Research work on the topic: “Guitar - past and present.” Guitar past and present

Serazitdinova Valentina

This work shows what an interesting, complex, popular, modern instrument the guitar is. The study of this topic made it possible to get acquainted not only with the musical instrument, but also with its history and modernity, and opened up new aspects of the musical world.

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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan

State budgetary educational institution

Belebeevskaya special (correctional)

secondary school of the VIII type

“Guitar – past and present”

Performed: Serazetdinova Valentina,

12th grade student

Scientific adviser:

Mitryashkina Olga Aleksandrovna,

music teacher

Belebey 2012

	Introduction
Chapter I.	Where did the guitar come from?
1.1.	Origin
1.2.	Guitar structure.
1.3.	Classification of guitars.
Chapter II.	Electric guitar
2.2.	Appearance
2.3.	Application
Chapter III.	Experimental study
	Conclusion
	Bibliography
	Applications
	Annex 1. Photo dictionary: “Guitar – past and present”
	Appendix 2. Dictionary of musical terms.
	Appendix 3. Album “Success Stories!”

Introduction

“I love our guitar, it has a big soul.

He doesn’t ask me anything, he just consoles me a lot.”

Anatoly Mariengof

The relevance of research:The study is interesting and relevant for students who want to learn more about the musical instrument - the guitar.

Problem: The guitar is a very popular musical instrument, many students and teenagers listen to musical works with the sound of a guitar, but not everyone knows the origin of this instrument, its past and present.

Goal of the work: Find out the history of the appearance of the guitar, trace the path of its development.

Tasks: Study historical, educational, reference literature about the musical instrument guitar; systematize the information received; using the example of famous guitarists to show that playing the guitar can lead to great fame; conduct a survey to determine the level of guitar knowledge among school students.

Subject of study:guitar, its past and present.

Research methods:analysis, generalization, classification, comparison, forecasting, testing, observation, survey.

research work, monitoring.

Research base:GBOU Belebeevskaya correctional school of the VIII type.

Structure of the research work:introduction, 3 chapters, conclusion, bibliography, appendices.

Chapter I. Where the guitar came to us from

1.1.Origin.

The word "guitar" comes from the merger of two words: the Sanskrit word "sangita", meaning "music" and the ancient Persian "tar", meaning "string".

Tar - a stringed, plucked musical instrument, one of the predecessors of the guitar.

The earliest surviving evidence of stringed instruments with a resonant body and neck, the ancestors of the modern guitar, dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. e. Similar instruments were also known in ancient Egypt and India: nabla, nefer, zither in Egypt, veena and sitar in India. The cithara instrument was popular in ancient Greece and Rome. As the guitar spread from Central Asia through Greece to Western Europe, the word "guitar" underwent changes: "kifara" in ancient Greece, Latin "cithara", "guitarra" in Spain, "chitarra" in Italy, "guitare" in France, " guitar" in England and finally, "guitar" in Russia. The name “guitar” first appeared in European medieval literature in the 13th century.

The guitar is a plucked string musical instrument, one of the most common in the world. Used as an accompanying instrument in many musical styles. It is the main instrument in such styles of music as blues, country, flamenco, rock music. Invented in the 20th century, the electric guitar had a profound impact on popular culture. A player who plays music on a guitar is called a guitarist. A person who makes and repairs guitars is called a guitar maker or luthier.

Spanish guitar.In the Middle Ages, the main center for the development of the guitar was Spain, where the guitar came from ancient Rome (Latin guitar) and along with the Arab conquerors (Moorish guitar). In the 15th century, a guitar with 5 double strings, invented in Spain (the first string could also be single), became widespread. Such guitars are called Spanish guitars. By the end of the 18th century, the Spanish guitar, in the process of evolution, acquired 6 single strings and a considerable repertoire of works, the formation of which was significantly influenced by the Italian composer and virtuoso guitarist Mauro Giuliani, who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Russian guitar. The guitar came to Russia relatively late, when it had been known in Europe for five centuries. But all Western music began to widely penetrate Russia only at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. The guitar gained a significant place thanks to Italian composers and musicians who came to Russia at the end of the 17th century, primarily Giuseppe Sarti and Carlo Canobbio. Some time later, at the beginning of the 18th century, the guitar strengthened its position in Russia thanks to Marcus Aurelius Zani de Ferranti, who came to St. Petersburg in 1821, and then Mauro Giuliani and Fernando Sor, who toured. Sor dedicated a piece of music for guitar entitled “Memories of Russia” to his trip to Russia. This work is still performed today. The first of the significant Russian guitarists to play a six-string instrument was Nikolai Petrovich Makarov. In Russia, at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, the seven-string version of the Spanish guitar became popular, largely thanks to the activities of the talented composer and virtuoso guitarist Andrei Sihra, who lived at that time, who wrote more than a thousand works for this instrument, called the “Russian guitar”. Also, the Russian guitar is becoming popular in the 21st century.

Classical guitar.During the 18th-19th centuries, the design of the Spanish guitar underwent significant changes; craftsmen experimented with the size and shape of the body, the fastening of the neck, the design of the tuning mechanism, and so on. Finally, in the 19th century, Spanish guitar maker Antonio Torres gave the guitar its modern shape and size. Guitars designed by Torres are today called classical. The most famous guitarist of that time was the Spanish composer and guitarist Francisco Tárrega, who laid the foundations of the classical guitar playing technique. In the 20th century, his work was continued by the Spanish composer, guitarist and teacher Andres Segovia.

1.2. Guitar structure.

Main parts. A guitar has a body with a long, flat neck called the “neck.” The front, working side of the neck is flat or slightly convex. Strings are stretched along it, fixed at one end to the body, the other at the end of the neck, which is called the “head” or “head” of the neck.

The strings are fixed on the body using a stand, and on the headstock using a tuning mechanism that allows you to adjust the tension of the strings.

The string lies on two saddles, lower and upper, the distance between them, which determines the length of the working part of the string, is the scale length of the guitar.

The nut is located at the top of the neck, near the headstock. The lower one is mounted on a stand on the body of the guitar. The so-called bottom sill can be used. “saddles” are simple mechanisms that allow you to adjust the length of each string.

Frets. The source of sound in a guitar is the vibrations of the stretched strings. The height of the sound produced is determined by the tension of the string, the length of the vibrating part and the thickness of the string itself. The dependence here is this: the thinner the string, the shorter and the tighter it is stretched, the higher it sounds.

The main way to control the pitch of the sound when playing the guitar is to change the length of the vibrating part of the string. The guitarist presses the string against the fingerboard, causing the working part of the string to shorten and increasing the tone emitted by the string (the working part of the string in this case will be the part of the string from the bottom to the guitarist's finger). Cutting the length of the string in half causes the pitch to rise an octave.

Modern Western music uses an equal-tempered scale. To facilitate playing in such a scale, the guitar uses so-called. "Frets". A fret is a section of the fingerboard with a length that causes the sound of the string to increase by one semitone. At the border of the frets in the neck, metal fret thresholds are strengthened. In the presence of fret saddles, changing the length of the string and, accordingly, the pitch of the sound becomes possible only in a discrete manner.

Strings. Modern guitars use metal or nylon strings. The strings are numbered in order of increasing string thickness (and decreasing pitch), with the thinnest string being number 1.

A guitar uses a set of strings - a set of strings of different thicknesses, selected in such a way that, with the same tension, each string produces a sound of a certain pitch. The strings are installed on the guitar in order of thickness - thick strings, which give a lower sound, on the left, thin strings on the right. For left-handed guitarists, the string order may be reversed. String sets also vary in thickness. Despite the fact that there are quite a few different thickness variations of different strings in a set, it is usually enough to know the thickness of only the first string (the most popular is 0.009″, “nine”).

Standard guitar tuning.The correspondence between the string number and the musical note produced by this string is called the “guitar tuning” (guitar tuning). There are many tuning options to suit different types of guitars, different genres of music and different playing techniques. The most famous and common is the so-called “standard tuning” (standard tuning), suitable for a 6-string guitar. In this tuning, the strings are tuned as follows:

1st string - note “E” of the first octave (e1)

2nd string - note “B” of small octave (h)

3rd string - small octave G note (g)

4th string - note “D” of small octave (d)

5th string - note “A” of the major octave (A)

6th string - note "E" of the major octave (E)

1.3. Classification of guitars.

The large number of varieties of guitars that currently exist can be classified according to the following criteria:

An acoustic guitar is a guitar that sounds using a body made in the form of an acoustic resonator.

