Famous Russian biologists and their discoveries. Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin
Russian science not only one of the greatest in the world, it is also a source of talent for other countries. There is even such a term “Russian science” in the world, although many of the scientists who are called that have not lived in Russia for a long time, but studied here.
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb
2. A.S. Popov - radio
3. V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)
4. A.F. Mozhaisky - inventor of the world's first airplane
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber
6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder
7. S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first satellite of the Earth
8. A.M.Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser
9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor)
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph
11. A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen
12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram
13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first crawler tractor
14. V.A. Starevich - three-dimensional animated film
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, and a turning wheel.
16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device
17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction combine
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvesting machine
19. V.P. Demikhov was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine
22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute
23. I.V. Kurchatov - the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk); also, under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a power of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomb) with a record power of 52,000 kilotons.
24. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current
25. V.P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879
27. V.P.Glushko - the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine
28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge
29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding
30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo camera
31. D.P. Grigorovich - creator of the seaplane
32. V.G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun
33. A.K.Nartov - built the first in the world lathe with movable support
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight
36. V.V. Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world, he invented a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of “non-Euclidean geometry”
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft
41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel
42. D.I.Zhuravsky - first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world, compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals
45. A.M. Butlerov - first formulated the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds
46. I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”
47. D.I.Mendeleev - discovered periodic law chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name
48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology
49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world, developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable
50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor
51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world, he developed a design for a rocket aircraft
52. N.N.Benardos - invented electric welding
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science
54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera
55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible photosensitive non-flammable film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera
59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange
60. N.D. Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system
61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - founder of astronautics
63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids
64. I.P. Pavlov - creator of the science of higher nervous activity
65. V.I. Vernadsky - naturalist, creator of many scientific schools
66. A.N. Scriabin - composer, was the first in the world to use lighting effects in symphonic poem"Prometheus"
67. N.E. Zhukovsky - creator of aerodynamics
68. S.V. Lebedev - first obtained artificial rubber
69. G.A. Tikhov - astronomer, for the first time in the world, established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask
71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922
73. E.K. Zawoisky discovered electrical paramagnetic resonance
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform surgery to treat glaucoma
77. S.S. Yudin - first used blood transfusions of suddenly deceased people in the clinic
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and first created piezoelectric textures
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes
81. P.P. Lazarev - creator of the ion excitation theory
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde
83. N.A. Umov - physicist, equation of energy motion, concept of energy flow; By the way, he was the first to explain, practically and without ether, the misconceptions of the theory of relativity
84. E.S. Fedorov - founder of crystallography
85. G.S. Petrov - chemist, world's first synthetic detergent
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for artillerymen
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven credit cards and a method of single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing)
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (nuclear radiation detector in nuclear physics)
91. D.K. Chernov - points Ch. ( critical points phase transformations of steel)
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another one, who was the first in the world to equip river ships with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphoreaction)
94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of probability theory)
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov’s laws (elasticity of parasolutions)
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out bessemerization of copper matte and obtain blister copper
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes)
99. M.M. Protodyakonov - scientist, developed a globally accepted scale of rock strength
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balsam Sh. (vinyline)
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments)
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft
103. A.S. Famintsyn - plant physiologist, first developed a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial light
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-breathing engines
105. A.I. Leypunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and
molecules to free electrons during collisions
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments)
107. N.A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of solvent on speed chemical reaction
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis
110. V.S. Pyatov - metallurgist, invented a method for producing armor plates using the rolling method
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal miner (for coal mining)
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first artificial blood circulation apparatus in the world (autojector)
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells
115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"
116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony
117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world, he proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals
118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904
119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor, the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - committed the first Russian trip around the world, explored the islands Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and Fr. Sakhalin
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica
122. The world's first icebreaker modern type- steamship of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarova.
123. V.N. Chev - the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of the chemistry of organoelement compounds.
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, hovercraft were created for the first time in the world
126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet lunar rovers
127. P.N. Nesterov was the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a “dead loop”, later called the “Nesterov loop”
128. B. B. Golitsyn - became the founder new science seismology
What surnames are most common in Russia today? Which one is most common? You will probably say that the most common surname is Ivanov. And you can't go wrong. We have prepared a list for you that includes the most common surnames in Russia. We will also give several examples of the origin of the most common surnames in Russia.
Balanovskaya list
A group of researchers led by Elena Balanovskaya published a paper in 2005 in the journal Medical Genetics entitled “Family Portraits of Five Russian Regions.”
The criterion for inclusion of a surname in the list was as follows: it was included if, within three generations At least five bearers of this surname lived in the region. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern.
