Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich main works. Historical works of Karamzin

Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich; Russian empire, Saint Petersburg; 12/01/1766 - 05/22/1826

Karamzin N. M. practically needs no introduction. This historian, writer and poet made an impressive contribution to the creation of modern Russian literature, history and language. Karamzin's books are still one of the most authoritative sources on the history of Russia. And the works of the writer in the field of improving the Russian language brought a lot of new words into it and contributed to its improvement after the death of the writer.

Biography of Nikolai Karamzin

Nikolai Karamzin was born in 1766 in the family of a middle-class Simbirsk nobleman, Mikhail Yegorovich Karamzin. Until the age of 12, he studied at his native estate in Simbirsk, and then was sent to study in Moscow. Here he entered the boarding school I.M. Shaden and attended the lectures of the philosopher I.G. Schwartz at Moscow University. In 1783 he was enrolled in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment in St. Petersburg, but then went back to Simbirsk. Here entered into Masonic Lodge"Golden Crown", and upon his return to Moscow in 1785 he was a member of the "Friendly Scientific Society".

At the age of 23, Karamzin went on a trip to Europe. The result of this was "" and a large number of followers of this journey. Upon his return to Moscow, Nikolai Karamzin was completely absorbed in literature. His first resounding success was the story "Poor Liza", which was enthusiastically received by critics and readers. Then there was another whole line almanacs and collections from the writer, in which he paid more and more attention to the historical past of the country. According to the words, this forced even secular women to read the history of their state.

In 1804, Emperor Alexander I honored Karamzin with the title of historiographer, which was no longer there until after Karamzin. From that time on, Nikolai Mikhailovich began to work on one of the most important works of his life. The History of the Russian State by Karamzin was published in 1818 and was literally swept away from bookshelves. Later, 3 more volumes of Karamzin's book "History of the Russian State" were published, and after his death, an unfinished 12th volume of the work was released. The writer and historian died in 1826 in St. Petersburg from a cold.

Karamzin's books on Top Books website

Reading Karamzin's books is quite in demand even in our time. In addition to the "History of the Russian State" by Karamzin, the book "Poor Liza" is also popular. With her, the writer got into our rating. In addition, this work is presented in the rating best books Russian classics and, apparently, more than once will fall into the ratings of our site.

Nikolai Karamzin book list

Eugene and Julia
A note about the ancient and new Russia in its political and civil relations
Martha the Posadnitsa, or the Conquest of Novgorod
My confession
Natalia, boyar daughter
About friendship
Autumn
Bornholm Island
Translation - retelling of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
Letters from a Russian traveler
Letters from a Russian traveler
Beautiful princess and happy carla
Knight of our time
Sierra Morena
Sensitive and cold

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich famous Russian writer, journalist and historian. Born December 1, 1766 in the Simbirsk province; grew up in the village of his father, a Simbirsk landowner. The first spiritual food for an 8 9 year old boy was old novels, ... ... Biographical Dictionary

Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826) Russian historian and writer. Aphorisms, quotes Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich. Biography Like the fruit of a tree, life is sweetest just before it begins to fade. For… … Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich - .… … Dictionary of the Russian language of the 18th century

Russian writer, publicist and historian. The son of a landowner of the Simbirsk province. He was educated at home, then in Moscow - in a private boarding school (until ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia

- (1766 1826), Russian. writer, critic, historian. IN early work L. noticeably some influence of sentimentalists, incl. and K. Most interesting material for comparison with production. L. contain "secular" stories K. ("Julia", "Sensitive and ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

- (1766 1826) Russian historian, writer, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1818). Creator of the History of the Russian State (vol. 1 12, 1816 29), one of the most significant works in Russian historiography. The founder of Russian sentimentalism (... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

"Karamzin" redirects here. See also other meanings. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin Date of birth: December 1 (12), 1766 Place of birth: Mikhailovka, Russian Empire Date of death: May 22 (June 3), 1826 ... Wikipedia