An electric guitar is a guitar that sounds through electrical amplification and reproduction of the signal taken from the vibrating strings by a pickup.

A semi-acoustic guitar is a combination of an acoustic and an electric guitar where, in addition to the hollow acoustic body, the design includes pickups.

An electro-acoustic guitar is an acoustic guitar that contains an electronic device for amplified sound reproduction.

A resonator guitar (resophonic or resofonic guitar) is a type of acoustic guitar in which metal acoustic resonators built into the body are used to increase volume.

Synthesizer guitar (MIDI guitar) is a guitar intended for use as an input device for a sound synthesizer.

By range.

An ordinary guitar - from D(E) of the major octave to C(D) of the third octave. Using a machine (Floyd Rose) allows you to significantly expand the range in both directions. The range of the guitar is about 4 octaves.

A bass guitar is a guitar with a low-range sound, usually one octave lower than a regular guitar. Developed by Fender in the 50s of the 20th century.

Tenor guitar is a four-string guitar with a short scale, range and banjo tuning.

A baritone guitar is a guitar with a longer scale than a regular guitar, allowing it to be tuned to a lower tone. Invented by Danelectro in the 1950s.

By the presence of frets.

An ordinary guitar is a guitar that has frets and frets, adapted for playing in evenly tempered tuning.

A fretless guitar is a guitar that does not have frets. In this case, it becomes possible to extract sounds of arbitrary height from the range of the guitar, as well as smoothly change the height of the extracted sound. Fretless bass guitars are more common.

Slide guitar (Slide guitar) is a guitar designed for playing with a slide; in such a guitar the pitch of the sound smoothly changes with the help of a special device - a slide, which is moved along the strings.

By country (place) of origin.

The Spanish guitar is an acoustic six-string guitar that appeared in Spain in the 13th - 15th centuries.

The Russian guitar is an acoustic seven-string guitar that appeared in Russia in the 18th - 19th centuries.

The ukulele is a slide guitar that operates in a “lying” position, that is, the body of the guitar lies flat on the guitarist’s lap or on a special stand, while the guitarist sits on a chair or stands next to the guitar as if at a table.

By genre of music.

Classical guitar - acoustic six-string guitar designed by Antonio Torres (19th century).

Folk guitar is an acoustic six-string guitar adapted to use metal strings.

Flamenco guitar - a classical guitar adapted to the needs of the flamenco musical style, characterized by a sharper timbre of sound.

Jazz guitar (orchestral guitar) - Gibson and their analogues. These guitars have a sharp sound that is clearly distinguishable in a jazz orchestra, which predetermined their popularity among jazz guitarists of the 20s and 30s of the 20th century.

By role in the work being performed.

Lead guitar - a guitar designed for performing melodic solo parts, characterized by a sharper and more legible sound of individual notes.

Rhythm guitar - a guitar designed for performing rhythmic parts, characterized by a denser and more uniform sound timbre, especially in the low frequencies.

By the number of strings.

A four-string guitar (4-string guitar) is a guitar that has four strings. In the vast majority of cases, four-string guitars are bass guitars or tenor guitars.

A six-string guitar (6-string guitar) is a guitar that has six single strings. The most standard and widespread type of guitar.

A seven-string guitar (7-string guitar) is a guitar that has seven single strings. Widely used in Russian music of the 18th-19th centuries.

Twelve-string guitar (12-string guitar) - a guitar with twelve strings, forming six pairs, tuned in classical tuning in an octave or in unison. It is played mainly by professional rock musicians, folk musicians and bards.

Other - There are a large number of less common intermediate and hybrid forms of guitars with an increased number of strings. The number of strings can be increased either by simply adding new strings to expand the range of the guitar, or by doubling or even tripling several or all strings to obtain a fuller sound timbre, or by combining two (and sometimes more) necks in one body for the convenience of solo performance of some pieces .

Chapter II. Electric guitar

2.1.The appearance of the electric guitar.

The first magnetic pickup was designed in 1924 by Lloyd Loehr, an engineer and inventor who worked for Gibson. The first electric guitars for the mass market were produced in 1931 by the Electro String Company.

In the 20th century, due to the advent of electrical amplification and sound processing technology, a new type of guitar appeared - the electric guitar. In 1936, Georges Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker, founders of the Rickenbacker company, patented the first electric guitar, with magnetic pickups and a metal body (they were called a “frying pan”). In the early 1950s, American engineers and entrepreneur Leo Fender and engineer and musician Les Paul independently invented an electric guitar with a solid wooden body, the design of which has remained unchanged to this day. The most influential electric guitar player is considered (according to Rolling Stone magazine) to be the American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, who lived in the mid-20th century.

2.2.Uses of electric guitar.

In jazz and blues. The electric guitar came to jazz in 1937 thanks to Eddie Durham.

In rock. Simultaneously with the birth of rock music, the electric guitar became the main instrument of a rock band. It was heard on the recordings of many early rock musicians - Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, but Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley had a revolutionary influence on the development of rock techniques for playing the electric guitar. Their solo parts and techniques for using guitar sound in the context of a song, experiments with sound had a serious influence on subsequent rock music.

In academic music.In the 1950s-1960s, many composers of academic music began to use the electric guitar in their works. Among such works are Karlheinz Stockhausen's Gruppen (1955-1957), Donald Erb's String Trio (1966), Morton Feldman's The Possibility of a New Work for Electric Guitar (1966). Later works of this kind include Leonard Bernstein's MASS (1971), Steve Reich's Electric Counterpoint (1987), Arvo Pärt's Miserere (1989-1992), Lepo Sumera's Symphony No. 4 (1992) with an electric guitar solo in the third movement.

In the 1980-1990s, younger composers also began to write works for electric guitar. Among them are Stephen Mackey, Nick Didkowski, Scott Johnson, Tim Brady. Experimental composers Glenn Branca and Rhys Chatham wrote several "symphonic" works for electric guitars, sometimes requiring up to 100 of them.

At this time, such virtuosos as musicians of the Beatles, Jimmy Hendrix, Yngwie Malmsteen, Joe Satriani, Ritchie Blackmore, etc. appeared. An electric rock guitar, with appropriate processing, becomes an independent type of musical instrument. Although many of The Beatles' works sound great in classical performance.

A special stage in the development of the guitar was the appearance of electric guitars. Rich sound processing capabilities, analog and digital processors have made it possible to change the sound of the classical guitar beyond recognition. At the same time, performing capabilities have expanded. Musicians were able to bring the guitar sound as close as possible to the desired result. This once again proves the versatility of the guitar. It's no wonder why the guitar, in all its many varieties, has become the most popular modern instrument. The guitar finds a place in studios, at concert venues, at home, and while camping around the fire. (Photos of guitars in Appendix No. 1).

Chapter III. Experimental study

The study was carried out in two stages.

First stage.

Studying historical, educational, reference literature, listening to musical works on the research topic, drawing up a rough research plan.

Second phase.

Conducting a survey on the following questions: How often do you listen to music? What musical instruments do you know? What musical instrument do you play or would you like to learn to play? What do you know about the guitar? What musicians and performers do you know? How does music affect your mood?
Practical work on compiling a dictionary of musical terms, a photo dictionary, an album “Success Stories”, processing questions regarding this study.
Writing the work, conclusions, research results.

The results of the first stage of work are presented in Chapters I and II of this study.

The second stage of our research is reflected in appendices 1 - Photo dictionary: “Guitar - past and present”, 2 - Dictionary of musical terms, 3 - Album “Success Stories!” and the following poll:

Table 1.