- The first 25 names from this list, the so-called “all-Russian surnames”:
Smirnov, Ivanov, Kuznetsov, Sokolov, Popov, Lebedev
Kozlov, Novikov, Morozov, Petrov, Volkov, Solovyov
Vasiliev, Zaitsev, Pavlov, Semenov, Golubev, Vinogradov
Bogdanov, Vorobyov, Fedorov, Mikhailov, Belyaev, Tarasov, Belov
A similar list was compiled by V. A. Nikonov based on the Moscow telephone directory in the 80s of the 20th century. Using extensive material (surnames of about 3 million people), he identified the most common Russian surnames (according to his data, Smirnov, Ivanov, Popov and Kuznetsov) and compiled a map of the distribution of these and other most common surnames.
At the end of the 20th century, Nazarov A.I. was compiled new list 100 most common surnames of residents of St. Petersburg, in which 17 new surnames compared to the previous list. Also, many of the names in it are not in the same places as at the beginning of the 20th century. The most popular: Ivanov, Vasiliev, Smirnov, Petrov, Mikhailov.
Zhuravlev's list is a modern edition.
Another list of the most popular Russian surnames (500 surnames), but more modern, was compiled by beginning of XXI century, a team of employees from the Department of Etymology and Onomastics of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of A.F. Zhuravlev.
- The first 25 names from this list:
Ivanov, Smirnov, Kuznetsov, Popov, Vasiliev, Petrov, Sokolov, Mikhailov, Novikov, Fedorov, Morozov, Volkov, Alekseev, Lebedev, Semyonov, Egorov, Pavlov, Kozlov, Stepanov, Nikolaev, Orlov, Andreev, Makarov, Nikitin, Zakharov
The origin and meaning of some of them is curious.
The most common surname in Russia is Ivanov.
Initially, this is a patronymic from the form Ivan from male name John. Ivanov is an original Russian surname, since the derivative name was in use for several centuries; among the peasantry it captured literally all men.
IN Russian capital Now there are thousands of Ivanovs, among them there are even Ivan Ivanovichs. And this despite the fact that the surname Ivanov is not very typical for Moscow. But it is widespread in large centers. However, in some areas its absence, although not complete, is due to the fact that the name Ivan was used in other forms, from which patronymics became the progenitors of surnames.
There are more than a hundred of these forms. For example, the surname Ivin can be included here, since almost all Ivins received their surname not from the name of the Iva tree, but from Iva, a diminutive form of a popular male name. Another form of the name is Ivsha. Also diminutive forms of Ivan are Ishko and Itsko. The latter is more typical of Smolensk dialects or Belarusian language. Ishko is a South Russian dialect or Ukrainian language.
Also vintage forms named Ivan are Ishunya and Ishuta. Previously, the surname Ivanov was used with an emphasis on the letter a. Nowadays the stress is often placed on the last syllable. It is worth noting that some bearers of this surname often insist on the emphasis on a. This seems nobler to them than the second pronunciation option.
In Moscow, the number of Ivanovs is relatively small. Much more of them live in regional centers. It is also necessary to note huge amount forms of this surname: Ivanchikov, Ivankov and many others. By the way, other surnames that have names at their core were formed in absolutely the same way: Sidorovs, Egorovs, Sergeevs, Semenovs and many others.
No less common is the surname Smirnov.
- actor About seventy thousand owners of this surname live in Moscow alone. Why so many? It's simple. Previously in large family Peasant parents sighed with relief if quiet, not loud children were born. This is a rather rare quality and is captured in the name Smirna. It, therefore, was often the main name of a person in life, since the church name was immediately forgotten.
The Smirnovs went from the Smirnykhs. Researchers note that this is the most common surname quite over a vast territory that covers the entire Northern Volga region, but most often Smirnovs are found in Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and neighboring regions. As you move away from this zone, the surname is less common. The earliest mentions of this surname date back to the Vladimir tithe, when the following was written on birch bark: “Ivan Smirnov son of Samarin” or “Stepan the meek son of the Kuchuks.” Gradually the noun meek changed its emphasis. In addition to the usual surname, there are other derivatives that are less common, these are Smirenkin, Smirnitsky, Sminin, Smirensky.
It should also be added that the surname Smirnov is the ninth most common in the world. Today, more than 2.5 million people wear it. In Russia, most people have this surname in the Volga region and central regions: Kostroma, Ivanovo and Yaroslavl.
The surname Kuznetsov is the third most popular
It is easy to guess that the surname came from the type of activity of the person. In ancient times, a blacksmith was a fairly respected and wealthy person. Moreover, blacksmiths were often considered almost sorcerers and were a little afraid. Of course: this man knew the secrets of fire, he could make a plow, a sword or a horseshoe from a piece of ore.
