French art. A Brief History of French Art "Nude Against a Bust and Green Leaves"
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XIV (14th century) XV (15th century) XVI (16th century) XVII (17th century) XVIII (18th century) XIX (19th century) XX (20th century)Foreign artists
Lorenzetti Ambrogio
(1319-1348)
Country: Italy
The paintings of Lorenzetti harmoniously combined the traditions of Sienese painting with its lyricism and the generalization of forms and the perspectiveness of spatial construction characteristic of Giotto's art. Although the artist uses religious and allegorical subjects, the features of contemporary life clearly appear in the paintings. The conditional landscape, characteristic of the paintings of the 14th century masters, is replaced by Lorenzetti with recognizable Tuscan landscapes. Very realistic, he writes vineyards, fields, lakes, sea harbors, surrounded by impregnable rocks.
Eik Wang
Country: Netherlands
The homeland of the Van Eyck brothers is the city of Maaseik. Little information has been preserved about the elder brother Hubert. It is known that it was he who began work on the famous Ghent altar in the church of St. Bavo in Ghent. Probably, the compositional design of the altar belonged to him. Judging by the preserved archaic parts of the altar - "Lamb Worship", figures of God the Father, Mary and John the Baptist, - Hubert can be called a master of transition. His work was much closer to the traditions of late Gothic (abstract-mystical interpretation of the theme, conventionality in the transfer of space, little expressed interest in the image of a person).
Foreign artists
Albrecht Dürer
(1471-1528)
Country: Germany
Albrecht Dürer, the great German artist, the largest representative of the Renaissance culture in Germany. Born in Nuremberg in the family of a goldsmith, a native of Hungary. Initially, he studied with his father, then with the Nuremberg painter M. Wohlgemut (1486-89). During the years of study and during the years of wandering in Southern Germany (1490-94), during a trip to Venice (1494-95) he absorbed the heritage of the 15th century, but nature became his main teacher.
Bosch Jerome
(1450-1516)
Country: Germany
Hieronymus Bosch, the great Dutch painter. Born in Herzogenbosch. His grandfather, grandfather's brother and all five uncles were artists. In 1478 Bosch married a wealthy patrician Aleid van Merwerme, whose family belonged to the highest aristocracy. There were no children from this marriage, and he was not particularly happy. Nevertheless, he brought material well-being to the artist, and, having not yet become sufficiently famous, Bosch could afford to paint the way he wanted.
Botticelli Sandro
(1445-1510)
Country: Italy
Real name - Alessandro da Mariano di Vanni di Amedeo Filipepi, the great Italian painter of the Renaissance. Born in Florence in the family of a tanner. Initially, he was sent to study with a certain Botticelli, a goldsmith, from whom Alessandro Filipepi got his last name. But the desire for painting forced him in 1459-65 to study with the famous Florentine artist Fra Philippe Lippi. Early works of Botticelli ( Adoration of the Magi, Judith and Holofernes and especially madonnas - Corsini Madonna, Madonna with a Rose, Madonna with Two Angels) were written under the influence of the latter.
Verrocchio Andrea
(1435-1488)
Country: Italy
Real name - Andrea di Michele di Francesco Choni, an outstanding Italian sculptor. Born in Florence. He was a famous sculptor, painter, draftsman, architect, jeweler, and musician. In each genre, he established himself as a master innovator, not repeating what his predecessors did.
Carpaccio Vittore
(c. 1455/1465 - c. 1526)
Country: Italy
Carpaccio Vittore (c. 1455 / 1465 - c. 1526) - Italian painter. Born in Venice. He studied under Gentile Bellini, was strongly influenced by Giovanni Bellini and partly by Giorgione. Carefully observing the events of modern life, this artist was able to saturate his religious compositions with a lively narrative and many genre details. In fact, he created an encyclopedia of the life and customs of Venice in the 15th century. They say about Carpaccio that this master is "still at home, in Venice." And even the very idea of Venice is inseparably linked with the memory of the greenish, as if visible through the sea water, pictures of the brilliant draftsman and colorist.
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452 - 1519)
Country: Italy
One of the greatest Italian Renaissance artists, Leonardo da Vinci was also an outstanding scientist, thinker and engineer. All his life he observed and studied nature - the heavenly bodies and the laws of their movement, the mountains and the secrets of their origin, water and winds, the light of the sun and the life of plants. As part of nature, Leonardo also considered a person whose body is subject to physical laws and at the same time serves as a “mirror of the soul”. He showed his inquisitive, active, restless love for nature in everything. It was she who helped him discover the laws of nature, put her forces at the service of man, it was she who made Leonardo the greatest artist, with equal attention capturing a blossoming flower, an expressive gesture of a person and a foggy haze that envelops distant mountains.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475 - 1564)
Country: Italy
“A man has not yet been born who, like me, would be so inclined to love people,” the great Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet Michelangelo wrote about himself. He created brilliant, titanic works and dreamed of creating even more significant ones. One day, when the artist was working on marble developments in Carrara, he decided to carve a statue from a whole mountain.
Rafael Santi
(1483 - 1520)
Country: Italy
Raphael Santi, great Italian Renaissance painter and architect. Born in Urbino in the family of J. Santi - court painter and poet of the Duke of Urbino. He received his first painting lessons from his father. When he died, Rafael moved to T. Viti's studio. In 1500 he moved to Perugio and entered the workshop of Perugino, first as a student, and then as an assistant. Here he learned the best features of the style of the Umbrian school of painting: the desire for an expressive interpretation of the plot and the nobility of forms. Soon he brought his skill to the point that it became impossible to distinguish a copy from the original.
Titian Vecellio
(1488- 1576)
Country: Italy
Born in Pieve di Cadoro - a small town on the border of the Venetian possessions in the Alps. He came from the Vecelli family, very influential in the town. During the war between Venice and Emperor Maximilian, the artist's father rendered great services to the Republic of St. Mark.
Foreign artists
Rubens Peter Paul
(1577 - 1640)
Country: Germany
Rubens Peter Paul, the great Flemish painter. "King of painters and painter of kings" was called the contemporaries of the Fleming Rubens. In one of the most beautiful corners of Antwerp, Rubens Hughes is still located - the artist's house, built according to his own design, and a workshop. About three thousand paintings and many wonderful drawings came out of here.
Goyen Jan Wang
(1596-1656)
Country: Holland
Goyen Jan van is a Dutch painter. Passion for painting manifested itself very early. At the age of ten, Goyen began to study drawing with the Leiden artists I. Swanenburg and K. Schilperort. The father wanted his son to become a glass painter, but Goyen himself dreamed of being a landscape painter, and he was assigned to study with the mediocre landscape painter Willem Gerrits in the city of Goorn.
Segers Hercules
(1589/1590 - c. 1638)
Country: Holland
Seghers Hercules is a Dutch landscape painter and graphic artist. He studied in Amsterdam with G. van Coninxloo. From 1612 to 1629 he lived in Amsterdam, where he was accepted into the guild of artists. Visited Flanders (c. 1629-1630). From 1631 he lived and worked in Utrecht, and from 1633 - in The Hague.
Frans Hals
(c. 1580-1666)
Country: Holland
The decisive role in the formation of national art at an early stage in the development of the Dutch art school was played by the work of Frans Hals, its first great master. He was almost exclusively a portrait painter, but his art meant a lot not only to the portraiture of Holland, but also to the formation of other genres. In the work of Hals, three types of portrait compositions can be distinguished: a group portrait, a commissioned individual portrait, and a special type of portrait images, similar in nature to genre painting, cultivated by him mainly in the 20s and early 30s.