№ p/p	Question	results
	How often do you listen to music?	Often – 10 Rarely – 4 I don’t listen at all - 0
	What musical instruments do you know?	5 instruments – 2 3 tools – 5 1 tool - 6
	What do you know about the guitar?	Nothing – 5 Some information – 2 Detailed answer - 0
	What musical instrument do you play or would you like to learn to play?	I play on – 0 I would like to learn - 10
	What musicians and performers do you know?	Pop artists – 3 Rock performers – 0 Jazz performers - 0
	How does music affect your mood?	Uplifting – 10 Helps you get in the mood – 5 Interferes with work - 1

Based on the results of this survey, we made the following conclusions to identify the level of knowledge about the guitar among school students.

The sound of the guitar is familiar to everyone, but few people know the history and present of this instrument. Most students really like the sound of the musical instrument guitar, but they cannot tell who is performing the piece of music.

This situation in this area requires educational work.

Based on the results of this research work in its practical part, we developed dictionaries that were reflected in the applications:

1 - Photo dictionary: “Guitar – past and present”,

2 - Dictionary of musical terms,

3 - Album “Success Stories!”

Conclusion

In this work we showed what an interesting, complex, popular, modern instrument the guitar is. Perhaps the students whom we plan to introduce to the practical part of this research work at the club hour will become even more interested in this amazing tool. Work on this topic gave us the opportunity to get acquainted not only with a musical instrument, but also with its history and modernity, and opened up new aspects of the musical world.

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Oleg Izotov

Oleg Izotov- guitarist, born in Moscow in 1987. He started playing guitar at the age of 13. He studied at the Krasny Khimik rock lyceum for 4 years, and since 2004 has been a student at the State Music School of Variety and Jazz Art.

Three times winner of the All-Russian competition-festival “The Many Faces of Guitar” (1st, 2nd, 3rd place in the “rock” category), his first participation in which was Oleg’s first public performance. In 2004 he won the “School of Rock” guitar competition (organized by MTV East-west). Awarded a diploma from the Third Moscow International Festival of Music Education. In 2006, the Prize of the President of the Russian Federation was awarded to support talented youth.

Since 2005 - guitarist of the Moscow group Anj, with which he: recorded 3 albums; starred in 4 videos, one of which was filmed at Revolver film Company (on the set, video director Patric Ullaeus gave Oleg a broken string from Bjorn from IN FLAMES, and when Oleg’s string broke, he promised to give it to Mattias Eklundh from a Russian fan :) ); recorded a joint song with Udo Dirkschneider; performed at the festivals “Metalmania 2005” (Poland, Katowice), “Finnish Metal Expo 2006” (Finland, Helsenki) (planning to perform at the Download 2007 festival (U.K., Donington Parking)) and a concert at the Astoria club (London, U.K.); as well as numerous performances at various Russian festivals.

In 2005, he became a participant in Dmitry Chetvergov’s master school, in which he participated in various TV filming and performed at concerts and festivals. In 2005, he became the first endorser of Schecter guitars in Russia.

In April 2005, he became the lead guitarist of the Bloodyvostok project, to which he was selected from 67 applicants. As part of the project, he recorded his debut album “Riding Through the Stars” and played several concerts, including a performance with the group Negative (Finland).

In 2006, he became a member of the guitar project Trinity, together with guitarists Elena Sigalova and Sergei Bokarev.

At the moment, Oleg continues to study, be active as part of all the above projects, is engaged in various session work, and is also working on his solo album.

Detailed biography

Back in 2003, our site was the first to publish information about Oleg Izotov, a young, talented guitarist who was just beginning his creative path. A lot of time has passed since then, and a lot has changed in Oleg’s life.

At the moment, about 30 discs have been released with Oleg’s participation, and about 300 (!) songs have been recorded. At various times, Oleg Izotov worked as a guitarist and sound producer with such performers as: the group Slot, Igor Kupriyanov, Irina Allegrova, the group Anj, Free "Da, Sarkis Edwards, Valkyrie; participated in Margarita Pushkina’s project “Dynasty of Initiates 2”, participated in the production of a chamber version of the oratorio “St. Matthew Passion” and much more.

Since childhood, Oleg’s range of hobbies has been varied (from drawing to astronomy), but already from school age, when Oleg became interested in rock music, especially the work of Metallica and Nirvana, he realized that music occupied a central place in his life. And he set a goal for himself - to become a famous musician, but then he still didn’t have a complete idea of where to start. The first serious step in this direction was taken a little later, when Oleg entered the Krasny Khimik rock lyceum, and the guitar finally became his life choice. Now Oleg devoted all his time to playing, composing music and recording it at home.

Oleg was 16 years old when he began to gain fame in musical circles. The starting point on the road to success was his first ever competition, “The Many Faces of Guitar 2003,” where he easily took first place, making a powerful impression on the jury, who paid attention not only to his skill, but also to his original, vibrant image. After the performance, Oleg was noticed by many musicians and the press.

After such a successful start, everything went by itself for the aspiring star: In February 2004, Oleg took part in the “School of Rock” guitar competition from MTV and East-West, timed to coincide with the Moscow screening of the film of the same name. The main requirement: participants are no older than 17 years old. Oleg, who turned 17 on the day of the final selection, became the undisputed winner and got the opportunity to play at the premiere screening of the film. A video about this was shown on MTV. This event was followed in April 2004 by another equally significant one: Being a lover of experiments, Oleg made a comic-style tribute to the famous hits of the Aria group. In a simple way, the disc with the recording ended up in the hands of Sergei Mavrin, who, after listening to it, broadcast a tribute on the radio on the “Iron Curtain” program.

“I probably met for the first time a guitarist who, for his young age, has not only extraordinary technical abilities, but also a good sense of humor” - Sergei Mavrin about Oleg on radio “Yunost”.

In the same year, Oleg easily entered the State Music College of Pop and Jazz Arts and continued to study his favorite activity.

In 2005, an offer appeared to take part in a guitar master school together with the famous Russian guitarist Dmitry Chetvergov, where Oleg not only got the opportunity to perform on the same stage with a famous musician, but also to show himself to a wide range of spectators. Chetvergov's master school helped Oleg to advance in many ways in professional circles and gain favor with established musicians. During the same period, O.K. & Co invited Oleg to become a representative of the guitars of the American company Schecter (The Cure, Papa Roach, Tommy Lee, Blood Hound Gang, Dead Kennedys, The Misfits, Three Days Grace), thus Oleg Izotov became the first endorser of Schecter in Russia.

Oleg opened a new chapter in his life when he joined the famous group ANJ in the spring of 2005. From that moment on, the life of a real rock star began: daily rehearsals, constant work in the studio, frequent performances, filming of videos, which took place, among other things, outside Russia, in particular in the USA and Sweden. With the participation of Oleg, 4 albums of the group were released, one of which (“100 Miles as Straight”) was recorded in the UK at Hatch Farm Studios with producer Kevin Maloney (Stella Artists, USA).

As part of a joint tour with virtuoso guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen, ANJ gave 23 concerts in the United States, and ANJ could also be seen and heard at such festivals as: Metalmania 2005 (Poland), Finnish Metal Expo 2006 (Finland), Emmaus 2007 ”, Download 2007 (UK), Asia Youth Arts Festival 2007 (China), Metal Show 2008 (Latvia), etc. For several years of work at ANJ, Oleg traveled almost the whole world, performing on the same stage with world-class stars, such as: Udo Dirkschneider, Yngwie Malmsteen, KORN, NAPALM DEATH, APOCALYPTICA, PAIN, CRADLE OF FILTH, DREAM THEATER, MOTLEY CRUE.

Overall, 2005 was more than successful for Oleg: he entered a music school, participated in several large-scale projects, and received endorsement for Schecter guitars. The next few years turned out to be no less successful and eventful.

In 2006, together with guitarist Elena Sigalova and ex-guitarist of the Legion group Sergei Bokarev, Oleg created a project called “Trinity”. The band is a trio of professional guitarists similar to the world famous Big Trio G3 (Steve Vai, Joe Satriani and Eric Johnson). At the concerts, each of the participants played their own solo program, and then, joining forces, the musicians demonstrated aerobatics in their ability to work with each other as a single whole. “Russian G3” in 2006-2007 became participants and organizers of many successful guitar festivals.

In the same year, Oleg was awarded the prize “On measures of state support for talented youth”, established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation.

