A retired teacher of Russian literature, Platon Nedobobov is a pseudonym. The shortest encyclopedia of aliases

Do you know that behind the big names of famous personalities, less well-known, not always easy to remember and beautiful names and surnames can be hidden. Someone has to take a pseudonym solely for security reasons, someone believes that fame can only be achieved with a short or original pseudonym, and some change their last name or first name just like that, in the hope that this will change their life. Here is a small list of pseudonyms and real names and surnames of famous writers.

Boris Akunin - Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili (b. 1956). Russian writer, literary critic, translator. All 90s of XX century. writing popular books of the "low genre", that is, detective stories and thrillers, was considered an occupation unworthy of an intelligent person: the author should not be smarter than his works. In addition, as the writer himself admitted in an interview, the merchandisers of bookstores would never pronounce Chkhartishvili's last name anyway. And Boris Akunin speaks easily, and immediately sets the reader who has graduated from school to the classics of the 19th century. "Aku-nin" in Japanese means "bad person", "scoundrel". According to another version, this pseudonym was chosen in honor of the famous Russian anarchist Bakunin.
In 2012, Boris Akunin, in his blog on LiveJournal, confirmed that he was the author hiding under the pseudonym Anatoly Brusnikin. Three historical novels were published under this name: "The Ninth Spas", "A Hero of Another Time" and "Bellona". In addition, he revealed that he is also the author of novels under the female pseudonym Anna Borisova: "There ...", "Creative" and "Vremenagoda

Eduard Bagritsky - Eduard Grigorievich Dzyubin (1895−1934).

Russian poet, translator and playwright. Author of works: "Birdcatcher", "Till Ulenspiegel", "Thought about Opanas", "Smugglers", "Death of a Pioneer" and others. Since 1915, he wrote under the pseudonym "Eduard Bagritsky" and the female mask "Nina Voskresenskaya" began to publish his poems in Odessa literary almanacs. He was published in Odessa newspapers and humorous magazines under the pseudonyms “Someone Vasya”, “Nina Voskresenskaya”, “Rabkor Gortsev”. The author apparently took the pseudonym Bagritsky in honor of his partisan past in the 1st Cavalry Army of Budyonny. He himself characterized his pseudonym as follows: "It sounds like fighting time. It has something from my poems."

Demyan Bedny - Pridvorov Efim Alekseevich (1883−19 450).

Russian and Soviet poet. He wrote a large number of fables, songs, ditties and poems of other genres. A major bibliophile, well versed in the history of the book, collected one of the largest private libraries in the USSR (over 30 thousand volumes). The history of the emergence of his pseudonym is as follows: once the poet brought the poem “About Demyan Bedny, a harmful peasant” to the printing house, and the workers of the printing house greeted his next arrival with exclamations: “Demyan Poor is coming!” This nickname stuck to Pridvorov and later became his pseudonym. By the way, the poet's uncle, a really poor peasant from the Kherson region, was called Demyan.

By the way, Demyan Bedny became one of the prototypes of Ivan Bezdomny in Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita.

Andrey Bely - Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (1880−1934).

Russian writer, poet, prose writer, critic, memoirist. One of the leading figures of symbolism.

The pseudonym "Andrey Bely", by B. N. Bugaev's own admission, was invented by his friend's father Mikhail Solovyov, who was the son of the famous historian, author of the multi-volume "History of Russia from Ancient Times" Sergei Solovyov. White is a sacred, comforting color, which is a harmonious combination of all colors - the favorite color of Vladimir Solovyov.

Kir (Kirill) Bulychev - Igor Mozheiko (1934−2003). Science fiction writer Doctor of Historical Sciences, member of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The author of more than 200 works, including: a cycle about the girl Alice, a cycle about the great city of Guslyar, the adventures of Dr. Pavlysh and many others. Laureate of the Aelita Science Fiction Prize, Chevalier of the Order of the Science Fiction Knights.