Velasquez Diego de Silva
(1559-1660)
Country: Spain
Born in Seville, one of the largest art centers in Spain at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century. The artist's father came from a Portuguese family who moved to Andalusia. He wanted his son to become a lawyer or a writer, but did not prevent Velazquez from painting. His first teacher was Fr. Herrera the Elder, and then - F. Pacheco. Pacheco's daughter became Velazquez's wife. In the workshop of Pacheco Velasquez was engaged in painting heads from life. At the age of seventeen, Velasquez received the title of master. The career of a young painter developed successfully.
Country: Spain
El Greco
(1541-1614)
Country: Spain
El Greco, real name - Domenico Theotokopuli, the great Spanish painter. Born into a poor but enlightened family in Candia, Crete. Crete at that time was a possession of Venice. He studied, in all likelihood, with local icon painters, who still preserved the traditions of medieval Byzantine art. Around 1566 he moved to Venice, where he entered the workshop of Titian.
Caravaggio Michelangelo Merisi
(1573-1610)
Country: Italy
Caravaggio Michelangelo Merisi, an outstanding Italian painter. The emergence and flourishing of the realistic trend in Italian painting of the late 16th - early 17th centuries is associated with the name of Caravaggio. The work of this remarkable master played a huge role in the artistic life of not only Italy, but also other European countries. The art of Caravaggio attracts us with great artistic expressiveness, deep truthfulness and humanism.
Carracci
Country: Italy
Carracci, a family of Italian painters from Bologna in the early 17th century, the founders of academism in European painting. At the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries in Italy, as a reaction to mannerism, an academic trend in painting took shape. Its main principles were laid down by the Carracci brothers - Lodovico (1555-1619), Agostino (1557-1602) and Annibale (1560-1609).
Brueghel Peter the Elder
(between 1525 and 1530-1569)
Country: Netherlands
Anyone who has read the wonderful novel by Charles de Coster, The Legend of Thiel Ulenspiegel, knows that the whole people participated in the Dutch revolution, in the struggle against the Spaniards for their independence, a cruel and merciless struggle. Just like Ulenspiegel, Peter Brueghel the Elder, one of the founders of realistic Dutch and Flemish art, was also a witness and participant in these events.
Van Dyck Anthony
(1599- 1641)
Country: Netherlands
Van Dyck Anthony, an outstanding Flemish painter. Born in Antwerp in the family of a wealthy businessman. Initially studied with the Antwerp painter Hendrick van Balen. In 1618 he entered the workshop of Rubens. He began his work by copying his paintings. And soon became the main assistant to Rubens in the performance of large orders. He received the title of master of the Guild of St. Luke in Antwerp (1618).
Poussin Nicolas
(1594-1665)
Country: France
Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665), an outstanding French painter, a leading representative of classicism. Born in the village of Andely in Normandy in the family of a small landowner. Initially, he studied in his homeland with a little-known, but rather talented and competent wandering artist K. Varen. In 1612 Poussin went to Paris, and there J. Aalleman became his teacher. In Paris, he became friends with the Italian poet Marine.
XVII (17th century)
Foreign artists
Cape Albert Gerrits
(1620-1691)
Country: Holland
Cape Albert Gerrits was a Dutch painter and etcher.
He studied with his father, the artist J. Keip. His artistic style was influenced by the painting of J. van Goyen and S. van Ruysdael. Worked in Dordrecht. The early works of Cuyp, close to the paintings of J. van Goyen, are monochrome. He paints hilly landscapes, country roads running into the distance, poor peasant huts. The paintings are most often made in a single yellowish tone.
Ruisdael Jacob van
(1628/1629-1682)
Country: Holland
Ruisdal Jacob van (1628/1629-1682) - Dutch landscape painter, draftsman, etcher. He probably studied with his uncle, the painter Salomon van Ruysdael. Visited Germany (1640-1650s). He lived and worked in Haarlem, in 1648 he became a member of the painters' guild. From 1656 he lived in Amsterdam, in 1676 he received the degree of doctor of medicine in the Treasury and entered the list of Amsterdam doctors.
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn
(1606-1669)
Country: Holland
Born in Leiden to a miller's family. The father's affairs during this period were going well, and he was able to give his son a better education than other children. Rembrandt entered the Latin school. He studied poorly and wanted to paint. Nevertheless, he finished school and entered Leiden University. A year later, he began taking painting lessons. His first teacher was J. van Swanenburg. After staying in his studio for more than three years, Rembrandt went to Amsterdam to the historical painter P. Lastman. He had a strong influence on Rembrandt and taught him the art of engraving. Six months later (1623) Rembrandt returned to Leiden and opened his own workshop.
Terborch Gerard
(1617-1681)
Country: Holland
Terborch Gerard (1617-1681), famous Dutch painter. Born in Zwolle in a wealthy burgher family. His father, brother and sister were artists. Terborch's first teachers were his father and Hendrik Averkamp. His father made him copy a lot. He created his first work at the age of nine. At the age of fifteen, Terborch went to Amsterdam, then to Haarlem, where he came under the strong influence of Fr. Khalsa. Already at that time he was famous as a master of the everyday genre, he most willingly painted scenes from the life of the military - the so-called "guardrooms".
Canalletto (Canale) Giovanni Antonio
(1697-1768)
Country: Italy
Canaletto's first teacher was his father, theater decorator B. Canale, whom he helped design performances in theaters in Venice. He worked in Rome (1717-1720, early 1740s), Venice (since 1723), London (1746-1750, 1751-1756), where he performed works that formed the basis of his work. He painted veduts - urban landscapes, depicted streets, buildings, canals, boats sliding on the sea waves.
Manyasco Alessandro
(1667-1749)
Country: Italy
Alessandro Magnasco (1667-1749) was an Italian painter, genre and landscape painter. He studied with his father, the artist S. Magnasco, then with the Milanese painter F. Abbiati. His style was formed under the influence of the masters of the Genoese school of painting, S. Rosa and J. Callo. Lived and worked in Milan, Florence, Genoa.
Watteau Antoine
(1684-1721)
Country: France
Watteau Antoine, an outstanding French painter, whose work is associated with one of the significant stages in the development of everyday painting in France. The fate of Watteau is unusual. Neither in France nor in neighboring countries was there in the years when he wrote his best things, not a single artist capable of competing with him. The titans of the seventeenth century did not live to see the age of Watteau; those who, following him, glorified the eighteenth century, became known to the world only after his death. In fact, Fragonard, Quentin de La Tour, Perronneau, Chardin, David in France, Tiepolo and Longhi in Italy, Hogarth, Reynolds, Gainsborough in England, Goya in Spain - all this is the middle, or even the end of the 18th century.
Lorrain Claude
(1600-1682)
Country: France
Lorrain Claude (1600-1682) - French painter. At an early age he worked in Rome as a servant for A. Tassi, then became his student. The artist began to receive large orders in the 1630s, his customers were Pope Urban VIII and Cardinal Bentivoglio. Since that time, Lorrain has become popular in Roman and French art connoisseurs.
XVIII (18th century)
Foreign artists
Gainsborough Thomas
(1727- 1788)
Country: England
Gainsborough Thomas, an outstanding English painter, creator of the national type of portrait. Born in Sudbury, Suffolk, the son of a cloth merchant. The picturesque surroundings of the town, located on the River Stour, attracted Gainsborough from childhood, endlessly depicting them in his childhood sketches. The boy's passion for drawing was so great that his father, without hesitation for a long time, sent his thirteen-year-old son to study in London, which at that time had already become the center of artistic life.
Turner Joseph Mallord William
(1775-1851)
Country: England
Turner Joseph Mallord William - English landscape painter, painter, draftsman and engraver. He took painting lessons from T. Molton (c. 1789), in 1789-1793. studied at the Royal Academy in London. In 1802, Turner was an academician, and in 1809, a professor in the academic classes. The artist traveled extensively in England and Wales, visited France and Switzerland (1802), Holland, Belgium and Germany (1817), Italy (1819, 1828). His artistic style was formed under the influence of K. Lorrain, R. Wilson and Dutch marine painters.
