Who are the new people. "New people" in Chernyshevsky's novel "What to do? "New people" in the novel by N.G

The “new people”, about whom Chernyshevsky wrote in his novel, were representatives of a new phase in the development of society at that time. The world of these people was formed in the struggle with the old regime, which had become obsolete, but continued to dominate. The heroes of the novel at almost every step faced the difficulties and hardships of the old order and overcame them. "New people" in the work are commoners. They were determined, they had a purpose in life, they knew what they should do, they were united general ideas and aspirations. "Their main desire is for the people to be free, happy, to live in contentment." The "new people" believed in their people, saw them as resolute, powerful, capable of fighting. But in order for him to achieve his goal, he must be taught, inspired and united.

The raznochintsy, who are the heroes of Chernyshevsky's novel, have a developed feeling dignity, pride, the ability to stand up for oneself. The author writes: “Each of them is a brave person, not hesitating, not yielding, who knows how to get down to business, and if he takes it, then he already firmly grasps it, so that it does not slip out of his hands. This is one side of their properties; on the other hand, each of them is a person of impeccable honesty, such that the question does not even come to mind, is it possible to rely on this person in everything, of course? It is as clear as the fact that he is breathing from his chest; while this chest breathes, it is hot and unchanging, feel free to put your head on it ... ”Chernyshevsky was able to show their common, typical features but also features of each of them.

Lopukhov and Kirsanov always relied only on themselves, worked together for the sake of a lofty goal - to develop and improve science, selfless, help those who need help, who deserve it. They did not look for benefits in the treatment of patients. But Dmitry Sergeevich is more calm, Alexander Matveevich is an emotional and artistic nature.

Vera Pavlovna found it difficult to live in own house because of the constant harassment and reproaches of the mother, but she did not break under the yoke, did not surrender to the mercy of the old order. This heroine was strong by nature, with early age had her own views on life, she always wanted freedom and life without lies. It was not in her habit to prevaricate in front of people and, most importantly, in front of herself. She could not build her happiness on the misfortune of others, she could not stand it when she was treated like a thing. Vera Pavlovna tried to understand the rational structure of society, so she created a sewing workshop with fair procedures and conditions. She is not interested in money, she wants to see the process itself. Doing good for yourself does good for others. Vera Pavlovna, creating a workshop, aims to educate "new people". She thinks that good people many, but they need help, and they will help others, there will be more “new people”. Vera Pavlovna is a different character than Katerina Polozova.

Rakhmetov is a special person, of all the others he is the most active. Understands that the struggle for new world will not be for life, but for death. By all means he prepares himself for it. This hero is "the salt of the salt of the earth, the engine of engines." He renounced his personal interests for one purpose. It has great energy, endurance, clarity of thought and behavior. As Chernyshevsky writes: "Rakhmetov is an ebullient nature, he was a master of business, he was a great psychologist."

“Both Lopukhov, and Kirsanov, and Vera Pavlovna, and Polozova, and Rakhmetov are people of strong passions, great experiences, rich temperament. But at the same time, they can control their feelings, subordinate their behavior to the great tasks of the common cause. "New people" - people of high ideals. Activity for them was the realization of these ideals. All the "new people" lived according to the "theory of rational egoism." By doing things for themselves and for themselves, they also benefit others. According to Chernyshevsky, the “new people” behave in the same way in all situations: they remain people under any circumstances. The "new people" are not duplicitous. The heroes of Chernyshevsky's novel respect their loved one, do everything to make his life better, and treat each other as equals. That is why their love is pure and noble.

