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Which of the famous figures of Russian art. Outstanding citizens of Russia: list, biographies, interesting facts and achievements

Antropov Alexey Petrovich(1716-1795) - Russian painter. Antropov's portraits are distinguished by their connection with the Parsuna tradition, the truthfulness of their characteristics, and the painting techniques of the Baroque.

Argunov Ivan Petrovich(1729-1802) - Russian serf portrait painter. Author of representative ceremonial and chamber portraits.

Argunov Nikolay Ivanovich(1771-1829) - Russian serf portrait painter, who experienced the influence of classicism in his work. Author famous portrait P. I. Kovaleva-Zhemchugova.

Bazhenov Vasily Ivanovich(1737-1799) - the largest Russian architect, one of the founders of Russian classicism. Author of the project for the reconstruction of the Kremlin, the romantic palace and park ensemble in Tsaritsyn, the Pashkov House in Moscow, and the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg. His projects were distinguished by boldness of composition, diversity of ideas, creative use and a combination of the traditions of world classical and ancient Russian architecture.

Bering Vitus Ionassen (Ivan Ivanovich)(1681-1741) - navigator, captain-commander of the Russian fleet (1730). Leader of the 1st (1725-1730) and 2nd (1733-1741) Kamchatka expeditions. He passed between the Chukotka Peninsula and Alaska (the strait between them now bears his name), reached North America and discovered a number of islands in the Aleutian chain. The sea, the strait and the island in the northern part are named after Bering Pacific Ocean.

Borovikovsky Vladimir Lukich(1757-1825) - Russian portrait painter. His works are characterized by features of sentimentalism, a combination of decorative subtlety and elegance of rhythms with a faithful portrayal of character (portrait of M. I. Lopukhina, etc.).

Volkov Fedor Grigorievich(1729-1763) - Russian actor and theatrical figure. In 1750 he organized an amateur troupe in Yaroslavl (actors - I. A. Dmitrevsky, Ya. D. Shumsky), on the basis of which in 1756 the first permanent professional Russian was created in St. Petersburg public theater. He himself played in a number of Sumarokov’s tragedies.

Derzhavin Gavrila Romanovich (1743-1816) - Russian poet. Representative of Russian classicism. The author of solemn odes, imbued with the idea of ​​strong Russian statehood, including satire on nobles, landscape and everyday sketches, philosophical reflections - “Felitsa”, “Nobleman”, “Waterfall”. Author of many lyrical poems.

Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich(1738-1812) - an outstanding Russian architect, one of the founders of Russian classicism. In Moscow, he developed types of urban residential buildings and public buildings that organize large urban spaces: the Senate in the Kremlin (1776-1787); Moscow University (1786-1793); Golitsyn (1st City) Hospital (1796-1801); house-estate of Demidov (1779-1791); Petrovsky Palace (1775-1782), etc. He showed special talent in interior design (the building of the Assembly of the Nobility in Moscow). He supervised the preparation of the master plan for Moscow. Created an architectural school.

Kantemir Antioch Dmitrievich(1708-1744) - Russian poet, diplomat. Enlightenment rationalist. One of the founders of Russian classicism in the genre of poetic satire.

Quarenghi Giacomo(1744-1817) - Russian architect of Italian origin, representative of classicism. He worked in Russia since 1780. The Concert Hall pavilion (1786) and the Alexander Palace (1792-1800) in Tsarskoe Selo, the Assignation Bank (1783-1790) are distinguished by their monumentality and severity of forms, the plastic completeness of the image. Hermitage Theater(1783-1787), Smolny Institute (1806-1808) in St. Petersburg.

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich(1711-1755) - Russian traveler, explorer of Kamchatka, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1750). Member of the 2nd Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743). Compiled the first “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (1756).

Kulibin Ivan Petrovich(1735-1818) - an outstanding Russian self-taught mechanic. Author of many unique mechanisms. Improved the grinding of glass for optical instruments. Developed a project and built a model of a single-arch bridge across the river. Neva with a span of 298 m. Created a prototype of a searchlight ("mirror lantern"), semaphore telegraph, palace elevator, etc.

Laptev Khariton Prokofievich(1700-1763) - captain of the 1st rank. Surveyed in 1739--1742. coast from the river Lena to the river Khatanga and the Taimyr Peninsula.

Levitsky Dmitry Grigorievich(1735-1822) - Russian painter. In compositionally spectacular ceremonial portraits, solemnity is combined with the vitality of images, colorful richness ("Kokorinov", 1769-1770; a series of portraits of students of the Smolny Institute, 1773-1776); intimate portraits are deeply individual in characteristics, restrained in color (“M. A. Dyakova”, 1778). In the later period, he partly accepted the influence of classicism (portrait of Catherine II, 1783).

Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich(1711-1765) - the first world-class Russian encyclopedist scientist, poet. The founder of the modern Russian literary language. Artist. Historian. Activist of public education and science. Studying took place at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow (from 1731), the Academic University in St. Petersburg (from 1735), in Germany (1736-1741), from 1742 - adjunct, from 1745 - the first Russian academician of the St. Petersburg Academy Sci. Member of the Academy of Arts (1763).

Maikov Vasily Ivanovich(1728-1778) - Russian poet. Author of the poems "The Ombre Player" (1763), "Elisha, or the Irritated Bacchus" (1771), "Moral Fables" (1766^1767).

Polzunov Ivan Ivanovich (1728-1766) - Russian heating engineer, one of the inventors of the heat engine. In 1763 he developed a project for a universal steam engine. In 1765 he created the first steam and thermal power plant in Russia for factory needs, which worked for 43 days. He died before its test run.

Popovsky Nikolay Nikitich(1730-1760) - Russian educator, philosopher and poet. Professor at Moscow University (since 1755). Supporter and one of the ideologists of enlightened absolutism.

Rastrelli Bartolomeo Carlo(1675-1744) - sculptor. Italian. Since 1716 - in the service in St. Petersburg, His works are characterized by baroque pomp and splendor, the ability to convey the texture of the depicted material ("Empress Anna Ioannovna with a Little Arab", 1733-1741).

