Shemyakin court. Court Shemyakin (1794)

#history of Russia #history #people #Shemyaka #society #Shemyakin court

Dmitry Shemyaka (1420-1453) and Dmitry Krasny (1421-1441) Yuryevich, children of Yuri Dmitrievich and grandchildren of Dmitry Donskoy, are the princes of Galicia (Galich of Kostroma).

Dmitry Shemyaka was a man of unbridled energy, indiscriminate in the means to achieve his intended goal. He became famous for his tireless, persistent struggle with Grand Duke Vasily the Dark, his cousin, for the Moscow throne. Even during the life of his father, who was seeking the Grand Duke's throne, he took an active part in all campaigns and wars against the Grand Duke. After the death of his father, Yuri Dmitrievich (1434), Dmitry Shemyaka did not support the claims of his older brother Vasily Kosoy to the grand-ducal throne. Together with his younger brother, he invited Vasily Vasilyevich, his cousin, to the grand ducal table.

Vasily II tried to deepen the split between the Yuryevichs. He concluded an agreement with the younger Yuryevichs, according to which they received the inheritance of the deceased Pyotr Dmitrievich Dmitrovsky, and they were also given Zvenigorod and Vyatka, taken from their older brother Vasily Kosoy. Vasily II recognized Galich, Ruza, and Vyshgorod as his new allies, given to them by their father. From him they received Rzhev, Uglich and other possessions.

Vasily Kosoy was preparing to go to the Grand Duke, whom Shemyaka came to Moscow to invite to his wedding. Unexpectedly, Shemyaka was captured and sent in chains to Kolomna as suspected of joint actions with his older brother, who actually had Shemyaka’s “court.” Grand Duke released Shemyaka and forced him to confirm the previous agreement. Trust between cousins, apparently, was restored, since in 1437 the Grand Duke sent both Yuryevichs to Belev against Khan Ulu-Makhmet. But they behaved on the campaign rather like robbers, betraying everything along the way to fire and sword, without discerning what was theirs and that of others. Shemyaka's arrogance was the reason that Moscow troops fled in disgrace from the few troops of Ulu-Makhmet (1438). Shemyaka could not restrain his hatred of the Grand Duke for long and in 1439 did not assist him in Ulu-Makhmet’s attack on Moscow. The bloody clash between them was eliminated only thanks to the conciliatory intervention of the Trinity abbot Zinovy.

Subsequent events turned Dmitry Shemyaka in the eyes of Moscow residents into a real monster like Svyatopolk the Accursed. And Vasily Vasilyevich’s suffering brought him sympathy and sympathy. Vasily Vasilyevich was captured by the Tatars. He was held for a long time in the Trinity Monastery, practically deprived of his freedom. Vasily was blinded, which seemed like a terrible and cruel crime. D. Shemyaka, together with Ivan Mozhaisky, managed to briefly occupy Moscow. But his intrigues, treachery and cruelty caused increasing resistance from people of different ranks. Moscow was occupied by troops under the command of boyar Vasily II, Mikhail Borisovich Pleshcheev. Shemyaka fled to Chukhloma. In 1452, when Moscow troops surrounded Shemyaka on the Kokshenga River from almost all sides, he fled to Novgorod.

The correspondence between Metropolitan Jonah of Moscow and Bishop Euthymius of Novgorod, asking the latter to convince Shemyaka to submit to the Grand Duke, had no results. Everything was resolved more simply: through the Moscow clerk Stepan Borodaty, Shemyak was poisoned by his own cook. If the person is gone, the problem is gone. Grand Duke Vasily II was so happy about the outcome of the struggle that the messenger who brought the news of the death of Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka was granted the position of clerk. Shemyaka's son Ivan went with his mother to Lithuania, where he received Rylsk and Novgorod-Seversky as a feed from King Casimir. Dmitry the Red died before Shemyaka, in 1441.

Another civil strife has ended. Perhaps the most attentive observer of all these vicissitudes was the son of Vasily II, Ivan Vasilyevich, the future Sovereign of All Rus' Ivan III.

