Genre and compositional features. History in the spirit of folk song
2. What was the name of the heroine with whom the son of Andrei Dubrovsky fell in love?
3. Did the son of Andrei Dubrovsky and the daughter of Kirill Troekurov get together?
4. For what reason did Kirill Troekurov want to take the estate from Andrey Dubrovsky?
5. Who was Shabashkin?
6. Who was Sasha, the heroine-daughter of Kirill Troekurov?
7. Surname of the prince who married the daughter of Kirill Troekurov.
8. Approximately how old was the prince who married the daughter of Kirill Troekurov?
9. What was the name of the son of Andrei Dubrovsky? (He was called a robber)
10. By whom did the son of Andrey Dubrovsky appear in Troekurov's house and enchant the heart of Troekurov's daughter?
11. Did the daughter of Kirill Troekurov marry the prince for love?
12. Did Kirill Troekurov win the trial fairly (honestly) and why?
13. Why didn't Troekurov's daughter marry Andrey Dubrovsky's son?
14. What was Troekurov's daughter supposed to find from Andrei Dubrovsky's son?
15. Where was she supposed to find it?
16. Who helped her in this?
17. What genre is the work of A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"
18. Did Troekurov's daughter love Andrei Dubrovsky's son?
19. Has her attitude towards Andrei Dubrovsky's son changed after his exposure?
20. What qualities does the son of Andrei Dubrovsky have?
text corresponding to each illustration
1) Whatliterary trends took place
be in the 1900s?
2) What
fundamentally new to the dramaturgy
« The Cherry Orchard» Chekhov? (I'll tell you
features of the "new drama" are needed)
3)For
that Tolstoy was excommunicated (betrayed
anathema)?
4) Name
the names of the three decadents and explain that
what do you think it was
direction in literature (or not in your opinion
- copy from the lecture)
5) What
is acmeism? (write word for word
from the Internet - do not count), name
several acmeist authors
6) Who
became the main new peasant
a poet? Which literary direction
did he try to create afterwards? Was
whether it is viable (on which
kept)?
7) After
revolution of 1917 Russian literature
was involuntarily divided into ... and ...
8) From
this avant-garde school came out like this
poet like Mayakovsky. What creativity
great artist of the 20th century inspired
poets of this school? Why?
9)B
1920s arose literary group
"Serapion brothers", what kind of group is this,
What goals did she set for herself?
Which famous writer was included in this
group?
10) Name
most general ledger Isaac Babel. ABOUT
what is she? (in a few words pass
plot)
11) Name
2-3 works by Bulgakov
12) What
Sholokhov's work we can attribute
To social realism? (This work
corresponded to the official Soviet ideology,
so it was enthusiastically received)
13) Sholokhov
in the language Quiet Don» uses a lot
words from local...
14) What
wrote the most important work
Boris Pasternak? What were the names of the main
heroes? What period of time
covers the work? And what is the most important
the event is at the center of the novel
15)Tell me
what happened to literature in the 1930s
years
The image of the merchant Kalashnikov is revealed through the attitude of the author and other characters towards him, as well as through his actions.
Author's attitude
Merchant Kalashnikov - exclusively positive hero, whom the author portrayed in the image of a Russian hero with the help of traditional epithets: “stately fellow”, “mighty shoulders”, “falcon eyes”, “breast brave”, and called the duel “heroic battle”.
Lermontov’s sympathies for Kalashnikov are also expressed in the fact that the poet presented him as a believer: the merchant wears a copper cross, he will only tell “God alone” about the reason for the duel, and orders his brothers to pray for his “sinful soul.” This indicates that Kalashnikov is close to the people, respects moral principles and Orthodox traditions, which actually elevates him to the rank of a martyr.
Attitude towards the merchant of other heroes
No less important for the characterization of Kalashnikov is the attitude of other heroes of the work towards him:
- Alena Dmitrievna;
- younger brothers;
- Kiribeevich;
- Tsar Ivan Vasilievich.
Alena Dmitrievna is afraid of her husband, but she confesses everything to him and asks for help: “Who, besides you, can I hope for?”. This indicates that she respects him and considers fair.
The younger brothers honor Kalashnikov, call him "the second father" and promise: "We won't betray you, dear."
Tsar and Kiribeevich, as bad guys, are in opposition to the positive Kalashnikov. Kiribeevich is afraid, since the truth is on the side of the merchant, and foresees a quick retribution for his actions. The king, despite his anger, recognizes his strength and courage, promising "not to leave with his mercy."
Actions of Kalashnikov
Kiribeevich's actions hurt the honor of the merchant and his family. In order to wash away this shame, he goes to battle with the beloved oprichnik of the formidable king. Having killed a rival, he refuses to tell the king about the reason for their enmity, preferring to die. These actions characterize the merchant as a brave and noble person who preferred death to dishonor.