He published his fantastic works exclusively under a pseudonym, which was composed of the name of his wife (Kira) and the maiden name of the writer's mother. The writer kept his real name secret until 1982, because he believed that the leadership of the Institute of Oriental Studies would not consider science fiction a serious occupation, and was afraid that after the disclosure of the pseudonym he would be fired. Sometimes other pseudonyms were used: Mints Lev Khristoforovich, Lozhkin Nikolai, Maun Sein Gee.

Agatha Christie
Mary Westmacott (Westmacott) is the pseudonym of the English writer, master of detectives, Agatha Christie, under which she released 6 psychological novels: "Giants' Bread", "Unfinished Portrait", "Split in the Spring" ("Missing in the Spring"), "Rose and Yew" , “A daughter is a daughter”, “Burden” (“The burden of love”).

Volodin Alexander Moiseevich - Lifshits Alexander Moiseevich (1919 - 2001).

Playwright, novelist, screenwriter. According to his scripts, performances were staged and films were made: "Five Evenings", "Big Sister", "Assignment", "Do not part with your loved ones", "Dulcinea of ​​Toboso", "Two Arrows" and many others.

The pseudonym was formed from the name of Volodya's son.

Arkady Gaidar - Golikov Arkady Petrovich (1904−1941). Soviet children's writer, one of the founders of modern children's literature, author of the stories "Timur and his team", "Chuk and Gek", "The Fate of the Drummer", etc. An active participant in the Civil War. During the Great Patriotic War, Gaidar was in the army as a correspondent for Komsomolskaya Pravda, was a machine gunner in a partisan detachment, and died in battle.

There are two versions of the origin of the pseudonym Gaidar. The first, which has become widespread, is "gaidar" - in Mongolian "a rider galloping in front." According to another version, Arkady Golikov could have taken the name Gaidar as his own: in Bashkiria and Khakassia, where he visited, the names Gaidar (Heidar, Khaidar, etc.) are very common. This version was supported by the writer himself.

Galperin
Nora Gal - Galperina Eleonora Yakovlevna (1912-1991). Russian translator. Translated from English and French over 1000 works - "The Little Prince" and "Planet of Men" by Saint-Exupery, "The Outsider" by A. Camus, stories by R. Bradbury, J. London, S. Maugham, Edgar Allan Poe, etc.

Galperina herself explained the origin of the pseudonym as follows: “There are a lot of Galperins, the surname is so common that at the institute and graduate school I turned out to be the namesake of my supervisor, I began to publish in that magazine. It would be very unpleasant for her, but, fortunately, even earlier and in another as I was already published under the school "nickname" - an abbreviation, as was common in the 20s, and so it went: Gal.

Rasul Gamzatov - Tsadasa Rasul Gamzatovich (1923-2003).

Avar poet, national poet of Dagestan.

He chose the pseudonym by the name of his father, also a poet, Gamzat Tsadasa. At first, Rasul signed poems with his father's pseudonym, Tsadas. But once a highlander, who did not know that Rasul wrote poetry, said to him: “Listen, what happened to your respected father? Previously, having read his poems only once, I memorized them right away, but now I can’t even understand! " And then Rasul decided to make his father's name his last name and began to sign Rasul Gamzatov.

Maxim Gorky - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov (1868−1936). Russian and Soviet writer. The author of the well-known works "Song of the Petrel", "Mother", "The Life of Klim Samgin", etc.

He associated himself and his work with the bitterness of life and the bitterness of truth - hence the pseudonym. At the very beginning of his literary career, he also wrote feuilletons in the Samarskaya Gazeta under the pseudonym Yehudiel Khlamida. M. Gorky himself emphasized that the correct pronunciation of his last name is Peshkov, although almost everyone pronounces it as Peshkov.

Alexander Grin - Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky (1880−1932).

Russian writer, prose writer, representative of the direction of romantic realism, author of the novels "Scarlet Sails", "Running on the Waves", "Golden Chain", etc.

The writer's pseudonym was the childhood nickname Green - this is how the long surname Grinevsky was shortened at school.

Daniel Defoe - Daniel Fo (1660-1731).