Meanwhile, Oleg continued to engage in solo work. A huge amount of interesting material requiring release has accumulated over time, so in 2008 Oleg released his solo album “Vector”, including 8 instrumental compositions, as well as 6 songs recorded with the participation of guest musicians (Daria “Nookie” Stavrovich - group SLOT, Nikolai "Keenonbass" Karpenko, Konstantin Kosarev – group Human Device). The disc was released on the Molot/Irond (Russia) and Fa Records (USA) labels. Oleg repeatedly performed with the album’s material in Moscow, and also gave several concerts in Cyprus.

After the release of the album, Oleg’s work began to be compared with the work of Western guitarist John 5 (Marilyn Manson, David Lee Roth), which became another clear indicator of success.

Oleg Izotov was not going to stop at the level he had achieved, although his musical experience, despite his youth, was already making a powerful impression. As a guitarist, Oleg became the most sought-after young musician.

At the end of 2009, Oleg Izotov joined the popular Moscow group Pilgrim, in which he plays to this day. Oleg, coming into contact with any creativity, brings into it something unique, a piece of his powerful energy. Being the youngest member in Pilgrim, Oleg added many new shades to the group’s music from the first day. He was also at the origins of the group’s new unusual duets, combining two diverse musical styles - rap and rock. Oleg is not afraid of experiments and interesting steps, so he boldly opens a new chapter of his creative life: since the summer of 2010, Oleg Izotov has been playing in the live lineup of Loc Dog’s band.

The main principles in creativity are to work only with interesting people, only with real, high-quality, worthy ideas; loyalty to one’s work, as well as complete dedication and maximum truthfulness in everything. Thanks to such attitudes and his determination, Oleg has already achieved a lot, and continues to go towards his dream, gaining heights.

Photo

“Guitar – past and present”

Performed: Sobirova Karina

Supervisor:

Khatueva Tamara Olegovna,

music teacher

Cherkessk 2015

Introduction

3

Chapter I.

Where did the guitar come from?

1.1.

Origin

4

1.2.

Guitar structure.

6

1.3.

Classification of guitars.

8

Chapter II.

Electric guitar

2.2.

Appearance

12

2.3.

Application

13

Chapter III.

Experimental study

14

Conclusion

16

Bibliography

17

Introduction

“I love our guitar, it has a big soul.

He doesn’t ask me anything, he just consoles me a lot.”

Anatoly Mariengof

The relevance of research: The study is interesting and relevant for students who want to learn more about the musical instrument - the guitar.

Problem: The guitar is a very popular musical instrument, many students and teenagers listen to musical works with the sound of a guitar, but not everyone knows the origin of this instrument, its past and present.

Goal of the work: Find out the history of the appearance of the guitar, trace the path of its development.

Tasks: Study historical, educational, reference literature about the musical instrument guitar; systematize the information received; using the example of famous guitarists to show that playing the guitar can lead to great fame; conduct a survey to determine the level of guitar knowledge among school students.

Subject of study: guitar, its past and present.

Research methods: analysis, generalization, classification, comparison, forecasting, testing, observation, survey.

research work, monitoring.

Research base: GBOU Belebeevskaya correctional school of the VIII type.

Structure of the research work: introduction, 3 chapters, conclusion, bibliography, appendices.

Chapter I. Where the guitar came to us from

1.1.Origin.

The word "guitar" comes from the merger of two words: the Sanskrit word "sangita", meaning "music" and the ancient Persian "tar", meaning "string".

Tar- a stringed, plucked musical instrument, one of the predecessors of the guitar.

The earliest surviving evidence of stringed instruments with a resonant body and neck, the ancestors of the modern guitar, dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. e. Similar instruments were also known in ancient Egypt and India: nabla, nefer, zither in Egypt, veena and sitar in India. The cithara instrument was popular in ancient Greece and Rome. As the guitar spread from Central Asia through Greece to Western Europe, the word "guitar" underwent changes: "kifara" in ancient Greece, Latin "cithara", "guitarra" in Spain, "chitarra" in Italy, "guitare" in France, " guitar" in England and finally "guitar" in Russia. The name “guitar” first appeared in European medieval literature in the 13th century.

Spanish guitar. In the Middle Ages, the main center for the development of the guitar was Spain, where the guitar came from ancient Rome (Latin guitar) and along with the Arab conquerors (Moorish guitar). In the 15th century, a guitar with 5 double strings, invented in Spain (the first string could also be single), became widespread. Such guitars are called Spanish guitars. By the end of the 18th century, the Spanish guitar, in the process of evolution, acquired 6 single strings and a considerable repertoire of works, the formation of which was significantly influenced by the Italian composer and virtuoso guitarist Mauro Giuliani, who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Russian guitar. The guitar came to Russia relatively late, when it had been known in Europe for five centuries. But all Western music began to widely penetrate Russia only at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. The guitar gained a significant place thanks to Italian composers and musicians who came to Russia at the end of the 17th century, primarily Giuseppe Sarti and Carlo Canobbio. Some time later, at the beginning of the 18th century, the guitar strengthened its position in Russia thanks to Marcus Aurelius Zani de Ferranti, who came to St. Petersburg in 1821, and then Mauro Giuliani and Fernando Sor, who toured. Sor dedicated a piece of music for guitar entitled “Memories of Russia” to his trip to Russia. This work is still performed today. The first of the significant Russian guitarists to play a six-string instrument was Nikolai Petrovich Makarov. In Russia, at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, the seven-string version of the Spanish guitar became popular, largely thanks to the activities of the talented composer and virtuoso guitarist Andrei Sihra, who lived at that time, who wrote more than a thousand works for this instrument, called the “Russian guitar”. Also, the Russian guitar is becoming popular in the 21st century.

Classical guitar. During the 18th-19th centuries, the design of the Spanish guitar underwent significant changes; craftsmen experimented with the size and shape of the body, neck fastening, design of the tuning mechanism, and so on. Finally, in the 19th century, Spanish guitar maker Antonio Torres gave the guitar its modern shape and size. Guitars designed by Torres are today called classical. The most famous guitarist of that time was the Spanish composer and guitarist Francisco Tárrega, who laid the foundations of the classical guitar playing technique. In the 20th century, his work was continued by the Spanish composer, guitarist and teacher Andres Segovia.

1.2. Guitar structure.

Main parts. A guitar has a body with a long, flat neck called the “neck.” The front, working side of the neck is flat or slightly convex. Strings are stretched along it, fixed at one end to the body, the other at the end of the neck, which is called the “head” or “head” of the neck.

The strings are fixed on the body using a stand, and on the headstock using a tuning mechanism that allows you to adjust the tension of the strings.

The string lies on two saddles, lower and upper, the distance between them, which determines the length of the working part of the string, is the scale length of the guitar.

Frets. The source of sound in a guitar is the vibrations of the stretched strings. The height of the sound produced is determined by the tension of the string, the length of the vibrating part and the thickness of the string itself. The dependence here is this: the thinner the string, the shorter and the tighter it is stretched, the higher it sounds.

Strings. Modern guitars use metal or nylon strings. The strings are numbered in order of increasing string thickness (and decreasing pitch), with the thinnest string being number 1.

Standard guitar tuning. The correspondence between the string number and the musical note produced by this string is called the “guitar tuning” (guitar tuning). There are many tuning options to suit different types of guitars, different genres of music and different playing techniques. The most famous and common is the so-called “standard tuning” (standard tuning), suitable for a 6-string guitar. In this tuning, the strings are tuned as follows:

1st string - note “E” of the first octave (e1)

2nd string - note “B” of small octave (h)

3rd string - small octave G note (g)

4th string - note “D” of small octave (d)

5th string - note “A” of the major octave (A)

6th string - note "E" of the major octave (E)

1.3. Classification of guitars.

The large number of varieties of guitars that currently exist can be classified according to the following criteria:

An acoustic guitar is a guitar that sounds using a body made in the form of an acoustic resonator.

An electric guitar is a guitar that sounds through electrical amplification and reproduction of the signal taken from the vibrating strings by a pickup.

A semi-acoustic guitar is a combination of an acoustic and an electric guitar where, in addition to the hollow acoustic body, the design includes pickups.

