Geography as a science. Geographic map - a special source of information about reality

The economic and social geography of the world is a socio-geographical science, the subject of which is the general patterns of development and distribution of the population and economy on the globe, as well as in individual regions and countries. The most important goals of her research are the search for rational resettlement and distribution of the economy and the optimization of the relationship between the development of society and nature.

Methods of geographical research - ways of obtaining geographic information. The main methods of geographical research are:

1) Cartographic method. The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of Russian economic geography, Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky, is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of the relative position of objects, their size, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

2) Historical method. Everything on Earth develops historically. Nothing arises from scratch, therefore, for the knowledge of modern geography, knowledge of history is necessary: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.

3) Statistical method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of the territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.

4) Economic and mathematical. If there are numbers, then there are also calculations: calculations of population density, birth rate, mortality and natural population growth, migration balance, resource provision, GDP per capita, etc.

5) The method of geographical zoning. The allocation of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the methods of research in geographical science.

6) Comparative geographical. Everything is subject to comparison: more or less, profitable or unprofitable, faster or slower. Only comparison makes it possible to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of certain objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.

7) Method of field research and observations. Geography cannot be studied only sitting in classrooms and classrooms. What you see with your own eyes is the most valuable geographical information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material that is the subject of study.

8) Method of remote observations. Modern aerial and space photography is a great help in the study of geography, in the creation of geographical maps, in the development of the national economy and nature protection, and in solving many of the problems of mankind.

9) Method of geographical modeling. The creation of geographic models is an important method for studying geography. The simplest geographic model is the globe.

10) Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science should not only describe the studied objects and phenomena, but also predict the consequences that humanity can come to in the course of its development. A geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve global problems.

Geographic maps can be classified according to various criteria.

Thematic maps show only one or a few events in detail. Examples of thematic maps: vegetation map, climate map, geological map, soil map, political map, etc.

On general geographical maps, both natural objects and phenomena (relief, rivers, lakes, vegetation) and socio-economic ones (settlements, roads, industrial enterprises) are depicted with equal detail. Names are signed on them: oceans, rivers, seas, bays, straits, lakes, rivers; continents, islands, capes; plains, mountains, ranges; settlements, etc. The names of settlements are displayed to the right of the symbol, parallel to the southern frame or along the nearest parallel. The names of the rivers are placed in the middle of the channel or along its axis, and the names of the seas, islands and states - inside the contours, located in the direction of greater length.

Rice. Classification of geographical maps

The cards also distinguish by area coverage. The classification of maps according to the size of the territory depicted on them includes the following groups: 1) maps of the starry sky; 2) maps of the planets and the Earth; 3) maps of the hemispheres; 4) maps of continents and oceans; 5) maps of the seas, bays, straits; 6) maps of countries; 7) maps of large natural regions; 8) maps of republics, territories, regions, administrative regions; 9) maps of cities; 10) maps of urban areas.

There is a classification of cards by appointment, taking into account the diversity of spheres of human activity. For example, scientific reference maps are designed to carry out scientific research and obtain reference information, tourist maps - to obtain information about interesting objects in the area, cafes, hotels, technical maps - to solve engineering problems. Educational maps are the main visual aid in the study of geography, as well as economics, history and other academic disciplines.

Divide cards into groups by scale. There are small-scale maps with a scale smaller than 1:1,000,000 intended for studying large areas, medium-scale maps with a scale from 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000, and large-scale maps with a scale of 1:200,000 and larger.

Large-scale maps are topographic maps.

Let us remind you that by its content cards can be:

general geographical;
thematic.

Thematic maps

Vegetation maps, for example, depict the distribution and composition of vegetation in different areas. There are also mineral maps, forest maps, relief maps, synoptic maps, industry maps, which show large cities - industrial centers and their specialization. All these maps characterize geographical objects and phenomena on a specific topic: vegetation, relief, industry. That is why they are called thematic. For example, a political map will first of all give an idea of the location of countries, their borders.

General geographic maps

General geographic maps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport networks, etc. For example, a physical map of Russia.

By area coverage distinguish between maps of the world, individual continents, countries and their parts (regions).

A political map of the World

A political map of the World- one of the most important cartographic sources in the world geography course, as this map shows different countries, their capitals, routes of communication and other useful information.

Let's look at the political map. In addition to the borders of states, on the political map you see the largest cities and capitals of countries, communication routes and seaports, the largest hydrographic objects (seas, rivers, lakes, bays, straits). Some other geographic features, such as relief, may also be shown.

On the political map of the world you will find more than 230 countries and territories.

The borders of the state are formed for a long time. They can change for various reasons: historical, political, economic, cultural, natural.

In order to know the political map of the world or individual continents and their parts, it is necessary to constantly refer to it, train in determining the geographical position of certain countries or regions, and follow the changes taking place in the world.

