A message on the topic of the peoples of the world and the diversity of countries. Peoples of the world, diversity of countries.pptx - presentation on geography “peoples of the world, diversity of countries” (grade 7)

Earth is a truly unique planet, where many different people with different ethnicity, appearance, nationality, religion and perception of the world. Continents share territory, but not the population living on them. Nations that have existed side by side for centuries, in most cases peacefully share territory, adopting useful knowledge from each other and forming a joint cultural heritage.

Each nation is unique in its own way, is the custodian of its culture, passing it on from generation to generation. national customs and traditions, brings its own into creation general culture of all humanity.

Europe

The modern states of Europe were formed on the site of the former Roman Empire, then its possessions included vast lands, starting in the west, where they ruled Germanic tribes to the cities of North Africa. The formation of the ethnic group was also influenced by the wars that took place, when the population of Europe migrated, the borders of countries were again modified due to martial law.

The largest ethno-linguistic community in Europe is the Slavs. The Slavs include: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats and nine other peoples.

The most numerous nations living in Europe - Russians (more than 130 million people), Germans (more than 80 million), French (more than 65 million), Italians (more than 59 million), British (58 million), Spaniards (46 million), Ukrainians (more 45 million) and Poles (more than 44 million). There are also more than two million Jews living in Europe, belonging to several groups. Present and nomadic peoples- Gypsies, numbering over four million people.

Basic religious directions, common among the peoples of Europe are Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Islam.

The cultural component of Europe stands on three “pillars”: personal culture, universalism and freedom creative expression. This forms the basis of Christian norms; even in those countries where other forms of religion predominate, Christian roots can be traced. Here, the basis for the existence of society is freedom (of self-expression, creativity, worldview) and tolerance towards others, the acceptance of another personality with certain characteristics and views on current reality.

A characteristic feature for European population became mass culture, implying both mass production and mass consumption. It received full coverage of all areas of activity, from art, music and cinematography to youth subcultural movements.

Asia

Asia is the most for the most part light, forming together with Europe the continent of Eurasia. The majority of the Asian population is made up of the peoples of China and India (about 40% of general population), the list of largest countries also includes: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan and the Philippines. Each of these states has more than 100 million inhabitants.

If you take it apart cultural centers, then Asia can be divided into four conventional parts:

1. Southeast Asia. There is a Buddhist worldview here.
2. Near East. The birthplace of Islamic culture.
3. East Asia. The epicenter of the Confucian worldview is China, which has a huge influence on Japan and Korea.
4. South Asia. India and Hindu culture dominate here.

However, despite such fragmentation, all the peoples of Asia have similar features, which can distinguish them from others.

One of these features is respectful attitude to traditions and culture, in most countries they have been celebrating the same holidays for years, observing established rules of behavior and communication in society, adhering to strict upbringing and respecting their elders. The last one came from tribal communities, where the chief elder was held in high esteem, many Asian countries still abide by this law.

Most of the ethnic group believes in the need for a centralized state. Many countries in Asia are states with significantly limited democracy, led by a charismatic and strong leader, or are even authoritarian monarchies.

From large nationalities occupy a special place:

Africa

If we put together a picture in Europe and Asia ethnic composition and highlight large nations Quite simply, things are different with Africa. Here they read up to 8000 various peoples, most of them have two to three thousand people and are located in a small area. According to some estimates, more than 3,000 tribes live in Africa, speaking a thousand languages, some of which are poorly understood.

The largest ethnic groups found in Africa are: Arabs, Hausa, Yoruba, Algerian and Moroccan Arabs, Igbo, Fulbe, Aromo, Amhara.

The culture of local peoples is significantly different from European ones. North Africa characterized as a more developed civilization, the Southern and Tropical parts took a different path of development, which is why they are so original. Here, the vast majority of residents still live in tribes, where strict rules have been established for family life, work and general society. For example, circumcision is a necessity dictated by strict rules, and women in most tribes do not have the same rights as men.

Most of the peoples of Africa believe in the existence of magical influences; amulets against the evil eye are made here, traditional rituals, create totems for protection from various natural Disasters and the wrath of the gods, there is even a sacrifice to obtain a rich harvest, fertile soil, and stable rains.

North America

In North America, the indigenous population was divided into three large groups, each of them lived on its own territory and had special traditions and customs that have survived to this day with some changes. Central part North America The Indians occupied the coasts and islands, the Aleuts inhabited them, and the northern regions went to the Eskimos.