An electro-acoustic guitar is an acoustic guitar that contains an electronic device for amplified sound reproduction.

A resonator guitar (resophonic or resofonic guitar) is a type of acoustic guitar in which metal acoustic resonators built into the body are used to increase volume.

Synthesizer guitar (MIDI guitar) is a guitar intended for use as an input device for a sound synthesizer.

By range.

A bass guitar is a guitar with a low-range sound, usually one octave lower than a regular guitar. Developed by Fender in the 50s of the 20th century.

Tenor guitar is a four-string guitar with a short scale, range and banjo tuning.

A baritone guitar is a guitar with a longer scale than a regular guitar, allowing it to be tuned to a lower tone. Invented by Danelectro in the 1950s.

By the presence of frets.

An ordinary guitar is a guitar that has frets and frets, adapted for playing in evenly tempered tuning.

Slide guitar (Slide guitar) - a guitar designed for playing with a slide; in such a guitar the pitch of the sound smoothly changes with the help of a special device - a slide, which is moved along the strings.

By country (place) of origin.

The Spanish guitar is an acoustic six-string guitar that appeared in Spain in the 13th - 15th centuries.

The Russian guitar is an acoustic seven-string guitar that appeared in Russia in the 18th - 19th centuries.

By genre of music.

Classical guitar - acoustic six-string guitar designed by Antonio Torres (19th century).

Folk guitar is an acoustic six-string guitar adapted to use metal strings.

Flamenco guitar - a classical guitar adapted to the needs of the flamenco musical style, characterized by a sharper timbre of sound.

By role in the work being performed.

Lead guitar - a guitar designed for performing melodic solo parts, characterized by a sharper and more legible sound of individual notes.

Rhythm guitar - a guitar designed for performing rhythmic parts, characterized by a denser and more uniform sound timbre, especially in the low frequencies.

By the number of strings.

A four-string guitar (4-string guitar) is a guitar that has four strings. In the vast majority of cases, four-string guitars are bass guitars or tenor guitars.

A six-string guitar (6-string guitar) is a guitar that has six single strings. The most standard and widespread type of guitar.

A seven-string guitar (7-string guitar) is a guitar that has seven single strings. Widely used in Russian music of the 18th-19th centuries.

Chapter II. Electric guitar

2.1.The appearance of the electric guitar.

2.2.Uses of electric guitar.

In jazz and blues. The electric guitar came to jazz in 1937 thanks to Eddie Durham.

In rock. Simultaneously with the birth of rock music, the electric guitar became the main instrument of a rock band. It was heard on the recordings of many early rock musicians - Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, but Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley had a revolutionary influence on the development of rock techniques for playing the electric guitar. Their solo parts and techniques for using guitar sound in the context of a song, experiments with sound had a serious influence on subsequent rock music.

In academic music. In the 1950s-1960s, many composers of academic music began to use the electric guitar in their works. Among such works are Karlheinz Stockhausen's Gruppen (1955-1957), Donald Erb's String Trio (1966), Morton Feldman's The Possibility of a New Work for Electric Guitar (1966). Later works of this kind include Leonard Bernstein's MASS (1971), Steve Reich's Electric Counterpoint (1987), Arvo Pärt's Miserere (1989-1992), Lepo Sumera's Symphony No. 4 (1992) with an electric guitar solo in the third movement.

Chapter III. Experimental study

The study was carried out in two stages.

First stage.

Studying historical, educational, reference literature, listening to musical works on the research topic, drawing up a rough research plan.

Second phase.

Conducting a survey on the following questions: How often do you listen to music? What musical instruments do you know? What musical instrument do you play or would you like to learn to play? What do you know about the guitar? What musicians and performers do you know? How does music affect your mood?

Writing the work, conclusions, research results.

№	Question	results
1	How often do you listen to music?	Often – 10 Rarely – 4 I don’t listen at all - 0
2	What musical instruments do you know?	5 instruments – 2 3 tools – 5 1 tool - 6
3	What do you know about the guitar?	Nothing – 5 Some information – 2 Detailed answer - 0
4	What musical instrument do you play or would you like to learn to play?	I play on – 0 I would like to learn - 10
5	What musicians and performers do you know?	Pop artists – 3 Rock performers – 0 Jazz performers - 0
6	How does music affect your mood?	Uplifting – 10 Helps you get in the mood – 5 Interferes with work - 1

Based on the results of this survey, we made the following conclusions to identify the level of knowledge about the guitar among 6th grade students.

This situation in this area requires educational work.

Conclusion

In this work, I showed what an interesting, complex, popular, modern instrument the guitar is. Perhaps the students whom we plan to introduce to the practical part of this research work at the club hour will become even more interested in this amazing tool. Work on this topic gave us the opportunity to get acquainted not only with a musical instrument, but also with its history and modernity, and opened up new aspects of the musical world.
Bibliography

Veshchitsky P., Larichev E., Laricheva G. Classical six-string guitar: a reference book. M.: Composer, 2000. – 216 p.
Vidal Robert J. Notes on the guitar offered by Andres Segovia / Trans. from French, - M., Music, 1990. - 32 p.
Voinov L., Derun V. Your friend the guitar, Sverdlovsk, Central Ural Book Publishing House, 1970. - 56 p.
Wolman B. Guitar in Russia, Leningrad, Muzgiz, 1961. - 180 p.
Wolman B. Guitar and guitarists, Leningrad, Music, 1968. - 188 p.
Wolman B. Guitar, M., Music, 1972, 62 pp.; 2nd ed.: M., Muzyka, 1980. – 59 p.
Ghazaryan S.S. A story about a guitar, M., Children's literature, 1987. - 48 p.
Guitar from blues to jazz: Collection. Kyiv: "Musical Ukraine", 1995.
Grigoriev V.Yu. Niccolo Paganini. Life and creativity, M., “Music”, 1987. – 143 p.
Esipova M.V., Fraenova O.V. Musicians of the world. Biographical Dictionary. M., Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2001. – 527 p.
Ivanov M. Russian 7-string guitar. M.-L.: Muzgiz, 1948.
Historical and biographical dictionary-reference book of classical guitar masters: In 2 volumes [Compiled, ed. - Yablokov M.S.], Tyumen, Vector Book, 2001-2002 [Vol. 1, 2001, 608 pp.; T. 2, 2002, 512 pp.]
Classical guitar in Russia and the USSR. Dictionary-reference book of Russian and Soviet guitarists. (Yablokov M.S., Bardina A.V., Danilov V.A. et al.), Tyumen-Ekaterinburg, Russian Encyclopedia, 1992. – 1300 p.
Komarova I.I. Musicians and composers. M.: “Ripol-Classic”, 2002. – 476 p.
Larin A., Guitar in Russia. Literature review. ("Almanac of the Bibliophile", XI), M., 1981, p. 142-153.
Martynov I. Music of Spain, M., Sov. composer, 1977. – 359 p.
Meichik M.N. Paganini [Critical-biographical essay], M., “Muzgiz”, 1934. – 46 p.
Mirkin M.Yu. Brief biographical dictionary of foreign composers. M., 1969.
Mikhailenko N.P., Fan Dinh Tan. Guitarist's Handbook. Kyiv, 1998. – 247 p.
Musical encyclopedia: In 6 volumes. M., Soviet encyclopedia, 1973-1982.
Musical almanac. Guitar. Vol. 1. [Comp. and ed.: Larichev E.D., Nazarov A.F.] M., Music, 1987 (1989, 2nd ed., stereotypical) – 52 p.
Musical almanac. Guitar. Vol. 2. [Comp. and ed.: Larichev E.D., Nazarov A.F.] M., Music, 1990. – 64 p.
Grove Dictionary of Music. Per. from English, ed. and additional Doctor of Art History L.O. Akopyan. M., “Practice”, 2001. – 1095 p.
Musical encyclopedic dictionary. M., Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.
Popov V. Pages of the history of guitar performance in the USSR and Russia. Ekaterinburg, 1997. – 171 p.
Poponov V.B. Russian folk instrumental music., M., Znanie, 1984. – 112 p.
Stakhovich M. A.. Essay on the history of the seven-string guitar. // History of the guitar in faces: electron. magazine. – (Literary and artistic supplement to the Internet project “Guitarists and Composers”). – 2012. – No. 5-6. – P. 3-70. – (About M.A. Stakhovich: pp. 71-113).
Tushishvili G.I. In the world of guitar. Tbilisi, Khelovneba, 1989, – 135 p.
Chervatyuk A.P. Musical art and the classical six-string guitar: historical aspect, theory, methodology and practice of teaching playing and singing: Monograph. M., MGUKI, 2002. – 159 p.
Charnasse E. Six-string guitar: From the beginnings to the present day / Transl. from French, M., Muzyka, 1991. – 87 p.
Shevchenko A. Flamenco guitar. Kyiv, Musical Ukraine, 1988.
Shiryalin A.V. Poem about the guitar. M.: AOZT Editorial and publishing company "Youth Estrada", 1994. – 158 p.
Yampolsky I. M. Niccolo Paganini. Life and creativity, M., Muzgiz, 1961. – 379 p.
Shulyachuk I.I. Life of Paganini. Detailed biography. M., TD Ed. "Kopeyka", 1912. – 132 p.
Internet resources:

