Brief information about Karamzin. Literary and historical notes of a young technician

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin is a famous Russian writer, historian, the largest representative of the era of sentimentalism, a reformer of the Russian language, and a publisher. From his submission vocabulary enriched big amount new words-cripples.

The famous writer was born on December 12 (December 1, according to the old style), 1766, in a manor located in the Simbirsk district. The noble father took care of his son's home education, after which Nikolai continued to study first at the Simbirsk noble boarding school, then from 1778 at the boarding school of Professor Shaden (Moscow). During 1781-1782. Karamzin attended university lectures.

The father wanted Nikolai to enter the military service after boarding school - the son fulfilled his desire, in 1781 being in the St. Petersburg Guards Regiment. It was during these years that Karamzin first tried his hand at literary field, in 1783 making a translation from German. In 1784, after the death of his father, having retired with the rank of lieutenant, he finally left military service. Living in Simbirsk, he joined the Masonic Lodge.

Since 1785 Karamzin's biography has been connected with Moscow. In this city, he meets N.I. Novikov and other writers, joins the "Friendly Scientific Society", settles in his house, further collaborates with members of the circle in various publications, in particular, takes part in the publication of the journal " Children's reading for the heart and mind”, which became the first Russian magazine for children.

Throughout the year (1789-1790) Karamzin traveled to the countries of Western Europe, where he met not only with prominent figures of the Masonic movement, but also with great thinkers, in particular, with Kant, I.G. Herder, J. F. Marmontel. The impressions from the trips formed the basis of the future famous Letters of a Russian Traveler. This story (1791-1792) appeared in the Moscow Journal, which N.M. Karamzin began to publish upon arrival at home, and brought the author great fame. A number of philologists believe that modern Russian literature is counting precisely from the "Letters".

Tale " Poor Lisa"(1792) strengthened the literary authority of Karamzin. Subsequently published collections and almanacs "Aglaya", "Aonides", "My trinkets", "Pantheon of Foreign Literature" opened the era of sentimentalism in Russian literature, and it was N.M. Karamzin was at the head of the current; under the influence of his works, they wrote V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, as well as A.S. Pushkin at the beginning of his career.

A new period in the biography of Karamzin as a person and writer is associated with the accession to the throne of Alexander I. In October 1803, the emperor appoints the writer as an official historiographer, and Karamzin is tasked with capturing history Russian state. His genuine interest in history, the priority of this topic over all others was evidenced by the nature of the publications of Vestnik Evropy (this country's first socio-political, literary and artistic magazine Karamzin published in 1802-1803).

In 1804, literary and artistic work was completely curtailed, and the writer began to work on The History of the Russian State (1816-1824), which became the main work in his life and a whole phenomenon in Russian history and literature. The first eight volumes were published in February 1818. Three thousand copies were sold in a month - such active sales had no precedent. The next three volumes, published in the following years, were quickly translated into several European languages, and the 12th, final, volume saw the light after the death of the author.

Nikolai Mikhailovich was an adherent of conservative views, absolute monarchy. The death of Alexander I and the uprising of the Decembrists, which he witnessed, became a heavy blow for him, depriving the writer-historian of his last vitality. On June 3 (May 22, O.S.), 1826, Karamzin died while in St. Petersburg; they buried him in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, at the Tikhvin cemetery.

Nikolai Karamzin is a Russian historian, writer, poet and prose writer. He is the author of "History of the Russian State" - one of the first generalizing works on the history of Russia, written in 12 volumes.

Karamzin is the largest Russian writer of the era of sentimentalism, nicknamed the "Russian Stern".

In addition, he managed to make many important reforms in Russian, as well as introduce dozens of new words into everyday life.

Feeling confident in his abilities and inspired by his first success, Nikolai Karamzin begins to actively engage in writing activities. Many interesting and instructive stories come out from under his pen.

Soon Karamzin became the head of the Moscow Journal, which published works different writers and poets. Until this time in Russian Empire there was no such publication.

Works by Karamzin

It was in the Moscow Journal that Nikolai Karamzin published Poor Liza, which is considered one of the the best works in his biography. After that, “Aonides”, “My trinkets” and “Aglaya” come out from under his pen.

Karamzin was incredibly hardworking and talented person. He managed to compose poems, write reviews and articles, participate in theater life and also study many historical documents.

Despite the fact that he liked creativity and, he looked at poetry from the other side.

