Romain Rolland works. Romain Rolland and the philosophy of Ramakrishna

Romain Rolland - Cola Brugnon

Romain Rolland - Cola Brugnon ("The Smoking Room Lives")

Romain Rolland - Lilyuli

Years of life: from 01/26/1866 to 12/30/1944

French novelist, playwright, publicist, art critic, public figure. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Recognized classic of French and world literature.

R. Rolland was born into a wealthy family in Clamcy, in the south of France, where he spent his childhood. His father, Emil, was a notary. At the insistence of his mother, the family moved to Paris in 1880 so that his son could receive a good education. From an early age, Romain fell in love with music; his mother taught him to play the piano. In 1886, the young man, having graduated from the Lyceum of Louis the Great, entered the very prestigious high school "Ecole Normale Superior", where he studied history, and in 1889 received a teaching diploma. Already during his student years, Rolland became acquainted with creativity and philosophical views L. Tolstoy (the writers subsequently corresponded), these views had a huge influence on the formation of Rolland’s own worldview. From 1889 to 1891, Rolland traveled on a scholarship to Rome, where he studied the history of music. During this period, under the influence of Shakespeare's historical plays, Rolland became interested in literature. In 1892, he married Clotilde Breal, the daughter of a famous philologist (divorced in 1901). In 1893, Rolland again came to Paris, was engaged in teaching and scientific work, as well as literature. In 1985, Rolland defended his dissertation in the field of music history, after which he received the department of musicology, established especially for him. Over the next 17 years, Rolland combined his studies in literature with lecturing on music and fine arts at the Sorbonne, as well as in other educational institutions. At the same time, Rolland published his first works in the journal “Two-Week Notebooks” (“Cahiers de la Quinzaine”). Rolland's first literary works were plays. His works were initially received rather coldly, since bourgeois melodrama flourished in the French theater. This gave Rolland the idea of ​​a folk theater; like Leo Tolstoy, Rolland believed that the public should be educated on heroic examples. However, his article (later becoming a book) “ People's Theater" went unnoticed. Then Rolland turned to the genre of biography and wrote “The Life of Beethoven” (1903) and a biography of Michelangelo (1905). These and other works of the biographical genre occupy an important place in literary heritage writer. In 1904 it begins to appear in print. central work Rolland - a ten-volume novel “Jean Christophe” (1904-1912), it was with this novel that Rolland became famous. Mainly thanks to "Jean Christophe" in 1915, Rolland received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for high idealism literary works, for the sympathy and love of truth with which he describes various human types." Shortly before the First World War, Rolland settled in Switzerland and in 1915 published a series of anti-war articles “Above the Battle” (“Audessus de la melee”), which caused a storm of protest among the “patriotically”-minded part of European society. Rolland reacted positively to October Revolution and throughout his life he had a very positive attitude towards the USSR. The writer corresponded with M. Gorky, and in 1935 he visited the Soviet Union and even talked with Stalin. In general, in the years between the world wars, the writer devoted more and more time and energy to politics and public life and at the same time still writes a lot. In the 20s he is interested in Indian religious and political thought and writes a number of biographies of Indian thinkers and public figures: M. Gandhi, Ramakrishna, Vivekananda. In 1934, Rolland married Maria Kudasheva, and four years later he returned from Switzerland to France. During the Second World War, the writer lived in occupied Vézelay, where on December 30, 1944 he died of tuberculosis, which he had suffered from since childhood.

Rolland's work “The History of Opera in Europe before Lulli and Scarlatti” (L"Histoire de l"opéra en Europe avant Lulli et Scarlatti) was the first doctoral dissertation on a musical topic at the Sorbonne.

Nobel Prize was awarded to the writer a year late, partly because of the war, partly because of the scandal caused by the publication of the articles “Above the Fight.”

The work of R. Rolland has had great influence on, as can be seen from the correspondence of the writers.

