Science in fiction examples. Science and fiction
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side (by color, shape, size) or create complete picture about the subject.
Homogeneous definitions interconnected by a coordinating link; they are equally directly related to the noun being defined and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.
Between homogeneous definitions, you can usually insert a union And .
For example: Ran into the room cheerful, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, an alliance can be put between them And .) were in a vase red, orange And yellow flowers. (Red, orange And yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)
Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject different parties. In this case, only the nearest definition refers directly to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the noun being defined with the first definition.
Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinative connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a union And .
As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, quality And relative ).
For example: Ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing- heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them And .)
were in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)
For demarcation homogeneous And heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole range of features. When parsing and placing punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, the way of expression and the order of definitions in the sentence.
Signs of homogeneity of definitions
Denote the signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
designate features that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
designate artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: woman young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming
;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional feature): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges
.
denote signs that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are combined by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; IN thick, dark gray strands shone in her hair; pale, strict face; funny, good-natured laughter; deserted, surly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.
Between homogeneous definitions not connected by unions, put a comma.
For example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made up beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry was suddenly heard twice in a row over the river.
Signs of heterogeneity of definitions
Designate the shape and material: P gnarled walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate the size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: sullen siberian river.
Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.
For example: Fell at the end of November first easy snowball.(Words first And easy first- numeral easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). my old house.(Words "my" And " old" refer to different parts speeches: my- pronouns old- adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(Words " launched" And "fruit" belong to different parts of speech: launched- single communion fruit- adjective).
We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial turnover) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participle turnover should be in second place.
For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after participle turnover, if not special conditions separation, no comma.
Between heterogeneous definitions comma is not included.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications
1. Depending on the meaning, applications that are not connected by unions can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Applications before the word being defined and denoting close features of the subject, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.
For example: Laureate Nobel Prize, academician HELL. Sakharov – honorary titles; doctor philological sciences, Professor S.I. Radzig – academic degree and rank; World Cup Winner, Champion Europe - sports titles; Olympic champion, owner of the "golden belt" of the European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate technical sciences, Professor- a list of different ranks.
If applications denote different features of an object, characterize it from different angles, then they are heterogeneous and commas are not separated.
For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army - position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction engineering for precast concrete engineer - position and profession; CEO production association candidate of technical sciences - position and academic degree.
2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time winner of the World Cup, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student of the Institute of Physical Education.
Simple sentences with a complicated structure are diverse. They may contain:
1) homogeneous members;
2) isolation;
3) introductory words and proposals and plug-in designs;
4) appeals.
Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.
§1. Homogeneous members of a sentence
Homogeneous Members- these are sentence members associated with the same word and answering the same question. They are equal, independent of each other and are one and the same member of the proposal. Between themselves they are connected by a coordinating or non-union syntactic connection.
The composing connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of composing unions: single or repeated. The unionless connection is expressed intonationally.
I like ice cream.
I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.
Laughing girls ran into the room.
(simple two-part common sentence)
Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.
(a simple two-part common sentence complicated by homogeneous members)
Any member of the sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, additions, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.
There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.
(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)
The girl is educated and well educated.
(educated and educated- homogeneous predicates)
I loved books, constructors and cartoons.
(books, designers, cartoons- homogeneous additions)
We spent all the days in the forest or on the river.
(in the forest, on the river- similar circumstances
It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.
(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)
Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible, which are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically designed in different ways.
The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, in beautiful language.
(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)
Due to the sudden downpour, we got wet to the skin and froze.
(homogeneous predicates, expressed phraseological turn soaked to the skin and verb frozen)
Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently punctuated.
Homogeneous members of the sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on the coordinative and / or unionless connection. If this minor members sentences, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinating.
Homogeneous members in oral speech formalized intonation, and in written speech punctuation.
In one sentence there can be several rows of homogeneous members.
Masha, Seryozha and Petya sat around the table in the dining room and drew.
(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sitting and drawing- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)
§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members
Series of homogeneous members can carry words with a general meaning, referring to all the words of the series. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.
Generalizing words are words denoting:
- generic and specific concepts:
The room was furnished with plain furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.
(generalizing word - furniture);
- words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere etc., conveying the idea of universality:
Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.
In a sentence, generalizing words can be both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:
On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.
The place occupied by generalizing words depends on the punctuation of sentences.
§3. Distinguishing between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the one hand, on one basis, for example, in size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles, on different grounds.
A cheerful, laughing girl ran into the room.
(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)
A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.
(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)
The vase contained red, orange and yellow flowers.
(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color)
The vase contained large red fragrant flowers.
(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are inconsistent definitions)
Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:
At the end of November, the first light snow fell.
(words first And easy belong to different parts of speech: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that homogeneous members are sentence members associated with the same word and answering the same question?
Are homogeneous members of the sentence equal?
Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinate relationship?
Are proposals with several rows of homogeneous members possible?
Is the number of homogeneous members limited?
Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be joined by coordinating conjunctions?
What is the name of a word with a generalizing meaning that homogeneous members can carry?