Vladimir Valentinovich Fortunatov
Russian history in faces

Shemyakin court

Shemyakin court
The title of an old Russian satirical story that exposed the arbitrariness and selfishness of the feudal court.
Shemyaka - real historical figure, Galician prince Dimitry Shemyaka (d. 1453), notorious for his cruelty, treachery and unrighteous deeds. In the struggle for the Moscow throne, he gained the upper hand for some time over his rival, Prince Vasily of Moscow, and blinded him. Subsequently, the Moscow prince received the nickname Vasily the Dark (that is, blind), under which he went down in history.
Allegorically: wrong, unfair trial, parody of trial(ironic, contemptuous).

Encyclopedic Dictionary winged words and expressions. - M.: “Locked-Press”. Vadim Serov. 2003.

Shemyakin court

The expression is used in the meaning: wrong, unfair trial; arose from an old Russian satirical story about Shemyakin court, which exposed the arbitrariness and selfishness of the feudal court. This story, dedicated to the personality of Prince Dmitry Shemyaka (died in 1453), enjoyed wide popularity; it is preserved in many manuscripts of the 17th and 18th centuries. and served as the plot for popular prints and books.

Dictionary of catch words. Plutex. 2004.

See what “Shemyakin court” is in other dictionaries:

- (treacherous, dishonest court) This is Sidorov’s truth and Shemyakin’s court. Wed. The cause of these martyrs was raised and reconsidered; the Shemyakinsky sentences were overturned and good name and the honor of these innocent victims of falsehood... were restored... N. Makarov.... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary

Dictionary Ushakova

SHEMYAKIN COURT. see court. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 unfair trial (1) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Dictionary of synonyms

Shemyakin court- only units , stable combination Unfair, biased, corrupt court. Conduct Shemyakin's court. Synonyms: krivosu/d (obsolete) Etymology: After the name of Judge Shemyaka from the Russian satirical story of the second gender. XVII century see also court. Encyclopedic... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

The title of an ancient satirical story about the unrighteous judge Shemyak, preserved in many manuscripts of the 17th and 18th centuries, popular prints and folk tales, and in late XVIII And early XIX V. received literary treatment made by F.... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

A common noun denoting an unfair trial. Associated with the same name of the Russian satirical story of the 2nd half of the 17th century, written on the basis of a popular story among many peoples fairy tale plot. Theme of the story... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Shemyakin court (treacherous, dishonest court). This is Sidorov's truth and Shemyakin's court. Wed. The case of these martyrs was raised and reconsidered; the Shemyakinsk sentences were overturned and the good name and honor of these innocent victims of falsehood... were restored... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

Razg. Outdated Unfair trial. /i> Connected with the personality of Prince Dmitry Shemyaka (XV century), the arbitrariness and lawlessness of the feudal court. BMS 1998, 557; DP, 173, 346; BTS, 1287, 1494; Mokienko 1989, 162 ... Big dictionary Russian sayings

Shemyakin court- shem yakin with ud, shem yakin court a... Russian spelling dictionary

Books

Shemyakin court. Part 1, P. P. Svinin. Shemyakin court, or the last civil strife of the appanage Russian princes. Historical novel XV century. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1832 edition (Moscow publishing house...

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Russian people
Year of writing: 17th century
Genre of the work: story
Main characters: Shemyaka- judge, brothers- peasants.

Plot

Two brothers lived in the village, a poor one and a rich one. The poor man needed a horse to transport firewood. He turned to his rich brother for help. He gave it, but without a collar. The sleigh had to be tied to the tail. But having forgotten to install a gateway, the poor man left the animal without a tail. The rich man went to the judge, his brother followed him, realizing that he would be summoned anyway. On the way to the city, the travelers stopped for the night with the priest. A poor man fell from his bed and killed a child. And while trying to commit suicide, he fell on an elderly man and he also died. In response to the accusations, the poor man shows Shemyaka a wrapped stone. The judge thinks it's a bribe. He sentenced the horse to stay with the poor man until the tail grows back, to make a new child with the butt, and the old man’s son can take revenge by falling on him in the same way. The plaintiffs give money to the defendant in order not to carry out the verdict. And the judge, having learned that there was a stone in the package, thanks God for salvation.

