What is classical literature. The role of classical literature in the education of children
Wikipedia article
Classic literature
- a body of works that are considered exemplary for a particular era.
The concept of classics in literature takes shape in the last three centuries of antiquity: it denoted a certain category of writers who, for reasons that are not always clear (due to antiquity or authority in the eyes of enlightened people), were considered worthy to serve as models and mentors in everything related to owning a word and gaining knowledge . Homer was undoubtedly considered the first classical author.
What is classical literature - detailed articles and brief opinions in the forum "Literary Brotherhood" (2007 - litbratstvo.com/forum/)
Some think that Classical literature is a model to follow contemporary writers , others consider the classics in a purely historical aspect, meaning by the concept of "classical literature" the works of writers of the past.
Russian classics is not an evaluative concept. And not even historical. Russian classical literature is a genre.
Well, for example: Alexei Tolstoy, the author of Aelita, is related to the genre of fantastic literature, but Leo Tolstoy is not. This is neither good nor bad. In the genre of classical literature, the author of "Walking Through the Torments" also left a mark - although this by no means equated him with the "real" Tolstoy.
1. Classics are hard to read, because the authors wrote not for us, but for their contemporaries.
2. It is difficult to read the classics, because in today's pace of life there is almost no place for contemplation, which is necessary for understanding the authors of the past.
3. But you need to read the classics, because they exist Eternal values, whose nature originated in the past. You suddenly find that everything is good contemporary fiction- this is the same classic, set out modern language and with modern surroundings.
4. Classics should be read because they can surprise you as a demanding reader.
1) A classic piece, a classic text in textology called all works and texts of late authors, regardless of their place and significance in the work of the writer, the literary process.
Textual criticism is included in the program of study in the specialty "Publishing and Editing".
2) Classics (from lat. Classicus - exemplary, first-class). Exemplary, outstanding, universally recognized works of literature and art that have enduring value for national and world culture. Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. IN literary sciences the term does not seem to be used.
Russian classical literature (Sightseeing - www.zemnaya-krasota.ru)
The period of classical Russian literature falls on the 19th - early 20th centuries and is associated, first of all, with the prevailing at that time literary direction- realism, which was characterized truthful image reality.
Russian writers who came from the West realism was comprehended in its own way: as a direction designed to point out to society the existing problems, to think about them. In other words, hallmark Russian realism was his educational character. Classical literature is not just reading at your leisure, but a real "textbook of life", according to N. G. Chernyshevsky.
Anna Karenina. Lev Tolstoy
The greatest love story of all time. A story that did not leave the stage, filmed countless times - and still has not lost the boundless charm of passion - the passion of destructive, destructive, blind - but all the more bewitching with its greatness.
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Master and Margarita. Michael Bulgakov
This is the most mysterious novel ever domestic literature 20th century This is a novel that is almost officially called the "Gospel of Satan". This is The Master and Margarita. A book that can be read and re-read dozens, hundreds of times, but most importantly, which is still impossible to understand. So, which pages of The Master and Margarita were dictated by the Forces of Light?
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Wuthering Heights. Emily Bronte
Mystery novel, included in the top ten best novels of all time! The story of a stormy, truly demonic passion, which excites the imagination of readers for more than a hundred and fifty years. Katy gave her heart cousin, but ambition and a thirst for wealth push her into the arms of a rich man. Forbidden attraction turns into a curse for secret lovers, and one day.
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Eugene Onegin. Alexander Pushkin
“Have you read "Onegin"? What can you say about Onegin? These are the questions that are constantly repeated among writers and Russian readers, ”the writer, enterprising publisher and, by the way, the hero of Pushkin’s epigrams, Faddey Bulgarin, noted after the publication of the second chapter of the novel. For a long time ONEGIN has not been accepted to evaluate. In the words of the same Bulgarin, it is “written in Pushkin's verses. That's enough."
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Notre Dame Cathedral. Victor Hugo
A story that survived the centuries, became a canon and gave its heroes the glory of common nouns. A story of love and tragedy. The love of those to whom love was not given and not allowed - by religious rank, physical weakness or someone else's evil will. The gypsy Esmeralda and the deaf hunchback bell ringer Quasimodo, the priest Frollo and the captain of the royal shooters Phoebe de Chateauper, the beautiful Fleur-de-Lys and the poet Gringoire.