Rastrelli Varfolomey Varfolomeevich(1700-1771) - an outstanding Russian architect, representative of the Baroque. Son of B.K. Rastrelli. His works are characterized by a grandiose spatial scope, clarity of volumes, rigor of rectilinear plans combined with the plasticity of masses, the richness of sculptural decoration and color, and whimsical ornamentation. The largest works are the Smolny Monastery (1748-1754) and the Winter Palace (1754-1762) in St. Petersburg, the Great Palace in Peterhof (1747-1752), and the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo (1752-1757).

Rokotov Fedor Stepanovich(1735-1808) - Russian painter. Subtle in painting, deeply poetic portraits are imbued with an awareness of the spiritual and physical beauty of a person (“Unknown Woman in a Pink Dress,” 1775; “V. E. Novosiltsova,” 1780, etc.).

Sumarokov Alexander Petrovich(1717-1777) - Russian writer, one of the prominent representatives of classicism. In the tragedies "Khorev" (1747), "Sinav and Truvor" (1750) and others, he raised the problem of civic duty. Author of many comedies, fables, and lyrical songs.

Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich(1686-1750) - Russian historian, statesman. He managed state-owned factories in the Urals and was the governor of Astrakhan. Author of many works on ethnography, history, geography. The largest and most famous work is “Russian History from Ancient Times.”

Trediakovsky Vasily Kirillovich(1703-1768) - Russian poet, philologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1745-1759). In his work “A New and Brief Method for Composing Russian Poems” (1735), he formulated the principles of Russian syllabic-tonic versification. Poem "Tilemakhida" (1766).

Trezzini Domenico(1670-1734) - Russian architect, representative of the early Baroque. Swiss by nationality. In Russia since 1703 (invited to participate in the construction of St. Petersburg). He built the summer palace of Peter I (1710-1714), the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in the Peter and Paul Fortress (1712-1733), the building of 12 colleges (1722-1734) in St. Petersburg.

Felten Yuri Matveevich(1730-1801) - Russian architect, representative of early classicism. Author of the Old Hermitage (1771-1787), fences Summer Garden(1771-1784) in St. Petersburg. Participated in the construction of granite embankments of the Neva (since 1769).

Kheraskov Mikhail Matveevich(1733-1807) - Russian writer. Author of the famous epic poem "Rossiyada" (1779), written in the spirit of classicism.

Shelikhov (Shelekhov) Grigory Ivanovich(1747-1795) - Russian merchant, pioneer. In 1775 created a company for fur and trapping in northern islands Pacific Ocean and Alaska. Founded the first Russian settlements in Russian America. Conducted significant geographical research. On the basis of the company created by Shelikhov, the Russian-American Company was formed in 1799.

Shubin Fedot Ivanovich(1740-1805) - outstanding Russian sculptor. Representative of classicism. Created a gallery of psychologically expressive sculptural portraits(busts of A. M. Golitsyn, 1775; M. R. Panina, 1775;

I. G. Orlova, 1778; M. V. Lomonosov, 1792, etc.).

Yakhontov Nikolay Pavlovich(1764-1840) - Russian composer. Author of one of the first Russian operas, “Sylph, or the Dream of a Young Woman.”

Andrzej Wajdaoutstanding film director

Polish director Andrzej Wajda was born on March 6, 1926 in Suwalki. Wajda studied painting at the Academy fine arts in Krakow, but without completing the course, he entered the directing department of the Lodz Film School. During his studies, he worked as a second director on the film “Five from Barskaya Street,” which was directed by A. Ford. After graduating from film school in 1954, the director made his debut with the film “Generation,” which marked the beginning of the “Polish school of cinema.” Widely Recognized Wajda came to life after the film “Canal” (1956), which won several awards, including a special prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1957. One of best works Andrzej Wajda's film "Ashes and Diamonds", based on the novel of the same name by Jerzy Andrzejewski and telling about the tragedy of young underground fighters, is considered to be from this period. The role of Maciek in this film brought fame to the actor Zbigniew Cybulski. Subsequently, the director touched on the theme of war in the films “Letna”, “Samson”, “Landscape after the Battle”, “Korchak”, “Ring with an Eagle in a Crown”, “ Holy Week". In addition, Andrzej Wajda made lyrical films and satirical comedies(“The Young Ladies from Vilko”, “Bereznyak”, “The Promised Land”, “Innocent Sorcerers”, “Hunting for Flies”). Film adaptations of literary classics, both Polish and world - “The Wedding”, “The Siberian Lady Macbeth”, “Demons”, “Pilate and others” occupy a significant place in the director’s work. A noticeable social and political resonance, and not only in Poland, was caused by Wajda’s work in the late 1970s - early 1980s, when he made such films as “Man of Marble”, “Without Anesthesia”, “Man of Iron” , "Danton".
In addition to cinema, Andrzej Wajda has worked in the theater since the late 1950s; among the performances he staged were several versions of Hamlet, Demons and Crime and Punishment (based on F.M. Dostoevsky).
The director's work was awarded Oscar, Cesar, Felix awards, as well as a number of prestigious international awards in Japan, Italy, Greece; The University of Washington and the Jagiellonian University awarded him an honorary doctorate.
In 1999 Andrzej Wajda directed historical picture"Pan Tadeusz", telling about Poland during the Napoleonic Wars.
In 2000, Andrzej Wajda received an Oscar for his achievements in cinematography.

Henryk Wieniawski- great Polish violinist and composer

Great Polish violinist and composer. Born on July 10, 1835 in Lublin, died on March 31, 1880 in Moscow. In 1843 he was admitted to the conservatory in Paris, where from 1844 he was a student of L. Massart. In 1846, having successfully graduated from the conservatory, he began active concert activities. In 1851-1853 Together with his brother Jozef he performed in Poland, Russia, Germany, and then gave concerts in France and England. In 1860-1872 was a soloist imperial court In Petersburg. In 1862-1868. - Professor of violin at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. Together with Anton Rubinstein he made a large tour of the countries of America (1872-1874). In 1875-1877 - Professor of the Brussels Conservatory in violin class. Then he returned to concert activity again.
He was a brilliant virtuoso, whose brilliance of talent was compared to the great N. Paganini. Representative of romantic performing arts. How the composer enriched the violin repertoire (polonaises, mazurkas, etc.). Many international competitions established in Warsaw (since 1935), in Poznan (since 1952), as well as competitions for composers and violin makers(since 1956).

