, Schiller founded another periodical, the annual Almanac of the Muses, where many of his works were published.

In search of materials, Schiller turned to J. W. Goethe, whom he met after Goethe returned from Italy, but then things did not go beyond a superficial acquaintance; now the poets have become close friends. The so-called "ballad year" (1797) was marked by Schiller and Goethe with excellent ballads, incl. Schiller - "Cup", "Glove", "Polycrates ring", which came to the Russian reader in the magnificent translations of V.A. Zhukovsky.

In 1799, the duke doubled Schiller's maintenance, which, in fact, became a pension, because. the poet was no longer engaged in teaching activities and moved from Jena to Weimar. In 1802, Francis II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, granted Schiller the nobility.

Schiller was never in good health, he was often sick; he developed tuberculosis. Schiller died in Weimar, May 9, 1805.

Source http://ru.wikipedia.org and http://citaty.su

Poet, playwright, one of the founders of the German classical literature Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller was born on November 10, 1759 in Marbach (Württemberg, Germany). A native of the lower classes of the German burghers: his mother is from the family of a provincial baker-tavernkeeper, his father is a regimental paramedic.

After graduating from the Latin school in Ludwigsburg in 1772, by order of Duke Karl Eugene in 1773, Schiller was enrolled in a military school, then renamed the academy, where he studied at the legal, then at the medical department.

After graduating from the academy in 1780, he received a position as a regimental doctor in Stuttgart.

Schiller began his poetic activity in the era of Storm and Onslaught (a literary movement in Germany in the 1770s, named after the drama of the same name by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger).

Schiller's first dramatic works belong to this period: "Robbers" (1781), the republican drama "The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa" (1783) and the petty-bourgeois drama "Cunning and Love" (1784). The historical drama "Don Carlos" (1783-1787) completes the first period of Schiller's dramatic work.

With his first dramatic and lyrical works Schiller took the Sturm und Drang movement to new heights, making it more purposeful and socially effective.

At the beginning of 1782 the drama The Robbers was staged in Mannheim.

On September 22, 1782, Schiller fled the Duchy of Württemberg. The following summer, the intendant of the Mannheim theater Dahlberg appoints Schiller "theatrical poet", concluding a contract with him to write plays for staging on the Mannheim stage. In particular, The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa and Cunning and Love were staged at the Mannheim Theater, the latter being a great success.

After Dahlberg did not renew his contract with him, Schiller found himself in Mannheim in very tight financial circumstances. He accepted the invitation of one of his enthusiastic admirers, Privatdozent Gottfried Kerner, and from April 1785 to July 1787 he visited him in Leipzig and Dresden.

In July 1787, Schiller left Dresden and lived in and around Weimar until 1789. Reviewing past experiences and artistic principles"Sturm und Drang", Schiller began to study history, philosophy, aesthetics. In 1788, he began editing a series of books called "History of Remarkable Revolts and Conspiracies", wrote "History of the Fall of the Netherlands from Spanish Rule" (only the first volume was published).

In 1789, with the assistance of Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Schiller took up the post of extraordinary professor of history at the University of Jena, where he delivered an introductory lecture on "What is The World History and for what purpose it is studied.

Together with Goethe, Schiller created a cycle of epigrams "Xenia" (Greek - "gifts to guests"), directed against flat rationalism, philistinism in literature and theater, against the early German romantics.

In 1793, Schiller published "The History of the Thirty Years' War" and a number of articles on world history. By this time, he had become an adherent of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, the influence of which is felt in his aesthetic works "On Tragic Art" (1792), "On Grace and Dignity" (1793), "Letters on aesthetic education Man" (1795), "On Naive and Sentimental Poetry" (1795-1796), etc.

The meager salary of the poet was not enough even to meet modest needs; help came from the crown prince von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Count von Schimmelmann, who paid him a scholarship for three years (1791-1794), then Schiller was supported by the publisher Johann Friedrich Kotta, who invited him in 1794 to publish the monthly magazine "Ory ". The magazine "Thalia" - an earlier enterprise for publishing a literary magazine - was published in 1785-1791 very irregularly and under various names. In 1796, Schiller founded another periodical, the yearly Almanac of the Muses, where many of his works were published.