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Gone With the Wind. Margaret Mitchell
the great saga of civil war in the USA and about the fate of the wayward and ready to go over the heads of Scarlett O'Hara was first published more than 70 years ago and has not become outdated to this day. This is the only novel by Margaret Mitchell for which she won a Pulitzer Prize. A story about a woman who is not ashamed to be equal to either an unconditional feminist or a staunch supporter of house building.
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Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare
This is the highest of love tragedies that human genius can create. A tragedy that has been filmed and will be filmed. A tragedy that never leaves theater stage to this day - and to this day it sounds like it was written yesterday. Years and centuries go by. But one thing remains and will forever remain unchanged: “There is no sadder story in the world than the story of Romeo and Juliet ...”
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The Great Gatsby. Francis Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby is not only the pinnacle of Fitzgerald's work, but also one of highest achievements in world prose of the 20th century. Although the action of the novel takes place in the “turbulent” twenties of the last century, when fortunes were made literally from nothing and yesterday’s criminals became millionaires overnight, this book lives outside of time, because, telling about the broken fates of the generation of the “jazz age”.
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Three Musketeers. Alexandr Duma
The most famous historical adventurous novel by Alexandre Dumas tells about the adventures of the Gascon d'Artagnan and his Musketeer friends at the court of King Louis XIII.
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Count of Monte Cristo. Alexandr Duma
The book presents one of the most exciting adventure novels of the classic French literature XIX century Alexandre Dumas.
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Triumphal Arch. Erich Remarque
One of the most beautiful and tragic novels about love in history European literature. The story of a refugee from Nazi Germany Dr. Ravik and the beautiful Joan Madu, entangled in the "unbearable lightness of being", takes place in pre-war Paris. And the disturbing time in which these two happened to meet and fall in love with each other becomes one of the main characters of the Arc de Triomphe.
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The person who laughs. Victor Hugo
Gwynplaine is a lord by birth, as a child he was sold to gangsters-comprachos, who made a fair jester out of a child, carving a mask of “eternal laughter” on his face (at the courts of the European nobility of that time there was a fashion for cripples and freaks who amused the owners). Against all odds, Gwynplaine retained the best human qualities and your love.
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Martin Eden. Jack London
A simple sailor, in whom it is easy to recognize the author himself, goes a long, full of hardships path to literary immortality ... By chance, he found himself in secular society, Martin Eden is doubly happy and surprised ... and the creative gift awakened in him, and the divine image of the young Ruth Morse, so unlike all the people he knew before ... From now on, two goals relentlessly stand before him.
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Sister Kerry. Theodore Dreiser
The publication of Theodore Dreiser's first novel was so difficult that it led its creator into a severe depression. But further fate novel "Sister Kerry" turned out to be happy: it was translated into many foreign languages reprinted in millions of copies. New and new generations of readers are happy to plunge into the vicissitudes of the fate of Caroline Meiber.
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American tragedy. Theodore Dreiser
The novel “An American Tragedy” is the pinnacle of creativity of the outstanding American writer Theodor Dreiser. He said: “No one creates tragedies - life creates them. The writers only portray them.” Dreiser managed to depict the tragedy of Clive Griffiths so talentedly that his story does not leave the modern reader indifferent.
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Outcasts. Victor Hugo
Jean Valjean, Cosette, Gavroche - the names of the heroes of the novel have long become common nouns, the number of its readers for a century and a half since the publication of the book has not decreased, the novel has not lost its popularity. A kaleidoscope of faces from all walks of French society in the first half 19th century, vivid, memorable characters, sentimentality and realism, tense, exciting plot.
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The adventures of the good soldier Schweik. Yaroslav Gashek
Great, original and hooligan novel. A book that can be perceived both as a "soldier's story" and as a classic work, directly related to the traditions of the Renaissance. This is a sparkling text that makes you laugh to tears, and a powerful call to “lay down your arms”, and one of the most objective historical evidence in satirical literature..