The most complex is the political map of Western Europe. Let's determine the geographical position of the countries of this region together (Table 1).

Table 1. Countries of Western Europe

		Population (2007)	Capital(s)
	84 thousand km 2	8.3 million people
		70 thousand people	Andorra la Vieja
	30.5 thousand km 2	10.6 million people	Brussels
		1 thousand people
Great Britain	244 thousand km 2	61 million people
Germany	356 thousand km 2	82.3 million people	Bonn, Berlin
	132.0 thousand km 2	11.2 million people
	43 thousand km 2	5.5 million people	Copenhagen
Ireland	70 thousand km 2	4.4 million people
Iceland	103 thousand km 2	290 thousand people	Reykjavik
	504 thousand km 2	45.3 million people
	301 thousand km 2	59.3 million people
Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein)		34 thousand people
Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)	2.6 thousand km 2	463 thousand people	Luxembourg
		397 thousand people	Valletta
		33 thousand people
Netherlands	41 thousand km 2	16.4 million people	Amsterdam
Norway	324 thousand km 2	4.7 million people
Portugal	92 thousand km 2	10.7 million people	Lisbon
San Marino		28 thousand people	San Marino
Finland	337 thousand km 2	5.3 million people		552 thousand km 2	61.7 million people
Switzerland	41 thousand km 2	7.5 million people
	450 thousand km 2	9.1 million people	Stockholm

Map of time zones- an interesting, and most importantly, useful map (Fig. I).

For the convenience of counting time, the entire surface of the Earth was divided into 24 time zones. The time of each time zone differs from the next one by one hour. The numbering of zones from 0 to 23 is carried out from west to east from Greenwich meridian. In all points located within the same zone, the same standard time. Moscow, for example, is in the second time zone.

However, in Moscow we live not according to the belt, but according to maternity time(from lat. decretum - decree, decree). In addition, you know that in Russia the clock hands move forward (summer time) or backward (winter time) by one hour in order to make the most efficient use of the daylight hours and save electricity. Therefore, Moscow, being in the 2nd time zone, practically lives according to the time of the 3rd time zone. In other words, when it is 13 o'clock in Moscow (Moscow time), then in Paris it is 11 o'clock (Central European time), in London it is 10 o'clock (Greenwich time).

Rice. 1. Map of time zones of the world

Look at the hag of time zones. The boundaries of time zones are not drawn exactly along the meridians. For convenience, the borders of states, regions, states and other administrative-territorial entities within the same country are taken into account. In Russia, for example, the 11th and 12th time zones are combined into one.

And air transport, telephone and telegraph communications on the territory of the country work, as a rule, according to a single time. In Russia, for example, according to Moscow time.

If you take a close look at the map of time zones, you will notice how remarkable the 180th meridian is. Conditional passes through it date line. Its zigzag in the area of the Chukotka Peninsula is not accidental. The fact is that on both sides of this line, the hours and minutes are the same, and the calendar dates differ by one day. If the date line crossed Chukotka, its inhabitants would have to maintain their own calendar, one day ahead of the national one.

If you ever decide to make a trip around the world and go from Cape Dezhnev to the east, crossing the international date line, do not forget to count the same day twice. And vice versa, moving from east to west - skip one day.

Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information

is a science that studies the totality of mass phenomena in order to take into account and identify the patterns of their development using quantitative (statistical) indicators. The population is just such a mass phenomenon. Statistical indicators include absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.

Absolute values are informative and show the size of geographical phenomena. For example, Russia has the largest territory in the world - more than 17 million km 2, which is almost twice the territory of countries such as China, USA or Canada. However, in terms of population, Russia is inferior to many countries. In 2007, the total population was 142 million people. - eighth place in the world.

Table 2. Population of the largest countries of the world (million people)

Relative value expresses the result of comparison (comparison) of statistical indicators with each other. They allow you to detect certain changes in geographical phenomena, their trend.

Coefficients - indicators that reflect the characteristic features of individual phenomena, such as the coefficient of specialization or natural population growth.

In order to learn how to work with statistical materials, one must first of all imagine how they are organized and built (ordered).

Statistical table is a system of vertical and horizontal graphs (columns and rows), provided with headings and filled in a certain order with digital data. It contains the statistical data necessary to characterize the studied geographical phenomenon and its constituent parts. The headings of the horizontal rows of the statistical table correspond to the statistical "subject", and the top headings of its vertical columns correspond to the statistical "predicate".

Let's look, for example, at the statistical table. 3 "Changes in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the data of the 1926-2002 censuses."