Jan Vermeer of Delft
(1632-1675)
Country: Holland
Jan Vermeer of Delft is a great Dutch artist. There is almost no information about the artist. Born in Delft in the family of a burgher who owned a hotel. He was also engaged in the production of silk and traded in paintings. Perhaps that is why the boy became interested in painting early. Master Karel Fabricius became his mentor. Vermeer soon married Katherine Bolney, the daughter of a wealthy burgher, and already in 1653 he was admitted to the guild of St. Luke.
Goya y Lucientes Francisco Hosse
(1746-1828)
Country: Spain
One day, little Francisco, the son of a poor altar gilder from a village near the Spanish city of Zaragoza, painted a pig on the wall of his house. A stranger passing by saw a genuine talent in a child's drawing and advised the boy to study. This legend about Goya is similar to those that are told about other masters of the Renaissance, when the true facts of their biography are unknown.
Guardi Francesco Lazzaro
(1712-1793)
Country: Italy
Guardi Francesco Lazzaro - Italian painter and draftsman, representative of the Venetian school of painting. He studied with his older brother, the painter Giovanni Antonio, in whose studio he worked with his younger brother Niccolò. He painted landscapes, paintings of religious and mythological themes, historical compositions. He worked on the creation of decorative decorations for the interiors of the Manin and Fenice theaters in Venice (1780-1790).
Vernet Claude Joseph
(1714-1789)
Country: France
Claude Joseph Vernet is a French painter. He studied first with his father A. Vernet, then with L. R. Viali in Aix and B. Fergioni, from 1731 - in Avignon with F. Sovan, and later in Italy with Manglar, Pannini and Locatelli. In 1734-1753. worked in Rome. In the Roman period, he devoted a lot of time to work from nature in Tivoli, Naples, on the banks of the Tiber. He painted landscapes and sea views (“Seashore near Anzio”, 1743; “View of the bridge and castle of St. Angelo”, “Ponte Rotto in Rome”, 1745 - both in the Louvre, Paris; “Waterfall in Tivoli”, 1747; “Morning in Castellammare", 1747, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; "Villa Pamphili", 1749, Pushkin Museum, Moscow; "Italian harbor", "Sea coast with rocks", 1751; "Rocks near the sea", 1753 - all in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg). These works amaze with their virtuosity in the transmission of the light and air environment and lighting, reliability and fine observation.
Vernet Horace
(1789-1863)
Country: France
Vernet Horace is a French painter and graphic artist. Studied under his father, Carl Vernet. Writing in the era of the heyday of the art of romanticism, the artist uses in his works the means inherent in the romantics. He is interested in a person in the power of natural elements, in extreme situations. Vernet depicts warriors fighting fiercely in battles, hurricanes and shipwrecks (“Battle at Sea”, 1825, Hermitage, St. Petersburg).
Delacroix Eugene
(1798 - 186)
Country: France
Born in Charenton in the family of the prefect. He received an excellent education. He studied painting first at the School of Fine Arts in Paris, then at the workshop of P. Guerin (1816-22), whose cold skill had less influence on him than the passionate art of the romantic T. Gericault, with whom he became close at the School. A decisive role in the formation of the pictorial style of Delacroix was played by copying the works of old masters, especially Rubens, Veronese and D. Velasquez. In 1822 he made his debut in Talon with a painting "Rook Dante"(“Dante and Virgil”) based on the plot from the first song of “Hell” (“The Divine Comedy”).
Gericault Theodore
(1791-1824)
Country: France
Born in Rouen in a wealthy family. He studied in Paris at the Imperial Lyceum (1806-1808). His teachers were K. J. Berne and P.N. Guerin. But they did not influence the formation of his artistic style - in the painting of Gericault, the tendencies of the art of A. J. Gros and J. L. David are traced. The artist visited the Louvre, where he made copies of the works of old masters, especially admired his painting by Rubens.
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Hiroshige Ando
(1797-1858)
Country: Japan
Born in Edo (now Tokyo) in the family of a petty samurai Ando Genemon. His father was the foreman of the city fire department, and the life of the family was quite secure. Thanks to early education, he quickly learned to understand the properties of paper, brush and ink. The general level of education of that time was quite high. Theaters, prints, ikeba-fa were part of everyday life.
Hokusai Katsushika
(1760-1849)
Country: Japan
Hokusai Katsushika is a Japanese painter and draftsman, master of color woodcuts, writer and poet. Studied with engraver Nakayama Tetsuson. He was influenced by the artist Shunsho, in whose studio he worked. He painted landscapes in which the life of nature, its beauty are closely connected with the life and activities of man. In search of new experiences, Hokusai traveled a lot around the country, making sketches of everything he saw. The artist sought to reflect in his work the problem of the relationship between man and the nature around him. His art is permeated with the pathos of the beauty of the world and the awareness of the spiritualized principle introduced by man into everything he comes into contact with.
Foreign artists
Bonington Richard Parkes
(1802-1828)
Country: England
Bonington Richard Parkes is an English painter and graphic artist. From 1817 he lived in France. He studied painting in Calais with L. Francia, from 1820 he attended the School of Fine Arts in Paris, where A. J. Gros was his teacher. From 1822 he began to exhibit his paintings in the Paris Salons, and from 1827 he took part in exhibitions of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Royal Academy of Arts in London.
Ensor James
(1860-1949)
Country: Belgium
Ensor James (1860-1949) Belgian painter and graphic artist. The artist was born and raised in the port city of Ostend, where he spent almost his entire life. The image of this seaside town with narrow streets inhabited by fishermen and sailors, with annual carnival carnivals and the unique atmosphere of the sea often appears in many of his paintings.
Van Gogh Vincent
(1853- 1890)
Country: Holland
Van Gogh Vincent, the great Dutch painter, a representative of post-impressionism. Born in the Brabant village of Groot Zundert in the family of a pastor. From the age of sixteen he worked for the Painting Company, and then as a teacher's assistant in a private school in England. In 1878 he got a job as a preacher in a mining area in southern Belgium.
Anker Mikael
(1849-1927)
Country: Denmark
Anker Mikael is a Danish artist. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen (1871-1875), as well as in the workshop of the Danish artist P. Kreyer. Later in Paris he studied in the studio of Puvis de Cha-vannes, but this period was not reflected in his work. Together with his wife Anna, he worked in Skagen, in small fishing villages. In his works, the sea is inextricably linked with the images of Jutland fishermen. The artist depicts people in the moments of their hard and dangerous work.
Modigliani Amedeo
(1884-1920)
Country: Italy
How subtly and elegantly Anna Akhmatova spoke about Amedeo Modigliani! Still - she was a poet! Amedeo was lucky: they met in 1911 in Paris, fell in love with each other, and these feelings became the property of the art world, expressed in his drawings and her poems.
Eakins Thomas
(1844-1916)
Country: USA
He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) and at the School of Fine Arts in Paris (1866-1869). The formation of his artistic style was greatly influenced by the work of the old Spanish masters, which he studied in Madrid. Since 1870, the painter lived in his homeland, in Philadelphia, where he was engaged in teaching activities. Already in his first independent works, Eakins showed himself as a realist (Max Schmitt in a Boat, 1871, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; On a Sailboat, 1874; Sailing Boats on the Delaware, 1874).
Kent Rockwell
(1882-1971)
Country: USA
Kent Rockwell is an American landscape painter, draftsman, graphic artist, and writer. Studied with a representative of the plein air school of the artist William Merritt Chase in Shinnecock on Long Island, then with Robert Henry at the School of Art in New York, where he also attended the classes of Kenneth Miller.