Conclusion (my opinion)

The story is satirical. Reveals the deceit and dishonesty of judges. The plaintiffs are doing wrong by dragging an innocent person to trial. Although he certainly deserves punishment, he has no evil intent in his heart. The events described could have been avoided if the rich man had not been greedy with his collar.

Shemyakin Court

the title of an ancient satirical story about the unrighteous judge Shemyak, preserved in many manuscripts of the 17th and 18th centuries, popular prints and folk tales, and at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. which received literary treatment by F. Zadubsky, A. Osipov (or A. Olenin), P. Svinin and the newest publishers of the Nikolsky market. All descriptive techniques of the story, partly moral, reveal later processing ancient legend based on fairy tale motifs.

Traditional brothers, rich and poor, quarrel because the poor man spoiled the rich man's horse. Since the rich man did not give a collar, the poor man had to tie the sleigh to the horse's tail. While driving through the gate, he forgot to set the gateway, and the horse's tail broke off. The rich man refuses to accept the horse and goes to the city with a complaint against his brother to Judge Shemyaka. The petitioner and the defendant make the journey together. A second involuntary misfortune befalls the poor man. While sleeping, he falls from the bed into the cradle and kills the priest's child. The pop joins the rich. Upon entering the city, the poor man decides to commit suicide and throws himself off the bridge, but falls on a sick old man, whom his son was apparently taking across the ice to the bathhouse. The victim also goes to the judge with a complaint. During the trial, the accused shows Shemyaka a stone wrapped in a scarf. The judge is sure that this is a “promise”, and decides all three cases in a very unique way: the horse must remain with the poor man until it grows a tail; The priest gives his wife to the poor man so that the priest has a child from him, and the third plaintiff can take revenge on the poor man in the same way that the latter killed his father. It is quite natural that the plaintiffs not only waive the penalty, but give the defendant a generous compensation in the form of compensation. The story doesn't end there. The judge sends his scribe to receive a bribe from the poor man, but, having learned that the latter showed him not money, but a stone intended to “hurt” the judge in the event of a guilty verdict, he thanks God for saving his life. So everything characters the stories remain one way or another satisfied with the outcome of the matter, which ended happily only thanks to the simplicity of the poor man.

The story of the Sh. Court was published several times ("Archive" by Kalachov, book IV, 1-10; "Monuments" by Kostomarov, issue II, 405-406; "Russians folk tales"Afanasyev, ed. A. Gruzinsky, M., 1897, vol. II, 276-279; "Historical Reader" by Buslaev, 1443-1446; "Collection of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences", vol. X, No. 6, pp. 7-12; "Russians folk pictures"Rovinsky, book I, 189-191, book IV, 172-175; "Chronicles of Literature" by Tikhonravov, vol. V, 34-37; separate edition Amateur societies ancient writing, St. Petersburg, 1879, etc.), but questions about its origin, original Russian features, further development, later layers, etc. have been little clarified.