English writer and essayist, best known as the author of The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe... De Fo is the surname of Daniel's ancestors. After several generations, the prefix De was lost, the family surname was transformed into the English manner, and the former Defoe began to be called simply Fo. In 1695, the beginning writer returns her to her place. The reason was that Daniel decides to hide under a different name, because he had to hide from the authorities for participating in the uprising. And then from Daniel Fo he becomes Daniel Defoe. Although this surname is not entirely alien, it is not the same as that of his parents.

Musa Jalil - Musa Mustafovich Zalilov (1906−1944).

Tatar Soviet poet. The most famous work is the Maobit Notebook.

For participation in an underground organization, Musa was executed in a military prison in Berlin. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Jalil in translation from the Tatar language means: "great", "respected", "famous".

Elena Ilyina - Liya Yakovlevna Preis (1901-1964).

Soviet writer, sister of S. Ya. Marshak. She wrote a lot for children, the author of poems, poetic fairy tales, stories, essays. Author of the story "The Fourth Height".

I took the pseudonym out of solidarity with my brother, who for some time wrote under the pseudonym M. Ilyin.

Ilya Arnoldovich Ilf - Ilya Fainzilberg (1897−1937).

The pseudonym is formed from part of the name and the first letter of the surname: Ilya Fainzilberg.

Veniamin Kaverin - Veniamin Zilber (1902-1989).

About his pseudonym, the writer said that “the surname Kaverin ... took, referring to Pushkin's friend, a dashing hussar. I was impressed by his courage and courage.”

Kozma (Petrovich) Prutkov (1803-1863) - a literary mask, under which they appeared in the magazines Sovremennik, Iskra and others in the 50s and 60s. 19th century Poets Alexei Tolstoy, brothers Alexei, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikovs, as well as Pyotr Ershov.

Carlo Collodi - Carlo Lorenzini (1826-1890).

Lorenzini participated in the national liberation movement, so he needed a pseudonym. He began to sign his works "Carlo Collodi" - after the name of the town (town) where his mother was born.

Janusz Korczak - Ersh Henryk Goldschmit (1878-1942).

An outstanding Polish teacher, writer, doctor and public figure. In the Nazi concentration camp Treblinka, he refused a last-minute offer of freedom and chose to stay with the children, accepting death with them in the gas chamber.

G. Goldshmit borrowed his pseudonym from the hero of Yu. Kraszewski's novel "The Story of Janasz Korczak and the Daughter of the Sword." In the printing house, the compositor accidentally changed Janasz to Janusz, the writer liked this name and stayed with him for the rest of his life.

Lewis Carroll - Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832−1898).

The pseudonym is formed on the basis of the "translation" of the real name into Latin and the reverse "translation" from Latin into English. Lewis Carroll signed all his mathematical and logical works under his real name, and all his literary works under a pseudonym.

Lazar Iosifovich Lagin - Ginzburg Lazar Iosifovich (1903−1979).

Jack London - John Griffith Cheney (1876-1916)

Max Fry is the literary pseudonym of two authors - the writer Svetlana Martynchik (b. 1965) and the artist Igor Styopin (b. 1967).

The Echo Labyrinths and Echo Chronicles series includes about 40 stories, which tells in the first person about the adventures of an ordinary, at first glance, young man who dramatically changes his life, agreeing to the proposal of his new acquaintance from dreams - to move to another world and enter his service.
Thus, Max Frei is both a pseudonym and the main character.

Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak (1887−1964).

Russian Soviet poet, playwright, translator, literary critic.
The surname "Marshak" is an abbreviation meaning "Our teacher Rabbi Aaron Shmuel Kaidanover" and belongs to the descendants of this famous rabbi.

In his work, S. Ya. Marshak used the following pseudonyms: Dr. Friken, Weller, S. Kuchumov, S. Yakovlev. The last pseudonym is a patronym formed by the name of the poet's father. The pseudonym "Weller" Marshak signed in his youth. Weller is the surname of the merry servant of Mr. Pickwick, a character in the Charles Dickens novel The Pickwick Papers.