Homer Winslow
(1836-1910)
Country: USA
Homer Winslow is an American painter and draftsman. He did not receive a systematic education, having mastered only the craft of a lithographer in his youth. In 1859-1861. attended the evening drawing school at the National Academy of Arts in New York. From 1857 he made drawings for magazines, during the Civil War (1861-1865) he collaborated in the illustrated weekly publication Harpers Weekly, for which he made realistic drawings with battle scenes, distinguished by expressive and strict forms. In 1865 he became a member of the National Academy of Arts.
Bonnard Pierre
(1867-1947)
Country: France
Bonnard Pierre - French painter, draftsman, lithographer. Born in the vicinity of Paris. In his youth, he studied law while drawing and painting at the École des Beaux-Arts and at the Académie Julian. He was fond of Japanese engraving. Together with the artists E. Vuillard, M. Denis, P. Serusier, they formed the core of a group that called itself "Nabi" - from the Hebrew word "prophet". The members of the group were supporters of symbolism less complex and literary than the symbolism of Gauguin and his followers.
Marriage Georges
(1882-1963)
Country: France
Marriage Georges - French painter, engraver, sculptor. In 1897-1899. studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Le Havre, then at the Academy of Ember and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1902-1903). His early work is marked by the influence of the Fauvists, especially A. Derain and A. Matisse. It was during this period that the artist most often turns to the landscape genre: he paints harbors, sea bays with boats, and coastal buildings.
Gauguin Paul
(1848-1903)
Country: France
Gauguin Paul (1848-1903), an outstanding French painter. representative of impressionism. Born in Paris. His father was an employee of the Nacional newspaper of a moderate republican persuasion. A change in political course forced him to leave his homeland in 1849. On a ship bound for South America, he died suddenly. Gauguin spent the first four years of his life in Lima (Peru) with his mother's relatives. At the age of 17-23, he served as a sailor, stoker, helmsman in the merchant and navy, sailed to Rio de Janeiro and other distant cities.
Degas Edgar
(1834-1917)
Country: France
Edgar Degas was a contradictory and strange person at first glance. Born in the family of a banker in Paris. The offspring of an aristocratic family (his real name was de Ha), he abandoned the noble prefix from his youth. He showed interest in drawing as a child. Received a good education. In 1853 he passed the bachelor's degree examinations and began to study jurisprudence. But already at that time he studied with the painter Barrias, then with Louis Lamothe. Like Édouard Manet, he was being groomed for a brilliant career, but he dropped out of law school for the School of Fine Arts.
Deren Andre
(1880-1954)
Country: France
Derain Andre - French painter, book illustrator, engraver, sculptor, one of the founders of Fauvism. He began painting in Shatu in 1895, his teacher was a local artist. In 1898-1900. studied in Paris at the Career Academy, where he met A. Matisse, J. Puy and A. Marquet. Very soon, Deren left the academy and began to study on his own.
Daubigny Charles Francois
(1817-1878)
Country: France
Daubigny Charles Francois - French landscape painter, graphic artist, representative of the Barbizon school. He studied with his father, the artist E. F. Daubigny, then with P. Delaroche. Influenced by Rembrandt. In the Louvre, he copied the paintings of the Dutch masters, his works by J. Ruisdal and Hobbema were especially attractive. In 1835-1836. Daubigny visited Italy, and in 1866 went to Holland, Great Britain and Spain. But these trips were practically not reflected in the artist's work, almost all of his works are devoted to French landscapes.
Dufy Raoul
(1877-1953)
Country: France
Dufy Raoul - French painter and graphic artist. He studied in Le Havre, in the evening classes of the Municipal Art School, where he taught Luye (1892-1897). Here Dufy met O. J. Braque and O. Friesz. During this period, he painted portraits of his family members, as well as landscapes similar to those of E. Boudin.
Isabey Louis Gabriel Jean
(1803-1886)
Country: France
Isabey Louis Gabriel Jean (1803-1886) - French romantic painter, watercolorist, lithographer. He studied with his father, miniaturist J.-B. Isabah. He was influenced by the painting of the English marine painters and the Lesser Dutch of the 17th century. Worked in Paris. In search of new experiences, Isabey visited Normandy, Auvergne, Brittany, Southern France, Holland, England, and accompanied an expedition to Algeria as an artist.
Courbet Gustave
(1819-1877)
Country: France
Courbet Gustave is an outstanding French painter, a wonderful master of a realistic portrait. "... never belonged to any school, to any church ... to any regime, but only to the regime of freedom."
Manet Edouard
(1832-1883)
Country: France
Edouard MANET (1832-1883), an outstanding French artist who rethought the traditions of narrative realistic painting. “Brevity in art is both a necessity and an elegance. A person who expresses himself briefly makes you think; a verbose person gets bored.
Marche Albert
(1875-1947)
Country: France
Marquet Albert (1875-1947) - French painter and graphic artist. In 1890-1895. studied in Paris at the School of Decorative Arts, and from 1895 to 1898 - at the School of Fine Arts in the workshop of G. Moreau. He painted portraits, interiors, still lifes, landscapes, among which are views of the sea, images of harbors and ports. In the landscapes created by the artist in the late 1890s - early 1900s. noticeably strong influence of the Impressionists, in particular A. Sisley ("Trees in Billancourt", ca. 1898, Musée des Arts, Bordeaux).
Monet Claude
(1840-1926)
Country: France
Monet Claude, French painter, founder of impressionism. "What I write is a moment." Born in Paris in the family of a grocer. He spent his childhood in Le Havre. In Le Havre, he began to make cartoons, selling them in a stationery shop. E. Boudin drew attention to them and gave Monet the first lessons in plein air painting. In 1859, Monet entered the Paris School of Fine Arts, and then at the Gleyer atelier. After a two-year stay in Algeria in military service (1860-61), he returned to Le Havre and met Jonkind. The landscapes of Ionkind, full of light and air, made a deep impression on him.
Pierre Auguste Renoir
(1841-1919)
Country: France
Pierre Auguste Renoir was born into the family of a poor tailor with many children, and from early childhood he learned to "live in clover" even when there was no piece of bread in the house. At the age of thirteen, he already mastered the craft - he painted cups and saucers at a porcelain factory. The paint-stained work blouse was on him even when he came to the School of Fine Arts. In Gleyre's atelier, he picked up empty paint tubes thrown by other students. Squeezing them to the last drop, he purred something carelessly cheerful under his breath.
Redon Odilon
(1840-1916)
Country: France
Redon Odilon - French painter, draftsman and decorator. In Paris, he studied architecture, but did not complete the course. For some time he attended the School of Sculpture in Bordeaux, then studied in Paris in the studio of Jerome. As a painter, he was formed under the influence of the art of Leonardo da Vinci, J. F. Corot, E. Delacroix and F. Goya. The botanist Armand Claveau played an important role in his life. Having a rich library, he introduced the young artist to the works of Baudelaire, Flaubert, Poe, as well as to Indian poetry and German philosophy. Together with Clavo Redon studied the world of plants and microorganisms, which was later reflected in his engravings.
Cezanne Paul
(1839-1906)
Country: France
Until now, one of the participants in the first exhibition on the Boulevard des Capucines, the most silent of the visitors to the Gerbois cafe, Paul Cezanne, has remained in the shadows. It is time to get closer to his paintings. Let's start with self-portraits. Let's take a closer look at the face of this high-cheeked bearded man, who looks like a peasant (when he is wearing a cap) or a sage scribe (when his steep, powerful forehead is visible). Cezanne was both one and the other, combining the peasant's stubborn industriousness with the probing mind of a research scientist.
Toulouse Lautrec Henri Marie Raymond de
(1864-1901)
Country: France
Toulouse Lautrec Henri Marie Raymond de, an outstanding French artist. Born in Albi in the south of France in a family that belonged to the largest aristocratic family, who once led the crusades. He showed talent as an artist since childhood. However, he took up painting after falling from a horse (at the age of fourteen), as a result of which he became disabled. Soon after his father introduced him to Prensto, Henri began to constantly come to the studio on the Rue Faubourg Saint-Honoré. For hours he could watch the artist draw or paint.