Table 3. Change in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the 1926-2002 census data, %


Russian Federation, including areas:
Northern
Northwestern
Central
Volga-Vyatka
Central Black Earth
Volga region
North Caucasian
Ural
West Siberian
East Siberian
Far Eastern
Kaliningrad region

In the statistical subject, an enumeration of those parts and groups of the phenomenon under study, which are quantitatively characterized in the predicate, is given. In this case, these are the economic regions of Russia. In the predicate of the table, the values of the phenomenon under study are given - the proportion of the population living in the economic regions of the Russian Federation for a number of years.

Thus, any statistical table includes three mandatory elements:

general table header;
statistical subject;
statistical predicate.

Statistical materials can be presented not only in statistical tables, but also in a visual form: in diagrams, graphs, maps, maps.

Statistical maps These are primarily cartograms and cartograms. Let's go with you, using the table. 4, we will draw up a cartogram on the contour map showing the population density of the economic regions of Russia:

write down the name of the cartogram (“Population density of the economic regions of Russia”);
write out the name of the source, on the basis of which we will build a cartogram (statistical table "Population density of economic regions of Russia");
we write down the relative statistical indicators that we will depict, having previously rounded their values to integers;
Let's divide the indicators into groups according to the principle of equal intervals. The easiest way to break it down is to divide the difference between the largest (63) and smallest value (1) indicator by 5. In our case (63 - 1 = 62 * 60: 5 = 12), the interval will be 12, and the groups of indicators will be as follows: 1 - 12; 12-24; 24-36; 36-48; 48-60 and more than 60 people / km 2;
let's make a cartogram legend in a notebook, where darker tones of color (or denser shading) depict a greater intensity of the phenomenon; light shades (or rare shading) - smaller. For a color image, it is better to take shades of one paint: from lighter to darker;
we will show on the contour map the boundaries of the economic regions of Russia;
transfer the legend of the cartogram to the contour map in the "Legends";
Let's make a chart.

Construction of graphs and charts based on statistical indicators has a mathematical basis that is well known to you.

Based on their graphs, we can conclude that up to the 90s. 20th century in the resettlement of the population of Russia, the historical trend of developing new lands and Russian outskirts was preserved.

Since the 1990s there is a reverse trend of population decline in the northern and eastern regions of Russia, primarily the Far East and North.

Diagrams show the volume and structure of geographical phenomena. They can be circular, point, linear, areal, volumetric, etc. (Fig. 2). Recall that when constructing pie charts the initial radius is considered to be directed upwards on a sheet of paper, i.e. "northern". It is from him, clockwise, that indicators are plotted by eye (based on I% \u003d 3.6 degrees), characterizing a geographical phenomenon, for example, the resettlement of the Earth's population, depending on the proximity of the seas.

Rice. 2. Settlement of the Earth's population depending on the proximity of the coast of the seas and oceans

The scale of the diagram depends on: a) the size of the sheet; b) the value of the initial indicators; c) the difference between the highest and lowest values of indicators; d) the number of diagram signs.

To determine the scale bar chart, for example, you must first establish what the largest and smallest bars can be. The basis of the diagram is determined by the formula X = A: M, where X is the basis of the diagram; And - the statistical indicator used by us; M is the scale base, which shows how many units of this indicator fall on 1 square. mm chart area. It is composed like this. First, an axial line is drawn - the base of the diagram, and then the perpendiculars are restored, taking into account the scale.

Mapping on a contour map is reduced to the construction of diagrams within the boundaries of a certain territory, for example, within the boundaries of large regions of Russia, economic regions, subjects of the Russian Federation.

Gender and age pyramid allows you to visually analyze the sex ratio by age groups of the population. It is built as follows. On the vertical axis, age is plotted at regular intervals (in the form of age intervals; for example, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, etc.), and on the horizontal axis - to the left - the number (or proportion) of men, and to the right - women (on the same scale). For each age group, they build their own linear diagram and, as it were, “string” them one after another from bottom to top - from the base of the pyramid to its top (Fig. 3). The shape of such a pyramid can be used to determine the features of the age structure of the population, to identify the features of the sex ratio in different age groups. Quantitative data on the ratio of sexes and age groups of the population read from the sex and age pyramids can be used for further calculations of general demographic indicators (for example, dependency ratios of the population), their analysis and comparison.

Rice. 3. Gender and age pyramids

The question arises of how to update statistical materials, because they become outdated pretty soon. To do this, there are statistical collections, reference books, periodicals, Internet resources.

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a computer database that stores geo-information in the form of maps of various content, digital and textual information on objects plotted on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of the information blocks.

By spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished. By purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

Thus, geographic information systems (GIS) are special systems capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing data at a new technical level and obtaining new geographic information on this basis. Very effective, for example, is the use of educational GIS when comparing thematic maps of different content for the same territory, whether it be a country or a region; when establishing various geographic links.

Let us pay special attention to opportunities and resources of the Internet, which can be used by you in the process of studying the course. They include:

educational resources WWW (World Wide Web);
E-mail (electronic mail);
teleconferences.