If the Eskimos managed to preserve their people, the Aleuts almost completely disappeared - their numbers decreased three times. After colonization, the Spaniards, Portuguese, British and French came to America. Most settled on this continent, mixing with the Americans and the indigenous population. This is how the Americans appeared English origin, and French-Canadians, and Barbadians (descendants of slaves brought from Africa).

The culture of North America is characterized by enviable patriotism, and it is observed both among the indigenous people and among visitors during the colonization of the United States. The modern culture of the local ethnic group is a combination of the values ​​of the original population and the innovative reforms of the colonialists. Here, totemic buildings still coexist with great skyscrapers, and in remote corners of the country you can see yurts, bizarre drawings of disappeared tribes, and the homes of indigenous settlers.

Population of North America:

South America

The modern population of South America is diverse - there are Americans, and immigrants from Europe, and descendants of slaves brought from Africa, and mixed groups(mestizo, mulatto, sambo). The indigenous settlers are groups of Indian peoples most of still lives in South America, for example, the Arawaks, Wayu, Wapishana, the smaller ones have not survived to this day, for example, the Charruas. Some peoples have practically disappeared from America; their number today does not exceed 10 thousand people. At the ethnic level in South America, three main classes can be distinguished: Indians, representatives of the Negroid race and representatives of the Caucasian race.

The culture of South America is very colorful and original. South American countries have rich musical heritage, this is where genres such as cumbia and samba originate. South America became the birthplace of the creation of new musical styles, and the world-famous Argentine tango dance appeared here.

South America is an example of successful borrowing of knowledge and skills among peoples, which generalizes different ethnic groups in unified system. The bulk of the population cannot even accurately infect this or that custom; they do not know where it originates and whose people were the original source. Here traditions are passed on from generation to generation.

Population of South America:

Australia

The indigenous people of Australia are considered Australian aborigines, they live separately from other peoples of the world and have their own language group. Now in Australia there are more than 55 thousand people who speak Australian languages, the most widespread of them is the language of the Western Desert, about 7,000 people speak it.

Australian Aborigines are prominent representatives ancient inhabitants of the earth, peoples have a similar way of life with the peoples who existed at the stage of the emergence of world culture. Indigenous people prefer to stay in the deserts, engage in hunting and farming, and live in unity with nature.

Since the arrival of the settlers, the ethnic groups on this continent have undergone significant changes. Now the largest group is Anglo-Australians (Australians of English descent), with Afghans, Hungarians, Indians, and Chinese also present.

Although the majority of Australia's population is English-speaking, the country stands out from the list of other English-speaking countries. First distinctive feature is egalitarianism, which presupposes the equality of all members of society. All peoples of Australia, without exception, have the same legal, economic and political opportunities. The value of equality for men, women and children is fundamental to Australia.

Another feature includes friendliness and good relationships; on the territory of this continent, the aborigines coexist peacefully with the visiting colonialists. Indigenous people even received back the territories it had owned before the arrival of Europeans.

The modern one is represented by almost 230 countries and territories, and about 190 of them are sovereign. Some of them are huge in area, such as Russia, the USA, and there are small ones - the Vatican, Liechtenstein. Some countries are rich in nationalities and peoples, others - natural resources. A huge amount of statistical work is carried out to distinguish them.

It's hard to imagine what our world would be like if there was one big country. It would have the uniqueness that all countries of the world, their customs, traditions and culture carry. After all, the uniqueness of history, the formation of the economy, politics and social life citizens are of great interest to everyone. The development of capitalism also played a role in many ways. Some countries tried to skip some evolutionary steps, and therefore they now find themselves exactly where they are. Countries are very different and can be divided according to different typological characteristics. Diversity of countries modern world shows historical path development of humanity, thanks to which we have the opportunity to track the main stages of the development of society and all its elements. The experience gained from such research is critical to building a successful global economy and ensuring sufficient income for all people.

Economic classification

Many people remember: school, topic "Diversity of countries in the modern world", geography, 10th grade. And a teacher who talks about how countries are developed, with economies in transition, and developing. And this classification is based on the development of a market economy. It is one of the key factors for the successful functioning of the country.

To determine which category a particular country belongs to, researchers take into account such indicators as the standard of living of the population, gross domestic product, economic structure by industry, and the degree of development of information technology.

Economically developed countries

Let's go back to school. The same geography lesson "The diversity of countries in the modern world." The teacher asks Ivanov, what are economically developed countries? And he can’t answer anything except that “developed means developed.” Indeed, it is necessary to understand who is behind the concept of “country development”.