The beginning of the second period of Schiller's work, marked by the writing of the play "Wallenstein", also belongs to the same year. At the same time, Schiller adjoins the romantic trend, which replaced the rebellious spirit of "storm and stress" in German literature, with his lyrics and, mainly, with his ballads. In some of them, like "Glove" (1797), "Cup" (1797), "Count of Habsburg", "Knight of Toggenburg", he refers to the Middle Ages, beloved by romantics. Others - "Ivikov Cranes" (1797), "Polycrates' ring" (1797), "Eleusinian holiday" (1798), "Complaint of Ceres" - were an expression of deep interest in ancient world characterizing the last period of Schiller's work. These ballads, as well as The Maid of Orleans (1801), the most romantic of dramas last period, were translated by Vasily Zhukovsky, one of the founders of Russian romanticism.

In addition to his own plays, Schiller created stage versions of Shakespeare's Macbeth and Turandot by Carlo Gozzi, and also translated Jean Racine's Phaedra.

In 1799, the duke doubled Schiller's maintenance, which, in fact, became a pension, since the poet was no longer engaged in teaching and moved from Jena to Weimar. In 1802, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II granted Schiller the nobility.

Schiller was never in good health, he was often ill, he developed tuberculosis. In the last months of his life, Schiller worked on the tragedy "Demetrius" from Russian history, but sudden death May 9, 1805 interrupted his work.

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller. Born November 10, 1759 in Marbach am Neckar - died May 9, 1805 in Weimar. German poet, philosopher, art theorist and playwright, professor of history and military doctor, representative of Sturm und Drang and romanticism in literature, author of Ode to Joy, a modified version of which became the text of the anthem of the European Union. He entered the history of world literature as a defender of the human personality.

During the last seventeen years of his life (1788-1805) he was friends with Johann Goethe, whom he inspired to complete his works, which remained in draft form. This period of friendship between the two poets and their literary controversy entered German literature under the name "Weimar classicism".

The surname Schiller has been found in Southwestern Germany since the 16th century. The ancestors of Friedrich Schiller, who lived for two centuries in the Duchy of Württemberg, were winemakers, peasants and artisans.

His father - Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723-1796) - was a regimental paramedic, an officer in the service of the Duke of Württemberg, his mother - Elisabeth Dorothea Kodweis (1732-1802) - from the family of a provincial baker-tavern owner. The young Schiller was brought up in a religious-pietistic atmosphere, echoed in his early poems. His childhood and youth were spent in relative poverty.

In 1764, Schiller's father was appointed recruiter and moved with his family to the town of Lorch. In Lorch the boy got elementary education with the local pastor Moser. The training lasted three years and mainly included the study of reading and writing in their native language, as well as familiarity with Latin. The sincere and good-natured pastor was later immortalized in the writer's first drama. "Robbers".

When the Schiller family returned to Ludwigsburg in 1766, Friedrich was sent to the local Latin school. Training program at school it was not difficult: Latin was studied five days a week, on Fridays - the native language, on Sundays - the catechism. Schiller's interest in studies increased in high school, where he studied the Latin classics -, and. After graduating from the Latin school, having passed all four exams with excellent marks, in April 1772 Schiller was presented for confirmation.

In 1770, the Schiller family moved from Ludwigsburg to Solitude Castle, where the Duke of Württemberg, Karl-Eugene, established an orphanage for the education of soldiers' children. In 1771 this institute was reformed into a military academy.

In 1772, looking through the list of graduates of the Latin school, the duke drew attention to the young Schiller, and soon, in January 1773, his family received a summons, according to which they were to send their son to the military academy "Higher School of Charles the Saint", where Friedrich began study law, although from childhood he dreamed of becoming a priest.

Upon entering the Academy, Schiller was enrolled in the burgher department of the Faculty of Law. Due to a hostile attitude towards jurisprudence at the end of 1774, the future writer turned out to be one of the last, and at the end of the 1775 academic year, the very last of the eighteen students of his department.

