Cyclic forms (music). Cyclic forms of instrumental music

Section 2 Genres of choral music

Topics 11-12 CYCLES IN VOCAL-CHORAL MUSIC

Composers often combine vocal-choral and instrumental works into cycles. Let us recall Camille Saint-Saens's instrumental cycle Carnival of the Animals. The music of this work is full of humor, it contains the voices of animals.

The most favorite play of many fans of the work of K, Saint-Saens is "The Swan". The main theme of this work, which is performed by the cello, depicts the graceful movement of a swan on the water.

A vocal cycle is a cycle of romances or songs united by one idea.

Remember which plays from the Carnival of the Animals cycle by C. Saint-Saens you listened to in previous classes. What unites the works of this cycle?

Russian composer Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky created the unsurpassed vocal cycle "Children's", consisting of seven musical miniatures for performance by one or two vocalists, accompanied by piano. The verses for each of these small scenes were written by the composer himself.

A miniature is a small piece of music, most often an instrumental piece.

In the first play, With the Nanny, a child coaxes his nanny to tell stories. The peculiarity of this work lies in the fact that the composer conveys the emotional appeal of the boy with a recitative. The stressed syllables in the words ah coincide with the melodic leap. Thanks to these musical means, the impression of a child's lively speech is created.

The second work of the cycle - "In the Corner" begins with a "high" emotional note of the nanny, who is angry with her pet Mikhasik. The ball unwound, the rods lost! Ahti! Dropped all the loops! The stocking was splattered with ink!” 3 corners to hear the boy's sentimental response, embodied in minor intonations with a falling end. The kid explains to the nanny that the kitten did the harm, not him.

Cover of printed sheet music of the "Children's" cycle. Mussorgsky

Mikhas's speech is gradually developing - the dynamics are changing, the pace is accelerating, the uncertain intonations of excuses grow into the cries of an offended child. In the last four bars, the tempo of the music slows down somewhat - the boy "threatens" the nanny that he will not love her in the future, because she insulted him.

The cycle included the plays "Beetle", "With a Doll", "For the Coming Sleep", "Cat Sailor", "On a Stick". Others, which the composer played to his friends, have not been preserved in musical form.

In each part, children show their character traits in various life situations. To do this, the author harmoniously combines words and music. Thanks to this interaction, each of the musical and poetic plays creates the impression of a complete and complete work, which has the right to life outside the cycle.

Modest Mussorgsky, "With the Nanny", "In the Corner" from the vocal cycle "Children's".

Of the vocal scenes, did you like it the most? By what musical means does the composer reveal the child's world? Pay attention to the expressiveness of the vocal melody, its connection with the text. What is the role of instrumental accompaniment in creating musical and poetic images?

PORTRAIT OF A COMPOSER

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky:

“If the sound expression of human thought and feeling in simple speech is correctly reflected in my music, and such reproduction is musical and artistic, then everything is in order!”

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839-1881) - Russian innovative composer, author of the operatic masterpieces "Boris Godunov" and "Khovanshchina" , whose music has deep national roots. He is also the author of orchestral and chamber-instrumental works, romances, in the creation of which he relied on folk art. The artist's works are distinguished by depth, drama and truthfulness of images.

Born in with. Karevo, Pskov province. Studied and worked in St. Petersburg, served in the military. The composer did not receive professional musical education and began to create music as an amateur (amateur).

However, he later decided to devote his life to art, leaving the service.

He began active creative activity in the ranks of the famous national-patriotic circle of Russian composers "Mighty Handful". Material need, however, forced him to work again as an official in various institutions, which distracted him from creativity.

In 1879, together with the opera singer Daria Leonova, he made a concert tour of the cities of Ukraine. Ukrainian motifs are reflected in his unfinished opera "Sorochinsky Fair" based on the work of the same name by Nikolai Gogol.

Monument to N. Mussorgsky near the music school in Krivoy Rog (Ukraine)

1. What works are combined into musical cycles? What is the basis of the vocal cycle?

2. Give examples of musical ones in the work: instrumental, vocal, written in the form of a cycle.

Music project. Enter the "Music for Children" section of the school library. Pick up pictures about children that can be epigraph illustrations for each cycle from your music library. Assignment at will. Create a cycle of several well-known songs on a specific topic, give it a name. Think over the construction of the vocal cycle, the development of music according to the chosen plot of the work and the content of the surrounding songs.

The musical cycles include collections of songs or plays, created according to a certain theme or concluded with the authors of fragments of their own operas, ballets, symphonies.

One of the most beloved topics that has always inspired composers to create "magic" music is the Christmas holiday. Thus, the piano cycle of miniatures based on the melodies of carols, common in the everyday life of Ukrainians, belongs to the work of Vasily Barvinsky.