Foreign artists
Dali Salvador
(1904-1989)
Country: Spain
Dali Salvador, the great Spanish artist, the largest representative of surrealism. Born in Figueres (Catalonia) in the family of a famous lawyer. At the age of sixteen, Dali was sent to a Catholic college in Figueres. The Pichot family had a huge influence on the formation of his personality. All family members owned musical instruments, organized concerts. Ramon Pichot is a painter who worked in Paris and knew P. Picasso closely. In the house of Pichotov, Dali was engaged in drawing. In 1918, his first exhibition took place in Fegueras, favorably noted by critics.
Kalninsh Eduardas
(1904-1988)
Country: Latvia
Kalninsh Eduardas - Latvian marine painter. Born in Riga in the family of a simple craftsman, he began to draw early. The first teacher of Kalnins was the artist Yevgeny Moshkevich, who opened in Tomsk, where the boy's family moved at the beginning of the First World War, a studio for novice painters. After 1920 Kalniņš returned to Riga with his parents and in 1922 entered the Latvian Academy of Arts. Vilhelme Purvitis, a student of AI Kuindzhi, became his teacher.
The French art school at the turn of the 17th and 18th century can be called the leading European school, it was in France at that time that art styles such as rococo, romanticism, classicism, realism, impressionism and post-impressionism were born.
Rococo (French rococo, from rocaille - a decorative shell-shaped motif) - a style in European art of the 1st half of the 18th century. Rococo is characterized by hedonism, withdrawal into the world of idyllic theatrical play, passion for pastoral and sensual-erotic subjects. The nature of the Rococo decor acquired emphatically elegant, sophisticated and sophisticated forms.Francois Boucher, Antoine Watteau, Jean Honore Fragonard worked in the Rococo style.
Classicism - a style in European art of the 17th - early 19th century, a characteristic feature of which was the appeal to the forms of ancient art, as an ideal aesthetic and ethical standard.Jean Baptiste Greuze, Nicolas Poussin, Jean Baptiste Chardin, Jean Dominique Ingres, Jacques-Louis David worked in the style of classicism.
Romanticism - the style of European art in the 18-19th centuries, the characteristic features of which were the assertion of the inherent value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, the image of strong and often rebellious passions and characters.Francisco de Goya, Eugene Delacroix, Theodore Gericault, William Blake worked in the style of romanticism.
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Edouard Manet. Breakfast in the workshop. 1868 |
The birth of realism in painting is most often associated with the work of the French artist Gustave Courbet, who opened his personal exhibition "Pavilion of Realism" in Paris in 1855, although even before him the artists of the Barbizon school Theodore Rousseau, Jean-Francois Millet, Jules Breton worked in a realistic manner . In the 1870s realism was divided into two main areas - naturalism and impressionism.
Realistic painting has become widespread throughout the world. In the style of realism of an acute social orientation in Russia of the 19th century, the Wanderers worked.
Impressionism (from French impression - impression) - a style in art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, a characteristic feature of which was the desire to most naturally capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to convey their fleeting impressions. Impressionism did not raise philosophical issues, but focused on the fluidity of the moment, mood and lighting. Life itself becomes the subjects of the Impressionists, as a series of small holidays, parties, pleasant picnics in nature in a friendly environment. The Impressionists were among the first to paint en plein air, without finalizing their work in the studio.Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Auguste Renoir, Georges Seurat, Alfred Sisley and others worked in the style of impressionism.
post-impressionism - a style of art that arose at the end of the 19th century. The post-impressionists sought to freely and generally convey the materiality of the world, resorting to decorative stylization.Post-impressionism gave rise to such areas of art as expressionism, symbolism and modernity.
Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, Toulouse-Lautrec worked in the style of post-impressionism.
Let us consider in more detail impressionism and post-impressionism on the example of the work of individual masters of France of the 19th century.
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Edgar Degas. Self-portrait. 1854-1855 |
Starting with strict historical paintings and portraits, in the 1870s Degas became close to the representatives of impressionism and turned to the image of modern urban life - streets, cafes, theater performances.
In Degas's paintings, dynamic, often asymmetrical composition, accurate flexible drawing, unexpected angles, active interaction between figure and space are carefully thought out and verified.
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E. Degas. Bathroom. 1885 |
The favorite pastel technique allowed Edgar Degas to most fully show his talent as a draftsman. Saturated tones and “shimmering” touches of pastels helped the artist to create that special colorful atmosphere, that iridescent airiness that so distinguishes all his works.
In his mature years, Degas often turns to the theme of ballet. Fragile and weightless figures of ballerinas appear before the viewer either in the twilight of dance classes, or in the light of spotlights on the stage, or in short moments of rest. The seeming randomness of the composition and the impartial position of the author give the impression of a peeped someone else's life, the artist shows us the world of grace and beauty, without falling into excessive sentimentality.Edgar Degas can be called a subtle colorist, his pastels are surprisingly harmonious, sometimes delicate and light, sometimes built on sharp color contrasts. Degas's manner was remarkable for its amazing freedom, he applied pastels with bold, broken strokes, sometimes leaving the tone of paper appearing through the pastel or adding strokes in oil or watercolor. Color in Degas's paintings arises from an iridescent radiance, from a flowing stream of iridescent lines that give rise to form.
Late works by Degas are distinguished by the intensity and richness of color, which are complemented by the effects of artificial lighting, enlarged, almost flat forms, and the constraint of space, which gives them a tense and dramatic character. In that
period Degas wrote one of his best works - "Blue Dancers". The artist works here in large patches of color, giving paramount importance to the decorative organization of the surface of the painting. In terms of the beauty of color harmony and compositional solution, the painting “Blue Dancers” can be considered the best embodiment of the ballet theme by Degas, who achieved the ultimate richness of texture and color combinations in this painting.|
P. O. Renoir. Self-portrait. 1875 |
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P. O. Renoir. Paddling pool. 1869 |
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P. O. Renoir. Portrait of actress Jeanne Samary. 1877 |
It should be noted that the use of green, yellow, ocher, pink and red tones to depict the skin shocked the public of that time, unprepared for the perception of the fact that the shadows should be colored, filled with light.
In the 1880s, the so-called "Ingres period" began in Renoir's work. The most famous work of this period is The Great Bathers. For the first time, Renoir began to use sketches and sketches to build a composition, the lines of the drawing became clear and defined, the colors lost their former brightness and saturation, the painting as a whole began to look more restrained and colder.
In the early 1890s, new changes took place in Renoir art. In a painterly manner, an iridescence of color appears, which is why this period is sometimes called "pearl", then this period gives way to "red", so named because of the preference for shades of reddish and pink flowers.
Eugene Henri Paul Gauguin (years of life 1848-1903) - French painter, sculptor and graphic artist. Along with Cezanne and Van Gogh, he was the largest representative of post-impressionism. He began to paint in adulthood, the early period of creativity is associated with impressionism. The best works of Gauguin were written on the islands of Tahiti and Hiva-Oa in Oceania, where Gauguin left the "perverse civilization". The characteristic features of Gauguin's style include the creation of static and color-contrasting compositions on large planar canvases, deeply emotional and at the same time decorative.In The Yellow Christ, Gauguin depicted a crucifix against the background of a typical French rural landscape, the suffering Jesus is surrounded by three Breton peasant women. Peace in the air, calm submissive poses of women, a landscape saturated with sunny yellow color with trees in red autumn foliage, a peasant busy in the distance with his affairs, cannot but conflict with what is happening on the cross. The environment contrasts sharply with Jesus, on whose face that stage of suffering is displayed, which borders on apathy, indifference to everything around him. The contradiction of the boundless torments accepted by Christ and the "invisibility" of this sacrifice by people - this is the main theme of this work by Gauguin.