In 1775, the academy was transferred to Stuttgart and the course of study was extended.

In 1776, Schiller moved to the medical faculty. Here he attends lectures by talented teachers, in particular, a course of lectures on philosophy by Professor Abel, a favorite teacher of academic youth. During this period, Schiller finally decides to devote himself to poetic art.

Already from the first years of study at the Academy, Friedrich was carried away by the poetic works of Friedrich Klopstock and poets "Storm and Stress", began to write small poetic works. Several times he was even offered to write congratulatory odes in honor of the duke and his mistress, Countess Franziska von Hohengey.

In 1779, Schiller's dissertation "Philosophy of Physiology" was rejected by the leadership of the academy, and he was forced to stay for a second year. Duke Charles Eugene imposes his resolution: “I must agree that the dissertation of Schiller's pupil is not without merit, that there is a lot of fire in it. But it is precisely the latter circumstance that compels me not to publish his dissertation and to keep another year at the Academy so that the heat of it cools down. If he is as diligent, then by the end of this time a great man will probably come out of him..

While studying at the Academy, Schiller wrote his first works. Influenced by the drama "Julius of Tarentum" (1776) by Johann Anton Leisewitz, Friedrich writes "Cosmus von Medici"- a drama in which he tried to develop a favorite theme of the Sturm und Drang literary movement: the hatred between brothers and the love of a father. At the same time, his great interest in the work and writing style of Friedrich Klopstock prompted Schiller to write the ode "The Conqueror", published in March 1777 in the journal "German Chronicle" (Das schwebige Magazin) and which was an imitation of the idol.

Friedrich Schiller - The Triumph of a Genius

Finally, in 1780, he graduated from the course of the Academy and received a position as a regimental doctor in Stuttgart, without assigning him an officer rank and without the right to wear civilian clothes - evidence of ducal dislike.

In 1781 he completes the drama "Robbers"(Die Räuber), written by him during his stay at the Academy. After editing the Robbers' manuscript, it turned out that not a single Stuttgart publisher wanted to print it, and Schiller had to publish the drama at his own expense.

The bookseller Schwan in Mannheim, to whom Schiller also sent the manuscript, introduced him to the director of the Mannheim theater, Baron von Dahlberg. He was delighted with the drama and decided to stage it in his theater. But Dahlberg asks to make some adjustments - to remove some scenes and the most revolutionary phrases, the time of action is transferred from the present, from the era of the Seven Years' War to the 17th century.

Schiller opposed such changes, in a letter to Dahlberg dated December 12, 1781, he wrote: “Many tirades, features, both large and small, even characters are taken from our time; transferred to the age of Maximilian, they will cost absolutely nothing ... To correct a mistake against the era of Frederick II, I would have to commit a crime against the era of Maximilian ”, but nevertheless, he made concessions, and The Robbers were first staged in Mannheim January 13, 1782. This production was a huge success with the public.

After the premiere in Mannheim on January 13, 1782, it became clear that talented playwright. Central conflict"Robbers" is a conflict between two brothers: the eldest, Karl Moor, who, at the head of a band of robbers, goes into the Bohemian forests to punish tyrants, and the younger, Franz Moor, who at that time seeks to take possession of his father's estate.

Karl Moor personifies the best, brave, free beginnings, while Franz Moor is an example of meanness, deceit and treachery. In The Robbers, as in no other work of the German Enlightenment, the ideal of republicanism and democracy sung by Rousseau is shown. It is no coincidence that it was for this drama that Schiller was awarded the honorary title of citizen of the French Republic during the years of the French Revolution.

Simultaneously with the Robbers, Schiller prepared for publication a collection of poems, which was published in February 1782 under the title "Anthology for 1782"(Anthologie auf das Jahr 1782). The creation of this anthology is based on Schiller's conflict with the young Stuttgart poet Gotthald Steidlin, who, claiming to be the head of the Swabian school, published "Swabian Almanac of Muses for 1782".