Educational resources on the World Wide Web can be helpful:

to search for additional and updated (including statistical) information for lessons in the process of preparation;
to search for information in the process of preparing various kinds of creative works (reports, abstracts, business games, educational conferences, etc.).

Email can be used:

to exchange educational creative works with their peers from other schools, regions of our country;
for mutual exchange of information in the process of solving problems of distance learning and telecommunication projects.

Teleconferencing can be helpful:

with participation in various kinds of educational and informative telecommunication projects.

Geographic map - a special source of information

Thematic maps

Vegetation maps, for example, depict the distribution and composition of vegetation in different areas. There are also maps of minerals, forest maps, relief maps, synoptic maps, industry maps, which show large cities - industrial centers and their specialization. All these maps characterize geographical objects and phenomena on a specific topic: vegetation, relief, industry. That is why they are called thematic. For example, a political map will first of all give an idea of the location of countries, their borders.

General geographic maps

General geographic maps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport networks, etc. For example, a physical map of Russia.

According to the coverage of the territory, maps of the world, individual continents, countries and their parts (regions) are distinguished.

A political map of the World

The political map of the world is one of the most important cartographic sources in the world geography course, as this map shows different countries, their capitals, routes of communication and other useful information.

On the political map of the world you will find more than 230 countries and territories.

The borders of the state are formed for a long time. They can change for various reasons: historical, political, economic, cultural, natural.

The most complex is the political map of Western Europe. Let's determine the geographical position of the countries of this region together (Table 1).

Table 1. Countries of Western Europe

		Population (2007)	Capital(s)
	84 thousand km2	8.3 million people
		70 thousand people	Andorra la Vieja
	30.5 thousand km2	10.6 million people	Brussels
		1 thousand people
Great Britain	244 thousand km2	61 million people
Germany	356 thousand km2	82.3 million people	Bonn, Berlin
	132.0 thousand km2	11.2 million people
	43 thousand km2	5.5 million people	Copenhagen
Ireland	70 thousand km2	4.4 million people
Iceland	103 thousand km2	290 thousand people	Reykjavik
	504 thousand km2	45.3 million people
	301 thousand km2	59.3 million people
Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein)		34 thousand people
Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)	2.6 thousand km2	463 thousand people	Luxembourg
		397 thousand people	Valletta
		33 thousand people
Netherlands	41 thousand km2	16.4 million people	Amsterdam
Norway	324 thousand km2	4.7 million people
Portugal	92 thousand km2	10.7 million people	Lisbon

A map of time zones is an interesting, and most importantly, useful map (Fig. I).

For the convenience of counting time, the entire surface of the Earth was divided into 24 time zones. The time of each time zone differs from the next one by one hour. The belts are numbered from 0 to 23 from west to east of the Greenwich meridian. In all points located within the same zone, the same standard time is considered. Moscow, for example, is in the second time zone.

However, in Moscow we live not according to standard time, but according to maternity time (from Latin decretum - decree, decree). In addition, you know that in Russia the clock hands move forward (summer time) or backward (winter time) by one hour in order to make the most efficient use of the daylight hours and save electricity. Therefore, Moscow, being in the 2nd time zone, practically lives according to the time of the 3rd time zone. In other words, when it is 13 o'clock in Moscow (Moscow time), then in Paris - 11 o'clock (Central European time), in London - 10 o'clock (Greenwich time).

Rice. 1. Map of time zones of the world

Rail and air transport, telephone and telegraph communications on the territory of the country operate, as a rule, on a single time. In Russia, for example, according to Moscow time.

If you take a close look at the map of time zones, you will notice how remarkable the 180th meridian is. A conditional line of change of dates passes along it. Its zigzag in the area of the Chukotka Peninsula is not accidental. The fact is that on both sides of this line, the hours and minutes are the same, and the calendar dates differ by one day. If the date line crossed Chukotka, its inhabitants would have to maintain their own calendar, one day ahead of the national one.

Statistical materials - one of the main sources of geographic information

Statistics is a science that studies the totality of mass phenomena in order to take into account and identify the patterns of their development using quantitative (statistical) indicators. The population is just such a mass phenomenon. Statistical indicators include absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.

Absolute values are informative and show the size of geographical phenomena. For example, Russia has the largest territory in the world - more than 17 million km2, which is almost twice the territory of countries such as China, the United States or Canada. However, in terms of population, Russia is inferior to many countries. In 2007, the total population was 142 million people. - eighth place in the world.

Table 2. Population of the largest countries of the world (million people)

The relative value expresses the result of a comparison (comparison) of statistical indicators with each other. They allow you to detect certain changes in geographical phenomena, their trend.