Writer's Awards

Bibliography

Dramaturgy

Cycle of plays "Theater of Revolution":
Wolves (1898)
Danton (1899)
Fourteenth of July (1902)
The Game of Love and Death (1924)
Palm Sunday (1926)
Leonids (1928)
Robespierre (1939)

Dramaturgy outside of cycles:
The Time Will Come (1903)

"Life of Michelangelo" - classical prose French writer, Nobel Prize winner in literature Romain Rolland (French Romain Rolland, 1866-1944) ***. The conflict between dream and action remains a central problem for man. The work “The Life of Michelangelo” clearly shows the internal contradictions of one of the powerful titans of the Renaissance - Michelangelo. Using the example of the life of a genius, the author showed how to struggle with difficulties, fall and, getting up, straighten your wings, suffer and at the same time find inspiration in torment. Among his other works of the biographical genre, one can highlight the cycle “Heroic Lives” (“Vies hero"i"ques”), which includes books about great figures: “The Life of Beethoven” (“Vie de Beethoven”, 1903), “The Life of Tolstoy” (“Vie de Tolstoi”, 1911). Romain Rolland is a realist of the 20th century, one of the great French writers, a musicologist, an artist of a new type, who, with the help of his creativity, contributed to Western European literature heroic layer, faith in human capabilities. This is a writer who gave all his strength to the fight for man, for his dignity and...

• 11 April 2016, 16:40

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“Above the Fight (1914-1915)” is a collection of anti-war articles by a French writer, one of the largest figures in literary and social life. modern West– Romain Rolland (French Romain Rolland, 1866-1944) ***. Chronicle written in realistic manner. It is based on the writer’s anti-war views. He cites ideological contradictions and chauvinistic propaganda as the cause of the war. As a continuation, the book “The Forerunners” “Les Precurseurs” was published). On its pages the writer talks about true reasons bloody world massacre. This is money, the material interests of those who profit from wars. The writer continues to profess his anti-war views in the pamphlet “Liliuli” (1919), the tragedy “Pierre and Luce” (1920) and the novel “Clerambault” (1920). Romain Rolland is a realist of the 20th century, one of the great French writers, musicologist, artist of a new type, who, with the help of his creativity, introduced a heroic layer into Western European literature, faith in the possibilities of man, a writer who gave all his strength to the fight for man, for his dignity and freedom...

• November 4, 2013, 20:02

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The author of the multi-volume epic “Jean-Christophe,” the famous French writer Romain Rolland is considered one of the creators of the genre of artistic biography. He owns the biographies of Beethoven, Tolstoy, Michelangelo. In the first decades of the 20th century, when interest in the East was just emerging among the European intelligentsia, R. Rolland turned to India, its philosophy and culture. The hero of his book was the son of a modest Brahman from a Bengal village, known throughout the world under the name of Sri Ramakrishna (1836–1886). The teachings of this unusual religious thinker left its mark on all areas of social and political life in India. Moreover, the name of Ramakrishna is firmly established in cultural heritage of all humanity. His ideas were paid tribute to such humanists as Mahatma Gandhi and J. Nehru, Leo Tolstoy and Nicholas Roerich, Max Muller and Romain...

• 4 October 2013, 01:08

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One of best works famous French writer Romain Rolland (1866–1944) is imbued with passionate love to life in all its manifestations. The never-failing merry fellow and joker Cola Brugnon has a rare gift - he knows how to enjoy everything he does, equally enjoys work, wine, food and carnal joys. A sense of humor and a philosophical attitude towards life help Cola Brugnon to survive all the hardships and...

• October 3, 2013, 20:40

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All ten books of the novel are united by the image of Jean-Christophe, a hero “with pure eyes and heart.” Jean-Christophe is a hero of Beethoven’s plan, that is, a man of the same spiritual heroism, rebellious spirit, innate democracy, as the German genius...

• 3 October 2013, 19:41

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Romain Rolland's novel "Jean-Christophe" absorbed the political and social life, development of culture and art in Europe between the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the beginning of the First World War in 1914.

• 3 October 2013, 19:10

Genre: ,

Romain Rolland's novel "Jean-Christophe" absorbed the political and social life, development of culture and art in Europe between the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the beginning of the First World War in 1914.