Historiographer, b. December 1, 1766, d. May 22, 1826 He belonged to noble family, leading its origin from the Tatar Murza, named Kara Murza. His father, a Simbirsk landowner, Mikhail Egorovich, served in Orenburg under I. I. Neplyuev and ... Big biographical encyclopedia

- (1766 1826), historian, writer, critic; honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1818). Creator of the "History of the Russian State" (volumes 1-12, 1816-1829), one of the most significant works in Russian historiography. The founder of Russian sentimentalism ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich- N.M. Karamzin. Portrait by A.G. Venetsianov. Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826), Russian writer and historian. The founder of Russian sentimentalism (Letters from a Russian Traveler, 1791-95; Poor Liza, 1792, etc.). Editor... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich was born on December 12 (December 1), 1766 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in noble family. Elementary education the future writer received a house. Soon his father gave him to the Simbirsk noble boarding school, and in 1778 to a private boarding school in Moscow. In parallel, Karamzin was actively studying languages, attending lectures at Moscow University.

Military service

In 1781, Nikolai Mikhailovich, at the insistence of his father, entered the military service to the Preobrazhensky Regiment. In 1783, the writer made his debut in print with the work "Wooden Leg". In 1784 short biography Karamzin as a military man ended, and he retired with the rank of lieutenant.

Early literary activity

In 1785, Karamzin, whose biography changed direction dramatically, moved from his native Simbirsk to Moscow. Here the writer meets N. I. Novikov and the Pleshcheev family. Carried away by Freemasonry, Nikolai Mikhailovich enters the Moscow Masonic circle, where he begins to communicate closely with I. S. Gamaleya, A. M. Kutuzov. At the same time, Karamzin participated in the publication of the first children's magazine in Russia - " Children's reading for the heart and mind."

Travel to Europe

In 1789-1790 Karamzin traveled around Europe. The writer visited Germany, England, France, Switzerland, met many famous personalities of that era - Ch. Bonnet, I. Kant, J. F. Marmontel, J. G. Herder, I. K. Lavater, attended the performances of M. Robespierre, O. G. Mirabeau. During the trip, Nikolai Mikhailovich created the famous Letters of a Russian Traveler, which were published in 1791-1792 and brought the writer wide literary fame.

mature creativity. "History of Russian Goverment"

Upon returning to Moscow, Karamzin continues to engage in literary activities, writes works of art, critical articles and notes. In 1791, Nikolai Mikhailovich began publishing the literary Moscow Journal, in which he first published the stories Poor Lisa, Natalya, the Boyar's Daughter. Soon Karamzin published several sentimental almanacs - "Aglaya", "Aonides", "Pantheon of Foreign Literature", "My trinkets". In 1802, the story "Martha the Posadnitsa, or the Conquest of Novgorod" was published.

In 1803, Emperor Alexander I granted Karamzin the title of historiographer, all libraries and archives were opened to the writer.

Before last day life, Nikolai Mikhailovich worked on his most important work - "The History of the Russian State." The book covers events from ancient times to the Time of Troubles and includes 12 volumes. The first eight volumes appeared in 1818, the next three were published in 1821-1824. the last part"History ..." saw the light after the death of Karamzin.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin died on May 22 (June 3), 1826 in St. Petersburg. The writer was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Other biography options

The prose and poetry of Karamzin largely influenced the development of Russian literary language, the writer was the first to use neologisms, barbarisms, moved away from church vocabulary.
Karamzin was married twice. The first wife, E. I. Protasova, was the sister of A. I. Pleshcheeva. The second wife, E. A. Kolyvanova, was illegitimate daughter Prince A. I. Vyazemsky.
The story "Poor Lisa" by Karamzin is the most striking example of Russian sentimentalism and is studied by schoolchildren in the 9th grade.
Karamzin was the first to discover the famous literary monument- the work of Afanasy Nikitin "Journey beyond the three seas".
Thanks to Karamzin, such words as “moral”, “industry”, “scene”, “catastrophe”, “concentrate”, “aesthetic”, “future”, “epoch”, “harmony”, “falling in love” appeared in the everyday life of the modern Russian language. ”, “entertaining”, “influence”, “impression”, “touching”.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, born in the Simbirsk province on December 1, 1766 and died in 1826, entered Russian literature as a deeply feeling artist-sentimentalist, a master of publicistic speech and the first Russian historiographer.