Coefficients - indicators that reflect the characteristic features of individual phenomena, for example, the coefficient of specialization or natural population growth.

In order to learn how to work with statistical materials, one must first of all imagine how they are organized and built (ordered).

A statistical table is a system of vertical and horizontal columns (columns and rows) provided with headings and filled in a certain order with digital data. It contains the statistical data necessary to characterize the studied geographical phenomenon and its constituent parts. The headings of the horizontal rows of the statistical table correspond to the statistical "subject", and the top headings of its vertical columns correspond to the statistical "predicate".

Let's look, for example, at the statistical table. 3 "Changes in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the data of the 1926-2002 censuses."

Table 3. Change in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the 1926-2002 census data, %


Russian Federation, including areas:
Northern
Northwestern
Central
Volga-Vyatka
Central Black Earth
Volga region
North Caucasian
Ural
West Siberian
East Siberian
Far Eastern
Kaliningrad region

Thus, any statistical table includes three mandatory elements:

general table header;

statistical subject;

statistical predicate.

Statistical materials can be presented not only in statistical tables, but also in a visual form: in diagrams, graphs, maps, maps.

Statistical maps are primarily cartograms and cartograms. Let's go with you, using the table. 4, we will draw up a cartogram on the contour map showing the population density of the economic regions of Russia:

write down the name of the cartogram (“Population density of the economic regions of Russia”);

write out the name of the source, on the basis of which we will build a cartogram (statistical table "Population density of economic regions of Russia");

we write down the relative statistical indicators that we will depict, having previously rounded their values to integers;

Let's divide the indicators into groups according to the principle of equal intervals. The easiest way to break it down is to divide the difference between the largest (63) and smallest value (1) indicator by 5. In our case (63 - 1 = 62 « 60: 5 = 12), the interval will be 12, and the groups of indicators will be as follows: 1 - 12; 12-24; 24-36; 36-48; 48-60 and more than 60 people/km2;

let's make a cartogram legend in a notebook, where darker tones of color (or denser shading) depict a greater intensity of the phenomenon; light shades (or rare shading) - smaller. For a color image, it is better to take shades of one paint: from lighter to darker;

we will show on the contour map the boundaries of the economic regions of Russia;

transfer the legend of the cartogram to the contour map in the "Legends";

Let's make a chart.

The construction of graphs and charts based on statistical indicators has a mathematical basis that is well known to you.

Since the 1990s there is a reverse trend of population decline in the northern and eastern regions of Russia, primarily the Far East and North.

Diagrams show the volume and structure of geographical phenomena. They can be circular, point, linear, areal, volumetric, etc. (Fig. 2). Recall that when constructing pie charts, the initial radius is considered to be directed upwards on a sheet of paper, i.e., "northern". It is from him, clockwise, that indicators are plotted by eye (based on I% \u003d 3.6 degrees), characterizing a geographical phenomenon, for example, the resettlement of the Earth's population, depending on the proximity of the seas.

Rice. 2. Settlement of the Earth's population depending on the proximity of the coast of the seas and oceans

To determine the scale of a bar chart, for example, you must first determine what the largest and smallest bars can be. The basis of the diagram is determined by the formula X = A: M, where X is the basis of the diagram; A is the statistical indicator we use; M is the scale base, which shows how many units of this indicator fall on 1 square. mm chart area. It is composed like this. First, an axial line is drawn - the base of the diagram, and then the perpendiculars are restored, taking into account the scale.

Drawing up a cartographic diagram on a contour map is reduced to constructing diagrams within the boundaries of a certain territory, for example, within the boundaries of large regions of Russia, economic regions, and subjects of the Russian Federation.

The sex and age pyramid allows you to visually analyze the sex ratio by age groups of the population. It is built as follows. On the vertical axis, age is plotted at regular intervals (in the form of age intervals; for example, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, etc.), and on the horizontal axis - to the left - the number (or proportion) of men, and to the right - women (on the same scale). For each age group, they build their own linear diagram and, as it were, “string” them one after another from bottom to top - from the base of the pyramid to its top (Fig. 3). The shape of such a pyramid can be used to determine the features of the age structure of the population, to identify the features of the sex ratio in different age groups. Quantitative data on the ratio of sexes and age groups of the population read from the sex and age pyramids can be used for further calculations of general demographic indicators (for example, dependency ratios of the population), their analysis and comparison.

Rice. 3. Gender and age pyramids

The question arises of how to update statistical materials, because they become outdated pretty soon. To do this, there are statistical collections, reference books, periodicals, Internet resources.

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a computer database that stores geo-information in the form of maps of various content, digital and textual information on objects plotted on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of the information blocks.

By spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished. By purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

Let us draw your special attention to the possibilities and resources of the Internet, which can be used by you in the process of studying the course. They include:

educational resources WWW (World Wide Web);

E-mail (electronic mail);

teleconferences.