dic.academic.ru

http://ru.wikipedia.org

biometrica.tomsk.ru

bibliotekar.ru›slovar-muzika/index.htm

http://guitar-master.org/books

S. Ghazaryan

A story about a guitar

Ghazaryan S. S.

G13 A story about a guitar. - M.: Det. lit., 1987.- 48 p., photo.

A story about one of the most popular plucked string musical instruments - the guitar.

Design and selection of photo-illustrative material by G. Ordynsky

THE MANY FACES OF GUITAR

FROM THE DEPTH OF CENTURIES

KNIGHT OF GUITAR

GUITAR IN OUR COUNTRY

WHAT CAN A GUITAR CAN DO?

HOW MANY STRINGS DOES A GUITAR HAVE?

NEAR THE RUSSIAN SONG

HOW IS A GUITAR STRUCTURED?

VISIT TO THE MASTER

ELECTRIC GUITAR

INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION

The many faces of a guitar

The guitar is the most popular musical instrument. There are far more people who play the guitar, even at the level of a few chords, than those who play any other instrument. And probably even more who would like to learn how to play it.

The guitar is the most common instrument. At first glance, it may seem that mass and prevalence are one and the same thing. This is wrong. For example, in some European countries the harmonica can be considered a massive and very popular instrument, but the rest of the world treats it rather coolly. And the guitar is widespread on all continents, including now Antarctica. The guitar has even been in space. Probably, over time, other instruments will be there, but the guitar will forever remain the leader. And finally, the guitar is the most versatile instrument. Let's take the accompaniment - it can also be very different. Accompanying tourist and student songs, where in most cases only initial skill is required from the guitarist, is very different from, say, accompanying an old Russian romance - here you already need to master the instrument professionally.

Guitar accompaniment varies not only in the degree of skill, but also in its social role. Recently, the Glinka Museum of Musical Culture was donated a guitar, which is not of particular value as an instrument, and it only played a simple accompaniment. But the guitar belonged to Dean Reed - he visited all the hot spots on the planet with his protest songs, and this made the simple instrument priceless.

A. Watteau. Song of love

We will not see the guitar of the Chilean patriot Victor Jara in any museum. Its wreckage remained in the stadium, which Pinochet turned into a concentration camp. This guitar was worse than a machine gun for the junta. Her owner also died. Before killing the singer, his hands were crushed. Hands that turned guitar strings into weapons.

We've only touched on the accompaniment, but we've already seen how different a guitar can be. But here are her other roles.

The songs and dances of gypsies are often broadcast on television. Guitars are indispensable participants in this action. Try to distract yourself from the song, from the dance for a minute, listen only to the music of the guitars, and you will clearly hear that this is no longer just an accompaniment. This is an independent art, this is a different music.

Wandering gypsy guitarists have long roamed the roads of many European countries. In their music they used only a few traditional melodies, but they combined them so skillfully that they created the impression of endless variety. The gypsies masterfully improvised, decorating the melody with sharp turns - in a word, they created their own music, which is difficult to convey with the musical notations we are accustomed to. The theme of gypsy music is also unique - at first it is very slow, it gradually speeds up and reaches almost the limit of the musician’s capabilities, then there is a sharp stop and everything starts all over again.

In the 18th century, gypsy musicians began to unite in choirs, accompanied by several guitarists. Some led the melody, while others led the harmony. Gypsy choirs became so popular in the 19th century that they inspired numerous imitations. But you can adopt melodies, rhythms, manner of playing and singing, but it is impossible to master those subtleties that come from deep folk traditions. And without this, imitation remains only imitation, nothing more.

J. S. Sargent "Gypsy Dance"

Another form of guitar art is flamenco. True, flamenco is not only a guitar. Like the gypsies, it is also a song and a dance. The birthplace of flamenco is the southern provinces of Spain. Many music historians believe that the Spanish gypsies greatly influenced the development of flamenco: there was a mixture of gypsy and Spanish styles of performance, borrowing and processing of melodies, and as a result, a completely special and independent art was born.

Gypsy guitarists very rarely perform separately from the choir. And over time, some flamenco guitarists became cramped within the framework of song and dance accompaniment, they separated and began to perform independently. Their skill, which grew to extraordinary virtuosity, opened the doors of the most famous concert halls to them.

Flamenco on the guitar is melodies alternating with chords. The melodies are so fast that they cannot be played on most other instruments. And on the guitar they are only possible thanks to special techniques.

And also flamenco - improvisation. Two or three guitarists can come together and immediately, without any rehearsal, play a very complex composition that has never been written down on music paper. If they are asked to repeat, they will do it, but in a different way than the first time: music is born during performance.

One of the most outstanding flamenco guitarists is the Spaniard Paco de Lucia. His speeches were broadcast on radio and television more than once. Two of his records have been released - “Andalusian Melodies” and “Friday Night in San Francisco”.

Paco de Lucia admits in his interviews that he does not remember when he first picked up a guitar, since it was in very early childhood. He learned to play from his father, and at the age of six he was already performing with him in small cafes. At thirteen years old, he is a professional flamenco guitarist, performing independently in concerts. At twenty-three, he won first prize at a flamenco competition. Five years later, he was invited to perform in a concert hall in Madrid, intended exclusively for the performance of classical music. Despite all these achievements, Paco de Lucia believes that he has only mastered the basics of flamenco and still has to learn and learn the depth and expressiveness of Spanish folk music.

The next type of guitar is not very common and is almost unknown among us. This is a ukulele. Sometimes they think that the ukulele is an instrument of some special design. This is wrong. There are indeed some minor features in the device, if the guitar is obviously made as a Hawaiian one, but in principle it is an ordinary guitar, only it must have steel strings, modern nylon strings are not suitable.

The ukulele is placed flat on the lap during performance. The performer puts special plectrums on three fingers of his right hand - something like thimbles with metal feathers that pluck the strings. And in his left hand the guitarist holds a metal plate - with it he slides along the strings without pressing them to the neck. The sound of the ukulele, singing, vibrating, resembles the human voice. Usually the ukulele leads the melody, and it is accompanied by a second guitar or some other instrument.

Jazz music is also available for guitar. Sometimes all light music is classified as jazz, thinking like this: everything that is not classical is jazz. This is not true. Jazz is a complex form of musical art with its own special laws. So, the guitar perfectly comprehended both the complexity of jazz and its laws. In the twenties of our century, in jazz orchestras it took the place that had previously belonged to another instrument - the banjo.

The guitar in jazz is not only an accompanying instrument. In many works she is assigned a solo, and solos in jazz are almost always improvisation. Sometimes jazz guitarists perform in concerts with independent numbers. Many of you have probably heard of the Soviet guitarist Alexei Kuznetsov - his jazz improvisations on the guitar are always perceived with great interest.

In duets, trios and small ensembles, the guitar goes well with other instruments - for example, violin, domra, mandolin. At one time, the so-called Neapolitan orchestras, which were based on guitars and mandolins, were popular. People of the older generation who have heard such orchestras remember their most delicate sound.