Anna Germanformerly popular singer

Anna German was born on February 14, 1936 in the Soviet Union in the city of Urgench (Central Asia) into a family of Russian immigrants. Among her distant ancestors were emigrants from Holland who ended up in Russia in mid-17th century century. Anna's paternal great-great-grandfather, who lived on a farm in southern Ukraine for about forty years, was forced to go to Central Asia, where he remained forever.
Russian became Anna’s native language due to family traditions. Anna practically did not remember her father - when she was two years old, he was arrested and sent to a camp, where he disappeared. Soon Anna’s younger brother also died of illness. After that, he and his mother had to wander a lot - they lived in Novosibirsk, Tashkent, Dzhambul, where the war found them.
Anna's mother remarried and after the war in 1946 they left for Poland to join their second husband. Anna went to school there. She was especially good at languages ​​(since childhood she had to communicate in various local languages ​​back in her homeland) - she knew Dutch and Italian well. She drew beautifully. Then she started singing. After graduating from school, Anna applied to the Faculty of Geology. There, at the Faculty of Geology of the University of Wroclaw, her talent manifested itself in the student theater “Pun”, on the Wroclaw Stage. After studying for six years, I didn’t go into geology - I chose a song.
Her first success came at the 3rd Sopot Festival, then there was a triumph at the second Polish Song Festival in Opole with the song “Dancing Eurydice”. First performances in Moscow, where she was offered to record her first record, Sopot again, tours in the USA, performance at the Olympia in Paris with Dalida.
In 1967, Herman conquers Italy at the festival in San Remo where there were such celebrities as Domenico Modugno, Dalida, Sonny, Cher, Claudio Villa. Later has great success at the Neapolitan Song Festival in Sorrento. Everything was going well, but, unfortunately, fate treated her cruelly - she got into a car accident.
Anna and the driver were traveling in a car along mountain road. On one of the difficult sections of the road, the driver dozed off and the car crashed into a concrete barrier. As a result of the collision, Anna was thrown out of the car so far that she was simply not noticed at first. In this car accident, she receives complex fractures of the spine, both legs, left arm, and a concussion. Anna does not regain consciousness for 12 days, then severe operations follow, her entire body is encased in plaster.
Only by 1970 does she begin to walk around the apartment. In the spring of 1972, Herman resumed concert tours. In the fall, she comes to Moscow and records the song “Nadezhda” by A. Pakhmutova and N. Dobronravov. In Poland she did not have her own author, but in the USSR V. Shainsky, O. Feltsman, V. Dobrynin, E. Ptichkin, A. Babajanyan, J. Frenkel and many other composers began to offer her new songs. In the 70s, A. German began to often perform songs for Russian listeners, which they really liked, especially in her performance. Many of these songs became hits of the time, and some remained forever. For example: “Hope”, “When the gardens were blooming”, “We are a long echo of each other”, “Shine, burn my star”, etc.
In 1975, her son was born. Everything seemed to be going well, but fate once again treated her cruelly - in the early 80s she was diagnosed with cancer. Knowing this, Anna went on her last tour - to Australia. When she returned, she went to the hospital. There she underwent three complex operations. However, it was not possible to save A. German.
A. Herman was buried in a Warsaw cemetery and a treble clef and notes were engraved on a black tombstone.

Stanislaw Lem - famous science fiction writer

LEM Stanislav (b. 09/12/1921). Prominent Polish writer, playwright, critic, literary critic and original philosopher, also known for his work. other genres (detective literature, poetry), leading author of the national. NF liters, modern classic. NF. Born in Lvov (now Ukraine). He was forced to interrupt his studies at Lvov (now Ukraine) med. in connection with the beginning. Second World War; during the German years During the occupation, he worked as a car mechanic, a welder, and participated in the Polish Resistance movement. After the end of the war, he repatriated to Poland with his family and graduated from medical school. Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and for some time worked in his specialty; from the beginning 1950s - prof. writer. He made his literary debut in 1946; in SF - at the same time (the works “Alien” and “The Story of a Discovery”, as well as the story “The Man from Mars”). After the establishment of martial law in Poland in 1980, he left for the West. Berlin, also lived in Austria, Italy; returned home in the late 1980s. Honorary Doctor of the Wroclaw University of Technology. Laureate plural national and foreign lit. awards, including State. Prize of the People's Republic of Poland (1976), State. Austrian Prize (1956). SF and the philosophical TV of L. (one, apparently, of the last thinkers - encyclopedists), usually closely linked in most of his works, is a unique lit. and a general cultural phenomenon of the 2nd gender. XX century Usually in SF novels and novels of the writer, plural. of which are included in the modern gold fund. SF, “tested out” his original and bold philosophical concepts regarding the prospects of various. sciences, from cybernetics to space civilizing activities in general. To the most famous SF productions. L. include: early novels - “Astronauts” (1951; Russian 1955) and “Magellan Cloud” (1955; Russian 1958); satirical cycles - “Star Diaries of Iyon the Quiet” (1957; Russian 1961), subsequently continued by stories and even novels, and “Cyberiad”, which also amounted to several. Sat; cycle about the space pilot Pirx - Sat. “Stories about the Pilot Pirx” (1968), etc., late novel“Fiasco” (1987); novels - “Eden” (1959; Russian 1967), “Solaris” (1961; Russian abbreviated 1963; additional 1976), “Return from the Stars” (1961; Russian 1965), “Invincible” (1964; Russian . 1964), etc. One of the stories about Pirx and the novel “Solaris” were filmed, and the second film adaptation by A. Tarkovsky belongs to the masterpieces of world cinema science fiction. L. is also known for the original philosophical and futurological book “The Sum of Technology” (1964; Russian 1968), and a number of philosophical and literary critical works.