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P. Gauguin. Are you jealous? 1892 |
on the shore, two sisters - they have just swum, and now their bodies are spread out on the sand in casual voluptuous poses - are talking about love, one memory causes contention: “How? Are you jealous!".
In painting the juicy full-blooded beauty of tropical nature, natural people unspoiled by civilization, Gauguin depicted a utopian dream of an earthly paradise, of human life in harmony with nature. Gauguin's Polynesian canvases resemble panels in terms of decorative color, flatness and monumentality of the composition, generalization of the stylized pattern.
P. Gauguin. Where did we come from? Who are we? Where are we going? 1897-1898
The picture "Where did we come from? Who are we? Where are we going?" Gauguin considered the sublime culmination of his reflections. According to the artist's intention, the picture should be read from right to left: three main groups of figures illustrate the questions posed in the title. The group of women with a child on the right side of the picture represent the beginning of life; the middle group symbolizes the daily existence of maturity; in the extreme left group, Gauguin depicted human old age, approaching death; the blue idol in the background symbolizes the other world. This painting is the pinnacle of Gauguin's innovative post-impressionist style; his style combined a clear use of colors, decorative color and compositional solutions, flatness and monumentality of the image with emotional expressiveness.
Gauguin's work anticipated many features of the Art Nouveau style that developed during this period and influenced the formation of the masters of the Nabis group and other painters of the early 20th century.
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W. Van Gogh. Self-portrait. 1889 |
In 1888, Van Gogh moved to Arles, where the originality of his creative manner was finally determined. A fiery artistic temperament, a tormenting impulse towards harmony, beauty and happiness, and, at the same time, a fear of forces hostile to man, are embodied either in landscapes shining with sunny colors of the south (“Yellow House”, “Harvest. La Crot Valley”), or in sinister , reminiscent of a nightmare images ("Night Cafe Terrace"); dynamics of color and stroke
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W. Van Gogh. Night cafe terrace. 1888 |
Van Gogh's intense work in recent years was accompanied by bouts of mental illness, which led him to the hospital for the mentally ill in Arles, then in Saint-Remy (1889-1890) and in Auvers-sur-Oise (1890), where he committed suicide. The work of the last two years of the artist’s life is marked by ecstatic obsession, extremely heightened expression of color combinations, abrupt mood swings – from frenzied despair and gloomy visionary (“Road with cypresses and stars”) to a quivering feeling of enlightenment and peace (“Landscape in Auvers after the rain”) .
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W. Van Gogh. Irises. 1889 |
W. Van Gogh. Wheat field with crows. 1890
“Wheatfield with Crows” is a painting by Van Gogh, painted by the artist in July 1890 and is one of his most famous works. The painting was supposedly finished on July 10, 1890, 19 days before his death in Auvers-sur-Oise. There is a version that Van Gogh committed suicide in the process of writing this picture (going out into the open air with drawing materials, he shot himself from a pistol purchased to scare away bird flocks in the heart area, then independently reached the hospital, where he died from loss blood).
Humanism and realism are progressing in the culture of France of the 20th century. During this period, France gave mankind outstanding composers D. Millau, A. Oneguerre, writers L. Aragon, R. Rolland, A. France, sculptors A. Mayol, A. Bourdelle, artists A. Marquet, A. Matisse, and also became the birthplace of many formalist movements in literature and art.
In the direction of the construction of new types of structures and residential complexes, the architecture of France is developing. The growth of industry, the application of scientific and technological achievements predetermine the use of building materials - glass, steel, iron. Architecture acquires a constructive and functional character at this time. Its development is influenced by the use of reinforced concrete, you can learn more about this by visiting the Construction Forum. The residential building on Rue Franklin in Paris, which was built by Auguste Perret (1874 - 1945), was one of the first such structures.
Le Corbusier (1887 - 1965) made real discoveries in architecture, he was one of the first to use reinforced concrete. Le Corbusier put forward the idea of creating a "Sun City". He implemented his proposals in the African city of Nemura and in India, in the capital of the Punjab state, Chandigarsi.
In the post-war years, the nature of architecture followed the need for the reconstruction of old and restoration of destroyed centers. Construction experience in Le Havre (headed by O. Perret) had a great resonance. Making changes to the buildings of Paris was due to the rapid growth of the population. A number of original structures appeared in the 1950s and 1960s, for example, a suspension bridge at the mouth of the Seine, a radio and television house (project by A. Bernard), and a UNESCO house (project by M. Breuer).
Paris was the center of artistic life in France. Artists belonging to various art schools lived and worked here.
One of the art critics in 1905, seeing the bright paintings that were exhibited at the Paris Autumn Salon, called them savage. The artistic direction from A. Derain (1880 - 1954), M. Vlaminac (1876 - 1958), A. Matisse (1869 - 1954), has since received the name Fauvism (fauve (fr.) - wild ). In the works of the Fauvists there is no action, but there is an internal connection of poses, depicted lines and colors.
The painting by A. Matisse "Red Fish" is preserved in Moscow in the Museum. A. S. Pushkin. An aquarium, a round table, flowers, red fish among the greenery behind glass - everything breathes with a light, joyful mood, saturated with calm balance, clarity of lines, and a magnificent play of colors.
The desire to breathe sunny joy into art, youth was characteristic of Matisse. He painted the grace and plasticity of the human body, interiors with windows overlooking flowering gardens, southern landscapes, conveyed the sound of music, clear dance rhythms. The artist had an interesting general perception of life, its colors and forms, rather than specific details. This can be seen in the paintings by A. Matisse "Music", "Big Red Interior", "Dance", "Blue Vase", "Asia", "Spanish Still Life". In the works of Matisse, color prevails among the visual means. The general emotional tone of his paintings creates a decorative interpretation of flowers.
Albert Marquet (1875 - 1947) of the 20th century became a singer of the French landscape. He painted views of Paris (squares, architectural ensembles, quarters, the Seine embankment). Marquet also liked to paint the sea with the silhouettes of sailboats.
The famous artist Fernand Leger (1881 - 1955) saw the future of fine art in synthesis with architecture, as well as in the development of monumental forms. In the 1920s, the style of the artist was formed. The artist's work was influenced by his acquaintance with the architect Le Corbusier. Leger experiments in the field of art synthesis, he creates decorative panels. The artist turns to those that reveal universal human ideas in the cycle of works “Rest. Glory to David." The heroes of his works are full of optimism, skill, vitality.
French art in our imagination is the dreamy landscapes of the Impressionists, the bold and vibrant works of the great painters of the 20th century. . And do you know thatmost of the art movements that we associate with the history of an entire era first appeared in France. Determining exactly the beginning of "French" art may be an impossible task, but the cave paintings were discovered in the Lascaux Cave - the "Sistine Chapel of Primitive Painting" as early as 17,300 years ago, making them one of the earliest artistic traces in human history. Artists of the academic school of painting and sculpture, founded in 1648 and belonging to the French court, worked skillfully. In 1699, academicians organized the first exhibition at the Louvre, which continues to operate over the following centuries, and since 1725 exhibitions have been held at the Carré salon and the concept of "salon" becomes known. This art is inspired by national, international tastes and forms the basis of what we know today as traditional European art. The beginning of the French Revolution was an important event in the history of France and the art of that time. The decline of the academic school, together with the dissolution of the court and its radical restructuring, destabilized the artistic center of the country and plunged the artists of that time into an atmosphere of social upheavals and innovations. So, let's start with the undisputed neoclassical master Jacques-Louis David, stop at the work of such famous artists as Gustave Courbet, Henri Matisse, Paul Gauguin, Marcel Duchamp, and take a quick look at French art history from the 18th century to the present day.