Until eastern and western parallels were brought to bear on the case, Sh.’s trial was looked upon as quite original, very ancient work Russian satire, and put it in connection with the general view of Russian people on the sad state of legal proceedings, explained it with such proverbs as “hang around with a clerk, but keep a stone in your bosom,” and even commented on some articles of the “Code” of Alexei Mikhailovich and “Tales of foreigners about Russia XVII". This research method turned out to be unsuccessful. In in this case especially intriguing historical name the famous Galician prince Dmitry Shemyaka, who barbarously blinded Vasily the Dark. Sakharov even quoted the words of some Russian chronographer, who combined the saying with historical event: “From this time in great Russia, every judge and admirer was nicknamed Sh. Court in reproaches.” In the same spirit, Karamzin also spread this observation of the ancient Russian scribe: “having neither the rules of honor nor the prudent state system on his conscience, Shemyak in short time his rule strengthened the affection of Muscovites for Vasily, and in themselves civil cases, trampling under foot justice, ancient statutes, common sense, he left forever the memory of his iniquities in folk proverb about the court of Sh., still in use." The same is repeated by Soloviev and Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Alexander Nikolaevich Veselovsky was the first to point out the accidental application of the eastern name Shemyaki to historical figure Galician prince of the 15th century. ("History of Literature" by Galakhov, vol. I, 433). On the other hand, scientists were interested in the accidental victory of eternal truth over human falsehood, carried out in the story, albeit with a touch of some irony. Buslaev had no doubt about her Russian origin and was only surprised that the type of judge Shemyaki was wise and fair ( biblical Solomon), took on the opposite shade, and instead of a story with a moral idea, the story of the Sh. Court descended into a humorous parody, despite the early, eastern prototypes. He thought that the additions to the story were expressed in satirical antics against crooked justice and bribery with promises, as phenomena of a later time, that is, the legend turned into an ordinary satire on Russian clerks (Historical Reader, 1443). Sukhomlinov explained this apparent opposition by various principles from which the version of Shemyak was gradually composed, and in the decline of morality he sees the influence of Semitic legends about the four Sodom judges - “The Deceiver”, “The Deceiver”, “The Forger” and “The Crooked Judge”. Like Jewish legends, in the Russian story the serious is mixed with the funny; therefore "favorite ideas folk literature about the victory of truth over falsehood, about saving the unfortunate from malice powerful of the world merge with the features from the legend of the courts, common among the Indo-European and Semitic peoples" ("Collection", X, 28). We should not forget that in the Sh. court the judge acquits the poor man who has committed essentially involuntary crimes, and thereby saves him from revenge people who are morally guilty, thanks to which the satire on bribery has not lost its edifying purpose. This is how A. N. Veselovsky looks at the tendency of the story: of course, the judge poses the questions casuistically, but in such a way that the penalties fall with all their weight on the plaintiffs and they prefer to abandon the claim. .

Start comparative study the story was initiated by Western scientists who became acquainted with it through the free translation of Pastor Heydecke in the Riga almanac "Janus" for 1808 ("Etto Schemiakin Sud. Ein russisches Sprichwort", 147-151) and a more accurate translation by A. Dietrich ("Russische Volksmärchen", Leipzig, 1831, 187-191). Von der Hagen was the first to point out the similarity of the Sh. Court with the late German song about “The Court of Charlemagne”, published, by the way, in Bamberg in 1493 (“Literarischer Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Poesie”, B., 1812, p. 172). General features medieval legends and Russian stories concern not only the basic character court decision. A squandered merchant borrows 1,000 guilders from a Jew with the condition that he allow the lender to cut out a pound of meat from him if the money is not returned. Although the deadline was missed due to the fault of a Jew, he nevertheless refused to accept the money and turned to the “ideal judge,” Charlemagne, or, as some scholars think, Charles IV. On the way, two similar misfortunes happened to the debtor: his horse ran over a child running down the street, and while he was sleeping, he fell out of the window and killed an old knight. The sentences passed are as follows: a Jew can cut out meat, but no more and no less than 1 pound (cf. the famous episode in " Merchant of Venice"Shakespeare); instead of the crushed child, the defendant must adopt another with the wife of the victim, and the son of a knight can kill the accused, but only by falling from the window (V. Docen, "Etwas über die Quellen des Shakspear"s Schauspiele", in "Museum für altdeutsche Literatur", vol. II, 279-283). Benfey leads Tibetan fairy tale, which served as an intermediary link between the alleged Indian source and the Russian Sh. court. A poor Brahmin borrows a bull from a rich man for work, but the bull runs away from the owner's yard; On the way to the judge, the Brahmin falls from the wall and kills a wandering weaver and a child sleeping under the clothes on which the traveler sat down to rest. The judge’s sentences are distinguished by the same casuistry: since the plaintiff did not “see” that the bull was brought to him, then his “eye” should be gouged out; the defendant must marry the weaver's widow and have a child with the injured mother (Pantschantatra, 1859, vol. I, 394-397). A German folklorist noticed the same similarity with Indian fairy tale about a Cairo merchant, which probably also goes back to an unknown Buddhist source (ibid., 402-403). Subsequently, more direct sources were found (S. Tawney, "Indian Folk-Lore notes from the Pali Jatakas", etc., in "Journal of Philol.", 1883, XII, 112-120; W. Morris, "Folk-Tales of India", in "The Folk-Lore Journal", 1885, III, 337-448, etc.) It is quite natural that such a harmonious and stable legend in detail refers rather to wandering legends. In recent times, Muslim versions have been indicated (Clonston, “Popular Tales and Fiction of their migrations and transformations”, London, 1887, I). , 62-64; V. Zhukovsky, “Persian versions of the Sh. Court”, in “Notes of the Eastern Department of the Russian Archaeological Society”, vol. V, 155-176), German (K. Simrock, “Deutsche Märchen”, Stuttgart, 1864, 322-324; his, "Die Quellen des Shakspeare", I, 233-234), Italian (G. Sercambi, "Nouvelle Scelta di Curiosità letteraria ined. o rare dal sec. XIII al XVII", Bologna, 1871 , IV, 23-37, 274-276), English ("Marke more foole. Bishop Persy"s Folio Manuscript. Ballads and Romances", Halle, III, 127-134), Romanian (Elena D. O. Sevastos, "Povesti", Iasi, 1892, 74-77), Polish, and finally, Jewish in the “Babylonian Talmud” and the “Book of the Righteous,” given in Russian translation in the article by M. Sukhomlinov.