O. Henry - William Sidney Porter (1862−1910).

American novelist. While serving a prison term, Porter worked in the infirmary and wrote stories, looking for a pseudonym for himself. In the end, he settled on the O. Henry variant (often misspelled like an Irish surname, O'Henry). Its origin is not entirely clear. The writer himself claimed in an interview that the name Henry was taken from the secular news column in the newspaper, and the initial O. was chosen as the simplest letter. He told one of the newspapers that O. stands for Oliver (the French name Olivier), and indeed, he published several stories there under the name Oliver Henry. According to other sources, this is the name of the famous French pharmacist Etienne Ocean Henri, whose medical reference book was popular at that time.

Leonid Panteleev - Alexei Ivanovich Eremeev (1908−1987).

Russian writer, author of the works "The Republic of ShKID", "Lenka Panteleev".
Being in an orphanage, Alexei was distinguished by such a sharp temper that he received the nickname Lyonka Panteleev, after the famous Petrograd raider of those years. He left it as a literary pseudonym.

Evgeny Petrov - Evgeny Petrovich Kataev.

Russian writer who co-wrote "12 chairs", "The Golden Calf" with Ilf.
The younger brother of the writer Valentin Kataev did not want to use his literary fame, and therefore came up with a pseudonym formed from his father's name.

Boris Polevoy - Borukh (Boris) Nikolaevich Kampov (1908−1981).

Soviet writer, whose fame was brought by The Tale of a Real Man.
The pseudonym Polevoy was born as a result of the proposal of one of the editors to “translate the Kampov surname from Latin” (campus - field) into Russian.

Joan Kathleen Rowling (J. K. Rowling) - Joanna Murray Rowling (b. 1965).

English writer, author of the Harry Potter series of novels.
Before the first publication, the publisher feared that boys would be reluctant to buy a book written by a woman. Therefore, Rowling was asked to use her initials instead of her full name. At the same time, the publisher wanted the initials to consist of two letters. Rowling chose her grandmother's name, Kathleen, for her middle initial.

Other pseudonyms of JK Rowling: Newt Scamander, Kennylworthy Wisp.

Rybakov Anatoly Naumovich - Aronov Anatoly Naumovich (1911-1998).

George Sand - Amanda Aurora Dupin (1804-1876).

Svetlov Mikhail - Sheinkman Mikhail Arkadievich (1903−1964).

Igor Severyanin - Lotarev Igor Vladimirovich (1887−1941).

Poet of the Silver Age.
The pseudonym Severyanin emphasizes the "northern" origin of the poet (he was born in the Vologda province).

According to another version, in his youth he went with his father on a trip to the Far East. This trip inspired the poet - hence the pseudonym Severyanin.

Sef Roman Semyonovich - Roald Semyonovich Firemark (1931−2009).

Children's poet, writer, playwright, translator.
Sef is the party pseudonym of the writer's father, Semyon Efimovich Fairmark.

Tim Sobakin - Andrey Viktorovich Ivanov (b. 1958).

Russian writer, author of prose and poems for children.
Andrei Ivanov has a lot of pseudonyms. The writer explained their appearance as follows: “When I felt that not today or tomorrow my poems could be published, I thought about a pseudonym. But nothing good came to my mind. And on May 1, 1983, I accidentally saw a children's film on TV. Gaidar. There, at the end, a boy stands in front of the squadron, so thin ... And the commander solemnly: "For the courage and heroism I express gratitude to Grigory ... what is your last name?" "And I immediately realized: this is mine. Especially when my mother reminded me that I was born in the year of the Dog. In addition, I love these faithful creatures that do not betray. In Japan, the dog is a symbol of justice. And then I was Tikhon Khobotov and Terenty Psov, and Savva Bakin, Nika Bosmit (Tim Sobakin vice versa), AndrushkaYvanov, Sidor Tyaff, Stepan Timokhin, Sim Tobakin and others.