Foreign artists did not stand aside either, many of which presented the listeners with joyful minutes of Christmas music. For example, the British composer Benjamin Britten created a choral cycle of carols that can be heard during the Christmas holidays in concert halls around the world.

I am in the world of music: I perceive, I understand

Benjamin Britten, "Wreath of Carols" or "Wreath of Christmas Carols" for choir, treble soloists and harp (No. 2, 5, 10).

Describe the general mood of the work and individual choral miniatures. What timbre colors does the sound of the harp bring?

PORTRAIT OF A COMPOSER

Benjamin Britten:

"Don't give up when you listen to a new piece for the first time and don't understand it... Remember that music is not entertainment, although this is the purpose of light music."

Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) - British pianist, conductor, one of the greatest composers of the 20th century, in whose work almost all musical genres are represented.

Born in Suffolk, the son of a doctor. As a child, he discovered his musical talent and began to study music under the guidance of his mother, an amateur pianist and active member of the local choir. The first small plays, inspired by the impressions of family life, appeared early - at the age of 8. At the age of 12, Benjamin wrote the "Simple Symphony" for string orchestra, and at 16 he entered the Royal College of Music (Conservatory). During his studies, he wrote many choral, symphonic and chamber works, including several children's songs. Since then, the author has constantly turned to music for children.

The young composer got his first job at a documentary film company, where there was a small instrumental ensemble. Thanks to his work in film, Britten learned to write music quickly, even when there was no inspiration, and to various, often not at all poetic subjects (for example, about unloading a ship).

In 1939, when World War II began, Britten left for America. As a response to the tragic events that took place in Europe, the cantata "Ballad of Heroes" arose - dedicated to the struggle against fascism in Spain. For three years the composer returned to his homeland and settled in the seaside town of Aldbor. Several operas saw the world there, in particular "Peter Grimes".

The artist also wrote many pieces of music for children and youth. In the play "Let's create an opera", young viewers themselves take part.

OY POLY PLOW ORE

Oh, the field has an ore plow.

Good evening, good evening

Good people to health!

(Repeats after each line.)

There Vasilko walks with a plow.

His mother brings him food.

Ori, son, thuyu cornfield.

Yes, and eat some wheat.

1. Name the vocal-choir cycles known to you and their authors.

2. Remember and explain when carols are sung during the Christmas and New Year holidays, and when they are generous.

Music project. Ask what carols and carols are common in your area. Write down the titles and lyrics of your favorite songs. Record melodies if possible. Together with parents or adults, create a "Wreath of carols and generosity to my family" or "Christmas wreath of songs from my land."

Cyclic forms in music are works that presuppose the presence of separate parts, independent in structure, but connected by a unity of intent.

In the history of academic music, the cycles "prelude-fugue", suite cycles, sonata-symphonic cycles are known.

A cycle can also be called a series of interconnected works (each of which may or may not have a cyclic form) or concert programs.

In non-academic music (jazz, rock), conceptual albums and separate major works may gravitate toward cyclical forms.

^ Cycle "prelude-fugue"

The two-part cycle "prelude-fugue" has been known since the Baroque

The prelude acts as an improvisational introduction to the fugue.

The "prelude-fugue" cycles can be combined into larger cycles on the basis of some formal or thematic principle. The most famous example is J.S. Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.

Suite (from French Suite - “row”, “sequence”) is a cyclic musical form, consisting of several independent contrasting parts, united by a common idea.

The suite, known since the 16th century, is characterized by:

the connection of individual parts of the work with traditional applied (song, dance) genres, the simplicity of the structure of the parts;

contrast juxtaposition of parts;

a tendency towards unity or closest affinity of the keys of the parts.

Sonata-symphony cycle

The sonata-symphonic cycle includes the most abstract genres of academic music, such as symphony, sonata, quartet, concerto.

It is characterized by:

abstraction from the applied nature of music (even if applied material is used as the material of any part);

the possibility of figurative and semantic contrasts between separate parts (up to their direct opposition);

complex tonal development;

established functions and forms of individual parts (characteristic of individual genres of sonata-symphonic music).

The classical sonata was formed during the 18th century, reaching its peak in the Viennese classics (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven).

The symphony as a genre was formed in the middle of the 18th century; it also reached its peak of development in the Viennese classics.

Symphony (from the Greek συμφονία - “consonance”) is a genre of symphonic instrumental music of a many-part canonized form of fundamental worldview content.

Free and mixed forms

A musical work may consist of parts united according to a principle different from those in the listed genres, and yet have a cyclic character to one degree or another. Such are many genres of applied sacred music (mass, sacred concert, vigil), cantatas, vocal and vocal-choir cycles (narrative and lyrical).

Major cycles

Entire works can also be combined into a cycle (each of which, in turn, may or may not have a cyclic character).

These are the cycles of preludes and fugues mentioned above, R. Wagner's tetralogy Der Ring des Nibelungen, conceptual albums in non-academic music, as well as individual major works of jazz and rock music.