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Iliad. Homer
The attraction of Homer's poems is not only that their author introduces us to a world separated from modernity by tens of centuries and yet unusually real thanks to the genius of the poet, who preserved in his poems the beating of contemporary life. The immortality of Homer is that in his brilliant creations there are inexhaustible reserves of universal enduring values - reason, goodness and beauty.
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St. John's wort. James Cooper
Cooper was able to find and describe in his books that originality and unexpected brightness of the newly discovered continent, which managed to fascinate the entire world. modern Europe. Every new novel The writer was eagerly awaited. The exciting adventures of the fearless and noble hunter and tracker Natty Bumpo conquered both young and adult readers..
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Doctor Zhivago. Boris Pasternak
The novel "Doctor Zhivago" is one of the outstanding works Russian literature, throughout for long years remained closed to a wide range readers in our country who knew about him only through scandalous and unscrupulous party criticism.
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Don Quixote. Miguel Cervantes
What do the names of Amadis the Gallic, the English Palmerine, the Greek Don Belianis, the White Tyrant tell us today? But it was precisely as a parody of the novels about these knights that “The Cunning Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha” by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was created. And this parody outlived the parodied genre for centuries. "Don Quixote" was recognized best novel throughout the history of world literature.
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Ivanhoe. Walter Scott
"Ivanhoe" is a key work in the cycle of novels by W. Scott, which take us to medieval England. To the young knight Ivanhoe, who secretly returned from crusade to his homeland and, by the will of his father, deprived of his inheritance, will have to defend his honor and love lovely lady Rowena ... King Richard will come to his aid Lion Heart and the legendary robber Robin Hood.
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Headless horseman. Reed Mine
The plot of the novel is built so skillfully that it keeps you in suspense until the very end. last page. It is no coincidence that the exciting story of the noble mustanger Maurice Gerald and his beloved, the beautiful Louise Poindexter, investigating the sinister secret of the headless horseman, whose figure, when he appears, terrifies the inhabitants of the savannah, was extremely fond of readers of Europe and Russia.
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Dear friend. Guy de Maupassant
The novel "Dear friend" has become one of the symbols of the era. This is Maupassant's most powerful novel. Through history Georges Duroy, paving his way up, the true morals of high French society are revealed, the spirit of venality that reigns in all its areas contributes to the fact that an ordinary and immoral person, like the hero of Maupassant, easily achieves success and wealth.
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Dead Souls. Nikolay Gogol
Release of the first volume dead souls” N. Gogol in 1842 caused a heated controversy among contemporaries, splitting society into admirers and opponents of the poem. “...Speaking of “Dead Souls” - one can talk a lot about Russia ...” - this judgment of P. Vyazemsky explained main reason disputes. The author’s question is still relevant: “Rus, where are you going, give me an answer?”
Have you noticed that at school many children do not like to read, especially classical literature, and in adulthood this perception changes (well, only if all the desire to read was not beaten off by teachers). Classical literature is attractive in that it describes situations and people in such a way that an understanding comes about the “sameness” of a person at any time. It is surprising that love, friendship, betrayal, heroism have always existed. The behavioral line of any healthy, both mentally and physically, person should not change with time.
Classical literature, and indeed literature in general, is the best mirror of historical, political events, simple life and everyday life. You can study a bunch of textbooks, encyclopedias on history Patriotic War 1812 with Napoleon and do not understand anything, but you can just carefully read "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy and so imbued with the whole atmosphere that you will never erase from memory.
As mentioned above, people are always the same. Yes, circumstances, language, manners change a little, but actions and reactions are the same. For example, a dishonest businessman who amassed his wealth through murder reminds us of Macbeth. Or a jealous husband who killed his unfaithful wife in a five-story building in the Moscow region is not much different from the well-known Othello. One conclusion must be drawn after reading these classic works: if you kill, change, you will end badly.
IN classical works you can find a lot of knowledge, which in modern world received names and on which textbooks are written, courses are held. For example, sign language. Now it is very fashionable to watch TV shows on this topic, to guess about desires by facial expressions, etc. But, a person who reads classical literature, namely Lermontov or Bunin, has long become an expert in this kind of “science”. Subtle psychologists, which were these geniuses, without any serials and textbooks, felt people so subtly that we could only learn from them.