His father was a middle-class nobleman, a descendant of the Tatar Murza Kara-Murza. The family of a Simbirsk landowner, living in the village of Mikhailovka, had a family estate Znamenskoye, where children and early years boy.

Having received the initial home education and reading fiction and history, young Karamzin was sent to a frequent Moscow boarding school. Shaden. In addition to studying in his youth, he actively studied foreign languages and attended university lectures.

In 1781, Karamzin was enlisted for a three-year service in the St. Petersburg Preobrazhensky Regiment, which was considered one of the best at that time, and left him as a lieutenant. During the service, the first work of the writer was published - the translated story "Wooden Leg". Here he met the young poet Dmitriev, sincere correspondence and great friendship with whom continued during their joint work in the Moscow Journal.

Continuing to actively look for his place in life, acquiring new knowledge and acquaintances, Karamzin soon departs for Moscow, where he makes acquaintance with N. Novikov, the publisher of the magazine "Children's Reading for the Heart and Mind" and a member of the Golden Crown Masonic circle. "Communication with Novikov, as well as I.P. Turgenev had a significant influence on the views and direction further development individuality and creativity of Karamzin. In the Masonic circle, communication is also established with Pleshcheev, A. M. Kutuzov and I. S. Gamaleya.

In 1787, the translation of Shakespeare's work - "Julius Caesar" was published, and in 1788 - the translation of Lessing's work "Emilia Galotti". A year later, Karamzin's first own edition, the story "Eugene and Yulia", was published.

At the same time, the writer has the opportunity to visit Europe thanks to the received hereditary estate. Having pledged it, Karamzin decides to use this money to go on a journey for a year and a half, which will subsequently provide a powerful impetus to his most complete self-determination.

During his trip, Karamzin visited Switzerland, England, France and Germany. On trips, he was a patient listener, a vigilant observer and a sensitive person. He collected great amount notes and essays on the manners and characters of people, noticed many characteristic scenes from street life and life of people of different classes. All this became the richest material for his future work, including for the Letters of a Russian Traveler, for the most part published in the Moscow Journal.

At this time, the poet already provides himself with the work of a writer. During the following years, the almanacs "Aonides", "Aglaya" and the collection "My trinkets" were published. The well-known historically true story "Marfa the Posadnitsa" was published in 1802. Karamzin gained fame and respect as a writer and historiographer not only in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but throughout the country.

Soon Karamzin began to publish a socio-political journal Vestnik Evropy, unique at that time, in which he published his historical novels and works, which were preparations for a larger work.

"History of the Russian State" - artistically designed, titanic work Karamzin the historian, published in 1817. Twenty-three years of painstaking work made it possible to create a huge, impartial and deep in its truthful work, which revealed to people their true past.

Death caught the writer while working on one of the volumes of the "History of the Russian State", which tells about the "Time of Troubles".

It is interesting that in Simbirsk there is in 1848 the first science Library later called "Karamzinskaya".

Having laid the foundation for the current of sentimentalism in Russian literature, he revived and deepened the traditional literature of classicism. Thanks to his innovative views, deep thoughts and subtle feelings, Karamzin managed to create the image of a real lively and deeply feeling character. Most vivid examples in this regard are his story "Poor Lisa", which first found its readers in the "Moscow Journal".