Sonata form is a musical form that consists of three main sections:

Exposition - opposition of the main and secondary themes

Development - development of these themes

Reprise - repetition of these themes with some changes

Let's listen:

J.S. Bach, Prelude and Fugue No. 6, D minor, vol. 1 HTK

L. van Beethoven, Sonata No. 1, in F minor

03/31/2013 at 12:30 Blog

TICKETS ON MUSICAL LITERATURE.

Sonata-symphonic cycle. sonata form. Exposure.

Sonata-symphony cycle ("sonata" - "sound", "symphony" - "consonance") is a very complex multi-part musical form. In this form composers writesymphonies, sonatas, concertos and instrumental ensembles (trios, quartets, quintets and others). The classical sonata-symphony cycle has developed in the work of composersViennese school: J. Haydn, W. A. ​​Mozart and L. van Beethoven.

Each part of the sonata-symphony cycle is assigned a certain character, tempo and tonality. All parts have their place in the cycle and play a certain role in it. According toclassifications of the musicologist Aranovsky , 1 part is "A Man in Action"2 part - "Thinking Man"3 part - "Man playing"4 part - "Man in Society".

Usually at least one part sonata-symphony cycle (most often the first) is written insonata form . This form occupies a special place among musical forms, it is calledthe highest musical form.Only the sonata form gives the composer the opportunity to reflect complex life phenomena.sonata form often compared todrama - a literary work that is intended for staging in the theater. The drama unfolds like this:

plot- getting to know the main characters;

plot development- certain events that make the characters act, perform actions and, thus, reveal their essence;

denouement- the result, the result to which the action comes.

Sonata form, in turn, consists ofthree major sections : exposure (from Latin - “statement”) - showing the main topics;development (change, development of the themes of the exposition);reprises ( the return of the main themes of the exposition, but with mandatory changes).

Areas of application of the sonata form:

first movements (or finales) of symphonies, sonatas, concertos, quartets;

overtures and individual symphonic pieces.

vocal works (usually choirs) are quite rare.

exposition represents two main, usually contrasting, images:main party (GP) And side batch (PP ). They are complemented by two auxiliary parties:binder (sv.p) And final (sn ). The complete structure of the exposition looks like this:

G P sv.p P P zp.

Main party- this is the main image of the sonata form (courageous or theatrical) and is written, as a rule, in the main key.

Linking party- this is the transition from the key of the main part to the key of the side.

Side party(feminine, graceful image) - opposed to the main one and is usually written in the key of the dominant (Vmode level), if the main key of the sonata form is major or in a parallel key (IIImode level) if the main key is minor.

Final game(the motor character of the theme) completes the exposition and establishes the tonality of the side part (this also does not always happen, especially in the sonata-symphony cycles of the 2nd half of the 19th century).

The connecting and final parts, as a rule, are not independent and are built on the material of the Main or Side parts and rarely take part in further development. However, this classical scheme is quite often violated by the composers themselves for the sake of the content that they put into this sonata form. For the composer, it is not just a set of tonal and clock patterns, but a living organism that operates according to its own laws. AtMozart, for example quite oftenconnecting and final parties have their own musical identity and participate in further development (development), and instead of one main and secondary, they write several themes that are different in melody and texture. This happened thanks to the generous musical talent of Mozart and the fact that all themes were considered by the composer asparticipants in a play or drama actions (See: Sonata No. 11, B flat major and Sonata No. 14, C minor).

Development suggests any scenario. The standard scheme, according to which only GPs and PPs should take part in development, does not always work, since artistic tasks often exceed regulatory requirements. Depending on theconcepts of the sonata and this movement the following are possibledevelopment options:

changes in GP and PP;

development of SV and ZP;

the emergence of a new topic;

polyphonic connection of themes;

general forms of movement.

Theme Changes may be as follows:1. Changing the topic case; 2. The melody and accompaniment change places; 3. Tonal theme changes; 4. Textural changes in the theme (change in accompaniment); 5. Variational, sequential and motive principles of development.

The simplest developments are found in sonatashaydn (for example, in Sonata No. 37, "Children's", 1 part or later works imitating the classical style -Prokofiev, Symphony No. 1, "Classical" ). At Mozart And Beethoven as a rule, more complex variants of development, which is associated with the dramatic or theatrical content of the content of the sonata form (see:mozart, Sonatas No. 14, 18; Beethoven, Sonatas No. 1, 2, 21). Development in these composersoften begins with exposure and may involve less development effort in the material. It also happens that an important role in the development of sonata form is played byintroduction, which, like a director, directs the development in the form (cf.haydn, Symphony No. 103, "Timpani Tremolo"; Beethoven, Symphony No. 5, C minor, Sonata No. 8, "Pathetic"; Schubert, Symphony No. 8, B minor, 1 movement). A rich form of the development of themes in development can also be found in the sonatas of the twentieth century (see.Prokofiev, Sonata No. 2, extreme parts; Myaskovsky, Sonata No. 2, B minor; Medtner, Sonata-fantasy).