Kalashnikov is a hero who denounces the autocracy and evokes sympathy for the injustice shown to him.
Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a free and successful merchant. He is the master of himself and his family, requires order in the house and submission. He is noble and the word "honor" means a lot to him. Having learned about the misfortune with his wife, he goes to a mortal battle to defend the honor of the family. Kalashnikov is not afraid of the tsar, he directly answers the question that he killed the guardsman of his own free will. Just does not voice why, as this affects the honor of his family. The daring merchant believes in the king and his word, he asks that he not leave his family without help.
The cruel times of the oprichnina are known to us from history. IN fiction we also meet them, for example, in M. Yu. Lermontov's "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov".
Arbitrariness and lawlessness were " calling card"guardsmen. The common people were afraid of them, noble people avoided meeting with them. Lermontov very accurately managed to describe the atmosphere of the reign of Ivan the Terrible:
The red sun does not shine in the sky,
Blue clouds do not admire them:
Then at the meal he sits in a golden crown,
The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich is sitting.
The king noticed that his faithful servant Kiribeevich was saddened: he did not eat, did not drink. The king was angry, "... he struck with a stick, / And the oak floor half a quarter / He broke through with an iron window ...". The tsar found out that the faithful oprichnik was in love with the beautiful Alena Dmitrievna, but Kiribeevich did not say that she was the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov.
Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich advised:
"...Here, take the ring, you are my yakhont
Yes, take a pearl necklace ...
... And the precious gifts went
You to your Alena Dmitrievna:
How to fall in love- celebrate the wedding
You won't fall in love- don't get angry."
He disgraced the guardsman Kiribeevich Alena Dmitrievna in front of the neighbors. He confessed his love, caressed, kissed, ripped off the Bukhara veil, presented by her husband. The merchant Kalashnikov was indignant and decided to punish the guardsman in a fistfight on the Moscow River in the presence of the tsar. He called on the merchant and his brothers in the event of his death to defend the honor of the family. The next day the barkers called out:
"Oh, where are you, good fellows? ...
Whoever beats whom, the king will reward him,
And whoever is beaten, God will forgive him!"
The crowd spread in both directions - the merchant Kalashnikov came out ready to fight not for life, but for death. Kiribeevich turned pale when he heard the name of his opponent. The "heroic battle" began, and Kalashnikov won in it. He defended the honor of his wife, for which he paid with his own head, by order of the king he went to the block for the deliberate murder of a "faithful servant." From the royal point of view, Ivan Vasilievich restored justice after the death of Kiribeevich and the execution of Kalashnikov.
"Song about the daring merchant Kalashnikov" was written by Lermontov in the style of a song-narration by guslar singers who sing glory to the executed Kalashnikov and condemn the royal decision, which disagreed with the opinion of the people.
Tasks and tests on the topic "Death for honor (According to the work of M. Yu. Lermontov Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov)"
- Work with text - Important Topics to repeat the exam in the Russian language
Lessons: 1 Assignments: 13
- Vowel sounds. The letters e, e, u, i and their function in the word - Sounds and letters grade 1
Lessons: 3 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
- Signs of vowels and consonants. The semantic and syllabic role of sounds - Sounds and letters. Spelling rules grade 2
Thus, even by accepting death, the hero of the poem triumphed over dishonor, not allowing his beloved woman to be dishonored. This is the act of a real man. Lermontov often drew ideas for his works from oral folk art. At the age of twenty-two, he created “A Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov”, in style it is similar to a folk tale. And is it possible to speak of a lofty feeling here, if Kiribeevich, having managed to lie in wait for Alena Dmitrievna on the street in the evening, in front of all the chatty neighbors, offers outfits and jewelry in exchange for her love ?! However, arrogance and permissiveness do not get away with a selfish boyfriend. However, the decision of the king was unequivocal. Proudly and with dignity, Kalashnikov ascended the block, remaining in the memory of those who knew him as an example of honor, nobility and deep decency: an old man- he crosses himself, a good fellow will pass - he will sit up, a girl will pass - she will grieve. M. Yu. And only Stepan loved his wife so much that for her sake he parted with his life, if only not to disgrace her a second time good name. He ascended the chopping block without fear, determined that he was dying for a just cause. After all, honor and human dignity he put above all else. And even in the last seconds of his life, he thought not about himself, but about his family, ordering people to take care of their children. People were delighted with the courage of the merchant and often visited his grave. “An old man passes - he crosses himself, a young man passes - he becomes dignified, a girl passes - he becomes sad” - with these lines Lermontov expressed his attitude to the act of the merchant Kalashnikov. daring merchant Kalashnikov "we meet with two dissimilar views on life, two