Classical literature teaches you to understand the people around you and yourself. And what is most interesting - rereading the classics, you discover more and more facets of human behavior. Literature is able to teach how to act in one way or another in different situations. Moreover, in the work these situations can be brought to their peak, and the resolution of the conflict occurs dramatically, often tragically. It is better to know about it in advance than to fall into such a situation.
Modern Literature (if we are talking not about tabloid books) is also not so bad, it's just different. She's a reflection today. Classics can be considered a kind of fulcrum in the world of human values.
The plots of classical literature are so diverse that it is not difficult to choose the genre of interest. Of course, it will not be possible to read everything, but it is necessary to pay attention to world masterpieces, especially when it comes to the younger generation. Of course, schoolchildren read the classics not because they are interested, but because they need to. If you, as an adult and a reader, are responsible for raising your children, do not be lazy, discuss what you read at school. Believe me, this will give strength and desire to young people to continue reading.
By the way, one more point in the basket of classics. British scientists have proven that the human brain works differently when reading serious classical literature and simple easy tabloid or adapted. A group of students read various works during an MRI, which monitored brain activity. So, the experiment showed that when reading modern literature, the brain does not try so hard, but much more brain effort is required to perceive the artistic images of the classics. As you know, the better the head works, the better life! And Liverpool scientists argue that a person does not need any textbooks on self-improvement if he is an avid reader of classical literature. And this is no wonder, the classics, as a rule, were geniuses, whose language was rich and eloquent. The artistic images of world literature are so multifaceted that each person perceives them differently. Discussing this or that work, people, arguing, come to an understanding and, finally, the truth.
Discussion of the article "The Benefits of Classical Literature"
Vasya
"you won't wake up interest and generally call to rub" - sorry, this is an automatic translation of someone catchphrase?
02.01.2016 (03:20)Sergey
Your text is about how beautiful classical literature is and how much it can give, but not a word about how to still get it read. Everything you write about is true only in one case: the reader is transferred readable text. Interest is the alpha and omega of the opportunity to absorb invaluable knowledge. If there is no interest, then do not absorb anything. Moreover: forcing a person who has not matured to read a work to read, you will not wake up interest and generally call to rub. Then a person will not take this book in his hands. For example, I have been an adult for a long time, I love to read, but there is no classical literature on my bookshelf, except maybe Dead Souls and Bulgakov.
Instruction
Elite culture includes works different types arts: literature, theater, cinema, etc. Since its understanding requires a certain level of training, it has a very narrow circle of connoisseurs. Not everyone understands the paintings of Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, the films of Andrei Tarkovsky and Alexander Sokurov. A special type of thinking is needed to understand the works of Franz Kafka or James Joyce's Ulysses. Creators elite culture like , do not try to achieve high fees. Much more valuable for them is creative self-realization.
Consumers of elite culture are people with a high educational level and developed aesthetic taste. Many of them are themselves creators of works of art or their professional researchers. First of all, we are talking about writers, artists, art historians, literary and art critics. This circle also includes connoisseurs and connoisseurs of art, regular visitors to museums, theaters and concert halls.
At the same time, works of the same types of art can belong to both elite and mass culture. For example, classical music is for elite culture, and popular music is for mass culture, Tarkovsky's films are for elite culture, and Indian melodramas are for mass culture, etc. At the same time, there are literary genres, which always belong to mass culture and are unlikely to ever move into the category of elite. Among them are detective stories, ladies' novels, humorous stories and feuilletons.
Sometimes there are curious how works belonging to an elite culture can, under certain conditions, go into the category of mass. For example, Bach's music is undoubtedly a phenomenon of elite culture, but if it is used as an accompaniment to a program figure skating, then automatically turns into a product of mass culture. Or quite the opposite: many of Mozart's works for their time were, most likely, " light music”(i.e. could be attributed to mass culture). And now they are perceived, rather, as an elitist.
Most of the works of elite culture are initially avant-garde or experimental. They use means that will become clear mass consciousness several decades later. Sometimes experts even call the exact period - 50 years. In other words, examples of elite culture are half a century ahead of their time.