The surname Kuznetsov comes from his father’s name based on his occupation. A blacksmith used to be necessary and famous person in their village, so they called him by that name everywhere. By the way, there are thousands of Kuznetsovs in Moscow, although they are inferior in number to the Ivanovs.
The surname was most often found in the Penza province. Well, in the country as a whole, the distribution of the Kuznetsovs is limited due to the use of Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian dialects, but from the west to the southwest the surname with the stem “smith” still spreads. It is worth noting that other nations also have very common surnames where the stem means “blacksmith.” The British have the surname Smith, and the Germans have Schmidt.
Here it is worth noting such a fairly common Russian surname as Kovalev. Although the words “koval” in Russian literary language and no. But in Ukraine and southern Russia this is what a blacksmith was called.
But Kuznechikhin and Kovalikhin are derived from the name of a woman - the wife of a blacksmith. Kovankov and Kovalkov are Russified Belarusian and Ukrainian surnames. The names of birds and animals are also one of the sources of surnames and nicknames.
The origin of the surname - Popov - is also quite obvious.
- Russian physicist and electrical engineer, professor, inventor, state councilor Initially, Popov meant “son of a priest,” “son of a priest.” And here it is worth noting that not all Popovs or Popkovs are descendants of priests. Pop (or Popko) as a personal name was quite common among the laity. Religious parents happily named their children Popili and Popko. However, sometimes the surname Popov was given to a priest's worker, a farm laborer.
This surname is common especially in the north of Russia. The Popovs' calculations showed that in the Arkhangelsk province quite often there is a person with such a surname per thousand people.
There are thousands of Popovs in the Russian capital. Researchers suggest that in the north of Russia the surname spread due to the fact that the election of the clergy there, including priests, took place among the residents.
The basis of the Vasiliev surname was the church name Vasily.
Alexander Vasiliev “Spleen” The male baptismal name Vasily goes back to Greek word basileus – “ruler, king.” Among the patrons of the name are the holy martyr Basil the Athenian, the holy martyr of the 4th century Basil of Ankyria, the Novgorod saint Basil the Blessed, who accomplished the feat of foolishness and tirelessly denounced lies and hypocrisy.
It should be noted that surnames formed from full form name, had mainly the social elite, the nobility, or families who enjoyed great authority in the area, whose representatives the neighbors respectfully called full name, in contrast to people from other classes, who were called, as a rule, by diminutive, derivative, everyday names.
In addition, some Vasilyevs have noble origin. In the history of Russia there are several known noble families Vasiliev.
No less interesting is the origin of the surname - Petrov.
Alexander Petrov - actor The surname Petrov goes back to the canonical male name Peter (translated from ancient Greek - “stone, rock”). Peter was one of the apostles of Christ, he founded Christian Church and was considered a very strong patron for humans.
The surname Petrov is one of the 10 most common in Russia (in some territories up to 6-7 people per thousand).
The name Peter became especially widespread in the 18th century, when this name began to be given in honor of Emperor Peter I. Surnames formed from the full form of the name were mainly used by the social elite, the nobility, or families that enjoyed great authority in the area, whose representatives were respected by neighbors were called by their full name, in contrast to other classes, who were called, as a rule, by diminutive, derivative, everyday names.
The patron of the name Peter was the Christian saint, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ - Peter. In Catholicism, it is believed that the Apostle Peter was the first Roman bishop, that is, the first pope. He was canonized in both the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
In Rome, the feast of Saints Peter and Paul was introduced as the two most revered apostles, called the supreme holy apostles for their especially zealous service to the Lord and the spread of the faith of Christ.
In Rus', they believed that if you give a child the name of a saint or great martyr, then his life will be bright, good or difficult, because there is an invisible connection between the name and the fate of a person. Peter, over time received the surname Petrov.
The surname Mikhailov is no less popular.
Stas Mikhailov - artist The basis of the surname was church name Michael. The male baptismal name Michael translated from Hebrew means “equal, like God.” The surname Mikhailov was based on its ancient everyday form - Mikhailo.
Among the patrons of this name is the most revered biblical character. The Revelation of John the Theologian tells of the heavenly battle of the Archangel Michael and his angels with the seven-headed and ten-horned dragon, as a result of which the great dragon, the ancient serpent, called the devil and Satan, was cast down to earth.
Also in Russia, surnames that were based on the names of birds and animals have always been popular. Medvedevs, Volkovs, Skvortsovs, Perepelkins - this list can be continued endlessly. Among the top hundred most common Russian surnames, “animal” ones are very common.
According to researchers, Russian surnames are more often associated with birds than with animals or fish. This is partly justified by the Russian cult of birds.