completely different people. One of them is an honest and worthy, successful merchant and owner respected by his neighbors, hardworking and faithful husband Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov. His beloved tsar's guardsman Kiribeevich fell in love with his young beautiful wife Alena Dmitrevna. This is a man of completely different principles. Thinking only of himself, he, without any remorse, is ready to break someone else's life and happiness, destroy his family and bring shame on the head of his beloved. Once again, the merchant proved his honesty and decency by confessing to the tsar, enraged by the death of his beloved fighter, that he had deliberately killed Kiribeevich, but did not explain the reasons. This noble deed he kept in secret the dishonorable behavior of the guardsman and protected the good name of his wife from gossip and omissions. For the honor and good name of my wife and own family Stepan Kalashnikov himself intervenes. Without hesitation, he is ready to challenge the offender to a mortal battle, knowing in advance that in case of victory he will incur the wrath of the king himself. However, nothing can stop the brave merchant who seeks to defend justice. Hearing the name of his opponent and his accusations, Kiribeevich trembled, turned pale, but there was nowhere to go: once he got out, he had to fight. And the boastful oprichnik, struck by the mighty blow of Kalashnikov, lost this battle. The merchant was famous for his strength and easily defeated Kiribeevich with a blow to the temple. This blow turned out to be fatal, which greatly angered the king. But when he asked Kalashnikov why he killed his servant, the merchant remained silent. He was silent so as not to betray the name of his wife to shame. And the king ordered him to be executed. So Lermontov, with great skill, turned an ordinary everyday situation into a love story full of drama. Price human life determined by what is considered the most important in it, what is of the greatest value. In M. Yu. Lermontov's poem “Song about ... Merchant Kalashnikov nobly defended the honor of his wife. In addition to him, Alena had no more defenders. Her father and mother died, her older brother went missing in a foreign country, and her younger brother was just a baby. In the poem, the author describes a life event. The royal guardsman Kiribeevich fell in love with the wife of a young merchant Stepan Kalashnikov. He ambushed Alena Dmitrievna in the street and, in front of all honest people, began to hug and kiss, to seduce with expensive gifts. People looked out the windows and laughed. Kalashnikov, having learned about the shame of his wife, decided to fight with the offender in a fistfight in order to protect her honor. Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich himself was present at the battle.
The time of creation of "Songs ...", its subject matter. The meaning of the poet's appeal to the past of Russia
M.Yu. Lermontov’s poem “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov” was written in 1837 year.
The past is the most important sphere of embodiment of the romantic ideal of the poet. In his work, Lermontov sought to escape from contemporary life, which did not correspond to his ideas about the true existence of a person, into the historical past of his native country, which seemed to him bright and filled with poetry. As Belinsky noted, “here the poet was transported from the real world of Russian life that did not satisfy him into its historical past.”
In "The Song..." Lermontov paints colorful pictures life and customs of Russia in the era of Ivan the Terrible. In the first part of the work, the reader is presented with a picture royal feast, which contains boyars, princes and guardsmen. Malyuta Skuratov, a cruel associate of the sovereign, is also mentioned here (the tsar, turning to Kiribeevich, reminds him that he comes from this family).
The second part of the "Song ..." tells about the life merchants. Lermontov describes trade merchant Kalashnikov at Gostiny Dvor near the Kremlin. The following is about family life merchant. Lermontov reproduces exactly domostroevsky way of life family life. The husband was considered the head of the family. The wife had to obey him in everything. The main purpose of a woman was to keep home run a household, raise children. The only place a wife could visit without her husband was the church.
Lermontov revealed the meaning family relations in that era. Family honor protected age-old tradition. By insulting Kalashnikov, Kiribeevich insulted his entire family. This is the meaning of the conversation between Kalashnikov and his brothers.
In the third part of the poem, valiant fun is drawn - fisticuffs on the Moscow River, which were extremely popular during the time of Ivan the Terrible.
The main problems of "Songs ..." Two points of view on the main conflict
People problem- central in the "Song ..." This problem was of particular interest to Russian writers in the 1830s - in the era of reaction that followed the defeat of the Decembrist uprising. The results of this uprising revealed tragic gap between the educated part of the nobility and the people. That's why search for the true path to the people,study of its history, its spiritual values becomes the most important task of Russian literature. It is no coincidence that the problem of the people comes to the fore in Pushkin’s late works (“The Captain’s Daughter”), in Gogol’s early prose (“Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, “Mirgorod”), and in the writings of other authors. For Lermontov, the milestone work in understanding this problem, along with the poem "Borodino", is the "Song about ... the merchant Kalashnikov."