Adam Mickiewicz - famous Polish poet

MITSKIEWICZ, ADAM (Mickiewicz, Adam) (1798–1855), Polish poet. Born on December 24, 1798 in Novogrudok (now Belarus) into a small noble family. In 1819 he graduated from Vilna University. In 1822 and 1823 he published two small collections of poetry, marking the beginning of the romantic movement in Polish literature. In 1824 he was deported to Russia for active participation in Polish patriotic organizations; lived in Odessa, Moscow and St. Petersburg; in 1829 he received permission to travel to Western Europe.
In Russia, Mickiewicz wrote the Crimean Sonnets (Sonety krymskie, 1826) and an epic poem in the Byronic spirit, Konrad Wallenrod (1828), testifying to poetic maturity. In 1829–1831 he lived mainly in Rome, where, having experienced a spiritual crisis, he became interested in mysticism. Half-heartedly trying to join the participants Polish uprising 1830–1831, in 1832 he settled in Paris, where he spent most of the rest of his life. In 1832–1834 two of his greatest poems: III part Dziadov (Dziady) and Pan Tadeusz (Pan Tadeusz). In the first, Mickiewicz outlined his “messianic” idea, giving the Poles the same place among other nations that Christ occupied among people: Poland was crucified, but will rise again and lay the foundation for a new one. historical era. Pan Tadeusz is set in rural Lithuania on the eve of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812; The plot is based on the feuds of local Polish nobles, which successfully ended in a wedding.
After Pan Tadeusz, Mickiewicz practically stopped writing poetry. In 1840 he became the first professor of Slavic literature at the Collège de France in Paris. In 1841 he fell under the influence of the apologist for Polish messianism, the mystic A. Towianski, whose teachings combined faith in the revival of Poland with faith in the unceasing activity of the spirit of Napoleon. For promoting Tovianism, the French government removed Mickiewicz from lecturing in 1845, and in 1852 he was dismissed. In 1855, Mickiewicz left for Constantinople, where he intended to organize a Polish legion to help the French and British in the fight against Russia. Having contracted cholera, he died on November 26, 1855. In 1890, Mickiewicz's ashes were transported from Paris to Krakow and placed in a sarcophagus in the Wawel Cathedral.

Cyprian Kamil Norwid - the greatest poet, playwright, artist

Cyprian Kamil Norwid / Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821 - 1883) Buy books by the poet Cyprian Kamil Norwid - poems, poetic translations... The largest Polish poet, playwright, artist. In 1842, he left his homeland and went to Italy, wanting to continue art education. In 1846 he was arrested in Berlin by the Prussian authorities, and after his release he moved to Paris. At the end of 1852 he left for America, then returned to Europe again and lived in Paris. Contemporary of Mickiewicz, Slovacki, Chopin. Sadly calling himself an “unknown poet,” he believed in the revival of harmony in art, which, as the poet argued, can only be achieved in a “society of free individuals” who defend their right to think and create; he was a supporter of progressive evolution, opposing revolutionary violence; It was in art that he saw the power to influence social reality (the poem "Promethidion" - 1848-1850). Contemporaries valued Norwid as brilliant speaker and a magnificent reciter, an excellent artist, but only the creators of “Young Poland” appreciated his literary genius. The poet's literary heritage is characterized by deep philosophical generalizations, bold innovation, but above all - a comprehensive interest in a person, in the content of his life. The most original are his cycle "Vade mecum" (1865-66), which included the masterpiece of Norwidov's lyrics "Chopin's Grand Piano", as well as "The Thing about Freedom of Speech" (1869). These and many other pearls of the poet's intellectual lyrics were published posthumously. In recent years, the poet lived in extreme poverty. From February 1877 he was forced to live in a shelter on the Parisian outskirts of Ivry. He died in 1883. Five years later, the poet’s ashes were transferred to the Montmorency cemetery and buried in the common grave of unknown Polish wanderers.
Most of the poet’s most important works have been preserved in fragments and have survived to this day in manuscripts: “Behind the Scenes”, “Tyrtaeus”, “Cleopatra”, “A Dorio ad Phrygium”, “Ring of a High Society Lady”, “Emil of Gostavya”, “Countess Palmyra” ".
Today Norvid's name is in the pantheon Polish literature is located next to the names of Mickiewicz and Slovacki.

Krzysztof Penderecki- outstanding composer and conductor

Outstanding Polish composer and conductor, one of the most interesting personalities in modern world music, one of the creators of the modern musical avant-garde. Graduate of the Jagiellonian University and the Higher State School of Music in Krakow (later renamed the Academy of Music). Since 1958, professor of composition. He taught at many educational institutions in Poland and abroad. In 1972-1987 Rector of the Academy of Music in Krakow. In 1987-1990 was thin. director of the Krakow Philharmonic. Since 1988 - chief conductor of the North German Radio Orchestra in Hamburg.
Honorary member of the Royal Academy of Music in London and Stockholm, honorary doctor of many universities, laureate of the most prestigious music awards world, including them. Sibelius in Helsinki (1983), Grammy Award in the USA (1988), Gravemeyer Award in the USA (1990).

The most important works of K. Penderecki:
- “In memory of the victims of Hiroshima - tren” (1960)
- "The Luke Passion" (1963/65)
- "Matins" (1970)
- "Cosmogony" (1970)
- "Magnificat" (1974)
- "The Seven Gates of Jerusalem" (1996)
operas:
- "Human Demons" (1968)
- "Paradise Lost" (1978)
- "Black Mask" (1987)
- "King of Ubu" (1991).
Author of five symphonies, three quartets, a number of concerts, etc.