However, on the other hand, the main reason is not the cult of birds, but the everyday and economic role of birds in the life of Russian people: this includes widespread industrial hunting, poultry farming, which was celebrated in every family, and much more.
Among the “birds,” the most common surname in Russia is Sokolov.
Andrey Sokolov - actor This is a patronymic from the non-church Russian male name Sokol. According to some estimates, in St. Petersburg the surname ranked 7th in frequency, and of the surnames that were formed from non-canonical names, Sokolov was second only to Smirnov.
However, this surname, as mentioned above, appeared not only thanks to the name of the bird, but also thanks to the old Russian name. In honor of the beautiful and proud bird, parents often gave their sons the name Falcon. It was one of the most common non-church names. In general, it should be noted that the Russians very often used the names of birds to create names. Some scientists even believe that this is due to the cult of birds that our ancestors had.
"Bird" surname Lebedev
Another “bird” surname that made it onto our list. Researchers debate its origin. The most plausible version of the appearance of the Lebedev surname is its origin from the non-church name Lebed.
Some scientists associate this surname with the city, which is located in the Sumy region.
There is a version that connects the origin of this surname with a special group of people - the “swan crowers”. These are the slaves who were supposed to deliver the swans to the prince's table. This was a special type of tax.
It is quite possible that this surname arose due to man’s admiration for this beautiful bird.
There is another theory regarding the Lebedev surname: it is believed that it was given to priests because of its euphony.
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The purpose of this article is the author’s desire to acquaint readers with the interpretation of the names of outstanding scientists who were born and raised in Ukraine and Russia. They are different in nationality, different in the origin of their surnames, but they are all united and united by love for their Motherland and the peoples for whose glory they worked and won world recognition.
The surname of Nobel laureate in physics Zhores Alferov has Belarusian roots. As you know, the scientist’s father came to St. Petersburg from Belarus. The surname comes from the baptismal name Elepherius (translated from Greek as “free”). IN vernacular in Rus' it was modified into Alpha(e)r. The surname Alferov is a patronymic obtained by adding the patronymic suffix “-ov” and means “Alferov’s son.”
The surname of Nobel laureate in physics Nikolai Basov could come from the nickname Bas or from Ukrainian surname Bass, which was given to singers or musicians who played the double bass. However, the surname Basov could also be formed from the adjective “basy,” which in northern Russian dialects means “beautiful, prominent.” For reference, in the database of Ukrainian citizens there are 4722 bearers of the surname Bas, 2575 bearers of the surname Basenko, 670 bearers of the surname Basko, 5288 bearers of the surname Basyuk and 2306 bearers of the surname Basov. And they all have the word “bass” as their base.
Surname of outstanding academic scientists The Vavilovs are a patronym on behalf of Vavilo. From him also came such Russian and Ukrainian surnames as Vavilo, Vavilin, Vavilkin, Vavilenko and Vavilyuk.
Vernadsky
The surname of the outstanding Ukrainian and Russian scientist, geochemist and mineralogist, creator of the doctrine of the noosphere, founder of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and its first President, Vladimir Vernadsky, is unique, since it belongs only to his family. The thing is? that the ancestor of the Vernadskys was the Lithuanian nobleman Verna, who during Civil War mid-17th he went over to the side of Bohdan Khmelnitsky. Verna's descendants began to spell it Vernatsky, and Vladimir Vernadsky's grandfather changed it. The name Verna was one of the varieties of forms of the Catholic name Bernard, which among the Slavs was modified into Bernad, Vernad, Vernat, Verko and other forms. Currently, there are no bearers of the surname Vernadsky left in Ukraine.
The surname Vernatsky, from which Vernadsky originated, has only 15 carriers, while related surnames Bernatsky has about 2.5 thousand carriers, and the surname Bernadsky has more than eight hundred carriers. The surnames Bernad (85 bearers) and Vernat (2) are very rare.
The surname of Valentin Glushko, an outstanding Ukrainian scientist in the field of rocket and space technology, one of the pioneers of astronautics, born and raised in Ukraine, in the city of Odessa, is a typical Ukrainian surname, derived from the nickname or surname Glukhy (deaf). The suffix -ko has the meaning of a diminutive and usually a word with this suffix denotes either a pet name or refers to a young son. Thus, the meaning of the surname Glushko is “junior Glukhy, son of Glukhy.” The surname Glushko is very common in Ukraine (15,785 speakers). The parent surname Deaf on the contrary is less common (about 500 speakers).