Closely connected with the problem of the people Russian problem national character. Lermontov embodied his ideas about the best features of the Russian people, about the Russian national character in the image of the merchant Kalashnikov. In the poem, Kalashnikov is opposed by Kiribeevich, trampling on the people's shrines, challenging the moral foundations of society.
occupies a special place in the poem. the problem of the relationship between the tsarist government and the people. Related to this problem is the question of main conflict in "Song..." Known here two points of view. Some critics of the Soviet period believed that "Song ..." is an anti-monarchist work. The main conflict here, from their point of view, between the government and the people- in the person of Ivan the Terrible and the merchant Kalashnikov. Another point of view is that there is such a conflict in the work, but it is not the main one. Underlying conflict in "Song..." between Kalashnikov and Kiribeevich. The protagonist expresses the idea of justice, mother truth. His opponent embodies extreme selfishness, lawlessness, trampling moral foundations Orthodoxy. As for Ivan the Terrible, he is depicted in the popular sense. This king is harsh, even cruel, but fair.
Genre and compositional features
In his poem, Lermontov followed the traditions of one of the genres of Russian folklore - historical song. At the same time, relying on folklore sources, the poet creates original work.
The genre specificity of "Songs ..." is manifested in its compositions. "The song ..." is distinguished traditional elements characteristic of folklore. The main text of "Songs ..." is preceded by beginning: “Oh, you are a goy, Tsar Ivan Vasilievich! ..” After the first and second parts follow repeats: “Ay, guys, sing - just build a harp! ..” “The song ...” completes ending:
Gay you guys are remote,
In "Song..." three parts. In the center of each of them are the most important, key episodes in the development of action. This is also in the tradition of folk historical songs.
The feast scene in the first part of the poem can be seen as exposureimages of the king, Kiribeevich and Alena Dmitrevna, as well as how exposition of the main action: it is here that we learn about the sinful passion of Kiribeevich for Alena Dmitrevna.
Plot plot happens "behind the scenes": we learn about the unworthy act of the guardsman from Alena Dmitrievna's conversation with her husband. Another key scene second part works - conversation between Kalashnikov and his brothers. In these two scenes, the patriarchal foundations Russian life of that time, is revealed moral position Main character.
In the third part of the poem there are climax(duel Kalashnikov with Kiribeevich, which ended with the death of the guardsman) and denouement(royal court over the merchant and execution Main character). Here is placed a kind epilogue–the story of the grave merchant Kalashnikov.
Main characters
Merchant Kalashnikov
Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov- the main character of "Songs ...". In his image united specific historical characteristics of the merchant times of Ivan the Terrible with the features of a mighty hero from the Russian epic epic.
Kalashnikov is distinguished by such qualities as a deep faith in God, fidelity to family traditions and kindred customs, courage and courage in the struggle for mother truth.
At the same time, the main character of "Songs ...", like many other Lermontov's heroes, is inherent in rebellious spirit.
All these features of the hero are revealed mainly through plot works, his key episodes; through character system(Kalashnikov - Kiribeevich). When creating the image of the hero, the author also uses artistic means, Related folk poetic traditions(For example, permanent epithets:"stately fellow", "valiant heart", "falcon's eyes").
Kiribeevich
Kiribeevich- one of the main characters of "Songs ..."; in relation to the merchant Kalashnikov, this antagonist hero.
Like Kalashnikov, Kiribeevich - outstanding personality, bright; he is endowed mighty force And youthful prowess.
However, if the poet’s ideas about the high moral qualities of a fighter for mother truth were embodied in Kalashnikov, then Kiribeevich personifies the extreme selfishness, unbridled power of sinful passion, contempt for the moral foundations of people's life. It is not for nothing that Kalashnikov calls Kiribeevich "the Busurman son." In a conversation with the king in the first part of the poem, the hero shows craftiness, hiding from the sovereign the fact of the marriage of Alena Dmitrievna; during the duel he is overcome first bragging, and then fear in front of the enemy.
It is characteristic that Lermontov, being a romantic, poeticizes not only the merchant Kalashnikov, but also his opponent Kiribeevich, who is also a romantic hero. Hence the clear definitions permanent epithets, characterizing the oprichnik ("daring fighter", "violent fellow"), comparisons(the king “like a hawk looked from the height of heaven at a young gray-winged dove”; at the time of death, the guardsman is compared to a cut down pine). Interestingly, the author poetizes not only the hero himself, but also his passion for Alena Dmitrevna. When describing the passionate feeling that gripped the hero, the poet uses the technique of repetition. For example, the oprichnik says to the king:
Horses made me sick of lungs,
Brocade outfits are disgusting ...