Juliusz Słowacki - great poet and playwright

The great poet and playwright, along with A. Mickiewicz, is the founder of Polish romanticism. He received his education at Vilnius University. Stefan Batory. During the November uprising of 1830 he worked in the Diplomatic Bureau of the National Government. In the patriotic poems written during this period, the voice of the poet-citizen is heard. “The resurrection of the people became the moment of the resurrection of dreams,” J. Slovacki later wrote in his autobiography. However, in March 1831, the poet left Warsaw (he left as a diplomatic courier for Paris and then for London). After the defeat of the uprising, J. Slovacki remained in exile. He lived mainly in Paris, spent 1833-1836 in Geneva, and in 1837-38 traveled to Greece, Egypt and the countries of the Middle East. In his early works J. Slovacki imitated Byron and Shakespeare. During the period of mature creativity, he became a spokesman for the quests and disappointments of his generation, presenting on his behalf an account of life and history. The poet’s creativity amazes with its versatility genre searches, an abundance of plans, many of which, however, were never completed. His contribution to the development of romantic drama. The dramas "Kordian" (published 1834, post. 1899), "Balladina" (1835, published 1839, post. 1862), "Lilla Veneda" (1840, post. 1863) are masterpieces of Polish drama. The motives of individual tragedy are intertwined in them with national historical and philosophical problems. In the dramas "Balladina" and "Lilla Veneda" the poet tried to find examples of national character and history in the world of myths and legends. The mastery of combining tragic and comic motifs, fantasy and reality, which is noticeable in “Balladin,” was most fully demonstrated in the poem “Benevski” (1841, unfinished), a masterpiece of romantic subjectivism and literary polemics. Other important works of J. Slovatsky: prose poem “Angelli” (1938); dramas "Gorshtynsky" (1835), "Mazepa" (1840), "Salome's Silver Dream" (1844), "Samuel Zborovsky" (1845); the romantic comedy Fantasia (1841); unfinished historical and philosophical poem "The Spirit King" (1845-1849).
J. Slovacki died in Paris in 1849. Since 1927, the poet’s ashes have rested in Krakow in the Wawel tomb. The work of J. Słowacki had a huge influence on the development of Polish literature (Young Poland recognized the poet as its patron and predecessor) and to this day is a living source of ideological and artistic inspiration.

Chervony Guitars- the most popular Polish youth ensemble of the sixties

Czerwone Gitary is the most popular Polish youth ensemble of the sixties. Founded in 1965 in Gryn by J. Kossel. The team also included: S. Krajewski, K. Klenczon, H. Zomerski, J. Skrzypczak and B. Dornowski.
"Chervony Guitars" (Red Guitars) quickly gained popularity. Their repertoire included many popular songs. The most famous of them: “Matura” (Matura), “Don’t turn up your nose” (Nie zadzieraj nosa), “After all, you are afraid of the mouse” (Bo ty sie boisz myszy), “No one in the world knows” (Nikt na swiecie nie wie ), “White Cross” (Bialy krzyz), “Anna Maria” (Anna Maria), “Flowers in the hair” (Kwiaty we wlosach), “Allowed from 18 years of age” (Dozwolone od lat 18-tu).
In 1968 the song "Such Perfect eyes" (Takie ladne oczy) received the award of the Committee for Radio and Television Affairs (Przewodniczacy Komitet d.s. PR i TV), and in 1969 "White Cross" (Bialy Krzyz) received the award of the Minister of Culture and Art (Ministr Kultury i Sztuki).
In 1970, Klenczon left the group (died tragically in 1981).
“Chervony Guitar”, after minor changes in the composition, in 1977 in Sopot won the second award at the Eurovision Song Contest with the song “We Will Not Calm Down” (Nie spoczniemy).
Discography: "To wlasnie my" (1996), "Czerwone Gitary 2" (1967), "Czerwone Gitary 3" (1968), "Na fujarce" (1970), "Consuela" (1971), "Czerwone Gitary - Warszawa" (1971), "Spokoj serca" (1971), "Rytm ziemi" (1974), "Dzien jeden w roku" (1976), "Port piratow" (1977), "Rote Gitarren" (1978), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary" (1978), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary" (1991), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary 2" (1991), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary 3" (1991), "Czerwone Gitary (1)" ( 1991), "Czerwone Gitary (2)" (1991), "Czerwone Gitary" (1994), "Ballady" (1994), "Koniec - Czerwone Gitary by Seweryn Krajewski" (1995), "Gold" (1996).

Fryderyk Chopin - great composer

The great Polish composer Fryderyk Chopin was born (according to official documents) on February 22, 1810 in Zelazowa Wola. The composer himself, however, considered the date of his birth to be March 1, which was confirmed by his mother. Chopin was brought up in Warsaw in a boarding school for children of noble origin, which was opened by his mother. Father - Mikolay Chopin - French by birth, the educated son of a Vosges peasant winemaker, arrived from Lorraine and stayed in Poland to avoid serving in Napoleonic army. Mother - Justyna Krzyzanowska - served as a housekeeper for Countess Skarbek on the estate of Zhelyazova Wola. Chopin's youth was about learning the secrets of composition from Józef Elsner, rector of the conservatory; these are quick successes in playing the piano, these are Warsaw receptions, concerts in fashionable salons, and summer holidays on the estates of boarding house comrades. Musical ability Chopin's talents manifested themselves exceptionally early: already at the age of eight he was called the “Polish Mozart”. On 24.2.1818 he gave his first public concert. All of Warsaw started talking about him. Chopin was a close observer of the life around him: he followed the change of styles and fashions, primarily in the world of art, and the Warsaw disputes between supporters of classicism and romanticism. At the same time, Chopin was developing as a pianist. His performances attracted the attention of the public and the press in Warsaw, then in Vienna, where he gave his first concert in 1829. In Vienna, Chopin was caught by the news of the uprising that began on November 29, 1830 in Warsaw, which caused the composer, many of whose friends participated in this uprising, a severe mental crisis. The tragic experiences of this time were reflected in the sketches created soon. Three sketches were given the title "Revolutionary" due to their exceptionally dramatic nature. Reflections on the fate of Poland and the patriotic spirit were heard later in Chopin's heroic polonaises, and echoes of longing for Poland are heard in some mazurkas written in Mallorca and Nohant.
In the autumn of 1831, Chopin arrived in Paris. His first Paris concert on February 26, 1832 immediately brought him enormous popularity. Chopin quickly conquered the Parisian salons with his brilliant humor and genius of improvisation, and quickly entered the select circle of people in the arts. Here he became close to Liszt, Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, Halévy, Heine, and met with Mickiewicz, who unsuccessfully persuaded him to write a patriotic opera. Played a big role in Chopin’s life during that Parisian period famous writer Aurora Dudevant, who wrote under the pseudonym Georges Sand. Chopin visited her summer residence in Nohant, and Madame Sand accompanied the already seriously ill composer on his trip to Mallorca. In those years (1838-1847) Chopin's best works were written - ballads, scherzos, fantasies in F minor, sonatas in B-flat minor and B-minor, barcarolles, a number of waltzes and mazurkas, as well as polonaises in F-sharp minor, A-flat major and polonaise-fantasy. His work ended in Nohant. After breaking up with George Sand, the composer went to England and Scotland for several months. Chopin died in Paris on October 17, 1849 and was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery. According to the will of the composer, his heart was transported by his sister to Warsaw and buried in the dungeon of the Church of St. Cross; in 1879, it was walled up in one of the columns of this temple, on which a plaque was erected with the inscription: “Compatriots of Fryderyk Chopin.”
Chopin was one of the brightest creative individuals in the history of not only music, but also the entire world culture. He consciously devoted himself only piano creativity, wrote neither operas nor symphonies. But he was the first to turn piano music into such an independent, powerful artistic realm.