The surname of the outstanding Russian scientist, Nobel laureate in physics Peter Kapitsa is very difficult to interpret, since it allows for several options, the only correctness of each of which is highly controversial. Judge for yourself, the surname may be the result of a distortion of the surname Kopytsya (meaning “stack” - 85 carriers), Kapytsya (1) “thick lips” 2) “Catholic monastic cassock with a hood” 3) “black cockroach”, 4) “thresher strap” " - more than 500 carriers) and also, respectively, their derivatives Kopitsa (616 carriers) and, in fact, Kapitsa (443 carriers)
Kondratyuk
The name of the outstanding Ukrainian scientist one of the founders of cosmonautics, whose work formed the basis for calculating the trajectory of the flight to the Moon and according to whose design the unique tumbler television tower was built in Ostankino, Yuri Kondratyuk, as is known, did not belong to him. In fact, his name was Shargei Oleksandr Ignatovich. Therefore, we will have to analyze both of his last names.
The surname Kondratyuk is not difficult to analyze. This is a typical example of a patronym on behalf of Kondrat, formed with the suffix “-yuk” and means “son of Kondrat.” The surname is very common in Ukraine. Currently, about 25 thousand people wear it.
The surname Shagrey, on the contrary, is unique. There are currently no carriers left. Most likely it is a derivative of the surname Sharga (498 bearers), which came from the nickname of the same name. This is the name given to people who shuffle their feet when walking (from the Ukrainian verb “shargaty”).
Kantorovich
The name of the outstanding Soviet scientist, Nobel laureate in economics Leonid Kantorovich example Jewish surname in the Ukrainian-Belarusian gentry performance. This is a patronym formed by combining the suffixes “-ov-ich”, which means “son of the Cantor,” that is, the reader of prayers during services in the synagogue.
The surname of the outstanding space technology designer Sergei Korolev, who was born and raised in Ukraine, is easy to interpret. This is a patronym from the nickname or Ukrainian surname King and means “son of the King.” However, the word “king” itself has several interpretations.
This is how they interpret Uta’s surname on the website www.luck.ru: “There have never been kings in Russia. The word “king” was known to the people mainly from fairy tales, and later from playing cards. In all cases, the word “king” was associated with the idea of a rich, powerful and happy man, so the peasant family, wanting little son happiness, willingly gave him the worldly name King. Hence the prevalence of the surname. The nickname “King” was also widely used.”
And here is the interpretation of the nickname “King” by Ukrainian linguists. The word "king" has another meaning. This is how rabbits were called in Ukraine in the old days, which later became known as “krill” or “krol”. In addition, it should be taken into account that there were still kings on the territory of Ukraine, first it was our own, the Russian king Danilo Galitsky, and then the Polish kings, the formal heads of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, of which Rus'-Ukraine was a part.
Now it is already difficult, and even impossible, to establish for sure from which word the nicknames and surnames King came from: from “krol” or from “king”.
For reference, the number of bearers of the surname King and its derivatives in modern Ukraine:
King – 27678 people.
Korolenko – 5260 people
Korolko – 674 people
Korolyov – 52 people
Korolev – 18,000 people
The surname of the world-famous Ukrainian mathematician, academician Mikhail Kravchuk, who died in Stalin’s dungeons in 1938, is an example of a surname derived from his profession. The profession kravets (tailor) gave birth to such surnames in Ukraine as Kravchenko, Kravchik, Kravets, Kravchuk. Last name received by children or students of Kravets. Morphologically, it consists of the stem “krav” and the suffix -uk.
The surname of one of the founders of Soviet physics, Abram Ioffe, is Jewish and comes from the nickname, Ioffe “beautiful”.
Surname of Lev Landau, outstanding Soviet physicist, Nobel laureate, one of the founders of the Ukrainian school of theoretical physics of Jewish (Yiddish-based) origin. It comes from place names in Germany (there are two cities with this name - Landau an der Isar - in Bavaria and Landau in der Pfalz - in Rhineland-Palatinate). The first documented mention of the bearer of this surname dates back to the end of the 15th century - it was borne by Jacob Baruch ben Yehuda Landau, who lived in Italy, the author of the religious work “Agur”. (information taken from Wikipedia)
Mechnikov
The surname of the outstanding Russian microbiologist, Nobel laureate Ilya Mechnikov has Ukrainian roots. In the old days they were called swordsmen - warriors armed with swords. The surname Mechnikov is in the form of a patronymic, formed from the stem “swordsman” by adding the suffix “-ov”. Currently, there are 127 nostals of the Mechnik surname and 14 bearers of the Mechnikov surname living in Ukraine. As you can see, the surname is quite rare, on the verge of extinction.
Ivan Pavlov, an outstanding world famous Russian scientist, Nobel laureate in the field of physiology - the bearer of a very common Russian surname. The surname Pavlov is a typical example of a patronymic surname with the suffix “-ov”, meaning “son of Pavel”. The surname is one of the most common both in Russia and in Belarus and Ukraine (here it has 39 thousand speakers).