reprise should return the previous order of topics with the difference that the PR should be in the main key, and not in the dominant one, as in the exposition. However, there are also quite a lot of deviations from this standard: often development continues in the reprise or it appears “on the crest of the climax” of the development (see:Chaikovsky, Symphony No. 4, 1 movement). Some sonatas do not end their development at the reprise, but have an additional, final section - the coda.

coda – an additional section that sounds after the reprise, referring to the addition or expansion of the structure of the sonata form. It may contain general forms of movement or the theme that came out on top in terms of dramatic importance (see:Beethoven, Sonata No. 8, 1 movement, GP approved in the code; brahms, Rhapsody in B minor, in the code, a modified PP sounds, which runs in the bass;mozart, Sonata No. 14, 1 part, GPU dominates the code).

When analyzing the sonata form, it is important not only to correctly find the parts and determine their keys, but also to try to understand the pattern of the appearance of this music and to identify the concept of interaction between the "heroes" of the current drama.

Tasks: analyze1 part of Mozart's sonatas (No. 14 or No. 18 - optional). Indicate the boundaries of sections of the sonata form (exposition, development, reprise), find the boundaries of the themes, determine their keys, development techniques in the development and the presence of exposition themes there, determine the presence or absence of a coda and its role in this part of the sonata.Quiz: get to know the work, say about the nature of the sounding music (it is desirable to know the part that will sound at the moment), name the principles for the development of themes.This principle does not always work: very often the creators of the sonata form themselves violated the established rules, because. the creative idea often did not fit into the tonal plans given by tradition (see: Mozart, Sonata No. 16, in F major; Beethoven, Sonata No. 1 and many others).

03/31/2013 at 12:28 Blog

TICKETS ON MUSICAL LITERATURE. Forms. Cyclic forms, continued.

More complex forms of organizing music arecyclic forms. Cycle (translated from Greek - “circle”) also takes place in everyday life: this is a change of day and night, seasons, repetitive situations, and much more.

Music cycle - This is a large multi-part work in which the parts are arranged in a certain order. There are cyclestwo types: suite and sonata-symphony.

Suite cycle. The first suites appeared in the era of Cmedieval times and consisted of two contrasting in tempo and characterdancing - slow, majesticpavans (a dance of Spanish-Italian origin) and a mobile Italian-Frenchgalliards. The principle of alternating contrasting in tempo and character of dances formed the basisclassical model suite , formed by the eramature Baroque (middle XVIII century). four dances, the core suites (which were the main ones) at the time of Bach were already considered obsolete, intended only for listening. They were interspersed with modern ones for the Baroque era.dance (gavotte, burre, paspier, rigaudon, etc.) Andnon-dance (overture, aria, toccata, fantasy, variation, etc.) numbers.

Compulsory Dance Suite have the following characteristic features:

Allemande(translated as "German"). The dance is a procession of a slow or moderate pace in size C. A characteristic feature is the beginning from the beat.

Courant- French dance (translated from French means "current", "running"). The pace of the dance is moderately fast in triple meter.

Sarabandeis an old Spanish dance. The music of the sarabande has a harsh, gloomy character, it is performed at a slow pace, the meter is in three beats. At J.S. Bach, the sarabande, as a rule, waslyrical and philosophical center of the suite.

Gigueis an old Irish dance. The music is notable for its fast tempo, triplet movement in time signatures.6 and 12 eighths. The dance was performed to the accompaniment of an old violin, which, for its unusually convex shape, was nicknamed"zhiga", which means "ham" . This word became the name of the dance.

Famous Baroque suites: J.S. Bach. French and English suites, 6 Partitas, orchestral suites (Joke); G.F. Handel. Suite for harpsichord No. 7, in G minor, Music for the royal fireworks, Music on the water.

In the second halfXIX century arose special kindsuites from fragments of operas, ballets or music for a performance (cm: Chaikovsky, suites for the ballets The Nutcracker and The Sleeping Beauty;Prokofiev , suites for the operas "The Gambler", "Love for the 3rd Oranges", etc.), and in the twentieth century -from film scores ( Shostakovich , suite for k / f. "Gadfly", "Counter";Tariverdiev , suite to the film "17 Moments of Spring" and many others).

Sonata-symphony cycle - the most complex form of music organization, comparable to the scale anddramaturgy of the novel. The classical model of this type of cycle is presented in the worksViennese classics (J. Haydn, W. A. ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven) and has the followingcharacter traits:

Sonata (from lat. - “to sound”)– a cyclic work (usually of 3 parts) in which one or more parts are written insonata form, suggesting the presenceexposure (start action)development ( development ), reprises (repetition of exposition material), codes ( final section, summary of development).