Schiller sent Steidlin several poems for this edition, but he agreed to print only one of them, and then in an abbreviated form. Then Schiller collected the poems rejected by Gotthald, wrote a number of new ones and, thus, created the "Anthology for 1782", contrasting it with the "almanac of the muses" of his literary opponent. For the sake of greater mystification and raising interest in the collection, the city of Tobolsk in Siberia was indicated as the place of publication of the anthology.

For an unauthorized absence from the regiment to Mannheim for the performance of The Robbers, Schiller was placed in a guardhouse for 14 days and was banned from writing anything other than medical writings, which forced him, along with his friend, the musician Streicher, to flee the duke's possessions on September 22, 1782 year to the Margraviate of the Palatinate.

Having crossed the border of Württemberg, Schiller went to the Mannheim theater with a prepared manuscript of his play. "The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa"(German: Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua), which he dedicated to his professor of philosophy at the Academy, Jacob Abel.

The theater management, fearing the discontent of the Duke of Württemberg, was in no hurry to start negotiations on staging the play. Schiller was advised not to stay in Mannheim, but to leave for the nearest village of Oggersheim. There, together with his friend Streicher, the playwright lived under the assumed name of Schmidt in the village tavern "Hunting Yard". It was here in the autumn of 1782 that Friedrich Schiller made the first draft of a version of the tragedy. "Cunning and Love"(German: Kabale und Liebe), which is still called "Louise Miller".

At this time, Schiller is typing "The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa" for a meager fee, which he instantly spent. Being in a hopeless situation, the playwright wrote a letter to his old acquaintance Henriette von Walzogen, who soon offered the writer her empty estate in Bauerbach.

In Bauerbach, under the surname "Doctor Ritter", he lived from December 8, 1782. Here Schiller began to finish the drama "Cunning and Love", which he completed in February 1783. Immediately he sketched a new historical drama "Don Carlos"(German: Don Karlos). He studied the history of the Spanish Infanta using books from the library of the Mannheim ducal court, which were supplied to him by a familiar librarian. Along with the history of Don Carlos, Schiller then began to study the history of the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart. For some time he hesitated on which of them he should choose, but the choice was made in favor of "Don Carlos".

January 1783 became a significant date in the private life of Friedrich Schiller. In Bauerbach, the mistress of the estate came to visit the hermit with her sixteen-year-old daughter Charlotte. Friedrich fell in love with the girl at first sight and asked her mother for permission to marry, but she did not give consent, since the aspiring writer did not have a penny in his pocket.

At this time, his friend Andrei Shtreikher did everything possible to win the favor of the administration of the Mannheim Theater in favor of Schiller. The director of the theater, Baron von Dahlberg, knowing that Duke Karl Eugene had already abandoned the search for his missing regimental physician, writes a letter to Schiller in which he is interested in the literary activities of the playwright.

Schiller replied rather coldly and only briefly recounted the content of the drama "Louise Miller". Dahlberg agreed to stage both dramas - The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa and Louise Miller - after which Friedrich returned to Mannheim in July 1783 to participate in the preparation of plays for production.

Despite the excellent performance of the actors, The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa was generally not a great success. The Mannheim theater audience found this play too abstruse. Schiller undertook a remake of his third drama, Louise Miller. During one rehearsal, theater actor August Iffland suggested changing the name of the drama to "Deceit and Love". Under this title, the play was staged on April 15, 1784 and was a huge success. "Cunning and Love", no less than "Robbers", glorified the name of the author as the first playwright in Germany.

In February 1784 he joined "Elector German Society", which was led by the director of the Mannheim theater Wolfgang von Dahlberg, which gave him the rights of a Palatinate citizen and legalized his stay in Mannheim. During the official acceptance of the poet into society on July 20, 1784, he read a report entitled "The Theater as a Moral Institution." The moral significance of the theater, designed to denounce vices and approve of virtue, Schiller diligently propagated in the magazine he founded "Rhine Thalia"(German Rheinische Thalia), the first issue of which was published in 1785.

In Mannheim, Friedrich Schiller met Charlotte von Kalb, a young woman with outstanding mental abilities, whose admiration brought the writer much suffering. She introduced Schiller to the Weimar Duke Karl August when he was visiting Darmstadt. The playwright read in a select circle, in the presence of the duke, the first act of his new drama Don Carlos. The drama made a big impression on those present.