Prigogine
Ilya Prigozhin - an outstanding Belgian chemist, Nobel laureate, born in Russia - owner of enough rare surname. The surname Prigogine could be formed either from the nickname Prigozhy (handsome) or from the surname. The surname Prigozhin is a patronym formed from the stem “prigozhy” using the suffix “-in” and means “son of Prigozhego.” For reference: in Ukraine there are currently 35 bearers of the surname Prigozhy and 34 bearers of the surname Prigozhin.
The surname of the outstanding Austrian and Ukrainian physicist, discoverer of X-rays and author of the world’s first “X-ray image” Ivan Pulyuy is unique. It has no speakers in Ukraine today. It is extremely difficult to interpret, since the interpretation of its basis “bullets” is unclear, the most likely of which is the affectionate name for ducklings “puli, pulinki”. Perhaps this surname is the result of a distortion of another Ukrainian surname Puliy, which is represented by only fifty bearers.
Cherenkov
Pavel Cherenkov, an outstanding Russian physicist, Nobel laureate, is the bearer of a not very common surname. There is a version that the nickname Cherenok was usually given to a tall and thin person. A handle, like a handle in the old days, meant: 1) a handle (of a knife, fork, etc.); 2) shoe last; 3) vodka, a sprout buried in the ground and giving roots; 4) a fruit tree knot for grafting a wild bird. In some cases, the surname can be formed from the nickname or surname Cherenok or from the surname Cherenko by adding the letter “-v”. For reference: in Ukraine there are 196 people with the surname Cherenok, and 188 people with the surname Cherenko. and Cherenkov - 1600 people.
© 2009 Valentin Luchenko
Russia is a country with rich history. Many famous pioneers glorified the great power with their achievements. One of these are the great Russian chemists.
Chemistry today is called one of the sciences of natural science, which studies the internal composition and structure of matter, the decomposition and changes of substances, the pattern of formation of new particles and their changes.
Russian chemists who glorified the country
If we talk about the history of chemical science, we cannot help but recall greatest people definitely deserve everyone's attention. List famous personalities led by great Russian chemists:
- Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov.
- Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.
- Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov.
- Sergei Vasilievich Lebedev.
- Vladimir Vasilievich Markovnikov.
- Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov.
- Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov.
- Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin.
- Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmiyanov.
And many others.
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich
Russian chemist scientists would not have been able to work in the absence of Lomonosov’s work. Mikhail Vasilyevich was from the village of Mishaninskaya (St. Petersburg). The future scientist was born in November 1711. Lomonosov - the founding chemist who gave chemistry the correct definition, a natural scientist with capital letters, world physicist and famous encyclopedist.
The scientific works of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov in the mid-17th century were close to modern program chemical and physical research. The scientist developed the theory of molecular kinetic heat, which in many ways surpassed the then ideas about the structure of matter. Lomonosov formulated many fundamental laws, among which was the law of thermodynamics. The scientist founded the science of glass. Mikhail Vasilyevich was the first to discover the fact that the planet Venus has an atmosphere. He became professor of chemistry in 1745, three years after receiving an equal title in physical science.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev
An outstanding chemist and physicist, Russian scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born at the end of February 1834 in the city of Tobolsk. The first Russian chemist was the seventeenth child in the family of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, the director of schools and gymnasiums in the Tobolsk region. Still preserved metric book with a record of the birth of Dmitry Mendeleev, where the names of the scientist and his parents appear on an old page.
Mendeleev was called the most brilliant chemist of the 19th century, and this was the correct definition. Dmitry Ivanovich - author important discoveries in chemistry, meteorology, metrology, physics. Mendeleev studied isomorphism. In 1860, the scientist discovered the critical temperature (boiling point) for all types of liquids.
In 1861, the scientist published the book “Organic Chemistry”. He examined gases and deduced correct formulas. Mendeleev designed the pycnometer. The great chemist became the author of many works on metrology. He researched coal and oil, and developed systems for irrigation of land.
It was Mendeleev who discovered one of the main natural axioms - the periodic law of chemical elements. We still use it now. He gave characteristics to all chemical elements, theoretically determining their properties, composition, size and weight.
Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov
A. M. Butlerov was born in September 1828 in the city of Chistopol (Kazan province). In 1844 he became a student at Kazan University, faculty natural sciences, after which he was left there to receive a professorship. Butlerov was interested in chemistry and created a theory chemical structure organic matter. Founder of the “Russian Chemists” school.
Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilievich
The list of “Russian chemists” undoubtedly includes another famous scientist. Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov, a native of the Nizhny Novgorod province, was born on December 25, 1837. Chemist in the field of organic compounds and author of the theory of the structure of oil and the chemical structure of matter in general. His works have played important role in the development of science. Markovnikov laid down the principles organic chemistry. He conducted a lot of research at the molecular level, establishing certain patterns. Subsequently, these rules were named after their author.
At the end of the 60s of the 18th century, Vladimir Vasilyevich defended his dissertation on the mutual influence of atoms in chemical compounds. Soon after this, the scientist synthesized all the isomers of glutaric acid, and then cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid. Markovnikov discovered naphthenes (a class of organic compounds) in 1883.
For his discoveries he was awarded a gold medal in Paris.
Sergey Vasilievich Lebedev
S. V. Lebedev was born in November 1902 in Nizhny Novgorod. The future chemist received his education at the Warsaw Gymnasium. In 1895 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.
In the early 20s of the 19th century, the Council of the National Economy declared international competition for the production of synthetic rubber. It was proposed not only to find an alternative method for its manufacture, but also to provide the result of the work - 2 kg of finished synthetic material. Raw materials for production process it also had to be cheap. Rubber needed to be obtained high quality, no worse than natural, but cheaper than the latter.
Needless to say, Lebedev took part in the competition, in which he became the winner? He developed a special chemical composition rubber, accessible and cheap to everyone, winning himself the title of great scientist.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov
Nikolai Semenov was born in 1896 in Saratov into the family of Elena and Nikolai Semenov. In 1913, Nikolai entered the Department of Physics and Mathematics at St. Petersburg University, where, under the guidance of the famous Russian physicist Ioffe Abram, he became the best student in the class.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov studied electric fields. He conducted research on the passage of electric current through gases, on the basis of which the theory of thermal breakdown of a dielectric was developed. Later he put forward a theory about thermal explosion and combustion of gas mixtures. According to this rule, the heat generated by a chemical reaction, under certain conditions, can lead to an explosion.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin
On August 25, 1812, Nikolai Zinin, a future organic chemist, was born in the city of Shushi (Nagorno-Karabakh). Nikolai Nikolaevich graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at St. Petersburg University. Became the first president of the Russian Chemical Society. which was detonated on August 12, 1953. This was followed by the development of the RDS-202 thermonuclear explosive, the yield of which was 52,000 kt.
Kurchatov was one of the founders of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
Famous Russian chemists then and now
Modern chemistry does not stand still. Scientists from all over the world are working on new discoveries every day. But we should not forget that the important foundations of this science were laid back in the 17th-19th centuries. Outstanding Russian chemists became important links in the subsequent chain of development of chemical sciences. Not all contemporaries use, for example, Markovnikov’s laws in their research. But for a long time open table Mendeleev, the principles of organic chemistry, the conditions of critical temperatures of liquids and other things we still use. Russian chemists of yesteryear left an important mark on world history, and this fact is undeniable.
Our answer to the false Western propaganda that the Russians “never created anything, and are not able to create anything,” and that “all the best and necessary things were created by the Americans and Europeans”...
"Three Bogatyrs". Victor Vasnetsov, 1898
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Pavel Yablochkov - inventor of the first light bulb
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb.
2. A.S. Popov is the inventor of radio.
3. V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting).
4. A.F. Mozhaisky is the inventor of the world's first airplane.
5. I.I. Sikorsky is a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber.
6. A.M. Poniatov - the world's first video recorder.
7. S.P. Korolev is the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, and first Earth satellite.
8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov is the world's first quantum generator - maser.
9. S.V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor).
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph.
11. A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen.
12. F.A. Pirotsky is the world's first electric tram.
13. F.A. Blinov is the world's first crawler tractor.
14. V.A. Starevich is a three-dimensional animated film.
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, and a turning wheel.
16. O.V. Losev is the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device.
17. V.P. Mutilin is the world's first mounted construction combine.
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvesting machine.
19. V.P. Demikhov was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart.
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes.
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine.
22. G.E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute.
Academician Igor Kurchatov, under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb was developed
23. I.V. Kurchatov - the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk); also, under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a power of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 (Tsar Bomba) thermonuclear bomb with a record power of 52,000 kilotons.
24. M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current.
25. V.P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry.
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879.
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine.
28. V.V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge.
29. N.G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding.
30. I.F. Alexandrovsky - invented the stereo camera.
31. D.P. Grigorovich is the creator of the seaplane.
32. V.G. Fedorov is the world's first machine gun.
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable support.
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science, formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world he began to teach a course in physical chemistry, and for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus.
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight.
36. V.V. Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc.
37. P.I. Prokopovich was the first in the world to invent a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames.
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry".
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track.
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft.