Alena Dmitrevna
Alena Dmitrevna– central female character"Songs…". The image of the heroine is given in the work in the popular sense: it is Russian beauty and at the same time perfect a Christian woman of pre-Petrine times. She is distinguished true piety, selfless devotion to husband and family, strict obedience to spouse.
Tsar Ivan the Terrible
In the image Ivan the Terrible Lermontov sought to embody folk ideas about the stern but fair tsar-priest.
Ivan the Terrible, as shown in the "Song ...", retained, despite his cruelty, adherence to Orthodox principles: having learned about Kiribeevich's love for Alena Dmitrievna and not suspecting that she was married, the tsar advises the guardsman to woo the heroine, excluding even the very thought of forcing her to marry.
In the third part of the "Song ..." the king appears as severe, But fair judge. Having found out that Kalashnikov committed a deliberate murder and refuses to name the reason for it, the tsar, in accordance with the law of that time, sends the merchant to execution, while showing mercy to his family.
It is clear that such an image of the autocrat corresponded to the popular ideal of a just tsar and did not reflect the real actions of Ivan the Terrible. .
Analysis of episodes and other elements of the composition of the work
As mentioned above, "Song ..." begins with conception- appeals of the guslars to the tsar and boyars, and the name of the sovereign is mentioned first, as it was supposed to be - in accordance with a strict hierarchy:
Oh, you are a goy, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich!
We composed our song about you ...
First part"Songs ..." containing exposure images of Ivan the Terrible, Kiribeevich, Alena Dmitrevna and the entire action of the poem, opens with a scene royal feast. Talking about him, the author reproduces the alignment of political forces during the time of Ivan the Terrible:
Behind him are the attendants,
Opposite him are all boyars and princes,
On the sides of him are all guardsmen.
The boyars and princes were in opposition to the royal power, while the guardsmen were called upon to strictly implement the cruel royal policy.
Already at the very beginning of "Songs ..." Ivan groznyj speaks to the audience as harsh but fair Orthodox king , faithful to ancient customs, Christian foundations:
And the king feasts to the glory of God,
For your pleasure and fun.
folk poetic the language, artistic means and techniques characteristic of folklore are used by the author of the "Song ..." in order to shade the people's view of the king. Lermontov refers to such a technique, for example, as figurative parallelism(negative parallelism):
The red sun does not shine in the sky,
Blue clouds do not admire them:
Then at the meal he sits in a golden crown,
The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich is sitting ...
Here the king frowned black eyebrows
And he fixed his eyes on him,
Like a hawk looked down from heaven
On a young gray-winged dove.
In the first part of the "Song ..." for the first time appears before us and Kiribeevich. “A daring fighter, a violent fellow,” according to the tsar’s assumption, “he harbored an unholy thought”: as it turns out, Kiribeevich is indeed obsessed sinful passion to the merchant's wife Alena Dmitrevna. Passion struck the hero so much that he does not control himself and asks the tsar to let him go “to live in freedom in the Cossack”, where he will find death: “I’ll lay down my violent little head, / And I’ll lay down a Busurman spear ...”
At the same time, talking about his passion to Ivan the Terrible, the hero shows craftiness: he does not dare to admit to the sovereign that Alena Dmitrevna is married, and this is not accidental: the Orthodox tsar could not bless Kiribeevich to marry a married woman. In addition, according to the sovereign, any coercion in relation to the bride is unacceptable.
As you fall in love - celebrate the wedding,
Do not fall in love - do not be angry -
says the tsar to Kiribeevich.
The guslyar tells the listeners about the cunning of the guardsman:
Oh, you are a goy, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich!
Your crafty servant deceived you,
Didn't tell you the truth
I did not tell you that the beauty
In the Church of God remarried,
Married to a young merchant
According to our Christian law.
Finally, in the first part, exposition of the image of Alena Dmitrievna. Kiribeevich tells about her; it is through the perception of the guardsman that the appearance of the heroine is given, outlined in folk poetic traditions.
Walks smoothly - like a swan;
Looks sweet - like a dove;
He says a word - the nightingale sings;
Her cheeks are rosy,
Like the dawn in God's heaven.
In this example, we see that when creating the image of the heroine, Lermontov uses comparisons, words with diminutive suffixes.
Second part poems contains exposition of the image of the merchant Kalashnikov:
Behind the counter sits a young merchant,
Stately fellow Stepan Paramonovich,
Nicknamed Kalashnikov...
Featured external attractiveness merchant, his youth and strength. Already here the features are guessed mighty hero ready to take on the enemies.
As already noted, the plot plot remains "behind the scenes": we learn about the misfortune that happened to Alena Dmitrievna only from her words addressed to her husband.