Symphony (from Greek - "consonance")- a cyclic work (usually of 4 parts) in which one or more parts are written insonata form. The parts were arranged as follows:

Tasks: 1. Defineform VPreludes op.11, no.10. A.N.Skryabina and explain how the structure expands (prepared). 2. Determine the shape (show all borders) and key inBarcarolle from "The Seasons" by P. Tchaikovsky ( on the exam). Quiz: name the forms in the proposed compositions (the most popular). Suite(from French - “row”, “sequence”, “row”).
According to the classification Aranovsky, the parts of the symphony have the following meanings: 1 part - “Acting Man”, 2 hours - “Thinking Man”, 3 hours - “Playing Man”, 4 hours - “Man in Society”.

03/31/2013 at 12:22 Blog

TICKETS ON MUSICAL LITERATURE. Forms.

Forms of musical works

From the smallest components of the form to complex forms.

The whole world we see has clear boundaries and forms. Even what we disparagingly call the word "amorphous" also has certain spatial coordinates. It is almost impossible to imagine something really completely formless.In music, As in speeches(and in any another art form) the form is essential forclear expression of certain thoughts and moods.Very often people hold the erroneous opinion that composers create only on a whim, by inspiration, “in free flight”, without focusing on any framework and rules. This is absolutely not true.Chaikovsky said: "Inspiration is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy." And Pyotr Ilyich himself was an exemplary example of following this rule: every day the composer stubbornly composed, sometimes “squeezing” music out of himself, as he was afraid to forget how to write. This fact seems incredible, given the number of works that Tchaikovsky created. And it is absolutely difficult to believe in some kind of effort, listening to the famous "Four Seasons", written by the composer without much desire, commissioned by the periodical edition of the magazine.

Another example of the subordination of beautiful music to strict rules of form is polyphonic works.J.S. Bach (“The Well-Tempered Clavier”, “Musical Offering”, “The Art of Fugue” and many others) in which the boundaries of musical thoughts were calculated with mathematical precision.Mozart , who created a huge number of works with virtually no drafts, relied on the well-established classical laws of harmony and form. Examples, therefore, could be continued, but not the quantity is the point. These examples helped us verify thatany piece of music needs certain laws of form.

Traditional, understandable form, goodperceived onhearing, making the understanding of the work more accessible. On the other hand, when a work is too unusually shaped, itmakes it difficult to perceiveworks to complete rejection and rejection(e.g. songs and vocal cyclesMussorgsky , symphonies Mahler, collages D. Cage , some works of contemporary authors). However, over time, these forms also find their explanation and become more understandable. Human Hearing Luggage XXIcentury is not comparable with the perception of people XI10th century and beyond. Therefore, for a modern person, Mussorgsky's music, which at one time seemed "terrible" and "barbaric", does not seem so.

Summarizing the above arguments, let's summarize. So,

musical forms are needed for:

creating clear boundaries for musical thoughts and moods;

facilitate the perception of the work;

organization of major constructions (suite, sonata, opera, ballet).

Let us now turn to the conceptmusical form and its constituents components.

musical form - this is a certain order of parts and sections in a piece of music.

The smallest structure in musical speech ismotive (from the Latin - "I move"). This is the name of the most vivid, memorable melodic turn. The size of the motive can be different - from one or two sounds to a whole measure (see:Schubert , "The Beautiful Miller", No. 7. "Impatience" - the part of the left hand; No. 3. "Stop!" - the size of the initial motive;Bach "H.T.K.", 1st volume. Fugue in C Minor).

A larger musical construction that includes several motifs is called −phrase (in Greek - "expression"). For a long time, phrase length has been associated with breathing in vocal music. And only with the development of instrumental music did this concept become broader (Schubert, "The Beautiful Miller", No. 1. "Let's hit the road!"; No. 12. "Pause" - motives are combined into a phrase).

Phrases are combined intooffers . Standard offer size4 beats. Offers are endingcadences (from the Latin "I end") - the final musical turn. Cadence completes a piece of music, its part or a separate structure. There are many varieties of cadences, differing infunctional content (T, S, D, VI).

Proposals are made upperiod . Period is the smallest, complete, independent musical form. A period usually consists of 2 sentences with different cadences. Distinguish periodrepeated And not repeated buildings, square (8 bars) And non-square (from 5 cycles), small (8 tons) And large (16 tons). Sometimes a period has an additional section that sounds like a musical afterword, such a section, depending on the location of the cadence, may be calledaddition or expansion .

Period is one of the main formsvocal music, organizing a verse or chorus. Protozoavocal form, in which the music remains the same, but the words change, iscouplet form. Its simplicity explains its widespread use. There is not a single composer who created vocal music who would not write a song in couplet form (see songs and romancesSchubert, Mozart, Glinka, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff and other composers).