41. P.P. Anosov, a metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel.
42. D.I. Zhuravsky was the first to develop the theory of bridge truss calculations, which is currently used throughout the world.
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world, compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more.
44. I.R. Hermann was the first in the world to compile a summary of uranium minerals.
45. A.M. Butlerov was the first to formulate the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.
46. I.M. Sechenov, the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”.
47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name.
48. M.A. Novinsky is a veterinarian who laid the foundations of experimental oncology.
49. G.G. Ignatiev was the first in the world to develop a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable.
50. K.S. Drzewiecki - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor.
51. N.I. Kibalchich was the first in the world to develop a design for a rocket aircraft.
52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding.
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science.
54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera.
55. A.G. Stoletov, a physicist, was the first in the world to create a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect.
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine.
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible photosensitive non-flammable film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography.
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera.
59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange.
60. N.D. Pilchikov is a physicist who was the first in the world to create and successfully demonstrate a wireless control system.
61. V.A. Gassiev is an engineer who built the world's first phototypesetting machine.
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky is the founder of astronautics.
63. P.N. Lebedev is a physicist who, for the first time in science, experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids.
64. I.P. Pavlov is the creator of the science of higher nervous activity.
65. V.I. Vernadsky - natural scientist, creator of many scientific schools.
66. A.N. Scriabin is a composer who was the first in the world to use lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”.
67. N.E. Zhukovsky is the creator of aerodynamics.
68. S.V. Lebedev was the first to obtain artificial rubber.
69. G.A. Tikhov, an astronomer, was the first in the world to establish that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask.
71. N.P. Dubinin is a geneticist who discovered the divisibility of the gene.
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922.
73. E.K. Zawoisky discovered electrical paramagnetic resonance.
74. N.I. Lunin proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings.
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects.
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform an operation to treat glaucoma.
77. S.S. Yudin was the first to use blood transfusions of suddenly deceased people in the clinic.
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and first created piezoelectric textures.
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors).
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes.
81. P.P. Lazarev is the creator of the ion excitation theory.
82. P.A. Molchanov is a meteorologist who created the world's first radiosonde.
83. N.A. Umov - physicist, equation of energy motion, concept of energy flow; By the way, he was the first to explain practically and without ether the errors of the theory of relativity.
84. E.S. Fedorov is the founder of crystallography.
85. G.S. Petrov is a chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent.
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for artillerymen.
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven credit cards and a method of single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing).
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral).
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram.
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (nuclear radiation detector in nuclear physics).
91. D.K. Chernov - Ch. points (critical points of phase transformations of steel).
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another one, who was the first in the world to equip river ships with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion.
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, K. reaction (phosphoreaction).
94. A.M. Lyapunov is a mathematician who created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of probability theory).
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov’s laws (elasticity of parasolutions).
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction.
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, was the first in the world to carry out the Bessemerization of copper matte and obtain blister copper.
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes).
99. M.M. Protodyakonov is a scientist who developed a scale of rock strength generally accepted in the world.
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balsam Sh. (vinyline).
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments).
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft.
103. A.S. Famintsyn, a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial light.
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-breathing engines.
105. A.I. Leypunsky, a physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and molecules to free electrons during collisions.
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments).
107. N.A. Menshutkin, a chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction.
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology.
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis.
110. V.S. Pyatov is a metallurgist who invented a method for producing armor plates using the rolling method.
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal combine (for coal mining).
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants.
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko, a physiologist, created the first artificial blood circulation apparatus in the world (autojector).
114. G.P. Georgiev is a biochemist who discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells.
115. E.A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS".
116. P.M. Golubitsky is a Russian inventor in the field of telephony.
117. V.F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world, he proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals.
118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904.
119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor, the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers.
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian trip around the world, studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and about. Sakhalin.
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica.
122. The world’s first icebreaker of a modern type is the steamship of the Russian fleet “Pilot” (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker is “Ermak”, built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarova..
123. V.N. Sukachev is the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population.
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of the chemistry of organoelement compounds..
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, hovercraft were created for the first time in the world.
126. G.N. Babakin is a Russian designer, creator of Soviet lunar rovers.
127. P.N. Nesterov was the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a “dead loop”, later called the “Nesterov loop”.
128. B.B. Golitsyn - became the founder of the new science of seismology.
129. V.M. Bekhterev is a world-famous encyclopedist scientist with many discoveries in the field of the structure, pathways and functions of the brain and psyche, morphologist of the nervous system and brain, psychophysiologist, neurologist - clinical neurologist and psychiatrist, psychologist - the founder of a number of branches of psychological science.
And all this is only a small part of the Russian contribution to world science.