Cultural figures are as general a concept as culture itself, and this category represents a whole philosophical topic. Culture is understood as something, on the one hand, man-made, social - as opposed to nature, on the other - as something ordered and subject to the laws of beauty - as opposed to barbarism and savagery. In this sense, the category of culture can include art, science, religion, and even codes moral standards...however, having delved deeper into the concept of culture as such, we run the risk of completely getting lost in the philosophical and cultural “wilds,” so we will narrow our subject of research to the “state machine” and see what is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture.

First of all, this, of course, is everything related to art - philharmonic societies and concert halls, drama, opera and puppet theaters, circuses, film studios, independent performing groups - orchestras, choirs and ensembles... these are all the people who work in institutions of this kind and can be called cultural figures. True, they often use a slightly different formulation - “cultural worker”, and “activist” is something more sublime... but no specific, documented difference between one and the other can be indicated.

Workers (or, if you like, figures) of culture in our country also include those who train personnel for all these organizations, and at the most basic level: musical and art schools are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture, not Education... it is noteworthy that educational institutions are more high level- For example, music schools and conservatories - still belong to the category of education... this cannot be called anything other than an irony of fate: after all, a student at a conservatory has a much greater chance of becoming a musician (i.e., a cultural worker) than a student at a music school.

But not only those who create art are considered cultural figures. This category also includes those who preserve it and present it to the general public: art galleries and other museums are also cultural institutions, and their employees are cultural workers. This concept also includes libraries (excluding those that are part of some organizations - for example, universities, in in this case we're talking about about libraries that are independent organizations).

All cultural figures - no matter how different their areas of activity may be - have one thing in common: it is relatively easy to do without them. It is no coincidence that all economic crises hit them first - for example, in the unforgettable 90s, when teachers and doctors at least tried to go on strike, cultural workers, sitting for months without wages, did not even dare to do this: after all, if you say the word, they will close ! And yet... imagine that tomorrow all theaters, art galleries and concert halls will close... then, of course, we will not die from hunger, cold and disease - but something very important will die in us, which fundamentally distinguishes us from animals. It can be said that main responsibility any cultural figure - from a guide in a provincial museum to a director Mariinsky Theater– is to make people people.

One of the highest recognitions of merit for such a person is the title of Honored Worker of Culture. True, there are also higher titles - Honored Artist, Honored Artist - but it is the artists who receive them, and a music school teacher can become an Honored Cultural Worker.

For Europeans, the period of the dark Middle Ages ended, giving way to the Renaissance. It made it possible to revive the almost extinct heritage of Antiquity and create great works of art. Scientists of the Renaissance also played an important role in the development of mankind.

Paradigm

The crisis and destruction of Byzantium led to the appearance of thousands of Christian emigrants in Europe, who brought books with them. These manuscripts contained knowledge of the ancient period, half-forgotten in the west of the continent. They became the basis of humanism, which placed man, his ideas and the desire for freedom at the forefront. Over time, in cities where the role of bankers, artisans, traders and craftsmen increased, secular centers of science and education began to emerge, which not only were not under the control of catholic church, but also often fought against her dictates.

Painting by Giotto (Renaissance)

Artists in the Middle Ages created works of predominantly religious content. In particular, for a long time The main genre of painting was iconography. The first who decided to depict on his canvases ordinary people, as well as abandoning the canonical style of writing inherent in the Byzantine school, was Giotto di Bondone, who is considered a pioneer of the Proto-Renaissance. On the frescoes of the Church of San Francesco, located in the city of Assisi, he used the play of chiaroscuro and departed from the generally accepted compositional structure. However, Giotto's main masterpiece was the painting of the Arena Chapel in Padua. It is interesting that immediately after this order the artist was called to decorate the city hall. While working on one of the paintings, in order to achieve the greatest authenticity in the depiction of the “celestial sign,” Giotto consulted with the astronomer Pietro d’Abano. Thus, thanks to this artist, painting stopped depicting people, objects and natural phenomena according to certain canons and became more realistic.

Leonardo da Vinci

Many figures of the Renaissance had versatile talent. However, none of them can compare with Leonardo da Vinci in his versatility. He distinguished himself as an outstanding painter, architect, sculptor, anatomist, natural scientist and engineer.

In 1466, Leonardo da Vinci went to study in Florence, where, in addition to painting, he studied chemistry and drawing, and also acquired skills in working with metal, leather and plaster.