Karl August granted the author the position of Weimar councilor, which, however, did not alleviate the plight in which Schiller was. The writer had to repay a debt of two hundred guilders, which he had borrowed from a friend for the publication of The Robbers, but he had no money. In addition, his relationship with the director of the Mannheim Theater deteriorated, as a result of which Schiller broke his contract with him.

At the same time, Schiller became interested in the 17-year-old daughter of the court bookseller Margarita Schwan, but the young coquette did not show unequivocal favor for the beginning poet, and her father hardly wanted to see his daughter married to a man without money and influence in society. In the autumn of 1784, the poet remembered a letter that he received six months earlier from the Leipzig community of admirers of his work, headed by Gottfried Koerner.

On February 22, 1785, Schiller sent them a letter in which he frankly described his plight and asked to be received in Leipzig. Already on March 30, a benevolent response came from Koerner. At the same time, he sent the poet a promissory note for a significant amount of money so that the playwright could pay off his debts. Thus began a close friendship between Gottfried Koerner and Friedrich Schiller, which lasted until the death of the poet.

When Schiller arrived in Leipzig on April 17, 1785, he was met by Ferdinand Huber and sisters Dora and Minna Stock. Koerner was at that time on official business in Dresden. From the first days in Leipzig, Schiller yearned for Margarita Schwan, who remained in Mannheim. He addressed her parents with a letter in which he asked for the hand of his daughter. The publisher Schwan gave Margarita the opportunity to resolve this issue herself, but she refused Schiller, who was very upset by this new loss. Soon Gottfried Körner arrived from Dresden and decided to celebrate his marriage to Minna Stock. Warmed by the friendship of Koerner, Huber and their girlfriends, Schiller recovered. It was at this time that he created his anthem "Ode to Joy".

On September 11, 1785, at the invitation of Gottfried Koerner, Schiller moved to the village of Loschwitz near Dresden. Here Don Carlos was completely remade and completed, a new drama The Misanthrope was begun, a plan was drawn up and the first chapters of the novel The Spirit Seer were written. It was also finished here "Philosophical Letters"(German Philosophische Briefe) is the most significant philosophical essay of the young Schiller, written in epistolary form.

In 1786-87 Friedrich Schiller was introduced into Dresden secular society through Gottfried Körner. At the same time, he received an offer from the famous German actor and theater director Friedrich Schroeder to stage Don Carlos at the Hamburg National Theatre.

Schroeder's proposal was pretty good, but Schiller, remembering the past bad experience cooperation with the Mannheim theater, refuses the invitation and goes to Weimar - the center German literature, where he is zealously invited by Christoph Martin Wieland to collaborate in his literary magazine "German Mercury" (German: Der Deutsche Merkur).

Schiller arrived in Weimar on August 21, 1787. The playwright's companion in a series of official visits was Charlotte von Kalb, with whose assistance Schiller quickly became acquainted with the greatest writers of the time - Martin Wieland and Johann Gottfried Herder. Wieland highly appreciated Schiller's talent and especially admired him. latest drama"Don Carlos". Between the two poets, from the first meeting, close friendly relations were established, which remained for many years. For several days, Friedrich Schiller went to the university town of Jena, where he was warmly received in local literary circles.

In 1787-88, Schiller published the journal Thalia (German: Thalia) and at the same time collaborated on Wieland's Deutsche Mercury. Some works of these years were begun in Leipzig and Dresden. In the fourth issue of Thalia, his novel was published chapter by chapter. "Ghost Seer".

With the move to Weimar and after meeting with major poets and scientists, Schiller became even more critical of his abilities. Realizing the lack of his knowledge, the playwright moved away from artistic creativity to thoroughly study history, philosophy and aesthetics.

Publication of the first volume of the work "History of the Fall of the Netherlands" in the summer of 1788 brought Schiller the fame of an outstanding researcher of history. The poet's friends in Jena and Weimar (including J. W. Goethe, whom Schiller met in 1788) used all their connections to help him get a position as an extraordinary professor of history and philosophy at the University of Jena, who during the poet's stay in this city experienced a period of prosperity.