Familiar words like charity, attraction and even love are often used by us. But few people know that if it were not for Nikolai Karamzin, then perhaps they would never have appeared in the dictionary of a Russian person. The work of Karamzin was compared with the works of the outstanding sentimentalist Stern, and even writers were put on the same level. Possessing deep analytical thinking, he managed to write the first book, The History of the Russian State. Karamzin did this without describing a separate historical stage, of which he was a contemporary, and giving a panoramic image historical picture states.

Childhood and youth of N. Karamzin

The future genius was born on December 12, 1766. He grew up and was brought up in the house of his father Mikhail Yegorovich, who was a retired captain. Nikolai lost his mother early, so his father was fully involved in his upbringing.

As soon as he learned to read, the boy took books from his mother's library, among which were French novels, works by Emin, Rollin. Nikolai received his primary education at home, then studied at the Simbirsk noble boarding school, and then, in 1778, he was sent to the boarding school of Professor Moscow.

As a child, he began to be interested in history. This was facilitated by a book on the history of Emin.

The inquisitive mind of Nikolai did not allow him to sit still for a long time, he took up the study of languages, went to listen to lectures at Moscow University.

Carier start

Karamzin's work dates back to the time when he served in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment in St. Petersburg. It was during this period that Nikolai Mikhailovich began to try himself in the role of a writer.

Contributed to the formation of Karamzin as an artist words and acquaintances, which he made in Moscow. Among his friends were N. Novikov, A. Petrov, A. Kutuzov. During the same period, he joined social activities- assisted in the preparation and publication of the children's magazine "Children's Reading for the Heart and Mind".

The period of service was not only the beginning of Nikolai Karamzin, but also shaped him as a person, made it possible to make many acquaintances that were useful. After the death of his father, Nikolai decides to leave the service, never to return to it. In the world at that time, this was regarded as audacity and a challenge to society. But who knows, if he had not left the service, he would have been able to publish his first translations, as well as original works in which a keen interest in historical topics can be traced?

Trip to Europe

The life and work of Karamzin abruptly changed their usual way, when from 1789 to 1790. he travels in Europe. During the trip, the writer visits Immanuel Kant, which made a remarkable impression on him. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, chronological table which is replenished by the presence in France during the Great french revolution, subsequently writes his Letters of a Russian Traveler. It is this work that makes him famous.

There is an opinion that it is this book that opens the countdown new era Russian literature. This is not unreasonable, since such travel notes were not only popular in Europe, but also found their followers in Russia. Among them are A. Griboyedov, F. Glinka, V. Izmailov and many others.

Hence, the “legs grow” in the comparison of Karamzin with Stern. The "sentimental journey" of the latter is reminiscent of the works of Karamzin.

Arrival to Russia

Returning to his homeland, Karamzin decides to settle in Moscow, where he continues his literary activities. Moreover, he becomes professional writer and a journalist. But the apogee of this period is, of course, the publication of the Moscow Journal - the first Russian literary magazine, in which Karamzin's works were also published.

In parallel, he produced collections and almanacs, which established him as the father of sentimentalism in Russian literature. Among them are "Aglaya", "Pantheon of foreign literature", "My trinkets" and others.

Moreover, Emperor Alexander I established the title of court historiographer for Karamzin. It is noteworthy that after no one was awarded such a title. This not only strengthened Nikolai Mikhailovich, but also strengthened his status in society.

Karamzin as a writer

Karamzin joined the writing class already in the service, since attempts to try himself in this field at the university were not crowned with great success.

The work of Karamzin can be conditionally divided into three main lines:

fiction, which is an essential part of the heritage (in the list: stories, novels);
poetry - it is much less;
fiction, historical works.

In general, the influence of his works on Russian literature can be compared with the influence of Catherine on society - there were changes that made the industry humane.

Karamzin is a writer who became the starting point of new Russian literature, the era of which continues to this day.