Already the artist’s first paintings distinguished him among his fellow workers. During his long, at that time, 68-year life, Leonardo da Vinci created such masterpieces as “Mona Lisa”, “John the Baptist”, “Lady with an Ermine”, “ last supper"etc.

Like others prominent figures Renaissance, the artist was interested in science and engineering. In particular, it is known that the wheel pistol lock he invented was used until the 19th century. In addition, Leonardo da Vinci created drawings of a parachute, a flying machine, a searchlight, a telescope with two lenses, etc.

Michelangelo

When the question of what the Renaissance figures gave to the world is discussed, the list of their achievements necessarily contains the works of this outstanding architect, artist and sculptor.

Among the most famous creations of Michelangelo Buonarroti are the frescoes of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the statue of David, the sculpture of Bacchus, the marble statue of the Madonna of Bruges, the painting “The Torment of St. Anthony” and many other masterpieces of world art.

Rafael Santi

The artist was born in 1483 and lived only 37 years. However, the great legacy of Raphael Santi puts him at the top of any symbolic rating of “Outstanding Figures of the Renaissance.”

The artist’s masterpieces include “The Coronation of Mary” for the Oddi altar, “Portrait of Pietro Bembo”, “Lady with a Unicorn”, numerous frescoes commissioned for the Stanza della Segnatura, etc.

The pinnacle of Raphael's creativity is considered " Sistine Madonna", created for the altar of the church of the monastery of St. Sixta in Piacenza. This picture affects anyone who sees it, unforgettable impression, since Mary depicted on it in an incomprehensible way combines the earthly and heavenly essences of the Mother of God.

Albrecht Durer

Famous figures of the Renaissance were not only Italian. These include the German painter and engraver Albrecht Dürer, who was born in Nuremberg in 1471. His most significant works are the “Landauer Altar”, a self-portrait (1500), the painting “Feast of Rose Wreaths”, and three “Workshop Engravings”. The latter are considered masterpieces of graphic art of all times and peoples.

Titian

The great figures of the Renaissance in the field of painting left us images of their most famous contemporaries. One of the outstanding portrait painters of this period of European art was Titian, who came from the famous Vecellio family. He immortalized on canvas Federico Gonzaga, Charles V, Clarissa Strozzi, Pietro Aretino, the architect Giulio Romano and many others. In addition, his brushes include canvases on subjects from ancient mythology. How highly the artist was valued by his contemporaries is evidenced by the fact that one day Emperor Charles V hastened to pick up a brush that had fallen from Titian’s hands. The monarch explained his action by saying that serving such a master is an honor for anyone.

Sandro Botticelli

The artist was born in 1445. Initially, he was going to become a jeweler, but then he ended up in the workshop of Andrea Verrocchio, who once studied with Leonardo da Vinci. Along with works of religious themes, the artist created several paintings of secular content. Botticelli's masterpieces include the paintings "The Birth of Venus", "Spring", "Pallas and the Centaur" and many others.

Dante Alighieri

The great figures of the Renaissance left their indelible mark on world literature. One of the most prominent poets of this period is Dante Alighieri, born in 1265 in Florence. At the age of 37 he was expelled from hometown because of his political views and wandered until the last years of his life.

Even as a child, Dante fell in love with his peer Beatrice Portinari. Having matured, the girl married another man and died at the age of 24. Beatrice became the poet’s muse, and it was to her that he dedicated his works, including the story “ New life" In 1306, Dante began creating his “Divine Comedy,” which he worked on for almost 15 years. In it, he exposes the vices of Italian society, the crimes of the popes and cardinals, and places his Beatrice in “paradise.”

William Shakespeare

Although the ideas of the Renaissance reached the British Isles with some delay, they were also created there outstanding works art.

In particular, one of the most famous playwrights in human history, William Shakespeare, worked in England. His plays have been performed on theater stages in all corners of the planet for more than 500 years. His pen includes the tragedies “Othello”, “Romeo and Juliet”, “Hamlet”, “Macbeth”, as well as the comedies “Twelfth Night”, “Much Ado About Nothing” and many others. In addition, Shakespeare is famous for his sonnets dedicated to the mysterious Dark Lady.

Leon Battista Alberti

The Renaissance also contributed to changing the appearance of European cities. Great architectural masterpieces were created during this period, including the Roman Cathedral of St. Peter's, Laurentian staircase, Florence Cathedral, etc. Along with Michelangelo, among famous architects The famous scientist Leon Battista Alberti belongs to the Renaissance. He made enormous contributions to architecture, art theory and literature. His areas of interest also included problems of pedagogy and ethics, mathematics and cartography. He created one of the first scientific works on architecture, entitled “Ten Books on Architecture.” This work had a huge influence on subsequent generations of his colleagues.

Now you know the most famous cultural figures of the Renaissance, thanks to whom human civilization entered a new stage of its development.

It replaced the Middle Ages and lasted until the Enlightenment. She has great value in the history of Europe. It is distinguished by a secular type of culture, as well as humanism and anthropocentrism (man comes first). Renaissance figures also changed their views.

basic information

Formed new culture thanks to changing social relations in Europe. It was especially affected by the fall of the Byzantine state. Many Byzantines immigrated to European countries, and they brought with them a huge amount of works of art. All this was unfamiliar and Cosimo de Medici, impressed, created Plato’s Academy in Florence.

The spread of city-republics entailed the growth of classes that were far from feudal relations. These included artisans, bankers, merchants, and so on. They didn't take into account medieval values that were formed by the church. As a result of this, humanism was formed. This concept refers to a philosophical direction that considers a person as the highest value.

Secular scientific and research centers began to form in many countries. Their difference from the medieval ones was their separation from the church. A big shift was made by the invention of printing in the 15th century. Thanks to this, outstanding figures of the Renaissance began to appear more and more often.

Formation and blossoming

The Renaissance came first in Italy. Here its signs began to appear back in the 13th and XIV centuries. However, it failed to gain popularity then, and only in the 20s of the 15th century was it able to gain a foothold. The Renaissance spread to other European countries much later. It was at the end of the century that this movement flourished.