Friedrich Schiller moved to Jena on 11 May 1789. When he began lecturing, the university had about 800 students. The introductory lecture entitled "What is world history and for what purpose is it studied" (German: Was heißt und zu welchem ​​Ende studiert man Universalgeschichte?) was a great success. Schiller's listeners gave him an ovation.

Despite the fact that the work of a university teacher did not provide him with sufficient material resources, Schiller decided to end his single life. Upon learning of this, Duke Karl August appointed him in December 1789 a modest salary of two hundred thalers a year, after which Schiller made an official proposal to Charlotte von Lengefeld, and in February 1790 a marriage was concluded in a village church near Rudolstadt.

After the engagement, Schiller began work on his new book "History of the Thirty Years' War", began work on a number of articles on world history and again began to publish the journal Rhine Thalia, in which he published his translations of the third and fourth books of Virgil's Aeneid. Later, his articles on history and aesthetics were published in this journal.

In May 1790, Schiller continued his lectures at the university: in this academic year he publicly lectured on tragic poetry and privately on world history.

In early 1791, Schiller fell ill with pulmonary tuberculosis. Now he only occasionally had intervals of a few months or weeks when the poet would be able to work quietly. Especially strong were the first bouts of illness in the winter of 1792, because of which he was forced to suspend teaching at the university. This forced rest was used by Schiller for a deeper acquaintance with philosophical works.

Being unable to work, the playwright was in an extremely bad mood. financial situation- there was no money even for a cheap lunch and the necessary medicines. At this difficult moment, at the initiative of the Danish writer Jens Baggesen, Crown Prince Friedrich Christian of Schleswig-Holstein and Count Ernst von Schimmelmann appointed Schiller an annual subsidy of a thousand thalers so that the poet could restore his health. Danish subsidies continued in 1792-94. Then Schiller was supported by the publisher Johann Friedrich Kotta, who invited him in 1794 to publish the monthly magazine Ores.

In the summer of 1793, Schiller received a letter from his parents' home in Ludwigsburg informing him of his father's illness. Schiller decided to go home with his wife to see his father before his death, to visit his mother and three sisters, whom he had separated from eleven years ago.

With the tacit permission of the Duke of Württemberg, Karl Eugene, Schiller arrived in Ludwigsburg, where his parents lived not far from the ducal residence. Here, on September 14, 1793, the first son of the poet was born. In Ludwigsburg and Stuttgart, Schiller met with old teachers and former friends from the Academy. After the death of Duke Karl Eugen Schiller visited the military academy of the deceased, where he was enthusiastically received by the younger generation of students.

During his stay at home in 1793-94, Schiller completed his most significant philosophical and aesthetic work. "Letters on the aesthetic education of man"(German: Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen).

Soon after returning to Jena, the poet set to work energetically and invited all the most prominent writers and thinkers of the then Germany to collaborate in the new journal Ores (German: Die Horen). Schiller planned to unite the best German writers into a literary society.

In 1795 Schiller wrote a cycle of poems in philosophical themes, close in meaning to his articles on aesthetics: "Poetry of Life", "Dance", "Division of the Earth", "Genius", "Hope", etc. The leitmotif through these poems is the thought of the death of everything beautiful and truthful in a dirty, prosaic world . According to the poet, the fulfillment of virtuous aspirations is possible only in ideal world. The cycle of philosophical poems was Schiller's first poetic experience after almost a ten-year creative break.

The unity of Schiller also contributed to the rapprochement of the two poets in their views on French Revolution and socio-political situation in Germany. When Schiller, after a trip to his homeland and returning to Jena in 1794, outlined his political program in the journal Ory and invited Goethe to participate in a literary society, he agreed.

A closer acquaintance between the writers took place in July 1794 in Jena. At the end of the meeting of naturalists, going out into the street, the poets began to discuss the content of the report they heard, and talking, they reached Schiller's apartment. Goethe was invited to the house. There he began expounding his theory of plant metamorphosis with great enthusiasm. After this conversation, a friendly correspondence began between Schiller and Goethe, which was not interrupted until the death of Schiller and made up one of the best epistolary monuments of world literature.