Nikolai Karamzin wrote poems in the style of European sentimentalism, thanks to which he became the best Russian poet working in this direction.

In his poems, he primarily drew attention to the spiritual state of a person, and not to his physical shell.

In 1803, a significant event took place in Karamzin's biography: by personal decree, the emperor granted Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin the title of historiographer; 2 thousand rubles of annual salary was added to the title at the same time.

Since that time, Karamzin began to move away from fiction, and began to study historical documents even more diligently, including the most ancient chronicles.

During this period of biographies, he was constantly offered various government posts, but apart from Karamzin, he was not interested in anything.

Then they wrote several historical books, which were only a prelude to the main work in his life.

"History of Russian Goverment"

His work was appreciated by all sectors of society. Representatives of the elite tried to acquire the "History of the Russian State" in order to get acquainted with detailed history.

Many prominent people sought meetings with the writer, and the emperor openly admired him. It is worth noting here that as a historian, Nikolai Karamzin was a supporter of absolute monarchy.

Having received widespread recognition and glory, Karamzin needed silence in order to continue to work fruitfully. To do this, he was allocated a separate housing in Tsarskoye Selo, where the historian could carry out his activities in comfortable conditions.

Karamzin's books attracted the reader with their clarity and simplicity of presentation of historical events. Describing certain facts, he did not forget about beauty.

Proceedings of Karamzin

For his biography, Nikolai Karamzin performed many translations, among which was the work "Julius Caesar". However, he did not work in this direction for long.

It is worth noting that Karamzin managed to radically change the Russian literary language. First of all, the writer sought to get rid of outdated Church Slavonic words, as well as to modify the grammar.

Karamzin took the syntax and grammar of the French language as the basis for his transformations.

The result of Karamzin's reforms was the emergence of new words that are still used in Everyday life. Here is a short list of words introduced into the Russian language by Karamzin:

Today it is already difficult to imagine the modern Russian language without these and other words.

An interesting fact is that it was thanks to the efforts of Nikolai Karamzin that the letter “ё” appeared in our alphabet. At the same time, it should be recognized that not everyone liked his reforms.

Many criticized it and tried their best to keep the "old" language.

However, Karamzin was soon elected a member of the Russian and Imperial Academy of Sciences, thus recognizing his services to the Fatherland.

Personal life

In the biography of Karamzin there were two women to whom he was married. His first wife was Elizaveta Protasova.

She was a very literate and flexible girl, but she was often sick. In 1802, a year after the wedding, their daughter Sophia was born.

Ekaterina Andreevna Kolyvanova, Karamzin's second wife

After giving birth, Elizabeth began to develop a fever, from which she later died. A number of biographers believe that the story "Poor Lisa" was written in honor of Protasova.

An interesting fact is that Karamzin's daughter Sofia was friends with and.

The second wife of Karamzin was Ekaterina Kolyvanova, who was illegitimate daughter Prince Vyazemsky.

In this marriage, they had 9 children, three of whom died in childhood.

Some of the children have reached certain heights in life.

For example, son Vladimir was a very witty and promising careerist. He later became a senator in the Department of Justice.

The youngest daughter of Karamzin, Elizabeth, never married, although she had a great mind and was an extremely kind girl.

It is interesting that he admired her, and called Elizabeth "an example of selflessness."

Daughters of Nikolai Karamzin. From left to right: Catherine, Elizabeth, Sophia

Death

According to legend, his death was the result of a cold received on December 14, 1825, when Karamzin personally observed the uprising of the Decembrists on Senate Square.

Karamzin was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Photo by Karamzin

At the end you can see some of the most famous portraits Karamzin. All are made from paintings, not from nature.

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Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin is a famous Russian writer, historian, the largest representative of the era of sentimentalism, a reformer of the Russian language, and a publisher. With his submission, the vocabulary was enriched with a large number of new crippled words.

The father wanted Nikolai to enter the military service after boarding school - the son fulfilled his desire, in 1781 being in the St. Petersburg Guards Regiment. It was during these years that Karamzin first tried himself in the literary field, in 1783 he translated from German. In 1784, after the death of his father, having retired with the rank of lieutenant, he finally left military service. Living in Simbirsk, he joined the Masonic lodge.