Educational resources on the World Wide Web can be helpful:

to search for additional and updated (including statistical) information for lessons in the process of preparation;

to search for information in the process of preparing various kinds of creative works (reports, abstracts, business games, educational conferences, etc.).

Email can be used:

to exchange educational creative works with their peers from other schools, regions of our country;

for mutual exchange of information in the process of solving problems of distance learning and telecommunication projects.

Teleconferencing can be helpful:

with participation in various kinds of educational and informative telecommunication projects.

Earlier, during my school youth, I thought that only a textbook, a map and a geography teacher were geographical sources. But, with the development of technology and the desire to leave the Earth without "white spots", man has created many quick and easy ways to study the planet. Many sources of information tend to become outdated, and people need to take care of updating them.

Main geographic sources

Geography, as a single science for all mankind, also implies a standard set of sources:

The map is the oldest source of geo-information.
Experimental research - practical study of the planet by man through travel and expeditions.
Geoinformatics - the use of high technologies (satellite images, creation of computer models).
Museums and storages are a way to save and replenish the received geo-information and objects.

The trend in the development of computer technology involves a gradual departure from maps on material (paper) media due to their constant obsolescence. For example, a map of the Amazon basin can be safely thrown away after 50 years - it changes the relief of the territories through which it flows so quickly.

The Role of Geographic Sources

Their main role is to preserve and increase geographical knowledge, as well as to inform people about them. Science cannot do without the accumulation of sources that will allow people to use the acquired knowledge both economically (construction, mining) and for personal needs (travel organization). Oddly enough, we use sources of geo-information almost daily. The simplest example is a GPS navigator.

It is he who helps us find a street in a large city and build a route to it. Another frequently used source would be space weather satellites. If earlier, to find out the weather, we looked at the thermometer outside the window, but now we get this information from the Internet, where it comes from weather satellites, naturally, after it has been processed at the Hydrometeorological Center.

Discipline: Geography

Subject: « Introduction. Sources of geographic information.

Practical lesson number 1.

Subject: Familiarization With geographic cards various topics. Drafting kart (scheme), reflective various geographic phenomenaAnd processes. Usage statistical materials And geoinformation systems.

Lesson type: Learning new

Class type: Lecture - visualization

Number of hours: 2 hours

Purpose of the lesson: Formation of an idea of the sources of geographical

information.

Tasks:

To give an idea of the role and place of modern geographical information in solving the problems of the development of human civilization.

To form students' ideas about various sources of geographic information, which are designed to help in the development of a new training course.

Continue to develop skills in testing and taking notes of lectures.

Assess the volume and level of students' residual geographical knowledge to determine the degree of readiness of the audience to learn new material.

Equipment, visibility, TCO– laptop, plasma TV, presentation, contour map, atlas,

Lesson progress:

Organizing time.

Setting goals and objectives.

Requirements for the organization of the educational process.

Lecture visualization.

Geography as a science.

The geographic map is a special source of information about

reality.

Geography as a science.

Geography is one of the most interesting and important sciences. It studies the territory (territorial complexes of different levels), the conditions and patterns of its formation and development. Economic and social geography as a branch of geography explores the place and role of man and his versatile activities in a given territory. From how competently a person settles in and develops his habitat, his comfortable living on it depends. Geography allows you to deeply scientifically and, most importantly, comprehensively take into account all factors of the development of the territory - natural (geological structure, climatic features, features of inland waters and natural complexes), economic (features of doing business) and social (human behavior). It is for this reason that it makes such wide use of the achievements of a wide variety of sciences.

Traditional and new methods of geographical research.

Methods (methods) of research are specific methods for studying geographical objects and phenomena.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is an information system that provides collection, storage, processing, access, display and analysis of spatial (spatially coordinated) data.

GIS structure:

Data (spatial data):

Positional (geographic): the location of the object on the earth's surface, its coordinates in the selected coordinate system;

Non-positional (attributive, or metadata) - descriptive text, electronic documents, graphic type data, including photographs of objects, three-dimensional images of objects, video materials, etc.

Hardware (computers, computer networks, drives, scanners, digitizers, etc.);

Software (OS, application and add-ons to it);

Technologies (methods, procedures, etc.);

Operators, administrators, users.

Types of geographic information, its role and use in people's lives.

Task number 1 ( Read the text. Make a diagram "Sources of geographic information")

Geography is a science, studying which one should not be afraid to get too much information. There are many sources of geographic information.