One part form (A) is a simple musical form consisting of one period. This form is most often found in the miniatures of romantic composers who sought to capture an elusive moment (a vivid example is the PreludesChopin ), or in children's music to make performance more accessible.Shape scheme: A or A

a a 1 a b

Two-part form ( AB ) - a simple musical form consisting of two periods. Quite often the second period is built on the material of the first (i.e., repeated structure - see some PreludesScriabin ), but there are works in which the periods are different (Lyubava's Song from 2d. "Sadko"Rimsky-Korsakov ; Rosina's aria from 2d. "The Barber of Seville"Rossini ). Shape scheme: A A1 or A V.

The most important (and simplest) principle for creating a musical form is repetition. Its extraordinary popularity is due to several reasons:

repetition allows us to return the musical thought and makes it possible to better listen to it, to appreciate previously unnoticed artistic details;

repetition helps to clearly divide the form into parts delimited from each other;

the repetition of musical material after the presentation of the new one completes the form, asserting the supremacy of the original image.

Thus, forms based on repetition have become unusually widespread in music in numerous variants. And the simplest one istripartite form ( ABA ) , consisting of three periods

A - is a presentation of a musical theme;

IN - theme developmentA or a new contrast material;A - recapitulation, exact or modified repetition of a partA .

If the reprise exactly repeats the first part, it is often not even written out with notes, but is indicated: play from the beginning to the word “End”(in Italian: dacapoalFine).

The three-part form (just like all the previous ones) happenssimple Andcomplex . Unlike the simple three-part form, in which each part is written in the form of a period, in the complex three-part form, the parts are not a period, but a simple two-part or three-part form. For example:

A B A

a b a b a

The tripartite form isone of the most popular principles constructing a piece of music. Works written in a simple three-movement form can be found in the repertoire of every musician: these are plays, dances, marches, romances, works for orchestra, parts orand sections of major essays. A huge number of examples for a simple and complex 3-part form is contained in the worksP.I. Tchaikovsky. In addition to independent instrumental pieces from"Children's Album", "Seasons" and other works, the composer's favorite 3-part form often organizes GP and PP in symphonies (see.4th And 6th symphony ).

On principle repetition a more complex form is also based, rooted infolk song and dance tradition of France. It's about form.rondo ( translated from French means "circle, round dance, circular dance song"). In the music of round dances, a constant, unchanging refrain alternated with a changing refrain. From this alternation, the rondo form arose.

Like the refrain of a folk song, there is a theme in the rondo that is repeated - it isrefrain. The refrain (in French - "chorus") shouldsound at least 3 times and can be of any simple form: period, two-part, or three-part.

Between repetitions of the refrain, various musical constructions sound, which are calledepisodes . Thus,rondo - this is a form based on the alternation of a refrain with episodes .

A B A C A

refrain episode refrain episode refrain

The rondo form is widely used in instrumental and vocal music:instrumental pieces( mozart, Turkish March from the Piano Sonata in A Major, No. 11, Figaro's Aria "The Frisky Boy" from the opera "Figaro's Marriage";Beethoven, "To Elise", "Rage over the lost penny" and many others),romances and songs( Glinka, "Associated song";Dargomyzhsky "Old Corporal"), choirs, opera arias (Glinka, Antonida's Rondo from Ivan Susanin, Farlaf's Rondo from Ruslan and Lyudmila),the last parts of large forms - sonatas and symphonies(e.g. symphoniesMahler ), as well as integeropera or ballet scenes(see "The Nutcracker"Tchaikovsky, "Love for Three Oranges" Prokofiev ) can be arranged in the form of a rondo. Very often the rondo form is used in plays.French harpsichordists ( Daken, "Cuckoo", Ramo, Tambourine, "Chicken", Couperin, "Little Windmills", "Sister Monica" and many other plays).

Variations (from the Latin "change, variety") is a musical form that consists of a theme and its altered repetitions.

A A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 …

Variations

Subject it can be composed by the composer himself, borrowed from folk music or from the work of another composer. It is written in any simple form: in the form of a period, two-part, three-part. The theme is repeated with various changes in mode, tonality, rhythm, timbre, etc. In each variation, from one to several elements of musical speech can change (depending on the era and style of the composer).

The type of variation depends onhow Andhow strong theme changes.Variety of variations:

1.Variations on constant bass ( basso ostinato ) orvintage variations were already known inXVIcentury in Europe. Fashionable then dancespassacaglia Andchaconne were written in a form based on the constant repetition of the theme in the bass, with only the upper voices varying (cm: G.Purcell , Dido's lament from the opera "Dido and Aeneas"). The technique of basso ostinato did not remain the property of only ancient music - in the 20th century, due to a surge of interest in early music, this technique found a new life. We find interesting examples of the use of basso ostinato, for example, in the work Drauhgtmans ContractMichael Nyman (the bass theme is led by the organ against the background of the “trembling” of the strings, at the point of the “golden section” the harpsichord is connected to these instruments, creating a cold, eerie sound with its metallic timbre).