Since 1785 Karamzin's biography has been connected with Moscow. In this city, he meets N.I. Novikov and other writers, joins the "Friendly Scientific Society", settles in his house, further collaborates with members of the circle in various publications, in particular, takes part in the publication of the magazine "Children's Reading for the Heart and Mind", which became the first Russian magazine for children.

During the year (1789-1790) Karamzin traveled to the countries of Western Europe, where he met not only with prominent figures of the Masonic movement, but also with great thinkers, in particular, with Kant, I.G. Herder, J. F. Marmontel. The impressions from the trips formed the basis of the future famous Letters of a Russian Traveler. This story (1791-1792) appeared in the Moscow Journal, which N.M. Karamzin began to publish upon arrival at home, and brought the author great fame. A number of philologists believe that modern Russian literature is counting precisely from the "Letters".

The story "Poor Liza" (1792) strengthened the literary authority of Karamzin. Subsequently published collections and almanacs "Aglaya", "Aonides", "My trinkets", "Pantheon of Foreign Literature" opened the era of sentimentalism in Russian literature, and it was N.M. Karamzin was at the head of the current; under the influence of his works, they wrote V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, as well as A.S. Pushkin at the beginning of his career.

A new period in Karamzin's biography as a person and a writer is associated with the accession to the throne of Alexander I. In October 1803, the emperor appoints the writer as an official historiographer, and Karamzin is tasked with capturing the history of the Russian state. His genuine interest in history, the priority of this topic over all others was evidenced by the nature of the publications of Vestnik Evropy (this country's first socio-political, literary and artistic magazine Karamzin published in 1802-1803).

In 1804, literary and artistic work was completely curtailed, and the writer began to work on The History of the Russian State (1816-1824), which became the main work in his life and a whole phenomenon in Russian history and literature. The first eight volumes were published in February 1818. Three thousand copies were sold within a month - such active sales had no precedent. The next three volumes, published in the following years, were quickly translated into several European languages, and the 12th, final, volume was published after the death of the author.

Nikolai Mikhailovich was an adherent of conservative views, an absolute monarchy. The death of Alexander I and the uprising of the Decembrists, which he witnessed, became a heavy blow for him, depriving the writer-historian of his last vitality. On June 3 (May 22, O.S.), 1826, Karamzin died while in St. Petersburg; they buried him in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, at the Tikhvin cemetery.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin is a famous Russian writer, a representative of sentimentalism, an outstanding historian and thinker, an educator. His main merit is to his native Fatherland, the peak life path, is a 12-volume work "History of the Russian State". Perhaps the only one of the Russian historians, treated kindly by the highest royal mercy, who had the official status of a historiographer, created especially for him.

Biography of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (12/1/1776 - 5/22/1826) briefly

Nikolai Karamzin was born on December 1, 1766 in the family estate of Znamenskoye, not far from Simbirsk in a rich noble family. Elementary education, highly versatile, received at home. At the age of 13, he was sent to the private boarding school Shaden in Moscow. In 1782, his father, a retired officer, insisted that his son try his hand at military service, therefore, for two years, Nikolai ended up in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment. Realizing that he was not at all interested in a military career, he retired. Not feeling the need to engage in an unloved business in order to obtain daily bread, he begins to do what interests him - literature. First as a translator, then he tries himself as an author.

Karamzin - publisher and writer

During the same period in Moscow, he closely converged with a circle of Masons, was friends with the publisher and educator Novikov. Passionate about studying the most different directions in philosophy and for more full acquaintance with French and German enlighteners goes to Western Europe. His journey coincided with the Great french revolution, Karamzin even witnesses these events and, at first, perceives them with great enthusiasm.

Returning to Russia, he publishes Letters from a Russian Traveler. This work is a reflection thinking person about destinies European culture. The medieval dogma about a man as a subject to someone's supreme mind has been overthrown from its pedestal. It is replaced by the thesis of individual freedom as such, and Karamzin welcomes this theory with all his heart. In 1792 he prints in his own literary magazine"Moscow Journal", the story "Poor Lisa", in which he develops the theory of personal equality, regardless of social position. In addition to the literary merits of the story, it is valuable for Russian literature because it was written and published in Russian.