First, a geographical map. It provides a one-time broad and complex view of the study area. It is no coincidence that the well-known geographer N. N. Baransky, the founder of Soviet economic and social geography, called the geographical map the “language” of geography. True, one must be able to read a geographical map, that is, one must have the skill of obtaining all the necessary information from it. Secondly, this is literature, and the most diverse - reference, scientific, popular science and even fiction. Thirdly, these are the mass media (newspapers, magazines, television and radio programs, films). Fourth is the Internet. Fifth, these are personal impressions. When studying the features of the territory, no information will be superfluous. It is necessary to "absorb" it from everywhere - read books, newspapers and magazines, watch television programs and movies, use the Internet, go on tourist trips.

The modern world is on the threshold of globalization. At present, goods, money, any information easily overcome great distances and state borders that once seemed like impregnable bastions. In this regard, there is an inevitable averaging, or unification, of models of human behavior. Of course, this process is not easy. But he is objective. The colossal differences in the cultural traditions of various peoples exacerbate even more, it would seem, the already acute interstate and interethnic contradictions. Geography can help to understand their nature, to understand all their intricacies.

A geographical map is a special source of information about reality.

Geographic map- models with on in a reduced form.

Statistical materials.

Statistical data is an integral part of the global information system, which is formed in accordance with the concept of informatization developed in the Russian Federation.

Statistical materials- this is massive quantitative data on important indicators of life and the relationship between them. Statistical is the data of population censuses, tax collection, calculation of land.

Starting testing in the economic and social geography of Russia

Countries that have land borders with Russia:

Norway
Lithuania
Mongolia
Finland
China
Belarus
Turkmenistan

A city in Russia with a population of more than 1 million people:

Murmansk

Nizhny Novgorod

Serpukhov
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Largest coking coal basin in Russia:

Kansko-Achinsk

Kuznetsky

Podmoskovny

Donetsk

4. Full cycle ferrous metallurgy center in Russia:

Murmansk

Saint Petersburg

Magnitogorsk

5. Fine-wool and semi-fine-wool sheep breeding is most developed in

economic region:

Northern

North Caucasian

Central

Central Black Earth

6. The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territory

economic regions of Russia:

North Caucasian

Ural

Far Eastern

Northern

7. Arrange the stages of textile production in technological order - from raw materials to the production of finished fabric

Harsh production
Fiber production
Yarn production

Answer: 3,4,2,1

8.Three centers of the oil refining industry,

located on the Volga:

Saratov
Yaroslavl
Smolensk
Khabarovsk
Volgograd
Arkhangelsk

9. Define the subject of the Russian Federation by its brief description:

“This subject is located in the eastern part of the country, its territory is not washed by the waters of the oceans. One of the largest rivers in Russia flows through its territory with its largest tributary. There are no hydroelectric power plants on these rivers. There are no nuclear power plants in the subject, but powerful thermal power plants operate on fuel produced in the same subject.

Primorsky Krai

Murmansk region

Irkutsk region

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

10. Establish a correspondence between the economic regions of Russia and the centers for the production of cars and trucks:

Economic regions Production centers

Russian cars and trucks

Volgo-Vyatsky A. Serpukhov

Povolzhsky B. Naberezhnye Chelny

Central V. Izhevsk

Uralsky city Nizhny Novgorod

D. Taganrog

Answer: 1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C

Evaluation criteria: 0 errors - "5", 1-3 errors - "4", 4-5 errors - "3", 6 or more - "2".

Question number

Answer

1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C

6. Frontal survey.

List the traditional methods of geographical research known to you.

Answer:

Expeditionary

Descriptive

Cartographic

Comparative

Mathematical

Statistical

Historical

Does the cartographic method belong to traditional methods and what is its role in understanding the world around us?

Answer:

Yes, this is the leading method in geography, with the help of maps we can get a lot of various information.

What role do space research methods play in modern geographical research?

Answer:

Space research methods serve to monitor and study economic components in the world, predict their changes.

List the modern methods of geographical research known to you.

Answer:

experimental

Modeling

Remote (aerospace)

Geographic forecast

Geoinformation systems

Does geographic forecasting refer to modern methods of geographical research and what is the purpose of its implementation:

Answer:

Yes, the prediction of the future state of geosystems.

Geosystems - these are natural-geographical unities of all possible categories, from the planetary geosystem (geographical shell) to the elementary geosystem (physical-geographical facies)

definition by V. B. Sochava

PRACTICE #1

Subject: Acquaintance with geographical maps of various subjects. Drawing up maps (schemes) reflecting various geographical phenomena and processes. Use of statistical materials and geoinformation systems.

1. Analysis of maps of various subjects.

As a result of completing the tasks of practical work, each of you should study the stages of the formation of a modern political map of the world; modern processes of changing the political map of the world, the main international organizations of countries, to master the features of the distribution of certain types of natural resources by region.

You must consolidate and develop the following skills:

Make maps (maps), diagrams according to the proposed simple or complex tasks using traditional or your own designations;

Select the necessary information to complete the task; - identify and explain the political and geographical aspects of current events and situations;

Evaluate and explain the information obtained during the selection and analysis;

Equipment: Internet resources, a geographical atlas of the world for grade 10, a contour map of the world, colored pencils, a pen.