All ten books of the novel are united by the image of Jean-Christophe, a hero “with pure eyes and heart.” Jean-Christophe is a hero of Beethoven's plan, that is, a man of the same spiritual heroism, rebellious spirit, innate democracy, as the German genius...

Rolland(Rolland) Romain (29.1.1866, Clamcy, ‒ 30.12.1944, Vézelay), French writer, public figure, musicologist. Born into the family of a notary. He received a humanities education at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris.

In 1895 he defended his dissertation at the Sorbonne “The Origin of Modern opera house. The history of opera in Europe before Lully and Scarlatti." Since 1897, professor (course of music history) at the Normal School, in 1902-12 at the Sorbonne, on whose instructions he organized and headed the music section of the School of Higher Education social sciences. Together with J. Combarieu, P. Aubry and others, he founded the magazine “Revue d'histoire et critique musicale”, 1901. Author of studies on the history of music, monographs, articles. Already in early dramas“Saint Louis” (1897), “Aert” (1898) was reflected in the originality of the R. artist: wit moral issues, attraction to active heroic characters. His ideological and aesthetic position is substantiated in the book “People's Theater” (1903). At the end of the 90s. R. began work on a series of dramas about the Great french revolution: “Wolves”, “The Triumph of Reason”, “Danton”, “The Fourteenth of July” (1898‒1902).

R.'s essay about L. Beethoven (1903) opened a series of biographies of great people - creators of art. “The Life of Michelangelo” appeared in 1907, and “The Life of Tolstoy” in 1911. R. still in student years wrote to L.N. Tolstoy and received a response from him; The Russian writer, according to R. himself, had a serious influence on him. The search for a broad epic form in the spirit of "War and Peace", echoes of Tolstoy's thoughts about artistic creativity as selfless activity for the benefit of people - all this was reflected in R.’s 10-volume epic novel, which brought him world fame‒ “Jean-Christophe” (1904‒12). The image of the German musician - an innovator and a rebel - reflected Beethoven's personality traits. R. embodied here his dream of a creative genius, formed in the fight against the despotism of the authorities, the corrupt world of the bourgeoisie and its painfully refined art. The work is full of passionate journalism. The epic reveals the spiritual biography of the hero, traced with great richness psychological analysis, penetration into secrets creative process; The background is a panorama of Europe. Predicting an imminent world war, R. contrasts it with the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe brotherhood of peoples.

The problems that occupied R. vividly were the fate of culture and art in a historically critical era, the relationship between “thought and action”, creative personality and the people - are placed again and on new way in the story “Cola Brugnon” (finished in 1914, published 1918), written in the manner of folklore stylization in colorful and lively rhythmic prose. The action takes place in Burgundy at the beginning of the 17th century. The hero, the rebellious and mocking Cola Brugnon, is the living embodiment of the people's spirit.

World War I of 1914–18 found R. in Switzerland. From August 1914, he began to systematically appear in print as an anti-war publicist. His articles are collected in the collections “Above the Fight” (1915) and “Forerunners” (1919). R. appealed to the reason and conscience of the “murdered peoples”, denounced the capitalist magnates as the perpetrators of the worldwide massacre, without, however, calling for revolutionary action. R.'s anti-war views were refracted differently in the dramatic satire “Lilyuli” (1919) and in the lyrical story “Pierre and Luce” (1920). The novel “Clerambault” (1920) reflected the quest of the Western European intelligentsia, outraged by imperialist barbarity and tragically cut off from the people.

R. greeted February revolution 1917 in Russia. He perceived the Great October Socialist Revolution as an event of enormous international significance, but for a long time rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat and revolutionary methods of fighting the exploiters. R. adhered to this position in the 20s. His dramas about the French Revolution - “The Game of Love and Death” (1925), “Palm Sunday” (1926), “Leonids” (1927), asserting the greatness of the revolution, highlighted human tragedies and victims. In search of nonviolent forms of social action, R. turned to the experience of the Indian people and their religious and moral teachings (books about Mahatma Gandhi, Ramakrishna, Vivekananda). At the same time, he continued to closely monitor the development of the USSR, corresponded with M. Gorky in a friendly manner, and opposed anti-Soviet campaigns and military preparations of the imperialist bourgeoisie. Gradually, not without difficulties and hesitations, a change in R.’s views took place, expressed in his articles “Farewell to the Past” (1931), “Lenin. Art and Action" (1934), collections of journalistic articles "Fifteen Years of Struggle" and "Peace through Revolution" (both 1935). Together with A. Barbusse, R. participated in the preparation of congresses against war and fascism, became one of ideological inspirers international anti-fascist front. In 1935, R. visited the USSR at the invitation of M. Gorky.