Sentimentalism in the works of Karamzin

Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich turned the attention of writers, and, as a result, their readers, to feelings as a dominant human essence. It is this feature that is fundamental to sentimentalism and separates it from classicism.

The basis of a normal, natural and correct existence of a person should not be a rational beginning, but the release of feelings and impulses, the improvement of the sensual side of a person as such, which is given by nature and is natural.

The hero is no longer typical. It was individualized, given it uniqueness. His experiences do not deprive him of strength, but enrich him, teach him to feel the world subtly, to respond to changes.

The programmatic work of sentimentalism in Russian literature is considered to be " Poor Lisa". This statement is not entirely true. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, whose work exploded literally after the publication of Letters from a Russian Traveler, introduced sentimentalism precisely with travel notes.

Poetry Karamzin

Karamzin's poems occupy much less space in his work. But do not underestimate their importance. As in prose, Karamzin the poet becomes a neophyte of sentimentalism.

The poetry of that time was guided by Lomonosov, Derzhavin, while Nikolai Mikhailovich changed course towards European sentimentalism. There is a reorientation of values in literature. Instead of external rational world, the author delves into inner world man, interested in his spiritual powers.

Unlike classicism, characters of simple life, everyday life become heroes, respectively, the object of Karamzin's poem is simple life as he himself claimed. Of course, when describing everyday life, the poet refrains from magnificent metaphors and comparisons, using standard and simple rhymes.

But this does not mean at all that poetry becomes poor and mediocre. On the contrary, to be able to choose the available ones so that they produce the desired effect and at the same time convey the experiences of the hero - this is the main goal pursued by Karamzin's poetic work.

The poems are not monumental. They often show duality human nature, two views on things, unity and struggle of opposites.

Prose Karamzin

Displayed in prose aesthetic principles Karamzin are also found in his theoretical works. He insists on moving away from the classicist obsession with rationalism towards the sensitive side of man, his spiritual world.

The main task is to incline the reader to maximum empathy, to make them worry not only for the hero, but also with him. Thus, empathy should lead to an internal transformation of a person, make him develop his spiritual resources.

The artistic side of the work is built in the same way as that of poems: a minimum of speech complex revolutions, splendor and pretentiousness. But so that the same notes of a traveler would not be dry reports, they focus on displaying the mentality and characters comes to the fore.

Karamzin's stories describe in detail what is happening, focusing on the sensual nature of things. But since there were many impressions from the trip abroad, they passed on paper through the sieve of the author's "I". He does not become attached to associations fixed in the mind. For example, he remembered London not for the Thames, bridges and fog, but for the evenings when the lanterns are lit and the city shines.

The characters find the writer themselves - these are his fellow travelers or interlocutors whom Karamzin meets during the journey. It is worth noting that these are not only noble persons. He communicates without hesitation and socialites, and with poor students.

Karamzin - historian

The 19th century brings Karamzin to history. When Alexander I appoints him court historiographer, Karamzin's life and work again undergo drastic changes: he refuses to literary activity completely and immersed in the writing of historical works.

Oddly enough, Karamzin devoted his first historical work, “A Note on Ancient and New Russia in Its Political and Civil Relations,” to criticism of the emperor’s reforms. The purpose of the "Notes" was to show the conservative-minded sections of society, as well as their discontent liberal reforms. He also tried to find evidence of the futility of such reforms.

Karamzin - translator

Structure of "History":

introduction - the role of history as a science is described;
history before 1612 from the time of nomadic tribes.

Each story, narrative ends with conclusions of a moral and ethical nature.

Meaning of "History"

As soon as Karamzin completed the work, the "History of the Russian State" literally scattered like hot cakes. 3,000 copies were sold within a month. “History” was read by everyone: the reason for this was not only filled blank spots in the history of the state, but also simplicity, ease of presentation. On the basis of this book, then there was more than one, since the "History" also became a source of plots.

"The History of the Russian State" became the first analytical work on the subject. It also became a template and an example for the further development of interest in history in the country.