Mark Twain - Samuel Lenghorne Clemens (1835-1910)

American writer, journalist and social activist, author of the novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Clemens claimed that the pseudonym "Mark Twain" was taken by him in his youth from the terms of river navigation. Then he was a pilot's assistant on the Mississippi, and the cry "marktwain" ("marktwain" literally - "mark two fathoms") meant that, according to the mark on the lotlin, the minimum depth suitable for the passage of river vessels had been reached.
In addition to Mark Twain, Clemens signed once in 1896 as Sieur Louis de Comte (under this name he published his novel Personal Memoirs of Jeanne d'Arxière Louis de Comte, her page and secretary).

Pamela (Lyndon) Travers (P. L. Travers) - Helen Lyndon Goff (1899-1996).

English writer, best known as the author of the Mary Poppins series of children's books.
At first she tried herself on stage (Pamela is a stage name), playing exclusively in Shakespeare's plays, but then her passion for literature won, and she devoted herself completely to writing, publishing her works under the pseudonym "P. L. Travers" (the first two initials were used to hide the female name is a common practice for English-speaking writers).

Teffi - Lokhvitskaya Nadezhda Aleksandrovna (1872−1952).

Russian writer, poetess, author of satirical poems and feuilletons.
She explained the origin of her pseudonym as follows: she knew a certain stupid person named Stefan, whom the servant called Steffi. Believing that stupid people are usually happy, she took this nickname as a pseudonym for herself, shortening it "for the sake of delicacy" to "Taffy".

Another version of the origin of the pseudonym is offered by researchers of Teffi's work, according to which the pseudonym for Nadezhda Alexandrovna, who loved hoaxes and jokes, and was also the author of literary parodies, feuilletons, became part of a literary game aimed at creating an appropriate image of the author. There is also a version that Teffi took her pseudonym because her sister, the poetess Mirra Lokhvitskaya, who was called "Russian Sappho", was printed under her real name.

Erin Hunter is the common pseudonym of four British writers who wrote the Warrior Cats, Wanderers, and Survivors book series.

Cherith Baldry (1947), author of Forest of Secrets, Dangerous Path, Battle for the Forest, Message, Midnight, Moonrise, Starlight, Twilight, Sunset, Les Misérables, Long Shadows, and Sunrise from the Warrior Cats series, as well as books from the Wanderers series.

Victoria Holmes (b. 1975), editor and author of Tribal Heroes (Warrior Cats series).

Daniil Kharms - Yuvachev Daniil Ivanovich (1905−1942).

Russian writer and poet.
About 40 different pseudonyms are found in the writer's manuscripts: Khharms, Khaarms, Dandan, Charms, Karl Ivanovich Shusterling and others.

The pseudonym "Kharms" (a combination of the French "charm" - charm, charm and the English "harm" - harm) most accurately reflected the essence of the writer's attitude to life and work.

Joanna Khmelevskaya - Irena Barbara Joanna Becker (b. 1932)

A well-known Polish writer, author of women's ironic detective stories (more than 60: "Wedge with a wedge", "What the dead man said", "Everything is red or a crime in Allerod", "Forest", "Harpies", "Ancestral Wells" and many others.) and the founder of this genre for Russian readers.
The pseudonym is the surname of the great-grandmother.

Sasha Cherny - Glikberg Alexander Mikhailovich (1880−1932).

Poet.
The family had five children, two of whom were named Sasha. The blond was called "White", the brunette - "Black". Hence the pseudonym.

Korney Chukovsky - Korneychukov Nikolai Vasilyevich (1882−1969).