Related article
The term "classical music" is sometimes interpreted extremely broadly. It includes not only creations outstanding composers past years, but also world-famous hits popular artists. Nevertheless, there is a strictly authentic meaning of "classical" in music.
IN narrow sense classical music is called pretty short period in the history of this art, namely, the XVIII century. The first half of the eighteenth century was marked by the work of such outstanding composers as Bach and Handel. The principles of classicism as the construction of a work in strict accordance with the canons were developed by Bach in his works. His fugue became a classical - that is, exemplary - form of musical creativity.
And after the death of Bach in the history of music opens new stage associated with Haydn and Mozart. The rather complex and heavy sound was replaced by lightness and harmony of melodies, grace and even some coquetry. And yet, it is still a classic: in its creative search Mozart sought to find the ideal form.
Beethoven's works are a junction of classical and romantic tradition. In his music, passions and feelings become much more than rational canons. During this period of the formation of the European musical tradition the main genres were formed: opera, symphony, sonata.
A broad interpretation of the term "classical music" implies the work of composers of past eras, which has withstood the test of time and has become a standard for other authors. Sometimes classical refers to music for symphonic instruments. The most clear (although not widely used) can be considered classical music as the author's, clearly spelled out and implying performance within the given framework. However, some researchers urge not to confuse academic (that is, squeezed into certain limits and rules) and classical music.
In the evaluative approach to the definition of classics, as the highest achievements in the history of music, the possible is hidden. Who is considered the best? Can the masters of jazz, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and other recognized authors and performers be considered classics? On the one hand, yes. That's what we do when we call exemplary. But on the other hand, in pop-jazz music there is no strictness of the author's musical text characteristic of the classics. In it, on the contrary, everything is built on improvisation and original arrangements. There is a fundamental difference between classical (academic) music and the modern post-jazz school.
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- What is culture? Definition of the word culture. The meaning of the word culture and photo
There are several types of literature, each of which has its own characteristics. So, classical literature is understood as works that are considered exemplary for a particular era.
History of the term
Classical is a rather broad concept, since this type includes works different eras and genres. These are universally recognized works, considered exemplary for the eras in which they were written. Many of them are included in the compulsory program.
The concept of classics has developed in three recent centuries epochs of antiquity. Then it denoted certain writers who, according to different reasons were considered role models. One of the first such classics was the ancient Greek poet Homer, the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.
In the 5th-8th centuries AD. formed the authors of the texts, which determined the theories and norms transmitted in the learning process. IN different schools this canon differed minimally. Gradually, this list was replenished with new names, among which were representatives of pagan and Christian faith. These authors became the cultural property of the public, who were imitated and quoted.
The modern meaning of the concept
During the Renaissance, European writers turned their attention to the authors of antiquity, as a result of the liberation of secular culture from excessive pressure. The result of this in literature was an era in which it became fashionable to imitate ancient Greek playwrights such as Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides, and follow the canons classical drama. Then the term "" in the narrow sense began to mean the whole ancient literature.
In a broad sense, any work that created a canon in its genre began to be called a classic. For example, there are eras of modernism, eras, realism, etc. There is the concept of domestic and foreign, as well as world classics. Thus, A.S. Pushkin, F.M. Dostoevsky, etc.
As a rule, in the history of literature different countries and nations there is an age in which fiction gained the greatest, and such a century is called classical. There is an opinion that the work acquires public acceptance, when it carries "eternal values", something relevant for all times, encourages the reader to think about any universal problems. The classics remain in history and are opposed to one-day works, which eventually fall into oblivion.
The ability of a person to emotionally-sensory perception of reality and to artistic creativity prompted him to express his experiences figuratively, with the help of colors, lines, words, sounds, etc. This contributed to the emergence artistic culture V broad sense.
What is included in the concept
Artistic culture is one of the areas public culture. Its essence is a creative reflection of being (, society and its life activity) in artistic images. She has important features, such as the formation of aesthetic perception and consciousness of people, public values, norms, knowledge and experience, and recreational function (rest and recovery of people).