"New people" in the novel by Nikolai Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?"
Roman Chernyshevsky "What to do?" is artwork, is a "mental experiment" of the author who seeks to understand possible development those situations, collisions, types of personalities and principles of their behavior, already established in modern life.
Chernyshevsky sees the task of his work in showing how positive ideals, far from the reality of dreams, gradually move into the sphere of real, practical activity, accessible ordinary people, in the same people of a new type. After all, the novel itself is not just called "What to do?", but has a special subtitle: "Stories about new people."
New people become, according to Chernyshevsky, a phenomenon Everyday life. Now ideals are moving from the realm of dreams to the realm of practical life, and life available ordinary people. Therefore, the author himself builds the plot of the novel on the example of the life of an ordinary woman.
New people are significantly different from the nihilist Bazarov. Main character"Fathers and Sons" considered his main task "to clear the place." Chernyshevsky, against the background of the controversy developing around Turgenev's novel, puts qualitatively new task: to show that new people build, and not just destroy, i.e. to show not the destructive, but the creative role of the new people.
Essentially new is the theory of rational egoism, or the theory of calculating benefits, proclaimed and put into practice by new people.
Chernyshevsky does not question the rationality of man, saying that man can fully rationally calculate his egoistic path to happiness. The calculation of one's own benefit, according to the author of the novel, also provides for a certain respectful attitude to other people: “In order for people to enjoy the happiness of love, they must be surrounded by the same happy people". Thus, the theory of rational egoism is manifested by the theory of revolutionary altruism.
An example of reasonable egoism is the reasoning of Lopukhov, who foresaw the need for himself to “leave the stage”, seeing that Vera Pavlovna and Kirsanov love each other: “It is unpleasant for me to lose a friend; and then - it's time for me to go underground.
Lopukhov's actions show that the moral level of the new people is very high. And Vera Pavlovna herself calms down only when Lopukhov becomes fully happy.
Creating images of “ordinary new people” in his work, Chernyshevsky shows that individual freedom does not mean a decrease in moral requirements for oneself and those around them, but, on the contrary, enable a person to reveal his mental and creative potential to the fullest and brightest.

New people

The novel "What to do?" was written by N. G. Chernyshevsky in 1862-1863 within the walls Peter and Paul Fortress. In it he presented whole line"new" personalities who could replace the usual society and become the social core of that time. The socio-political background of the novel was not immediately noticed by the censors, so his work easily went to print. The theme of love was considered the main plot line. A year later, the text spread throughout the country. However, over time, it became clear that the author wanted to acquaint readers with the "new people" of his novel. The world of these people was formed in the struggle with the old regime, which had outlived itself long ago, but continued to dominate.

So, for example, mother main character- Marya Alekseevna is interested exclusively in questions of profit and profit. This usurer dreams of marrying off her daughter to a rich master and tells her to be courteous to the master's son. Vera Pavlovna is the exact opposite of her mother. This is a reasonable, sane and mature in spirit girl who perfectly understands what this rich ladies' man is trying to achieve. Over time, staying in home it becomes completely unbearable for Vera and a young student of the medical academy, Dmitry Lopukhov, undertakes to help her. Although he is the son of a landowner, he always paved his own way. So, gradually, around Vera Pavlovna and Lopukhov, a new circle of people.

These people are young, energetic, interesting, full of energy and new ideas. They often visit the house of the Lopukhovs, who entered into a fictitious marriage in order to save Vera. This is the intelligent Kirsanov, and the desperate Rakhmetov, and other young students of St. Petersburg and foreign educational institutions. Deciding to open a sewing workshop, Vera Pavlovna invites girls who find themselves in the same predicament where she once was. These girls are now self-employed, but for equal rights with Vera Pavlovna. Together they not only work, but also relax in free time, arranging picnics, tea parties and small talk. All the commoners involved in the novel are united by a heightened sense of duty and dignity.

Chernyshevsky's "New Lyuli" are full of hopes for a brighter future. For them, honesty and decency come first. They know for sure that another personal happiness cannot be built on misfortune. Not the last place in the novel is occupied by introspection and the psychology of the behavior of each individual person. The biggest resonance in society was caused by the chapter " Special person” about an extraordinary student Rakhmetov, in whom the author saw an ideal revolutionary. Perhaps this is the most active person of all the new people. He is fighting for the "new world" not for life, but for death, and for this he is ready to resort to all sorts of means. This young man tempered his strength of character through physical work and material deprivation. This is how the author saw new person”, capable of making fundamental changes in society and developing it.

"New people" in the novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?" (2)

I wanted to portray ordinary decent people of the new generation.

The revolutionary democrat Chernyshevsky, a follower of Belinsky, is close and dear to everyone honest people earth with their faith in a better future for working people, with their historical optimism. Roman Chernyshevsky “What to do?” was a political testament addressed to the revolutionary youth. The strength of the novel lies in the fact that it convinces of the truth, beauty and grandeur of the new, advanced in life. He answers the most main question era: what to do for people who do not want to live in the old way, striving to bring closer the beautiful tomorrow of their homeland and all of humanity. The heroes of Chernyshevsky are the progressive people of Russia. They are convinced socialists, the ultimate goal of their activities is the people's revolution. They embody the character traits of revolutionaries born in Russia with their unbending will to fight, high moral nobility, boundless devotion to the people and the Motherland. The heroes of the novel contain the best features of Chernyshevsky himself and his friends.