NEOCLASSICISM
Jacques Louis David
Oath of the Horatii, 1784-1785
Louvre, Paris
Eugene Delacroix
Liberty Leading the People, 1830
Louvre, Paris
Developing around the same period and stemming from the literature of the time - romanticism, is perceived more emotionally and intimately because of the plots of historical or mythological paintings of neoclassicism. Imagination and inner feelings have become the driving forces in the works, which often focus on nature and fantastic views of distant lands. Théodore Géricault was the author of some of the most famous works of the Romantic era, including The Raft of the Medusa (1818-19), which depicts the tragic shipwreck of 1816, where he captures the details of survival.
The gigantic canvas impresses with its expressive power. Gericault managed to create a vivid image, combining the dead and the living, hope and despair in one picture. The picture was preceded by a huge preparatory work. Gericault made numerous sketches of the dying in hospitals and the corpses of the executed. The Raft of the Medusa was the last of Géricault's completed works. Géricault's contemporary, Eugene Delacroix, depicted historical moments characteristic of the neoclassicists, but at the same time his paintings are endowed with emotional content and violently lively color. Delacroix was looking for inspiration in the east, he was fond of the era of French colonial activity. He also created perhaps the most iconic painting for the French, Liberty Leading the People (1830), which shows the tricolor banner of freedom fluttering and triumphant, surviving the violent mayhem of the revolution.
REALISM
Gustave Courbet
Artist's studio, 1855
Musee d'Orsay, Paris
After the revolutionary upheaval in the middle of the 19th century, the desire for egalitarianism began - the concept of the development of a society with equal political, economic and legal opportunities. Moving away from grandiose neoclassicism and emotional romanticism, the artists focused their attention on the daily life and everyday work of the population of France. Increasingly, the main characters in the paintings were peasants cultivating the land, townspeople at the time of worshiping the church, crowded city streets. During this period, the artist Gustave Courbet - the founder realism - the direction of the most accurate fixation of reality, presents paintings with frank scenes of poverty and wretchedness, and also demonstrates frank sexuality, as, for example, in his famous canvas "The Origin of the World" (1866). In the 1870s, realism was divided into two main directions - naturalism and impressionism, beloved by many. IMPRESSIONISM
Claude Monet
Artist's Garden, 1880
National Gallery of Art, Washington
Paul Gauguin
Barbarian Tales, 1902
Folkwang Museum, Essen, Germany
post-impressionism, as a direction focused on the expression of one's own subjective experience, arose at the end of the 19th century with the French artists Cezanne, Gauguin, Seine and Van Gogh. Moreover, each of them worked in his own style. Seurat is known as a pioneer of pointillism, intricate images made from tiny dots. Gauguin and his vivid pictures of Tahitian life become a symbol that rejects the scientific problems of art and conveys only the individual emotional experience and feelings of the artist. The self-taught artist Henri Rousseau painted his bold exotic landscapes, such as The Dream, the only work in which the subject is consciously unreal and entirely the author's imagination. FAVISM
Henri Matisse
Spaniard with a tambourine, 1909
State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin, Russia
Inspired by the palette and style of Cezanne and other Post-Impressionists, Fauvism became one of the earliest forms of modern art. Translated from French, "fauvism" means "wild", it was precisely such associations that a French critic arose when looking at the paintings presented at the autumn salon of 1905. Fauvists are characterized by the dynamism of the stroke, the spontaneity of its application, the desire for emotional strength and passion. Clarity of artistic perception creates a bright color, contrast, purity and sharpness of colors. The rhythm of the composition is always sharp and sharp. Henri Matisse and André Derain became prominent representatives and leaders of this artistic movement. I would especially like to note the "Spanish woman with a tambourine" by Henri Matisse. This composition is a bright representative of Fauvist paintings. The figure of the girl is written in a dynamic color contour and adds contrast and depth of space. It is innovatively unusual and quite expressive. MODERN ART OF THE XX CENTURY
Jean Dubuffet
Le Fugetif, 1977
David Richard Gallery, Santa Fe
Sophie Calle
project “Take Care of Youself”, 2007
La Virreina Image Center, Barcelona
French contemporary art bears the imprint of the past. At that time, while various styles and trends were developing, interest in the psychology of the individual and the nature of the existence of the world was growing in the artistic environment. Famous French artists of the second half of the 20th century are Christian Boltansky, who, like Duchamp, often works with found objects, the photographer Sophie Calle, whose conceptual works are filled with deep intimate experiences, Pierre Wiig and his multimedia projects, which include living beings of all kinds ( recent installations include sculptures of a buzzing living bee colony in MoMA's garden and an aquarium with eel fish located on the roof). According to www.artsy.netpainting art end ХІХ - twentieth century
Impressionism
(fr. impressionnisme , from impression - impression)
- direction in painting appeared in the last third of the 19th century. in France and then spread throughout the world.
Representatives of which sought to develop methods and techniques that allowed them to most naturally and vividly capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to convey their fleeting impressions.
Representatives: Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Frédéric Bazille and Berthe Morisot.
Claude Monet « Impression, soleil levant ", 1872-73
Symbolism
- appeared at the end of the 19th century as a protest against naturalism and realism.
Gustave moreau « Hesiode et la Muse », 1891
Features of symbolism
- - rejection of reality;
- - departure from real life, the image of the mystical, the unknown;
- - the problem of personality in the conditions of bourgeois civilization;
- - thirst for inner peace and peace of mind;
- - exotic, decorative, symbolic;
- - nostalgia for the past;
- - immersion in an unreal, fantasy world.
- Representatives: Gustave Moreau, Henri Fantel-Latour, Odilon Redon, Puvis de Chavannes, Eugene Carrière, Edgar Maxence, Elisabeth Sonrel.
Pierre-Cecile Puvis de Chavannes "Shepherd's Song" , 1891
Elizabeth Sonrel « Jeune femme aux hortensians ", 1900
Pointillism
- (fr. Pointillisme , literally "point", point - dot) - a stylistic trend in neo-impressionism painting that arose in France around 1885, which is based on the manner of writing with separate strokes of a regular, dotted or rectangular shape. It is characterized by the rejection of the physical mixing of colors for the sake of an optical effect ("mixing" on the viewer's retina).
Representatives: Paul Signac, Henri Cross, Lucien Pissarro.
Georges Seurat Un dimanche après-midi à l "Île de la Grande Jatte.
Albert Dubois-Pillet « La Merne a laube Sun » , 1899-90
Maximilien Luce Le quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dameen 1901
Fauvism
style les Fauves (French for "wild animals"), a loose group of the early twentieth century, the artists' canvases were distinguished by seemingly wild brushwork and raspy colors, while their subject matter had a high degree of simplification and abstraction.
Henri Matisse Madame Matisse 1907
Andre Derain "Barges on the Seine", 1903
Futurism
Literary and artistic trend in the art of the 1910s. Calling itself the art of the future, futurism destroyed cultural stereotypes and offered instead an apology for technology and urbanism as the main signs of the present and the future.
Gino Severini « Souvenir de voyage »
Vladimir Evgrafovich Tatlin "Portrait of an Artist", 1914
Pavel Nikolaevich Filonov "Drummers", 1935
Expressionism
(from French expression - expressiveness) - a trend of Western European art, mainly distributed in Germany and formed on the eve of the First World War. The ideological basis was the individualistic protest against the ugly world, the increasing alienation of the human being of the collapse, the disintegration of those principles on which European culture seemed to stand so firmly.
Artistic techniques: rejection of illusory space, striving for a flat interpretation of objects, deformation of objects, love for sharp colorful dissonances, a special coloring that embodies apocalyptic drama.
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner "Two Women in the Street" 1914
In expressionism, there are two periods: before the First World War and after.
- First or early period. The first period includes the work of German artists Paul Klee, Alfred Kubin and Oskar Kokoschka, associations "Bridge", "Blue Rider".