Russian writer, poet, translator, literary critic.
The pseudonym of the poet is formed from the division of the surname: Korneichukov Korney Chukovsky

• Afanasy Fet - Afanasy Shenshin
• Igor Severyanin - Igor Lotarev
• Arkady Gaidar - Arkady Golikov
• Maxim Gorky - Maxim Peshkov

pseudonyms of 19th century writers

• Jack London - John Griffith Cheney
• Kozma Prutkov - Brothers Alexei, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov and Alexei Tolstoy
• Alexander Grin - Alexander Grinevsky
• George Sand - Aurora Dupin
• Mark Twain - Samuel Clemens
• Lewis Carroll - Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
• Andrey Bely - Boris Bugaev

pseudonyms of writers of the 20th century

• Korney Chukovsky- Nikolai Korneichuk
• Kir Bulychev - Igor Mozheiko
• Grigory Gorin - Grigory Ofshtein
• Eduard Limonov - Eduard Savenko
• Arkady Arkanov - Arkady Steinbock
• Boris Akunin - Grigory Chkhartishvili
• Anna Akhmatova - Anna Gorenko
• Eduard Bagritsky- Edward Dzyubin
• Alexander Grin - Alexander Grinevich
• Viktor Suvorov - Vladimir Rezun
• Veniamin Kaverin- Veniamin Zilber
• Daniil Kharms - Daniil Yuvachev
• Alexandra Marinina- Marina Alekseeva

I thought - why did they change the name or surname?

Previously, they decorated their name, then they "hid" their nationality more or made it more memorable (remember Chkhartishvili, for example, Akunin is much easier).

Marinina, for example, being a police officer, did not want to "shine" under her name.

Journalists feel more at ease - they write what they want or come up with.

They still cannot understand why the pseudonym of Lenin or Stalin appeared ...

Trotsky Lev Davidovich, the second face of Soviet Russia during the time of Lenin, from childhood was called Leiba Davidovich Bronstein. He took the surname Trotsky after serving time in an Odessa prison in 1898. It is clear that after his release he changed his name, not much Russified. Also several versions.

Sergey Kostrikov became Kirov - it is assumed that he really liked the Persian ruler Cyrus.

Charles Aznavour - Aznavourian Shakhnur Vaghinak (Varenag)

Irina Allegrova - Klimchuk? Inessa? Alexandrovna

Russian pop singer. When she arrived in Moscow and entered the circus variety school, she borrowed her name from a neighbor in the hostel, and instead of her last name she took the first word from the Musical Dictionary, which was "allegro".
According to another version, the singer's father, operetta artist Alexander Sarkisov, took the pseudonym Alexander Allegrov, and his daughter Irina received this surname at birth.

Nadezhda Babkina Zasedateleva Nadezhda

Russian pop singer, founder and soloist of the ensemble "Russian Song" (1975). If the surname is difficult to pronounce, then your path to success will be difficult. Until they see you, they love you, they will finally remember your last name ... So Nadezhda Babkina has much more advantages than Nadezhda Zasedateleva.

VALERIA Perfilova (Shulgina) Alla

Russian pop singer. The pseudonym was invented by her ex-husband and producer A. Shulgin (perhaps because the name Alla is strongly associated with Alla Pugacheva)

Marina Vladi - Polyakova-Baidarova Marina-Louiza Vladimirovna

French actress and singer. Wife of V. Vysotsky, daughter of opera artist Vladimir Polyakov-Baidarov, a native of the Russian Empire. The pseudonym Vladi Marina took after the death of her father in his honor.

Lada Dance Volkova (Velichkovskaya) Lada

Russian pop singer. The pseudonym Lada Dance was "born" on tour. Sergei Lemokh announced after the performance: "It was Lada! And everything behind her is dance!" those. girls on the dance floor.

Chris Kelmi Kalinkin Anatoly

And he is not the Balts, he just has such a pseudonym. At that time, the Baltic artists were in vogue.

PENCIL Rumyantsev Mikhail Nikolaevich

The famous Soviet clown, he received the nickname Pencil not for his short stature, but came up with it himself when he saw the poster of the French artist Karan d "Ash. (Yes, he really was like that!)

Clara Novikova Herzer Clara Borisovna

Russian pop artist. She changed her surname Herzer to Novikova - (the surname of her first husband) ... but why, if she portrays Aunt Sonya from Odessa?

True, it's interesting - so, for fun.

A) pseudo-andronym(from the Greek pseudos - false and aner, Andros - man) - male name and surname adopted by the female author.