R.'s main literary work after World War I was the novel “The Enchanted Soul” (1922–33). In history ideological development The heroine of the novel, Annette Riviere and her son Mark, reflects the typical processes of the spiritual life of the advanced European intelligentsia, the path from individualistic rebellion or individual acts of humanity to participation in the organized struggle of the masses against the forces of the old world. The novel warns humanity about the danger of fascism. The death of Mark, who died in a street fight with an Italian fascist, causes a sharp mental change in Annette and brings her into the ranks of fighters. The heroes of the novel more than once turn to experience in their disputes and thoughts. Soviet Union. In 1939, R. completed the monumental tragedy “Robespierre”, i.e. having completed work on a series of dramas about the French Revolution.

The pictures of the death of Robespierre and his associates are illuminated by the idea of ​​greatness, the indestructible force of the liberation movement of mankind.

R. spent the years of World War 2, 1939–45, in Vezelay, in the occupation zone, sick, separated from friends. Autobiographical memoirs completed at this time sometimes bear the imprint of severe depression. However, R. worked hard, examining his literary work as a form of resistance to the occupiers. During the war, he completed a multi-volume work on Beethoven (a series of books under the general title “Beethoven. Great Creative Epochs,” published 1928–45), then a biography of Sh. Peggy(published after the liberation of France, in December 1944).

R. left a significant mark on the history of French and world literature. Realizing early historical identity era, he based his work on the principle of heroic deeds. R.'s searches and doubts reflected the objective contradictions in the development of a significant part of the Western intelligentsia during the era of transition from capitalism to socialism. Taking the side of the October Revolution, R. gave an instructive example to Western European cultural figures, helping them find their place in public life and struggle. R.'s innovation as an artist is closely related to the ideological nature of his work. Original features artistic manner R. helped him pose the acute problems of the era and convey the dramatic nature of humanity’s movement towards the future. Nobel Prize (1915).

Cit.: Cahiers Romain Rolland, v. 1‒23, P., ; Romain Rolland. Journal des anneés de guerre, P., 1952; Textes politiques, sociaux et philosophiques choisis. P., 1970; in Russian lane ‒ Collection cit., vol. 1‒20. L., ‒1936; Collection soch., vol. 1‒14, M., 1954‒58; Soch., vol. 1‒9, M., 1974; Memoirs, M., 1966.

Lit. : Gorky M., [Article], Collection. op. in thirty volumes, vol. 24, M., 1953; Lunacharsky A.V., [Articles], Collection. soch., vol. 4‒5, M., 1964‒65; Balakhonov V. E., R. Rolland in 1914-1924, L., 1958; his, R. Rolland and his time (“Jean-Christophe”), L., 1968; him, R. Rolland and his time. Early years, L., 1972; Motyleva T., Creativity of R. Rolland, M., 1959; hers, R. Rolland, M., 1969; Duchesne I., “Jean-Christophe” by R. Rolland, M., 1966; "Europe", 1926, No. 38; 1955, No. 109‒110; 1965, No. 439‒40; Cheval R., R. Rolland, l "Allemagne et la guerre, P., 1963; Barrère J.-B., R. Rolland par luimême, ; Pérus J., R. Rolland et M. Gorki, P., 1968 .

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"Roland Romain" in books

ROMAIN ROLLAN AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF RAMAKRISHNA

ROMAIN ROLLAN AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF RAMAKRISHNA The appeal of Romain Rolland (1866–1944) to the life and philosophy of Ramakrishna at first looks surprising and inexplicable. Why is already a famous writer, a deep connoisseur of music and Italian painting, author historical dramas and theater theorist

Gorky and Romain Rolland