As a system it includes:
- art as such (individual and group), works and artistic values;
- organizational infrastructure: institutions that ensure the development, preservation, dissemination of artistic culture, creative organizations, educational institutions, demonstration sites, etc.;
- the spiritual atmosphere in society - perception, public interest in artistic and creative activities, art, state policy in this area.
Artistic culture includes mass, folk, artistic culture; artistic and aesthetic aspects various kinds activities (political, economic, legal); regional artistic subcultures; artistic subcultures of youth and professional associations, etc.
It manifests itself not only in art, but also in everyday life, and in material production when a person gives expressiveness to the objects he creates for practical and utilitarian purposes and, realizing his need for aesthetics and beauty, in creativity. Apart from material sphere and physical things, it also applies to the spiritual realm.
Artistic culture in the narrow sense
The core of artistic culture is professional and household art. This includes the word "man", the other - "art". Already from the etymology of the word, one can guess that geisha are not Japanese courtesans. For the latter, there are separate words in Japanese - jero, yujo.
Geishas were perfect at being a woman. They raised the spirits of men, creating an atmosphere of joy, ease and emancipation. This was achieved through songs, dances, jokes (often with erotic overtones), teahouses, which were demonstrated by geisha in male companies along with easy conversation.
Geisha entertained men both at social events and on personal dates. At the tete-a-tete meeting there was also no place for intimate relationships. A geisha can have sex with her patron, who deprived her of her virginity. For geishas, this is a ritual called mizu-age that accompanies the transition from apprentice, maiko, to geisha.
If a geisha marries, then she retires from the profession. Before leaving, she sends out to her clients, patron, teachers with a treat - boiled rice, thereby informing her about the break in communication with them.
Outwardly, geisha are distinguished by their characteristic make-up with a thick layer of powder and bright red lips that make the woman's face look like a mask, as well as an old high, lush hairstyle. The traditional geisha is a kimono, the main colors of which are black, red and white.
modern geisha
It is believed that geisha appeared in the city of Kyoto in the 17th century. The quarters of the city where the geisha houses are located are called hanamachi (“flower streets”). There is a school here, where from the age of seven or eight they are taught to sing, dance, conduct a tea ceremony, play the national Japanese instrument shamisen, conduct a conversation with a man, and also learn how to make up and put on a kimono - all that a geisha should know and be able to do. .
When in the 70s years XIX century, the capital of Japan was moved to Tokyo, and noble Japanese, who made up the bulk of geisha clients, also moved there. Geisha festivals, which are held at regular intervals in Kyoto and have become its calling card, were able to save their craft from the crisis.
After World War II, Japan was taken over by Mass culture leaving behind the Japanese national traditions. The number of geishas has declined significantly, but those who have remained faithful to the profession consider themselves the guardians of the true Japanese culture. Many continue to follow the old way of life of a geisha completely, some only partially. But being in a geisha society is still the prerogative of the elite segments of the population.
Sources:
- geisha world
Translated from Latin the word "classical" (classicus) means "exemplary". From this essence of the word comes the fact that literature, called classical, received this “name” due to the fact that it is a kind of landmark, an ideal in line with which it seeks to move. literary process at some particular stage of its development.
A look from the present
Several options are possible. It follows from the first that works of art are recognized as classics (in this case literary) at the time of consideration relating to previous eras, whose authority was tested by time and remained unshakable. So in modern society all previous literature is regarded up to and including the 20th century, while in the culture of Russia, for example, the classics mainly mean the art of the 19th century (which is why it is revered as the "Golden Age" of Russian culture). Renaissance and Enlightenment literature breathed new life into ancient heritage and chose as a model the work of exclusively ancient authors (already the term "Renaissance" speaks for itself - this is the "revival" of antiquity, an appeal to its cultural achievements), in view of the appeal to the anthropocentric approach to the world (which was one of the foundations of the worldview of the man of the ancient world).In another case, they can become "classic" already in the era of their creation. The authors of such works are usually called "living classics". Among them, you can specify A.S. Pushkin, D. Joyce, G. Marquez, etc. Usually, after such recognition, a kind of “fashion” sets in for the newly minted “classic”, in connection with which a huge number of imitative works appear, which, in turn, cannot be classified as classical, since “follow sample" does not mean to copy it.