The appearance of the heroine, described in the second part, conveys a feeling misfortune:
Pale, fair-haired,
Braids blond untwisted
Sprinkled with snow and hoarfrost;
Cloudy eyes look like crazy;
Mouths whisper incomprehensible words.
Contrast in the depiction of the heroine in the first and second parts, it emphasizes the severity of the experiences of a young woman who involuntarily found herself in such a dramatic situation.
In the scene conversation between Kalashnikov and Alena Dmitrevna reveals the true piety hero, his fidelity to the foundations of Christian marriage. In angry speeches addressed to his wife, one can hear not only personal resentment, but also firm confidence in inadmissibility of violating the sacred foundations of marriage.
Not for that before the holy icons
You and I, wife, got engaged,
They exchanged golden rings! .. -
the merchant exclaims in anger.
It is important here and the answer word Alena Dmitrevna, her monologue. The heroine addresses her husband in a folk-poetic vein:
You are our sovereign, red sun,
Or kill me, or listen!
Husband appears here as almighty ruler who can execute and pardon his wife. Alena Dmitrievna thinks with horror not so much about her outraged honor, but about the disfavor of her husband. At the same time, she has the right to expect intercession with his hand.
The scene of his talking to brothers.
The hero sees the crime of Kiribeevich in the fact that the oprichnik trampled on the honor of the family and the whole family of Kalashnikovs. The merchant says, addressing the brothers:
Disgraced our honest family
Evil oprichnik Tsar Kiribeevich ...
In the words of the merchant one can also feel the bitterness from insulting his own personality. The hero confesses to his brothers:
And such an insult can not endure the soul
Yes, a brave heart cannot bear it.
At the same time, it is important to emphasize that Kalashnikov's indignation can be explained by no means not only a personal insult And not only the need to protect the honor of the family. The meaning of his forthcoming battle with Kiribeevich is to strive standfor the holy truth-mother. The merchant addresses the brothers:
I will fight to the death, to the last strength;
And he will beat me - you go out
For the holy truth-mother.
Do not be afraid, dear brothers!
You are younger than me, with fresh strength,
On you fewer sins has accumulated
So maybe the Lord will have mercy on you!
In the words of a merchant no pride. He is by no means sure that the outcome of the fight will be in his favor. With great humility before the willGod's he realizes that he can be defeated because of the accumulated sins. Advantage their brothers the hero sees not only in their youth and freshness of strength, but also less sinful.
At the same time, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that Kalashnikov intends to defend the honor of his family with the help of duel. He is going to kill Kiribeevich during a fistfight. As you know, the protection of the honor of a family, clan with the help of a duel is a pre-Christian, pagan custom that has been preserved in Christian times. The hero sees no other way to stand up for the honor of the family.
The third part works, as already noted, contains climax plot, his interchange, as well as a peculiar epilogue.
The third part opens with a famous description of the dawn. Lermontov resorts here to such an artistic technique as personification: "scarlet dawn" is likened to a beautiful girl:
Over the great Moscow, golden-domed,
Above the wall of the Kremlin white stone
Because of the distant forests, because of the blue mountains,
Effortlessly on boarded roofs,
Gray clouds are dispersing,
The scarlet dawn rises;
She swept her golden curls,
Washed by crumbly snows,
Like a beauty looking in the mirror
The sky looks clean, smiles.
Why did you, scarlet dawn, wake up?
What joy did you play?
battle scene Kalashnikov with Kiribeevich - the climax of the poem. It most clearly reveals the moral character of opponents.
Before the fight Kiribeevich shows arrogance,vanity, self-confidence. The oprichnik bows at the waist to the king alone, expresses contempt for the opponent. He boldly says to Kalashnikov:
And tell me good fellow,
What tribe are you?
What name are you called?
To know for whom to serve a memorial service,
To have something to brag about.
Unlike Kiribeevich, Kalashnikov
He bowed first to the terrible king,
After the white Kremlin and the holy churches,
And then to all the Russian people.
In this way, he expressed respect not only to the tsar, but also to the Orthodox faith (“holy churches”), and to the Russian people.
In the angry words of Kalashnikov addressed to Kiribeevich, it is clearly expressed merchant's commitment to Christian principles of life:
And my name is Stepan Kalashnikov,
And I was born from an honest father,
And I lived according to the Law of the Lord:
I did not dishonor someone else's wife,
Did not rob at dark night,
Not hiding from the light of heaven ...
Kalashnikov's response words evoke in Kiribeevich's soul confusion and fear:
And having heard that, Kiribeevich
Turned pale in the face, like autumn snow;
His eyes were cloudy,
Frost ran between strong shoulders,
On open lips, the word froze ...
Fear- a consequence of the moral wrongness of Kiribeevich. Obviously, the truth was on the side of the merchant Kalashnikov; this ultimately decided the fate of the fight.