The beginning of the reign of the emperor coincided with the beginning of the publication by Karamzin of the journal “Bulletin of Europe”, the motto of which was “Russia is Europe”. The materials published in the journal impressed the views of Alexander I, so he reacted favorably to Karamzin's desire to write a history of Russia. Not only did he give permission, but by personal decree he appointed Karamzin a historiographer with a decent pension of 2,000 rubles, so that he could work with all his dedication on a grandiose historical work. Since 1804, Nikolai Mikhailovich has been engaged only in compiling the History of the Russian State. The emperor gives him permission to work to collect materials in the archives. He was always ready to grant an audience and be sure to report the slightest difficulty, if any.

The first 8 volumes of the "History" were published in 1818 and were sold out in just a month. called the event "quite exceptional." Interest in the historical work of Karamzin was enormous, and although he managed to describe historical events from the first mention of Slavic tribes only until the Time of Troubles, which amounted to 12 volumes, the meaning of this historical work cannot be overestimated. This grandiose work was the basis of almost all subsequent fundamental works on the history of Russia. Unfortunately, Karamzin himself did not see his work published in full. He died from a cold that he received after spending the whole day on Senate Square in St. Petersburg during. This happened on May 22, 1826.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, born in the Simbirsk province on December 1, 1766 and died in 1826, entered Russian literature as a deeply feeling artist-sentimentalist, a master of publicistic speech and the first Russian historiographer.

His father was a middle-class nobleman, a descendant of the Tatar Murza Kara-Murza. The family of a Simbirsk landowner, living in the village of Mikhailovka, had a family estate Znamenskoye, where children and early years boy.

Having received the initial home education and reading fiction and history, young Karamzin was sent to a frequent Moscow boarding school. Shaden. In addition to studying in his youth, he actively studied foreign languages and attended university lectures.

In 1781, Karamzin was enlisted for a three-year service in the St. Petersburg Preobrazhensky Regiment, which was considered one of the best at that time, and left him as a lieutenant. During the service, the first work of the writer was published - the translated story "Wooden Leg". Here he met the young poet Dmitriev, sincere correspondence and great friendship with whom continued during their joint work in the Moscow Journal.

Continuing to actively look for his place in life, acquiring new knowledge and acquaintances, Karamzin soon departs for Moscow, where he makes acquaintance with N. Novikov, the publisher of the magazine "Children's Reading for the Heart and Mind" and a member of the Golden Crown Masonic circle. "Communication with Novikov, as well as I.P. Turgenev had a significant influence on the views and direction further development individuality and creativity of Karamzin. In the Masonic circle, communication is also established with Pleshcheev, A. M. Kutuzov and I. S. Gamaleya.

In 1787, the translation of Shakespeare's work - "Julius Caesar" was published, and in 1788 - the translation of Lessing's work "Emilia Galotti". A year later, Karamzin's first own edition, the story "Eugene and Yulia", was published.

At the same time, the writer has the opportunity to visit Europe thanks to the received hereditary estate. Having pledged it, Karamzin decides to use this money to go on a journey for a year and a half, which will subsequently provide a powerful impetus to his most complete self-determination.

During his trip, Karamzin visited Switzerland, England, France and Germany. On trips, he was a patient listener, a vigilant observer and a sensitive person. He collected great amount notes and essays on the manners and characters of people, noticed many characteristic scenes from street life and life of people of different classes. All this became the richest material for his future work, including for the Letters of a Russian Traveler, for the most part published in the Moscow Journal.

At this time, the poet already provides himself with the work of a writer. During the following years, the almanacs "Aonides", "Aglaya" and the collection "My trinkets" were published. The well-known historically true story "Marfa the Posadnitsa" was published in 1802. Karamzin gained fame and respect as a writer and historiographer not only in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but throughout the country.

Soon Karamzin began to publish a socio-political journal Vestnik Evropy, unique at that time, in which he published his historical novels and works, which were preparations for a larger work.

"History of the Russian State" - artistically designed, titanic work Karamzin the historian, published in 1817. Twenty-three years of painstaking work made it possible to create a huge, impartial and deep in its truthful work, which revealed to people their true past.

Death caught the writer while working on one of the volumes of the "History of the Russian State", which tells about the "Time of Troubles".

It is interesting that in Simbirsk there is in 1848 the first science Library later called "Karamzinskaya".

Having laid the foundation for the current of sentimentalism in Russian literature, he revived and deepened the traditional literature of classicism. Thanks to his innovative views, deep thoughts and subtle feelings, Karamzin managed to create the image of a real lively and deeply feeling character. Most vivid examples in this regard are his story "Poor Lisa", which first found its readers in the "Moscow Journal".