Sometimes, especially in amateur performances, ensembles are made up of just guitars. And even such an ensemble has access to a wide repertoire - from simple arrangements of folk songs to the most complex works.

We have already listed several roles of the guitar, and it remains to name three more, without which the story about guitar art would barely begin.

Classical guitar. The one who seems to be able to do everything. A huge number of works have been written for her, including concerts with a symphony orchestra.

Russian seven-string guitar. Without it, it is difficult to imagine such a magnificent phenomenon of musical culture as Russian urban romance.

And finally, the electric guitar, which gave birth to a new type of vocal and instrumental music, the popularity of which among young people is enormous.

Each of these roles deserves a separate discussion. But first, let's trace the history of the guitar in general terms. This story began when there was no violin, no cello, no piano.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Secondary school No. 3 in the village of Tolbazy

My friend is a guitar

Head: Kirillova Z.I.

Tolbazy village – 2012

“Music brings something eternal and universal to us: it inspires in us the desire to sing and dance, touching special strings in the soul. From Beethoven to the Beatles, from Bach to the Blues, great singers, musicians and conductors give us the harmony of melodies and rhythms. Even after it sounded

the last note, an exciting feeling continues to live in us.”

(Billie Holliday)

1. Guitar art as a cultural value.

The wonderful Russian traditions of independent music-making in our time have given way to the onslaught of the video and audio industry. Human values are being replaced by the cult of money. Even an adult finds it difficult to understand modern so-called “cultural values.” The super-loud howling sounds of electric guitars and the feverish staccato of the drummer make the nerves vibrate and completely turn off thinking, turning their listeners into howling monsters. But what can replace the human joy of one’s own participation, the manifestation of one’s talents, and live communication with music? The art of music has a particularly great power of emotional impact on a person, and therefore music can play a huge role in the education of the younger generation.

Classes in a guitar club are, first of all, intellectual work, as a result of which we acquire knowledge, practical skills, our abilities are actively developing, since intellectual wealth is acquired on our own initiative. In my opinion, those who know how to play the guitar acquire an additional opportunity to reveal and explain many situations,

that have personal meaning for young people.

Object of study:field of music.

Subject of study: learning to play the musical instrument guitar.

Target: learn to play guitar.

Tasks:

-Purchase a musical instrument.

- Sign up for a guitar learning club.

-Gain knowledge about the history of the guitar.

-Study methodological literature

-Get individual consultations from your manager

-Get acquainted with the biography of some famous guitarists.

HYPOSIS: I will learn to play the guitar, I will be able to take part in
various concerts, my circle of friends will expand.

Problem:

Selecting and purchasing the right tool

Insufficient time to study

The emergence of various types of difficulties during the game.

2 .Why I decided to learn to play the guitar?

My friend can play the guitar. When I came to visit him,
then asked him to play for me. I sat next to him and listened. In my soul
something was changing, I wanted to sit down at the instrument and play too. Also to me
I really like the sound of the guitar. The guitar has a special sound, not like other stringed instruments. I think the guitar is one of the popular
musical instruments, and I firmly decided that after a while I would learn to play it.

3.Visit to a guitar club.

One day I asked music teacher Bondarenko Valery Alexandrovich to help me learn to play the guitar. My parents fully supported me. Then the leader and I chose a time for classes. So I started attending a guitar club.

First of all, during the classes I became acquainted with the structure of a musical instrument. I learned that a guitar consists of such basic parts as the body, the neck, and the head, on which there are pegs for adjusting the tone. Then we moved on to playing guitar. The first exercise that I tried to learn on my own was the melody of the children's song “A grasshopper sat in the grass,” which is played on one string. Even such a simple exercise did not work out right away; it took some effort. Next, we began to study the basics of musical notation - the chord grid. A chord grid is a diagrammatic representation of a chord on paper. I became familiar with how to correctly mark chords on a chord grid. Further I I started learning how to play these chords on the guitar. My first chords sounded dull and ugly, since my fingers were not yet prepared for playing. They hurt, swollen a little, and I couldn’t play the chord again. I overcame this difficulty with the help of finger gymnastics, which Valery Alexandrovich advised me. Sometimes I helped with my other hand to place my fingers on the right strings. My back was also tired. I also relieved fatigue with the help of simple physical exercises. I sometimes had the thought that I would never be able to learn to play the guitar again, but still the desire to own a musical instrument overcame the feeling of self-doubt. Over time, I mastered the basic chords and began to learn how to quickly rearrange them. This matter also required a lot of patience, willpower and time. Then Valery Alexandrovich and I learned the first song, which consisted of only three chords (At, Dm, Em). At home I worked a lot with the guitar to master playing it. In addition to studying songs with Valery Alexandrovich, I also studied songs with my friend. With time I learned more chords mastered chords from the bar. I want to say that I couldn’t play these chords for a long time, but thanks to my perseverance and diligence, I managed to do it. Then I learned various moves and combat. I also had difficulties with this: I could not maintain a clear rhythm (I rushed or was late with the rhythm), but, in the end, I mastered some of them quite well.

3.1. How to buy a guitar

In parallel with learning to play the guitar, I also gained other knowledge related to playing the guitar.

Before purchasing a guitar, you need to consider all your options. First, take the time to figure out where your budget stands and how much money you can spend on a guitar. If you expect your guitar to be a significant part of your life and you will use it frequently, you may want to invest in a good quality instrument. If your funds are limited, you may want to consider purchasing a used guitar. These guitars usually do not have a manufacturer's warranty, while new guitar stores often offer a warranty for a certain period of time. Before buying a guitar, you need to carefully inspect it and evaluate the quality of workmanship. Try different guitars and hold them in your hands. Pay attention to the body. Inspecting the body of the guitar will allow you to evaluate the quality of its workmanship. To make sure that all parts are firmly attached to each other, lift the guitar and lightly hit the top and back, listening for any knocking noises inside. Look to see if there are stains on the body, if the varnish is evenly applied, if there are scratches or nicks, if there are gaps or cracks in the wood, especially where the neck joins the body. You should also pay attention to metal parts. Some of the most expensive guitars have metal parts that are of very high quality and beautifully shaped. Check that all buttons, pegs and switches are working correctly. Twist each peg lightly and make sure they move easily and change the frequency of the string. When purchasing a guitar, it is a good idea to pay attention to the type of wood. Different types of wood have different sound characteristics.

Decks Most classical and acoustic guitars are made from spruce or cedar. Spruce guitars have a slightly brighter sound, while cedar guitars have a darker and warmer sound. But how can you determine the type of wood? A guitar made from spruce has a bright yellow color, while a guitar made from cedar has a beige color.

3.2. Types of guitars

♦ Classical guitar

Classical guitar is a specialized instrument played
mainly classical music or flamenco. The classical guitar, which is generally similar to an acoustic guitar, has a smaller body, a wider neck, and nylon strings rather than steel. The sound of a classical guitar is more
richer than an acoustic guitar. .

♦Acoustic guitar

Acoustic guitars are easy to carry and can be played anywhere. Unlike electric guitars, acoustic guitars don't require an amplifier or power supply, making them ideal for those who just want to play their favorite songs.Acoustic guitars can vary in size and body shape. The size and shape of the body determine how the guitar sounds and how it fits. Hands. Guitar with A larger body sounds louder than a smaller one. On an acoustic guitar you can PUT adapter to connect it to an amplifier. The adapter is magnetic DEVICE converting string vibrations into electrical impulses, which AMPLIFIER turns into sound.

♦Electric guitar

Electric guitars are smaller than acoustic and classical guitars and usually cost less than acoustic guitars because they are easier to make. However, an electric guitar requires additional equipment - an amplifier and speakers.

The body of an electric guitar can be solid or completely hollow. Steel strings on electric guitars are typically thicker than those on acoustic guitars.