In the scene heroic battle Kalashnikov acts as defender of the orthodox faith. On his side is Power of the Godmother: the merchant is providentially protected by a “copper cross / With holy relics from Kyiv”; the cross takes on the full power of the crushing blow of the enemy:
And the cross bent, and pressed into the chest;
Like dew from under him, blood dripped ...
The merchant is not guided by revenge, preparing to strike the guardsman to death, but by the desire to stand up “for the truth until the last day”, completely trusting in the will of God:
What is destined to be, will come true;
I will stand for the truth until the last day!
The most difficult place to understand "Songs ..." - interrogation of Kalashnikov by Ivan the Terrible, opening the scene royal court. In response to the tsar's demand to answer "in truth, in conscience" about the reasons for the murder of the guardsman, Kalashnikov says:
I'll tell you, Orthodox Tsar:
I killed him at will
And for what, about what - I will not tell you,
I will only tell God.
The merchant knowingly hides from the king the reason for the deliberate murder of the guardsman, thereby dooming yourself to death penalty , which was supposed in such a case according to the law, by no means being a consequence of the arbitrariness of the autocrat.
In the position of Kalashnikov, obviously unwillingness to open family disgrace before the king,upholdingpersonal right to revenge on the offender and at the same time pride, flashed in the mind of the merchant. The hero undoubtedly understands that according to the Law of the Lord, which the hero defended at the time of the duel, one should show humility before the earthly Orthodox king. Meanwhile, the merchant reveals his shame only to his brothers and hides it from the king-father. In this act of Kalashnikov, his personal courage, And rebellious spirit. Here we see clearly confrontationnot only between Kalashnikov And Kiribeevich- carriers of "truth-mother" and "busurman", godless wickedness, but also between Kalashnikov and the tsar, between the representative of the people and the tsarist government.
Thus, Kalashnikov performs in the "Song ..." and as a fighter for the Orthodox foundations of Holy Rus', And How"big head", that is rebel hero.
Tsar in the third part of the "Song ..." appears before us as harsh, but fair and even merciful judge. Having ordered the execution of Kalashnikov, the tsar shows mercy to his family:
Your young wife and your orphans
From my treasury I'll take
I command your brothers from this very day
Throughout the Russian kingdom wide
Trade without knowing, duty-free.
However, by sending Kalashnikov himself to execution, the tsar does not refrain from evil irony:
I order the ax to sharpen, sharpen,
I order the executioner to dress up, dress up,
I will order you to ring the big bell,
So that all the people of Moscow know,
That you are not abandoned by my mercy ...
Thus, cruelty And mercy the Orthodox Tsar are in the popular imagination inextricably linked.
Ideologically ambiguous and the story about merchant's execution:
And they executed Stepan Kalashnikov
A cruel, shameful death ...
The merchant's execution came fairfrom the position of the king from the standpoint of the state. However the justice of the execution is questioned in the eyes of the people, whose point of view is conveyed by guslar singers. The people reacted with sympathy to the merchant,the opinion of the people does not coincide here with the point of view of the king.
Particularly characteristic in this respect description of the grave of Kalashnikov- peculiar epilogue"Songs…". The hero was buried not in a cemetery, but "in an open field between three roads." His grave is unnamed. It is clear that the authorities sought to consign the memory of the hero to oblivion. However, the story of the guslars about the grave testifies about the heartfelt affection of the people to such good fellows as the merchant Kalashnikov:
And good people pass by:
An old man will pass - cross himself,
A good fellow will pass - he will sit down,
A girl will pass - she will grieve,
And the harpists will pass - they will sing a song.
It is clear that passers-by cannot know who exactly rests in the “nameless grave”. Meanwhile, it is obvious that people sympathize"violent little head" who did not deserve to lie on the churchyard.
Artistic techniques
In his poem, Lermontov uses artistic means and techniques borrowed from folk art.
We note first of all figurative parallelism. The images of nature correspond to the phenomena of human life:
When the moon rises, the stars rejoice
What is brighter for them to walk in the sky,
And which is hiding in a cloud,
She falls headlong to the ground...
It's indecent to you, Kiribeevich,
To abhor royal joy...
Here we see that the tsar is likened to the moon, the guardsmen are like the stars rejoicing in its light, and the crafty Kiribeevich is like a star hiding behind a cloud and risking falling to the ground.
Let's take another example. The brothers turn to Kalashnikov, expressing their complete devotion to him:
Where does the wind blow in the sky,
obedient clouds rush there,
To the bloody valley of the slaughter,
He calls for a feast, to clean up the dead,
Small eaglets flock to him.
You are our older brother, our second father ...