Tasks for work:

Exercise 1.

Consider the Atlas of Geography (Grade 10). List the topics of the map.

Answer:

political map

State structure

Land Mineral Resources

Agro-climatic resources

Land and forest resources

Hydrosphere resources

Population

Population placement

Human Development Index
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Structure of the economy
Extractive industry
Power industry
Manufacturing industry
Agriculture
Transport
Foreign economic relations
Integration associations
Territorial structure of the economy
Political and economic maps of countries
global demographic problem
global environmental problem
global food problem
Areas of political instability
World Heritage of Humanity

Task 2.

To complete the task, use various sources of geographical information, as well as your knowledge from the school history and geography course. You can also get the necessary information with the help of Internet resources.

Insert the missing names of some new countries (or their capitals) that appeared on the political map of the world in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. as a result of the division of larger federal states.

States that emerged on the territory of the former Soviet Union and their capitals: Russia - Moscow; Ukraine, Kyiv; Belarus - Minsk; Moldova– Chisinau; Georgia - Tbilisi; Azerbaijan- Baku; Armenia - Yerevan; Kazakhstan - Astana; Kyrgyzstan– Bishkek; Turkmenistan - Ashgabat; Tajikistan - Dushanbe; Uzbekistan - Tashkent; Estonia - Tallinn; Latvia– Riga; Lithuania - Vilnius.

States that emerged on the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and their capitals: Serbia - Belgrade; Croatia - Zagreb; Montenegro - Cetinje; Macedonia– Skopje; Slovenia - Ljubljana; Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo.

States that emerged on the territory of the former Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia) and their capitals: Czech Republic - Prague; Slovenia - Bratislava.

Task 3.

Draw a map of the pre-existing Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) showing the borders of the newly formed countries. Write the names of these countries and their capitals.

Answer:

Thus, today in the territory that belonged to the former Yugoslavia, there are six independent states:

Republic of Serbia (capital Belgrade)
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (capital Sarajevo)
Republic of Slovenia (capital Bratislava)
Republic of Macedonia (capital Skopje)
Republic of Montenegro (capital Cetinje, Podgorica)
Republic of Croatia (capital Zagreb)

(There is a little confusion with the capitals in Montenegro. In the country's constitution, the city is named its official capital . It has historically been the center of faith and statehood, the royal residence was located here. In 1946, the capital was moved to Titograd, which in 1992 was returned to its former name - . After Montenegro gained independence in 2006, the title of the capital again passed to Cetinje, but most of the state institutions remained in Podgorica. In order not to transport the government of the country, it was decided to make appropriate changes to the status of cities.

So now there are two capitals in Montenegro, for which new definitions have been invented. The official and cultural capital of Cetinje, in which the president and metropolitan of the country live, and the actual business and political capital of Podgorica).

Task 4.

To complete the task, use the contour map of the world.

On the contour map of the world, find the states that are part of the "Big Seven". Highlight their borders, shade their territories, fill in the hatching in the legend of the contour map, sign the names of the countries and their capitals.

Answer:

The G7 countries are the USA (the capital is Washington), Japan (the capital is Tokyo), Germany (the capital is Berlin), France (the capital is Paris), Great Britain (the capital is London), Italy (the capital is Rome), Canada (the capital is Ottawa), (since 1994, Russia has been participating in the meetings of the group).

Task 5.

To complete the task, use the data in table No. 1.

Construct a pie chart of the ratio of iron ore reserves in the top five countries. To do this, the sum of the top five iron ore reserves should be taken as 100%, and then calculate the share of each country and mark the corresponding sector in the pie chart. Separate sectors must be highlighted with certain colors or types of hatching. Write a legend for the chart.

Table number 1. Explored reserves of iron ore in the countries of the world (2005)

Place in the world

A country

Region

stocks,

bn t

Brazil

Latin America

Russia

Europe Asia

Canada

North America

China

Asia

Australia

Ukraine

Europe

USA

North America

Kazakhstan

Asia

India

Asia

South Africa

Africa

Answer:

Iron ore reserves in the countries of the world (2005)

Task 5.

Suggest options for dividing the ten countries indicated in Table 1 into groups according to the volume of explored reserves of iron ore. Write down your suggestions.

Answer:

The following criteria can be defined:

The country with the largest iron ore reserves

The country with the smallest iron ore reserves

Countries with the same amount of iron ore reserves

Which region has the largest iron ore reserves?

Which region has the smallest iron ore reserves

7. Homework.

Buy an atlas and a contour map in Geography for grade 10, colored pencils.

Learn the notes in your notebook.

8. Summing up.

9. Extracurricular independent work