Lopukhov and Kirsanov are typical raznochintsy democrats who, through their work, created an opportunity for themselves to get an education. They are atheists and materialists in outlook. The “new people” of Chernyshevsky not only destroy old world but they themselves are building a new society. They recognize art, the aesthetic impact on a person of the beauty of nature, they firmly believe in friendship and show a comradely attitude towards a woman. They give their whole life to the people, work for its good, sparing no effort, and find great satisfaction in this. The heroes of Chernyshevsky are even ready for people to condemn their behavior, if this is necessary for the common good.

Heroes Chernyshevsky passionately defend their right to self-respect. This is their "profit", their "selfishness". Like real revolutionaries, Lopukhov and Kirsanov want happiness, equality, brotherhood for all peoples. So Lopukhov, once in America, is actively involved in the struggle for the liberation of blacks.

Chernyshevsky gave in his novel the image of “ new woman”, Vera Pavlovna, whom Lopukhov saved from the “basement of petty-bourgeois life”. Vera Pavlovna is a harmoniously developed person. She actively helps her comrades in all their endeavors. The desire to improve is especially remarkable in her - she decides to become a doctor in order to bring even greater benefit to people.

We see that all the activities of Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna are inspired by faith in the onset of a brighter future. They are no longer alone, although the circle of their like-minded people is still narrow. But it was precisely such people as Kirsanov, Lopukhov, Vera Pavlovna and others that Russia needed at that time. Their images served as an example for the formation of the worldview of the revolutionary generation.

Chernyshevsky realized that the people depicted in the novel were his dream. But this dream turned out to be a prophecy at the same time. “Years will pass,” the author of the novel says about the type of new person, “and he will be reborn in more numerous people.”

The case of Chernyshevsky was continued by other people. In many ways they have gone ahead of him, but they proceeded from the foundations that he laid while living and working in feudal Russia.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://ilib.ru/

Chernyshevsky wrote his novel What Is To Be Done? at a rather difficult time. It was 1863, when any wrong word could be convicted and sentenced to a long prison term. So first of all, it is worth noting the skill of the writer. He designed the work in such a way that it passed the test, but every reader could see the true message of the author.

One of the main features of the novel is critical realism and revolutionary romanticism.

They connected and presented perfectly a new style. Chernyshevsky showed the real picture peace. He predicted a revolution. However, the novel does not consist of one socialist idea, although the latter occupies central location. In addition to utopian dreams about the future, the novel also contains a rather serious analysis of the present.

The novel is mostly devoted to "new people". Since the author cares about them. On the opposite side are the "old people". Throughout the pages, the writer pushes them against each other, compares their goals, vision, life positions. There are also conclusions of the author. But the important thing is that we ourselves can draw our own conclusions.

What main conflict? Young people are always ready to change something, and old people do not want to leave their homes.

It is difficult to overestimate the relevance of the topic here.

In analyzing these two groups of people, we will begin with the question of happiness. The generation of fathers only cares about themselves. They do not tend to worry about others. Other people's defeats do not affect their hearts. The happiness of the new generation is completely different. They understand the essence of society, understand how important it is to be together, to help others. This is their strength. Former statutes do not allow them to open normally.

Chernyshevsky fully agrees with the new people.

Chernyshevsky never defended egoism in its literal sense.

« Reasonable selfishness The heroes of Chernyshevsky have nothing to do with selfishness, self-interest, individualism. Its purpose is the benefit of the whole society. Vivid examples people who move according to this principle can be called the Mertsalovs, Kirsanov, Lopukhov, etc.

But most of all I like the fact that they do not lose their uniqueness. They are bright personalities, despite the fact that they are driven by ideas for the benefit of society. They work to overcome their shortcomings. And the more difficult this work, the happier they are later. “Reasonable selfishness” is also taking care of yourself, but it does not harm anyone, but only helps people become better.

Not to be missed women's issue. Its essence here is in understanding the role of women in society and the family. Chernyshevsky emphasizes the strength of a woman, her mind. She can be successful not only in the family, but also at work.

Now she has the right to individuality, education, dreams and success. Chernyshevsky reconsiders the place of a woman both in society and in the family.

"What to do?" - This eternal question for many people. Chernyshevsky gave us not only art history with meaning. This is a serious philosophical, psychological and social work. It opens inner world of people. I think that not every great psychologist or philosopher could show the realities of our days so vividly and truthfully.

Updated: 2017-01-16

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