- generalizing word
- appeal
- circumstance
Is the generalizing word always the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?
Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, orange leaves.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
In Russian between heterogeneous definitions comma not
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is placed.
Several agreed definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while they are in relation to each other
enumerations (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can put the union and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Red
and yellow tulips.
Heterogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumeration
intonation, it is usually impossible to put a union between them and.
Heterogeneous definitions are otherwise related to the defined (main)
word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the composition closest to the main word is associated with
its definition is short.
The definition of short is associated with the whole phrase - passenger
composition (Passenger composition is short).
Definitions are homogeneous if:
designate features different items;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls - blue and white balls; the balls were blue; the balls were
white.
designate various signs one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn - wooden and burnt barn; barn was
wooden; the barn was burned down.
Characterize the subject from different angles, but in this context
are united by some common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - "cloudy, and therefore dreary."
In context, synonyms are created between definitions.
relationship;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the forms are acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words that are close in
value.
Represent artistic definitions- epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval cat eyes.
They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the sign they express;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.
A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by the participial
turnover, that is, participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Grey, neatly combed hair.
Stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Hair gray, combed.
The second definition clarifies the first - between the definitions you can put the union that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.
Definitions are heterogeneous if They:
Describe an object from different perspectives different ways, that is, they express signs related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed - "size and material",
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds - "color and shape",
the oval clouds were grey;
pot-bellied walnut bureau - "form and material",
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;
Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:
Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.
Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.
Relative adjective and single participle;
A neglected orchard.
The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of the proposal are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from inhomogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).
First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.
Each of homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting and exciting film.
In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day that is the definition good does not refer to the word day, and to the phrase May day.
Heterogeneity relationships are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (large glass vase, new leather bag), wherein relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of the complex name, and the qualitative characterizes all this complex name as a whole.
Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; every interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbling autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) quality adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions denote different attributes of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.
Combinations with homogeneous definitions semantically different. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different angles: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)
1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects are designated that differ in any one respect: in color, purpose, material, geographic location etc.
For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly flamed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).
Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)
2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions, which characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:
a) definitions-synonyms (the homogeneity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, i.e. characterize the subject from one side): sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;
b) definitions that denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;
3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga(But: walked through the quiet taiga illuminated by stars).
4) definitions-epithets (emotional, artistic definitions). Such definitions are found mainly in descriptive contexts. works of art, where using homogeneous definitions every single detail of the description is underlined. Uniformity such definitions may be mandatory or optional. Homogeneity does not receive a distinct design and depends on the entire statement. Such definitions are united by some common feature. The basis for this association may be the similarity of the impression produced: The letter is written in large, uneven, thin handwriting. (A. Kuprin); Short, velvety grass grows green near the spring. (I. Turgenev); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna went into their dark, stuffy, boring rooms. (A. Chekhov); In the gray sky there were wadded, dry clouds (K. Paustovsky).
Associated each directly with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. The definitions are the same:
1) if they denote the distinctive features of different objects, they indicate varieties of objects of the same kind. Below, in blue, yellow, lilac spots, the reflection of the city swayed measuredly (S a i - n o v);
2) if they denote different features of the same object, characterizing it from one side. Chapaev loved strong, resolute, hard word(Furmanov). The logical basis for the homogeneity of definitions in this case is the ability to combine the features they express (species) with a broader (generic) concept. So, in the sentence: In the labyrinth of crooked, narrow and unpaved streets, the people (G. Nikolaev) were forever scurrying about - the unifying concept can be expressed by the word “unsatisfactory
Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time, the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (the unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the enumerated signs, causal, the relationship between them, appearance, overall positive or negative rating, etc.). He handed me a red, swollen, dirty hand(Turgenev) (appearance). It was a moonlit, clear evening (Chekhov), (“lunar, and therefore clear”). The petty leader with a stubborn, small creak flowed over the panes of the windows (the unifying concept is “annoying”, “intrusive”). Wet, dark gray clouds hung motionless over the city (the unifying concept is “rain-bearing”). I met this charming, witty man many times ( general characteristics positive). A lean, red-haired, red-nosed girl in a blue plaid dress entered (the face is characterized by an unattractive appearance). The definitions denoting the various prnanaks of an object are homogeneous:
a) if under the conditions of the context they are synonymously approaching. Everywhere a brown, gloomy plain stretched endlessly (Chekhov);
b) if they are epithets (artistic definitions). His pale blue, glassy eyes ran wide (Turgenev);
c) if they form a semantic gradation. Finally comes the long, boring, stormy winter (Aksakov);
d) if they are expressed by an adjective and the participial phrase following it, which is explained by the greater semantic load of the second definition and the increase in semantic or emotional shades of the whole structure, even with the difference in the indicated features. Through the little icy window ... moonlight broke through (3 acr u t k and n);
e) if they are postpositive, which creates a direct connection of each of them with the word being defined and gives them the same semantic independence. I want to know the secrets of a wise and simple life (Bryusov);
e) if they are opposed to a combination of two definitions with the same noun being defined. These buttons are sewn on with thin, silk threads, and those with thick, paper threads.