The question remains unresolved as to how this legend came to us. Based on direct evidence from Tolstoy's list "Sh. Court XVII century" (copied from Polish books), Tikhonravov thought that "in its present form, the satirical story about the trial, already christened with the name of Sh., went through the alteration of the Russian person and received purely folk colors, but individual episodes could have been borrowed from Polish books" To do this, he pointed to the anecdote “About an accident” in the popular story “The Adventures of a new entertaining jester and a great rogue in love affairs, Conscience-Dral” (a bricklayer falls from a tree). high tower and kills the man sitting below), as well as for one episode in "Figei Kach" Polish writer XVI century Nikolai Ray from Naglowitz about the accused who “showed a stone to the judge” (N. Tikhonravov, “Works”, vol. I, M., 1898, pp. 310-313), but analogies and parallels in no way can be taken as sources.

From manuscripts the story went into print. In the first half of the 18th century. at the Akhmetyevsk factory, 12 pictures were engraved for the Sh. court, with text printed by Rovinsky (book I, 189-192, IV, 166); the popular print was repeated five times, and in last time, already with a censorship mark, printed in 1839. Further development The story was expressed in later literary adaptations in the style of “The Adventures of the Poshekhonians,” for example, in “The Tale of Crooked Court, and how the naked Erema, the granddaughter of Pakhom, caused trouble with his neighbor Thomas, and about other things,” published in 1860. The whole comedy of this “Fairy Tale” rests on the development of the well-known theme: “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth,” caricatured in a farcical spirit.

Literature. A. Pypin, "Sh. Court" (in the "Archive of Historical and Practical Information" Kalachov, IV, 1859, 1-10); N. Tikhonravov, "Sh. Court" (in "Chronicles of Russian Literature", vol. III, M., 1861, 34-38); M. Sukhomlinov, "The Tale of the Court of Sh." (in the "Collection of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences", vol. X, 1873, no. 6); A. Veselovsky, in “History of Literature” by Galakhov (St. Petersburg, 1881, X, 432-433); D. Rovinsky, “Russian folk pictures” (part IV); F. Buslaev, “My leisure time” (Moscow, 1886, 293-313); Y. Porfiryev, “History of Russian Literature” (Part I, 158-159); S. Oldenburg, "Bibliographic list of Sh. Court" (" Living Antique", 1891, issue III, 183-185).

A. I. Yatsimirsky.

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

See what “Shemyakin Court” is in other dictionaries:

The title of an ancient Russian satirical story that exposed the arbitrariness and selfishness of the feudal court. Shemyaka is a real historical person, the Galician prince Dimitry Shemyaka (d. 1453), notorious for his cruelty, treachery and unrighteousness... ... Dictionary of popular words and expressions

- (treacherous, dishonest court) This is Sidorov’s truth and Shemyakin’s court. Wed. The cause of these martyrs was raised and reconsidered; the Shemyakinsky sentences were canceled and the good name and honor of these innocent victims of falsehood... were restored... N. Makarov.... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

SHEMYAKIN COURT. see court. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 unfair trial (1) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Dictionary of synonyms