The next century became a crisis for the Renaissance. The result was the emergence of Mannerism and Baroque. The entire Renaissance is divided into four periods. Each of them is represented by its own culture and art.

Proto-Renaissance

It is a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. It can be divided into two stages. The first continued during Giotto's lifetime, the second after his death (1337). The first was filled with great discoveries; the brightest figures of the Renaissance worked during this period. The second ran parallel to the deadly plague that tormented Italy.

Renaissance artists of this period expressed their skills primarily in sculpture. Particularly noteworthy are Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Pisano, as well as Niccolo and Giovanni Pisano. Painting of that time is represented by two schools, which were located in Siena and Florence. Giotto played a huge role in the painting of that period.

Renaissance figures (artists), in particular Giotto, began to touch upon secular themes in their paintings in addition to religious ones.

In literature, a revolution was made by Dante Alighieri, who created the famous “Comedy”. However, the descendants, admiring it, called it " Divine Comedy"The sonnets of Petrarch (1304-1374), written during that period, gained enormous popularity, and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), author of the Decameron, became his follower.

The most famous figures of the Renaissance became the creators of language. The works of these writers gained fame beyond the borders of their native state during their lifetime, and were subsequently ranked among the treasures of world literature.

Early Renaissance period

This period lasted eighty years (1420-1500). Figures of the era Early Renaissance They did not abandon the familiar recent past, but began to resort to the classics of antiquity in their works. Gradually they moved from medieval principles to ancient ones. This transition was influenced by changes in life and culture.

In Italy, the principles of classical antiquity were already fully manifested, while in other states they still adhered to the traditions of the Gothic style. Only by the middle of the 15th century did the Renaissance penetrate into Spain and north of the Alps.

In painting, first of all, they began to show the beauty of a person. The early period is mainly represented by the works of Botticelli (1445-1510), as well as Masaccio (1401-1428).

Especially famous sculptor of that period is Donatello (1386-1466). The portrait type predominated in his works. Donatello also created a nude sculpture for the first time since antiquity.

The most important figure of that period was Brunelleschi (1377-1446). He managed to combine in his works ancient Roman and gothic styles. He was engaged in the construction of chapels, temples and palaces. He also returned elements of ancient architecture.

High Renaissance period

This time marked the heyday of the Renaissance (1500-1527). Center Italian art located in Rome, and not in the usual Florence. The reason for this was the newly appointed Pope Julius II. He was enterprising and decisive character, during his time on the papal throne, the best cultural figures of the Renaissance came to court.

The construction of the most magnificent buildings began in Rome, sculptors create numerous masterpieces that are pearls of world art in our time. Frescoes and paintings are being painted that fascinate with their beauty. All these branches of art are developing, helping each other.

The study of antiquity is becoming more and more profound. The culture of that period is being reproduced with increasing accuracy. At the same time, the calmness of the Middle Ages is replaced by playfulness in painting. Nevertheless, the figures of the Renaissance, the list of which is extensive, borrow only some elements of antiquity, and create the basis themselves. Each has its own distinctive features.

Leonardo Da Vinci

The most famous figure of the Renaissance is, perhaps, Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519). This is the most versatile personality of that period. He studied painting, music, sculpture, and science. During his life, Da Vinci was able to invent many things that have become firmly established in our lives today (bicycle, parachute, tank, and so on). Sometimes his experiments ended in failure, but this happened because some inventions, one might say, were ahead of their time.

Most people know him, of course, thanks to the painting "Mona Lisa". Many scientists are still looking for various secrets in it. Leonardo left behind several students.

Late Renaissance period

Became the final stage in the Renaissance (from 1530 to 1590-1620, but some scholars extend it to 1630, because of this there is constant controversy).

In Southern Europe at that time a movement began to emerge (Counter-Reformation), the goal of which was to restore the greatness of the Catholic Church and Christian faith. All chanting human body were unacceptable to him.

Numerous contradictions resulted in a crisis of ideas beginning to emerge. As a result of the instability of religion, the figures of the Renaissance began to lose the harmony between nature and man, between the physical and the spiritual. The result was the emergence of mannerism and baroque.

Revival in Russia

The culture of the Renaissance influenced our country in some areas. However, its impact was limited by a fairly large distance, as well as by the attachment of Russian culture to Orthodoxy.

The first ruler to pave the way for the Renaissance in Russia was Ivan III, who during his time on the throne began to invite Italian architects. With their arrival, new elements and construction technologies appeared. However, there was no huge revolution in architecture.

In 1475, an Italian architect was involved in the restoration of the Assumption Cathedral. He adhered to the traditions of Russian culture, but added space to the project.

By the 17th century, due to the influence of the Renaissance, Russian icons acquired realism, but at the same time, artists followed all ancient canons.

Soon Rus' was able to master printing. However, it became especially widespread only in the 17th century. Many technologies that appeared in Europe were quickly brought to Russia, where they were improved and became part of traditions. For example, in accordance with one of the hypotheses, vodka was imported from Italy, its formula was subsequently refined, and in 1430 the Russian version of this drink appeared.

Conclusion

The Renaissance gave the world many gifted artists, researchers, scientists, sculptors, and architects. From huge amount Names can be distinguished by those that are most famous and glorified.

Philosophers and scientists:

  • Bruno.
  • Galileo.
  • Pico della Mirandola.
  • Nikolai Kuzansky.
  • Machiavelli.
  • Campanella.
  • Paracelsus.
  • Copernicus.
  • Münzer.

Writers and poets:

  • F. Petrarch.
  • Dante.
  • G. Boccaccio.
  • Rabelais.
  • Cervantes.
  • Shakespeare.
  • E. Rotterdamsky.

Architects, painters and sculptors:

  • Donatello.
  • Leonardo da Vinci.
  • N. Pisano.
  • A. Rosselino.
  • S. Botticelli.
  • Raphael.
  • Michelangelo.
  • Bosch.
  • Titian.
  • A. Durer.

Of course, this is only a small part of the figures of the Renaissance, but it was these people who became its personification for many.