- Second period: expressionism of the period of the first world war and in the post-war years.
OTTO DIX . PORTRAIT OF SILVIA VON HARDEN , 1926
PAUL KLEE . SHIPS WARNING, .1917
Cubism
- the most influential artistic movement of the 20th century.
Cubism initiated the avant-garde and revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and infused related movements into music, literature, and architecture.
The founders were Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. Later Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris joined.
Pablo Picasso "Avignon girls", 1907. The first work of cubism
Georges Braque The Park at Carrières-Saint-Denis, 1909
Cubism. Sculpture
Raymond
Duchamp Villon Le chat , 1913
Cubism Orphism or Orphic
(a term coined by the French poet Guillaume Apoliner in 1912) an offshoot of Cubism that focused on pure abstraction and vibrant colors, influenced by Fauvism.
Frantisek Kupka " MADAME KUPKA BETWEEN VERTICALS ", 1911
Robert Delaunay Femme portugaise 1915
cubofuturism
– a local trend in Russian art (painting and poetry), which arose under the influence of cubism. The main works were written in the period 1911-15.
The works presented are semi-subject compositions made up of cylindrical, cone, flask, shell-shaped hollow three-dimensional color forms, often with a metallic sheen.
A. V. Lentulov "St. Basil's Cathedral", 1913
Kazimir Malevich "Cow and violin", 1913“Logic has always put up a barrier to new subconscious movements, and in order to get rid of prejudices, a course of alogism was put forward,” the author wrote about this picture.
Suprematism
- (from lat. supremus - highest, highest) - the direction of avant-garde art, the creator, main representative and theorist of which was Kazimir Malevich.
In Malevich's understanding, Suprematism is the highest stage in the development of art on the path of liberation from everything non-artistic, on the path to the ultimate identification of the non-objective as the essence of any art. In this sense, Malevich also considered primitive ornamental art to be Suprematist (or “supreme-like”).
Kazimir Malevich
"Peasant women in the church", 1913
"Suprematism", 1915
Purism
(lat. purus - clean) - a trend in French painting in the 1910s and 20s.
The purists strove for a rationalistically ordered transfer of stable and concise objective forms, as if "cleared" of details, to the image of "primary" elements. The works of purists are characterized by flatness, smooth rhythm of light silhouettes and contours of objects of the same type.
Amedee Ozanfant " LE PICHET BLANC ", 1926
Amedee Ozanfant " MATERNITY ", 1941
Amedee Ozanfant " VOILER ", 1963
neoplasticism
- kind of abstract art.
Created in the late 20s. Dutch painter Piet Mondrian and other artists of the "Style" association.
The main feature of neoplasticism was the use of expressive means. Only horizontal and vertical lines are allowed to build the form. Crossing at right angles is the first principle. Later, a second one was added to it, which, removing the stroke and emphasizing the plane, limits the colors to red, blue and yellow, i.e. three primary colors to which you can add only white and black.
Piet Mondrian
"Composition with bars", 1919
"Composition with red and blue", 1938
One of the most ardent admirers of his talent was the great Yves Saint Laurent, it was him for the creation of the autumn-winter collection of 1965-1966. This collection included famous Mondrian dresses- simple dresses
without a collar and sleeves made of knitted fabric, which had decor in the form of large colored cells - "quotes" from the paintings of the famous artist who in the 1960s. came back into fashion.
Dadaism is the artistic direction of the European avant-garde at the beginning of the 20th century.
Georg Gross later recalled that his Dada art was intended as a protest "against this world of mutual destruction".
According to Hans Richter, Dada was not art: it was "anti-art".
Francis Picabia Dance at the source (1912)
1921 - Jean Crotty held the first Dada exhibition at the Salon des Indépedants in Paris. Jean Crotty « A ttentive aux voix interieures" 1920
Surrealism
A cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for its visual artwork and writings. The goal was to "resolve the previously conflicting conditions of dream and reality".
André-Aime-Rene Masson Pedestal Table in the Studio , 1922
Man Ray La Fortune , 1938
Rene Magritte La Voix des Airs, 1931
In 1947, the International Surrealist Exhibition was held at the Galerie Maeght, Paris - the main post-war exhibition of surrealist artists One of the works: Jacques Herold Personnages surrealistes-1947
abstract expressionism
The current that arose in the USA in the 1940s. and represented mainly by the work of artists of the so-called New York School.
Following surrealism, abstract expressionism continued to "liberate" art from any control of the mind and logical laws, setting as its goal a spontaneous expression of the artist's inner world.
In a fast-paced rhythm, artists often resorted to dripping. This expressive method of painting was considered no less important than the work itself, so the process of creating a painting often took place in public.
Jackson Pollock "Autumn landscape", 1950
Willem de Kooning: STILL LIFE, 1945
Mark Rothko "White Center", 1955
Tachisme
(French Tachisme, from Tache - spot) - French style of abstract painting of the 1940s-60s. It is a painting with spots that do not recreate images of reality, but express the unconscious activity of the artist.
Jean Dubuffet "Arab palm trees" 1948 . Louvre
Nicolas de Stael "Improvisation", 1948
Lyrical abstraction - art movement born in Paris after World War II.
Pierre Souiages
« LITHOGRAPHIE », 1957
Camille Bryen « Heperile ", 1951. Musée National d "Art Moderne, Center Georges Pompidou, Paris, France Some art critics have looked at the new abstraction as an attempt to try and restore the image of an artistic Paris.
The 20th century is the era of the assertion of the values of avant-garde.
Jean Dubuffet actively supports "outsider art"(literally raw art): which is divided into several areas:
- the art of the mentally ill;
- folk art - any product of practical craftsmanship and decorative skill, as a rule, embodies traditional forms and social values;
- intuitive art/phantom art - depictions of a spiritual nature or a religious nature.
- extreme art - refers to artists at the fringes of the art world;
- naïve art: the term usually referred to untrained artists who aspire to "normal" artistic status, i.e. they have a much more conscious interaction with the mainstream art world than do outsider artists.
Pierre Vuitton (1880 - 1962), french artist. After being shell-shocked in the First World War, Vuitton abandoned his previous life. After several stays in sanatoriums and psychiatric hospitals, he moved to Paris in 1920, making the acquaintance of several artists in the Parisian bohemian scene, including Dubuffet, Cocteau, Picasso, de Chirico, Picabia.
Op art or optical art
(a term coined in 1964 by Time magazine) is a style of fine art that uses optical illusions. Op art works are abstract with many of the better known pieces.
When the viewer looks at them, the impression is made of movement, latent images, flashing and vibrations, patterns, or alternatively, swelling or deformation.
Victor Vasarly- founder of op art
Neo-expressionism- the style of the latest modernist or early postmodernist painting and sculpture, which appeared in the late 1970s. The Neo-Expressionists were sometimes called Neue wilden("New Wild"). It is characterized by intense subjectivity and rough handling of materials.
Neo-expressionism developed as a reaction against conceptual art and minimal art.
Robert Combas » Saint-Sebastien » , 1991
Herve Di ROSA « Concerto Media », 1984.
Pop Art -(English short for popular art) - a trend in the fine arts of Western Europe and the USA in the late 50s-60s. In fact, this direction has replaced the traditional visual arts with the demonstration of certain objects of mass culture or the material world.
Richard Hamilton “What makes our homes today so different, so inviting?” (1956) one of the earliest works of pop art
hyperrealism
(eng. Hyperrealism - super-realism; other names - super-realism, photo-realism, cold realism, radical realism) is an art direction in painting and sculpture that arose in the USA in the 1960s and spread in the 1970s.
A style in painting and sculpture based on the photographic realization of an object.
Don Eddy
Richard Estes
Chuck Close "Linda", 1976
Ralph Goings "Ralph's Dinner", 1982