2.Variations on unchanging melody ( soprano ostinato ) closest to folk music. The melody is repeated without change, and the accompaniment varies. This type of variation introduced into Russian classical musicM.I. Glinka , so they are sometimes called"Glinka" (see: "Ruslan and Lyudmila": Bayan's Song, Persian Choir;Ravel, "Bolero";Shostakovich, episode of the invasion from Symphony No. 7.).

In Western European classical musicXVIIIand first halfXIXformed 3.strict (ornamental) variations , created by the Viennese classics (J. Haydn, W. Mozart, L. Beethoven).

Strict rules variations: 1. Preservation of mode, meter, general contours of the theme and functional basis;2. Change (ornamentation, complication) of accompaniment;3. One of the middle variations (usually the 3rd) is written in the minor or major of the same name (see:mozart, Sonata No. 11, 1 hour;Beethoven, Sonata No. 2, 2 hours, Sonata No. 8, 2 hours. and etc.).

The techniques that composers used in variations are associated with the popularXVII- XVIIIcenturiesthe art of improvisation. Each virtuoso performer, speaking at a concert, was obliged to fantasize on a theme proposed by the public (the melody of a popular song or an opera aria). Traditions of infinitely varied variations of the original theme exist to this day injazz music.

4.Free orromantic variations appeared in the second halfXIXcentury. Here, each variation is practically an independent piece and its connection with the theme was very weak. Vivid examples of such variations in a wide variety are presented in the works ofR. Schuman : these are the piano cycles "Carnival", "Butterflies", "Symphonic Etudes" and other works. Many variations on borrowed themes were left by a brilliant virtuoso pianistF.List (transcriptions on songs by Schubert, on themes by Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, themes from Italian operas and on their own themes).

meet in musicvariations for two , and sometimeson three topics , which vary in turn. Variations on two themes are calleddouble:

A B A 1 IN 1 A 2 IN 2 A 3 IN 3 … orA A 1 A 2 A 3 … V V 1 IN 2 IN 3 …

1st 2nd Variations 1st Variations 2nd Variations

theme theme theme theme

Examples of double variations:Glinka, "Kamarinskaya";Beethoven, Symphony No. 5, 2 hours, Sonata No. 8, "Pathetic", 2nd movement, Symphony No. 9, 4 hours.

Variations on three themes are calledtriple .

Variations can be a work in its own right (a theme with variations) or part of any other major form.

TICKETS ON MUSICAL LITERATURE. Elements of musical speech.

Elements of musical speech.

From the time ofancient civilizations(Ancient Greece, Egypt, Sumerians, etc.) humanity lives in3 most important coordinate systems , providing information about the outside world. Thisletters, numbers and notes. With the help of certain sounds and certain modes, the ancients instilled in their pupils noble feelings and thoughts, improved their physical development. Greek thinkerPythagoras thoughtmusic, sound waves, one of the most important creative energies,on the basis of which the thinker created the theoryharmony of the spheres, by measuring the distance between the planets using interval ratios. In the minds of the Greeks and peoples close to themmusic and mathematics were inextricably linked. Music accompanied rituals of various nature (solemn and mournful), united people during labor and wars, and helped to heal diseases.

INXXI century music has lost many of its functions, turning mainly intobackground entertainment property of the masses. People have almost completely lost the ability to understand and navigate well in the 3rd coordinate, accessible to ancient civilizations - innotes. Only a small percentage of people who are specially trained in music understand the information hidden in musical notation to varying degrees. Meanwhile, many foreign and domestic scientific developments have already confirmedthe value of studying music for the harmonious development of a person:

The study of music (especially playing one or more instruments) harmoniously developsboth hemispheres of the brain , while the exact sciences affect only the left;

A person with a harmoniously developed brain is able to takenon-standard solutions in difficult situations;

Music lessons lead to the study of related disciplines - literature, fine arts, theater, etc. - which helpsdiversified human development;

Music gives people the opportunitycreatively realize your potential , finding new acquaintances and friends with musical interests;

Musicthins perception of the world,sharpens the senses and intuition.

Let us now turn to the very concept of "music" and its components.

Music (from Greek "muse")- art that reflects reality and affects a person with the help of organized sounds (in pitch, duration, volume and timbre).

The constituent components of music, thanks to which it expresses a certain system of emotions, plots, ideas, are calledelements of musical speech (EMR) . Understandingroles of each EMR necessary for:

The awareness through which"bricks" built the building of a musical work;

Understandingstyle personality each composer;

The ability to analyze each individual element to draw up a picture of the whole developsanalytical thinking;

Consolidation of knowledge and skills, acquired on solfeggio, a special subject, piano, musical literature.