The joint creative activity of Goethe and Schiller was primarily aimed at theoretical understanding and practical solution of the problems that arose before literature in the new, post-revolutionary period. Looking for perfect shape poets turned to ancient art. In him they saw the highest example of human beauty.

When new works by Goethe and Schiller, which reflected their cult of antiquity, high civic and moral pathos, religious indifference, appeared in the "Orah" and "Almanac of the Muses", a campaign was launched against them by a number of newspapers and magazines. Critics condemned the interpretation of issues of religion, politics, philosophy, aesthetics.

Goethe and Schiller decided to give their opponents a sharp rebuff, mercilessly scourging all the vulgarity and mediocrity of contemporary German literature in the form suggested to Schiller by Goethe - in the form of couplets, like Martial's Xenius.

Beginning in December 1795, for eight months, both poets competed in writing epigrams: each response from Jena and Weimar was accompanied by "Xenia" for review, review and addition. Thus, by joint efforts in the period from December 1795 to August 1796, about eight hundred epigrams were created, of which four hundred and fourteen were selected as the most successful and published in the Almanac of the Muses for 1797. The theme of "Kseny" was very versatile. It included questions of politics, philosophy, history, religion, literature and art.

They touched on over two hundred writers and literary works. "Xenia" is the most militant of the compositions created by both classics.

In 1799 he returned to Weimar, where he began to publish several literary magazines with the money of patrons. Becoming a close friend of Goethe, Schiller founded the Weimar Theater with him, which became the leading theater in Germany. The poet remained in Weimar until his death.

In 1799-1800. Schiller finally writes a play "Mary Stuart", the plot of which occupied him for almost two decades. He gave the brightest political tragedy, capturing the image of a distant era, torn apart by the strongest political contradictions. The play was a great success among contemporaries. Schiller finished it with the feeling that he now "mastered the craft of the playwright."

In 1802, Holy Roman Emperor Franz II granted Schiller the nobility. But he himself was skeptical about this, in his letter of February 17, 1803, writing to Humboldt: “You probably laughed when you heard about the elevation of us to a higher rank. That was our duke's idea, and since everything has already happened, I agree to accept this title because of Lolo and the children. Lolo is now in his element, as he twirls his train at court.

The last years of Schiller's life were overshadowed by severe protracted illnesses. After a severe cold, all the old ailments became aggravated. The poet suffered from chronic pneumonia. He died on May 9, 1805 at the age of 45 from tuberculosis.

Schiller's main works:

Schiller's plays:

1781 - "Robbers"
1783 - "The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa"
1784 - "Deceit and love"
1787 - "Don Carlos, Infante of Spain"
1799 - drama trilogy"Wallenstein"
1800 - "Mary Stuart"
1801 - "Maid of Orleans"
1803 - "Messinian bride"
1804 - "William Tell"
"Dimitri" (was not completed due to the death of the playwright)

Schiller's prose:

Article "Criminal for Lost Honor" (1786)
"Ghostseer" (unfinished novel)
Eine grossmütige Handlung

Philosophical works of Schiller:

Philosophie der Physiologie (1779)
On the relationship between the animal nature of man and his spiritual nature / Über den Zusammenhang der tierischen Natur des Menschen mit seiner geistigen (1780)
Die Schaubühne als eine moralische Anstalt betrachtet (1784)
Über den Grund des Vergnügens an tragischen Gegenständen (1792)
Augustenburger Briefe (1793)
On Grace and Dignity / Über Anmut und Würde (1793)
Kallias Briefe (1793)
Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man / Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen (1795)
On Naive and Sentimental Poetry / Über naive und sentimentalische Dichtung (1795)
On Dilettantism / Über den Dilettantismus (1799; co-authored with Goethe)
On the Sublime / Über das Erhabene (1801)

Historical writings Schiller's work:

History of the Fall of the United Netherlands from Spanish Rule (1788)
History of the Thirty Years' War (1791)