Often the writers were afraid that the publisher would not accept the manuscript, having learned that it was written by a woman, the reader would put the book away for the same reason, and the critic would scold. It was not easy to overcome the long-established prejudice to the creative work of women. Therefore, women writers often signed their works with male names.

AND I. Panaeva under the pseudonym I. Stanitsky published (together with N.A. Nekrasov) the novels “Three Countries of the World” and “Dead Lake”. Under the same name, she performed independently (the novels "Women's Lot", "Little Things in Life", etc.)

B) Pseudogynim (from the Greek gyne - woman) - a female name and surname adopted by a male author.

The propensity for similar hoaxes was also fed by the authors - men, who, on the contrary, signed with female names.

L.N. Tolstoy in 1858, he mystified the editor of the newspaper Den, I.S. Aksakov: having written the story “Dream”, he put N.O. under it. - the initials of N. Okhotnitskaya, who lived with Tolstoy's aunt T. Ergolskaya. The story was not published, it was first published only in 1928.

comic aliases

Paizonim (from the Greek raizein - to joke) is a comic pseudonym intended to produce a comic effect.

Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide one's name faded into the background here.

The tradition of funny pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine's time ("Very different things", "Neither this nor that", "Drone", "Mail of Spirits").

ON THE. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Bob Feklist, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, broker Nazar Vymochkin of the Literary Exchange.

I.S. Turgenev feuilleton "Six-year-old accuser" signed: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov.

Collective aliases

A) Koinonym (from Greek koinos - common) - a common pseudonym adopted by several authors writing together.

There are many cases when it was not the names of the co-authors that were masked, but the very fact of collective creativity: the work was signed with one surname, but two authors and even more stood behind it. One of the most striking examples is the famous Kozma Prutkov - a pseudonym L.N. Tolstoy and brothers Alexey, Alexander, Vladimir Zhemchuzhnikov. Calling the name Kozma Prutkov, we can say that this is a collective pseudonym and a parodic personality (mask) of a writer - an official, created by writers. For him, the authors also composed a biography with the exact dates of birth and death: “He was born on April 11, 1803; died January 13, 1863. Satirical poems, aphorisms of Kozma Prutkov ridiculed mental stagnation, political "good intentions", parodied the stupidity of officials. For the first time, the name appeared in print in 1854 on the pages of Literary Jumble, a humorous supplement to the Sovremennik magazine. But few people know that Kozma Prutkov had a real prototype in life - the valet of the Zhemchuzhnikovs, who bore this name and surname. ( Allonym (or heteronym) - the surname or name of a real person accepted as a pseudonym).

The play "Happy Day" written by A.N. Ostrovsky together with N.Ya. Solovyov in the estate of the first, Shchelykovo, was published in Otechestvennye zapiski (Notes of the Fatherland) (1877) signed Shch..., i.e. Shchelykovsky. ( Toponym - alias associated with a particular location)

So in the magazine "Pantheon", in three issues, an extensive poetic feuilleton "Provincial clerk in St. Petersburg" is published ON THE. Nekrasov under a pseudonym - Feoklist Bob, and after a few issues the continuation of “Provincial clerk again in St. Petersburg. The trouble is imminent and the joy is mighty ”already under the pseudonym Ivan Gribovnikov. Later I. A. Pruzhinin, K. Pupin, Alexander Bukhalov and others will appear; almost nothing is printed under his own name.

They didn't come up with it themselves

It happened that the pseudonym was not chosen by the author himself, but in the editorial office of a magazine or newspaper, where he brought his first work, or friends, or the person who helped publish the book.

This is, for example, one of the signatures ON THE. Nekrasov, concealing a hint of censorship harassment. The poet was not allowed to publish the second edition of the poems for a long time. Finally, in 1860, one of the courtiers, Count Adlerberg, who enjoyed great influence, obtained the necessary visa from the censorship department, but subject to the introduction of numerous banknotes. “Still, they cut you off, put a muzzle on you! he said to the poet. “Now you can sign under comic verses like this: Muzzles.” Nekrasov followed this advice, signing his satirical poems Savva Namordnikov.