G7 countries: USA, UK, Canada, France, Japan, Germany, Italy - typical examples developed countries. Having analyzed their situation, we can say that the signs of the country’s development are:

• good standard of living for people;
• manufacturing and services dominate the gross domestic product;
• society is highly informatized and in general information Technology are at a high stage of their development.

By virtue of different speeds economic development and characteristics of countries, there are subtypes of economically developed countries:

• main;
• economically developed countries of Europe;
• countries of "settler capitalism".

Main countries

As noted above, the main countries include the G7 countries. In global production they occupy the lion's share: more than 50% of industry and 25% of the entire service sector. Considering the fact that the number of main countries is several times less number remaining, then the scale of their activities can be considered enormous and their economy powerful. They contribute their share to the diversity of the world. 10th grade, already mentioned, asked interest Ask: where does Russia belong? Researchers cannot yet give an exact answer and are debating which group it belongs to. But most opinions on this moment- Russia is one of the economically developed countries.

Economically developed countries of Europe

The diversity of countries in the modern world in this category is represented by Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Scandinavian countries, etc. When we pronounce these names, an image immediately comes to mind: political stability, the population lives well, high gross domestic product, imports and exports are almost in perfect proportion.

How do they differ from the main countries? Matters here international division labor. The economically developed countries of Europe are more highly specialized, so they are more dependent on the income that banking, tourism, intermediary trade, etc. give them.

Countries of "settler capitalism"

This category includes the former colonies of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. These countries are characterized by maintaining their international specialization - they export raw materials and agricultural products. What distinguishes them from developing countries is the fact that specialization in the agricultural and raw materials industries is based on high labor productivity, which is also facilitated by a developed domestic economy.

Countries with economies in transition

It was Solovyov’s turn to answer the teacher’s questions. But he is not afraid of anything, because geography is his favorite lesson. The diversity of countries in the modern world does not scare him either. Soloviev clearly answers (and correctly) that countries with economies in transition are characterized by the fact that they are currently undergoing various transformation processes economic activity towards the introduction of market mechanisms.

Such countries include the countries of the East and (former socialist), Baltic states, as well as the CIS. In these global subjects, the institution of private property is being strengthened in the economy, the centralized economy is being replaced by the “invisible hand of the market,” and the consumer market is becoming saturated with a variety of goods. Some countries were able to make this transition smooth with the help of “velvet” revolutions, that is, they carried out gradual reforms without major upheavals in society. Economic ties that had developed over decades were “destroyed” in a civilized manner.

Developing countries

The lesson “The diversity of countries in the modern world” continues. 10th grade finds it difficult to answer the question which countries are developing. And how do they differ from countries with economies in transition? Developing countries are the overwhelming number of countries around the world, there are about 132 of them. Asia, Africa and Latin America- these are the places of their concentration. Among them you can see many former dependent and colonial countries. 80% of the total population lives here.

Developing countries are characterized by the fact that they have already made the transition to market economy, but they are heavily dependent on exports, especially the export of fuels and raw materials. Economic processes in such countries, they are built on relationships with the economies of developed countries. Developing countries are characterized by low and middle income levels.

Physiographic countries

We consider the diversity of countries in the modern world and move on to another criterion of their typology. Countries are also divided according to physical and geographical characteristics.

This criterion is not given much attention at school, since economic classification is considered the most important, taking into account the processes of globalization and integration occurring in society. But in order to see the full picture our world, teachers should include this typology in the lesson. The diversity of countries in the modern world in this case looks like this: the unity of geostructure and movement earth's crust and the homogeneity of the relief are determined by such countries-zones as the Arctic, Northern, Eastern and Central Europe, Mediterranean, Central, Eastern, Northern, Southeast Asia, etc.

Historical and cultural classification

History and culture also contribute to the diversity of countries in the modern world. Their main types according to these criteria are, for example, Western and Central European, Eastern European, Caucasian, Central Asian-Kazakh, Siberian, Central African, etc. The historical and cultural classification is very extensive and, like no other, reflects the real diversity of countries in the modern world.

In this typology, countries are distinguished by their commonality historical fate, development of social and economic sphere, development cultural traditions, customs and way of life. Material and spiritual culture (folklore, traditional arts, national rituals) are the main manifestation historical and cultural countries. Historical and cultural classification is the support and basis for research work in ethnography - the science of the characteristics of a people.

The diversity of countries in the modern world is enormous. Each country is unique - its historical traditions and mentality, economy and politics, social sphere and culture. The typology of countries helps researchers see global trends and patterns of development of our society. And knowledge of certain laws can help in preventing global crises and resolving universal human problems. global problems. After all, international integration, like any phenomenon in our lives, has two sides - pros and cons. And it remains within the power of people to prevent great influence minuses on global well-being, a calm environment and a decent standard of living for every person.