EMRs include:

Of great importance for the expressiveness of the melody isher direction.ascendant movement melodies are usually associated with an increase in tension, anddescending - with relaxation (influence of breathing patterns and peculiarities of the work of the vocal cords). But sometimes, achieving a special effect, composers use, for example, a downward movement to increase anxiety, tension, and vice versa. More often the melody moveswavy: wide upward strokes are filled with a smooth progressive downward movement, etc.

Texture (from lat. - “doing, processing”) -melody and accompaniment organization system (technical storehouse of musical sonority). Distinguish3 invoice type: 1. Homophonic-harmonic (the most popular, dividing the musical fabric into melody and accompaniment; known since the 18th century); 2.polyphonic (implies several leading melodic lines, there is no division into melody and accompaniment; known since about the 15th century); 3.mixed (combination of both types of texture).

Accompaniment (from French) -melody accompaniment . The division of musical fabric into melody and accompaniment is characteristichomophonic-harmonic texture , as opposed to monophonic, chordal or polyphonic. Accompaniment servesharmonic support of the melody (harmony from the Greek “harmoniousness, proportionality” - an agreed sequence of functions of various keys). Distinguishtwo types of presentation of accompaniment: 1. chordal and 2.figured . figurations, in turn, there are3 types:

Harmonic (the predominance of reliance on the functions of tonality -TSD);

Melodic (melodic or free presentation of functions);

Mixed (a combination of both types of figurations);

Lad (from the Greek "consent, harmony, order") -harmony of musical sounds in pitch. In classical music, two main modes are most often used -major Andminor .

Timbre – (from the French "color") -sound coloration. The voices of the instruments, thanks to their special structure, have a unique sound. The timbre differsvoices in the choir (down up):bass - tenor - alto - soprano.

Each individual EMR affects the nature of the created image. Therefore, composers are always thoughtful about the choice of constituent components for expressing certain thoughts and feelings. And for listenersFor a correct understanding of the composer's creative intention, it is necessary to understand the EMR. An example of image analysis using EMR: Prokofiev. Ballet Romeo and Juliet. Juliet girl. The famous number from Prokofiev's ballet is the first characteristic of the image of Juliet - young, sincere, carefree, sensual. This image is created thanks to the rapidpace,flyingmelodiesinstrumental type (melody-gamma in ascending movement). The grace and grace of Juliet emphasizestimbrestrings and light strokes (staccato). The emotional upsurge of the girl enhances the majorfret (C major with extended key chords - A-flat, D-flat, E-flat major), brightdynamics(forte with accents). Sparse homophonic-harmonicinvoice withrare soundchordsalso aimed at creating the impression of lightness, elusiveness of Juliet.Tasks: 1. Find in the proposed work, play the instrument and characterizemelody , determine the typeaccompaniment Andinvoices . Prepared: Schubert. Serenade (arranged by F. Liszt - coll. "Golden Lyre"). On the exam: Schubert. "The Beautiful Miller", No. 1. "Let's hit the road!". 2. Explain whatimage help createEMR in the proposed works (prepared and not prepared).Quiz: what EMRs help to create an image in the brightest numbers of the quiz?The melody can be stated in a certain interval (thirds, sixths) or chords. It depends on the artistic intention of the composer. Such a melody, as a rule, has more expression than a monophonic one.Quiz for EMR.

1. Bach I.S.,Toccata and Fugue in D minor.

2. Bach I.S,The Well-Tempered Clavier, Volume 1. Prelude and Fugue in C major.

3. Wagner R,Flight of the Valkyries.

4. Rimsky-Korsakov N.A., Flight of the Bumblebee.

5. Rimsky-Korsakov N.A.,Scheherizade theme.

6. Grieg E,Suite from music to the drama "Peer Gynt", Morning.

Form quiz.

1. Tchaikovsky P.I,"Children's Album", No. 5. March of wooden soldiers.

2. Grieg E., "Wedding procession in Trollhaugen".

3. Schubert F."The Beautiful Miller", No. 1. "Let's hit the road!".

4. Mozart W.A.,Symphony No. 40, 1 movement.

5. Mozart B, A,Sonata No. 14, C minor, 1st movement.

6. Handel G, F,Almira's aria from the opera Rinaldo.

Quiz for "The Marriage of Figaro".

1. Mozart W.A.,"The Marriage of Figaro"Overture, GP.

2. "The Marriage of Figaro"1 e. Figaro's aria "The frisky boy" (in Russian or Italian).

3. "The Marriage of Figaro"1d. Duet of Marceline and Suzanne (in Russian or Italian).

4. "The Marriage of Figaro"1d. Aria Cherubino “Tell, I can’t explain” (in Italian or Russian)

5. "The Marriage of Figaro"4d. Barbarina's Cavatina "I Lost a Pin" (in Italian or Russian)