As we can see, the elder brother and younger brothers are likened here to the wind and clouds, the eagle and the eagles.
The poet also uses such a kind of figurative parallelism as negative parallelism. As an example, the lines that open the picture of the feast of Ivan the Terrible have already been cited:
The red sun does not shine in the sky,
Blue clouds do not admire him,
Then at the meal he sits in a golden crown,
The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich is sitting ...
The poet also resorts to personifications. A vivid example is the description of the dawn we have already noted at the beginning of the third part of the “Song…”.
In Lermontov's poem there are many comparisons. Let's add the following to the examples already given. Alena Dmitrievna speaks of her husband’s angry words addressed to her: “Your speeches are like a sharp knife ...”
In a poem big number constant epithets: “the sun is red”, “clouds are blue”, “good fellow”, “red girls”, “ damp earth”, “black thought”, “dark night”, “clear field”.
Lermontov also uses such a technique as poetic appeals. For example, the tsar says to Kiribeevich: “Hey you, our faithful servant Kiribeevich!” Kiribeevich addresses the tsar: “You are our sovereign, Ivan Vasilyevich!” Alena Dmitrevna addresses her husband:
You are our sovereign, red sun,
Or kill me, or listen!
In addition, the poet uses words with diminutive suffixes, which is also characteristic of folklore works: “mother”, “little head”, “swan”, “dove”, “little children”, “ring”, “aspen leaf”, “pine”.
Poem in the poem tonic,unrhymed characteristic of folk poetry.
Questions and tasks
1. In what year was the “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov” written? What is interesting about this year in the poet's life?
2. What is the meaning of Lermontov's appeal to the era of Ivan the Terrible? What did Belinsky write about this? Mark the most vivid pictures of the life and customs of Moscow during the time of Ivan the Terrible, recreated in the "Song ...", comment on them.
3. Name the central problem of "Songs ...". Why did this problem become so relevant in Russian literature of the 1830s? In what other works of the 1830s, including the poetry of Lermontov himself, is this problem one of the main ones?
4. How is the problem of the Russian national character comprehended in the "Song ..."? Which characters are especially important to her understanding?
5. Is the problem of the relationship between the royal power and the people the main one in the work? What points of view regarding the main conflict in the "Song ..." do you know? What is the essence of each of them?
6. Briefly describe the genre features of the poem. Is it possible to call "Song ..." a work of folklore? What elements of the composition of Lermontov's poem remind us of folklore works?
7. Describe the merchant Kalashnikov. What specific historical and legendary features are combined in his appearance? What qualities does Lermontov's hero have? List the main artistic means of creating his image, give examples of these means.
8. What features make Kiribeevich the antipode of Kalashnikov? Why does Lermontov poeticize Kiribeevich, although he is a negative character? What means does the author use to do this?
9. What qualities make Alena Dmitrievna the ideal of a Russian woman in pre-Petrine Russia? Name and comment on them, based on the text of the work.
10. Why can we say that the image of Ivan the Terrible in the poem is the most idealized? Argument your point of view.
11. Comment on the main scenes, episodes of "Songs ...". What elements of exposition do we find in the first part of the poem? What do we learn about the heroes? What episodes make up the exposition of the plot?
12. In what part of the poem do we see the exposition of the image of Kalashnikov? What features of the hero appear already in his first description?
13. At what point does the action begin? How do we learn about this event?
14. Name the most important scenes of the second part of the work. How does the principle of contrast manifest itself in the description of the heroine? Analyze the conversation between Kalashnikov and his wife. What features of the worldview of the hero and heroine are revealed in this scene? Consider in detail the position of Kalashnikov in his conversation with the brothers. What does the hero see as the meaning of the upcoming duel with Kiribeevich?
15. What description opens the third part of the "Song ..."? What technique does Lermontov use here? What plot elements does the final part of the work contain?
16. Analyze in detail the scene of the heroic battle. What qualities of Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov are revealed in the words of the heroes preceding the duel? How does the poet make it clear to the reader that Kalashnikov wins the battle with the help of God?
17. Consider in detail the episode of the royal trial of Kalashnikov. How can one explain the fact that the merchant hides from the sovereign the true reason for the murder of the guardsman? Is the tsar's position fair with respect to Kalashnikov and his family?
18. What is the function of the description of Kalashnikov's grave in the poem? Is it possible to say that the position of the people in relation to the hero differs from the position of the king? Justify your point of view based on the text.
19. Name the artistic means, techniques that Lermontov uses in his work. Give examples. What can you say about the features of the verse "Songs ..."?
20. Write a detailed outline and prepare oral communication on the topic: "The image of the merchant Kalashnikov and the means of its creation."
21. Write an essay on the topic: “The artistic originality of the “Song ...””