Sensory perception of cultural forms in childhood penetrates into the child’s inner life, into his inner world, and it “works” throughout a person’s life, forming cognitive and spiritual needs, moral concepts.

Download:

Preview:

Introducing preschoolers to the diversity of countries and nationalities

Preschool age is the period when a child takes his “first steps” on the path to understanding the world. At this age stage, he is “open” to what surrounds him and quickly accumulates both emotional and intellectual experience of interacting with the world. A preschooler learns about the world through sensory sensations, play, movement, fantasy, communication with adults and peers, and interaction with information. Sensory perception of cultural forms in childhood penetrates into the child’s inner life, into his inner world, and it “works” throughout a person’s life, forming cognitive and spiritual needs, moral concepts.Preschool childhood is a time of achievements and problems not only little man, but also of society as a whole. At this age, children develop skills of respectful and friendly behavior during relationships with representatives different cultures, the ability to perceive the environment as the result of cooperation between people different nationalities, miscellaneous ethnic origin. They have a positive effect on a person, transform him, elevate him, and return him to a more harmonious state.Almost half of children realize their nationality by the age of six, and by the age of nine all children know about it. Moreover, this usually happens earlier among representatives of ethnic minorities than among Russians. Unfortunately, children often learn about their nationality not from the lips of their parents, but through so-called interethnic conflicts: almost 19% of Korean, 16% of Jewish, 12% of Armenian, 8% of Tajik children living in Russia learned about their ethnicity when they offended, insulted, and fought with them because of their nationality. At the same time, in all groups surveyed, there was a high percentage of those who felt shame for people of their own nationality: schoolchildren react very sharply to the unseemly actions of their fellow tribesmen and sharply condemn them.

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” states: “The humanistic nature of education, priority universal human values..." (Art. "Principles public policy in the field of education"). We find similar tasks in State concept preschool education: “In preschool childhood, a child acquires the foundations of personal culture, its basis, corresponding to universal spiritual values.” And further: “The formation of the basis of personal culture means that the child becomes familiar with the general, non-transient human values, and not to what may seem valuable to a certain circle of people in a certain region and at certain points in time, is attached to the universal (universal) means of human life."

In order to work onfamiliarize preschoolers with the diversity of countries and nationalitieswas fruitful, it is necessary to involve a wide range of activities and different types activities of preschoolers:

Conducting outdoor games of the peoples of the world;

Celebrations and other events mass forms in order to introduce children to the culture and traditions of their people and the peoples of the world;

Theatrical activities of preschoolers according to scenarios based on fairy tales of the peoples of the world;
- studying national holidays closest neighboring countries, Scandinavian folk holidays; holidays of the peoples of the East and Muslim countries; -- introducing children to the traditions of peoples different countries, with the traditions of celebrating the New Year, May 1, April 1 in different countries.

Literature:

Sinyagina N. Yu. Multicultural education: a response to the threats of modern society. http://www.icp-ua.com/ru/node/933 .

Modern kindergarten. №7, 2008.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

“The use of modern information technologies when introducing preschoolers to the history, culture and life of Kuban.”

This consultation is for teachers. It reveals modern information technologies, their use in kindergartens....

“Introducing preschoolers to the nature of Kuban and the traditions of the Cossacks” from the experience of a teacher of the 1st qualification category Irina Nikolaevna Gavrilko

This material is a description of the work experience of I.N. Gavrilko. in the direction of familiarizing preschoolers with the traditions of the Cossacks and the nature of Kuban...

Summary of a lesson on introducing preschoolers to the outside world and ecology “A droplet is walking in a circle”

There are many miracles in nature: the sun, the air, but most interesting miracle nature is water. After all, only on earth there is water. It was water that made it green and inhabitable. Therefore, the following tasks are set in the work...