3.3*Guitar tuning

While learning to play the guitar, I introduced SY with different customization methodsguitars. There are several ways to tune a guitar. Here are some of them:

1 way:

string on the 9th fret, as the first open

string on the 9th fret, like the second open

string on the 10th fret as the third open

string on the 10th fret, like the fourth open

Method 2:

1 string on the 7th fret = 2 string on the 5th fret

string on the 7th fret = 4th string on the 5th fret;

string at 7th fret = 5th string at 5th fret

string on the 7th fret = 6th string on the 5th fret

3 way:

the string is tuned using a tuning fork or piano

the string pressed at the 5th fret is tuned in unison with the 1st string

the string pressed at the 4th fret is tuned in unison with the 2nd string

the string pressed at the 5th fret is tuned in unison with the 3rd string

the string pressed at the 5th fret is tuned in unison with the 4th string

the string pressed at the 5th fret is tuned in unison with the 5th string

4" Everyone Can a person learn to play the guitar?

When learning to play the guitar, I wondered: can anyone LEARN to play guitar? I think not. To learn to play the guitar you need, firstly, to have desire, perseverance, and willpower. Many people want to learn to play the guitar, but do not show the necessary patience, diligence anddetermination. It is also very important to have an ear for music and a feeling rhythm, this is the most important thing when learning to play the guitar. If a person who wants to learn to play the guitar does not have this quality, then I believe that he will not make a good player. I know a person who really wants to master this musical instrument, but he doesn’t want to start learning with children’s songs and simple fighting, he wants to play like a master. I believe that everything should be done in stages: from simple to complex. (For example, when learning to read, we first learn the alphabet and then read entire books.)

5. What I I learned something new while working on the project.

In order to write this project, I needed to work with a lot of
amount of literature. While working with her, I learned a lot of new and interesting things. I met such famous and interesting personalities as Victor Khara (1938-1973), Bulat Okudzhava, Tatyana and Sergei Nikitin, Alexander Rosenbaum.
All these people were involved in guitar creativity. I had the opportunity to get acquainted with their biography. I studied the biography of Victor Jara in particular detail. The life of this Chilean singer, composer,
as a folklorist, public and political figure, it was not easy. Victor
Jara was born into a Chilean peasant family. Victor's mother died when he
I was fifteen years old, and my father drank himself to death. Despite poverty and a difficult life, Victor was able to obtain a secondary education. After graduating from Catholic school, he became a priest, but eventually abandoned this idea and became an actor.
For several years he played in the pantomime theater and traveled around the Chilean
villages, collecting folk music, and then entered drama school to become a professional actor. In 1961, Victor visited the Soviet Union and European countries that were part of the communist bloc. In letters to his wife, he admired the steadfastness with which Russians endure their difficult lives. In the 1960s, Victor was the head of the Chilean State Theater . Gradually he moved from interpreting folk songs to composing. His own songs were very political. When in 1969, in the city of Puento Mort, police, on the orders of the Minister of the Interior, cracked down on a peaceful demonstration of homeless and unemployed farmers, shot seven and killed one child, Victor wrote the song “Preguntas horn Puento Mont" (“Questions about Puento Mont”) , for which he strongly accused the minister. He performed this song in front of thousands of listeners during a protest demonstration. Victor was at the center of the action; he wrote his new songs and performed them everywhere. In 1973, army intelligence units arrested everyone they could find who belonged to the Popular Unity Party or whom they suspected of being their opponents. Arrested \ brought to stadiums. Victor Jara found himself in the largest stadium in Santiago. After several days of torture, he was executed. He left his wife a small note with the poem “At the Stadium,” which he managed to smuggle out secretly. Officially, Victor Jara belonged to the “missing”, that is, to thousands of actual and potential opponents of the melitaristic regime, whose murder remained hidden from the public. Victor Haru was identified by those who
had to bury him in a common grave. This was reported to his wife; she
took his body and buried it properly.

6. History of the development of guitar art

While working on the project, I became acquainted in great detail with the history of the emergence and development of guitar art.

♦Predecessors of the guitar in ancient times

The history of the guitar begins many millennia ago. Over the centuries, it has undergone significant changes, from the number of strings to the external shape. On ancient Egyptian monuments there is often an image of a musical instrument - a nabla, partly reminiscent of a guitar. In Egypt, this instrument was revered as a symbol of goodness. According to archaeological excavations, instruments similar to the guitar were common in the states of the Middle East, especially in Assyria, Phenicia and Babylonia. As we see, in ancient times the guitar already had its immediate predecessors. Over the centuries, this instrument underwent an equally interesting evolution during the harsh era of the Middle Ages, when, in fact, its traditional form took shape.

♦String instruments in the Middle Ages

Medieval Spain and Italy are rightfully considered the birthplace of the European guitar. The word "guitar" is also of Arabic origin. Other types of stringed instruments were also known in Europe. Yes, XIXthe kithara dates back a century - stringeda plucked instrument popular among the nobility. At the same time, the vihuela became widespread in Spain. Along with the lute and other plucked instruments, it becomes a favorite instrument,the courts of aristocrats. In 1674, a collection of works forguitars with a detailed description of how to play this musical instrument. Its author was Gaspar Sanz. At the endXVIcentury the vihuela gives wayfive string guitar. The famous Italian musician Francesco Cobetta madean important contribution to the development of the finger method of playing, which surpasses the chord method in complexity. The unusual style of his playing was perhaps the most compelling reason that the guitar acquired a truly elite status in the court circles of France and England.XVII century.

♦Guitar in X VIII - early XI X centuries/

Before The 18th century guitar was smaller, and its body was very elongated and narrow. At the end of the 17th century, the guitar acquired a recognizable look and sound. She acquired a sixth string and finally lost her double strings. The first three strings of the guitar were made of sheep intestines, the three bass strings were made of silk threads wrapped in silver-plated copper wire. By the middle of the 19th century, it finally took its final form and became larger. The guitar now has six strings with standard tuning: E, B, G, D, A, E.

♦history of guitar art in the 20th century

At first In the 20th century, the guitar conquered large concert halls, which required a fundamentally different, much louder sound. Guitar manufacturers began producing larger instruments and experimenting with body shapes. In the 1920s - 1930s, the guitar began to displace the banjo from jazz bands. It was then that the Gibson company offered the world huge instruments with a cutout in the shape of the letter f, ideal for playing “loud” jazz. In those years, guitar virtuosos Eddie Lang and Django Reinhardt worked on the stage and managed to unleash the potential of new instruments.

♦Russian guitar art

No less interesting and unique is the history of the development of Russian guitar art.
Until the 17th century, the guitar was not widespread in Russia. She could only be found in the houses of the nobility, where she came quite by accident from abroad. Talented Russian guitarists Mark Sokolovsky and Nikolai Makarov successfully concert in Russia and enjoy no less success abroad. Since the second half of the 19th century, the guitar left concert halls for a long time, giving way to virtuosos - pianists, violinists and orchestras. In 1932, guitar teaching was introduced at the Moscow, Kyiv and other conservatories of the country. At the same time, the first competitions were organized, in which guitarists participated along with other musicians. The Great Patriotic War interrupted guitar teaching for a long time. Only in 1952, classes on the six-string guitar were resumed at evening music education courses at the music school named after. Stasova. After some time, similar classes opened in other music schools.

In our time, composing performance skills are developed by Dmitry Mamontov, Vladimir Dubovitsky, Pyotr Panin, Sergey Orekhov, Nikita Koshkin, Yuri Naumov. These talented composer-guitarists are a real bastion of Tradition in the general chaos of consumer-composed music. Their performing style and original technique often shock the modern viewer who has entered the new millennium. For example, Yuri Naumov’s concerts can be compared to a magical act, when it seems that not just one musician, but a whole orchestra is performing on stage.

Result:

As a result of working on the project, in my opinion, I was able to achieve the goal I had set for myself and confirmed my hypothesis, to learn to play the guitar.
I also got acquainted with the biography of some famous guitarists, studied in detail the structure of the guitar, the history of development
guitar art of past centuries and modern times, learned about modern
styles, learned to perform songs in various ways and playing techniques,
gained playing skills.

Conclusion:

Despite the goal achieved, I decided that I would continue to improve
your musical skills, improve your playing skills by studying; other methods and techniques of playing the guitar. I advise everyone who wants to learn how to play this wonderful musical instrument to definitely try their hand at joining a guitar club.