Earth is a planet of people

Population of various territories globe differs in its racial, ethnic (from the Greek “ethnos” - people), linguistic, religious features, which are closely related to the natural features of the territory.
Races of man. Ethnographic scientists distinguish the three largest human races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid.
Caucasians are characterized by wavy or straight soft hair, light or dark skin, a narrow nose, thin or medium-thick lips. They inhabit mainly Eurasia and North America.
Mongoloids are characterized by straight, rigid dark hair, yellowish skin tone, flattened face, narrow eyes. They inhabit mainly Asia and America. Negroids are characterized by curly black hair, dark brown skin, Brown eyes, wide nose, thick lips. They inhabit mainly Africa and Oceania.
Mixed races were formed not only in antiquity and the Middle Ages, but also in modern and recent times. Examples of mixed races are the mestizos and mulattoes of America.
There are 3-4 thousand peoples living on Earth. The largest nations of the world: Russians, US Americans, Brazilians, Indians, Chinese, Japanese.
Russians belong to the Caucasian race with all the characteristics characteristic of it external signs. The people inhabit Russia and the territories adjacent to it. In addition, Russians live in the USA, Canada, Brazil and other countries.
In the history of the Russian people, the development of free or sparsely populated neighboring lands has constantly taken place, which affected the diversity of everyday characteristics of the population, dialects (dialects), folklore, rituals, and housing.
The basis of Russian national clothes considered a man's or women's shirt, sundress, bast shoes, and in winter - felt boots. A traditional Russian dwelling is a log hut with a Russian stove.
Russian folk crafts are world famous: stone-cutting art of the Urals, Vologda lace, lacquer miniature Palekh and Fedoskino, Zhostov metal painting, Torzhok gold embroidery.
Americans. If such peoples as the Russians, Chinese, Japanese have a centuries-old history, then the Americans were formed as a people only in late XVIII V. at the intersection of all three races, as well as European, Indian and African cultures.
The indigenous people of America are the Indians. This name was given to them in the 15th century. Spanish navigators who took open lands for India. The Indians, excellent hunters and fishermen, were characterized by a semi-nomadic lifestyle. Indian dwellings - tipis and wigwams - are adapted for this. Traditional clothing: shirt, leather pants and moccasins.
The 16th century in the history of the United States was marked by the great “migration of peoples”: a stream of European colonists, mainly from England, poured into the country, who began to displace the indigenous inhabitants to less convenient lands. This period is known not only as a time of constant conflicts between aborigines and European settlers, but also as the beginning of the interpenetration of different cultures. For example, the Indians learned from the Europeans how to use horses for farming, and the Europeans learned many food crops, such as corn.
In the XVII-XIX centuries. Black slaves from Africa began to be imported into the United States, mainly to work on the agricultural plantations of the South.
From the mixing of Indians with European settlers, a large mixed race - mestizos - emerged, and from mixing with African population- mulattoes.
IN modern culture Americans have significant black influence, especially in music and dance. Blues, jazz, country and others musical styles are based on Negro folklore.
Chinese- the largest nation in the world. He belongs to Mongoloid race. This people has a long history, culture and traditions. Chinese civilization is one of the most ancient.
The life of the Chinese is quite simple. Traditional food - boiled rice, flatbreads, noodles. However, it is worth noting that the Chinese culinary encyclopedia has 40 volumes.
The traditional home of the Chinese is fanza. The Chinese costume is dominated by the so-called undershirts, both women's and men's clothing differs little from each other.
Traditional crafts - weaving, pottery, weaving, wood carving, stone carving, bone carving, modeling, painted and carved varnish, embroidery. Chinese porcelain is famous.
Indians - common name peoples inhabiting India. Mostly Indians belong to the Caucasian race. Indian culture is one of the oldest in the world. Temples, rock monasteries, richly decorated with sculptures, palaces and mausoleums attract many tourists to India.
The most common type of Indian dwelling is a rectangular house with walls made of baked bricks with flat roof And courtyard. Traditional Indian clothing is saris, sweaters and skirts for women, and pants and shirts for men. Women usually cover their heads with a sari or shawl. Men wear turbans.
Indian crafts are varied. They are skilled masters of carving ivory, horn, wood, making figurines, metal engraving, jewelry, shawls, cotton fabrics, brocade, carpets, and lace.

“How many countries are there in the world?” - this question is often asked, expecting to receive a simple and unambiguous answer. And they are very surprised when they hear the evasive one - “about 200” or “approximately 250”. The fact is that some countries are independent states, others enjoy the support of larger and stronger neighbors.

And still others, most often dwarf islands, completely trust someone else to manage them or are even part of another country, but are thousands of kilometers away from it. There are also uninhabited islands, over which a large state “looks after”, places a weather station, military base, airfield there, or creates a nature reserve.

In such diversity, it is impossible to draw a clear line between countries and “non-countries” and unambiguously answer the simplest question about their number. We can see the location and size of countries on the world map. Some countries are very small, for example San Marino or Luxembourg. And others are huge and occupy entire continents, for example, Australia.

Usually a country has its own language, but it often happens that one language is used in several countries at once. Now the most widespread in the world English language. It is studied in almost all countries. In Russia they speak Russian, Kazakh, Ukrainian, Tatar and other languages.