Neutronim - an alias that does not cause any associations

In addition to the reasons for the emergence of pseudonyms, which are discussed in the abstract, there are many more that cannot be classified. In addition, it is not always possible to accurately determine the motives for which certain pseudonyms are taken. There may be several options for explaining a single case of using a pseudonym instead of a real name, unless, of course, there is evidence of the owner of the pseudonym or his contemporary.

We know some writers and poets under an assumed name and surname. Many of them take pseudonyms so that they are not compared with namesakes or well-known relatives, in order to simplify their complex name or make it more euphonious and effective.

10. Anna Akhmatova (Anna Andreevna Gorenko)

Anna Gorenko's father was Andrey Gorenko, a hereditary nobleman who once worked as a fleet mechanical engineer.

She wrote her first poems after a serious illness, she was then only 11 years old. For several days the girl was delirious, her relatives no longer hoped for her recovery. But when she woke up and regained her strength, she was able to pick up her first rhymes.

She read the poems of French poets and tried to compose poetry herself. But the father did not really like his daughter's hobby. He not only was not interested in her poems, but also spoke dismissively of them.

Realizing that Anna nevertheless decided to become a poetess, he forbade her to sign her real name, because. was sure that she would dishonor his name. Anna did not argue with him. She decided to choose a pseudonym for herself. Upon learning that her maternal grandmother had a sonorous surname "Akhmatova", she took it.

So the famous Russian poetess chose a Tatar surname for herself, which allegedly went to her ancestors, because. they were from the clan of the Tatar Khan Akhmat.

9. Ilya Ilf (Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg)

The famous author of "12 Chairs" took his pseudonym to make it easier to sign his work.

His daughter said that his real name, Fainzilberg, was too long for a newspaper article. And, in order to shorten it, he often signed "Ilya F" or "IF", and gradually his pseudonym "Ilf" turned out on its own.

But there is another version. At birth, he was Yehiel-Leib Arevich Fainzilberg, was born into a Jewish family. And his pseudonym is an abbreviation in accordance with the tradition of Jewish nominal abbreviations.

He sometimes signed by other names. So, acting as a literary critic, Ilya called himself Anton Extreme.

8. Evgeny Petrov (Evgeny Petrovich Kataev)

The elder brother of Evgeny Kataev was Valentin Kataev. He was a famous writer, founder and editor of the Youth magazine.

Not wanting to use the fame and popularity of his brother, Eugene took a pseudonym. He became Petrov, slightly altering the name of his father, Pyotr Vasilyevich Kataev.

7. Arkady Gaidar (Golikov Arkady Petrovich)

The writer himself never told why he decided to become Gaidar. When asked about it, he usually joked, never explaining anything.

There were several versions of the origin of his name. The most popular was the version of the writer B. Emelyanov. He was sure that the pseudonym came from the Mongolian word "gaidar", which meant a rider galloping in front.

There is another version. A school friend of the writer A.M. Goldin is sure that the pseudonym is an encrypted message. Since childhood, he was a great inventor, he loved to invent his own ciphers. “Gaidar” is deciphered as follows: “G” is the first letter of his last name Golikov, “ay” is the first and last letters of the name Arkady, “d” is from the French “de”, which means “from”, and “ar” is the first letters of his hometown. It turns out "Golikov Arkady from Arzamas."

6. Boris Akunin (Grigory Chkhartishvili)

The writer publishes critical and documentary works under his own name. He became Boris Akunin in 1998, after he began to write fiction.

At first, no one knew what the letter "B" before his new name meant. A little later, in an interview, he said that this is the first letter of his name - Boris.

There are several suggestions as to why he took this pseudonym. "Akunin" can be translated from Japanese as "a supporter of evil or a villain." Someone believes that this pseudonym is associated with the name of the famous anarchist Mikhail Bakunin.

The writer himself explains that his novels are not like his other activities. Akunin's thought does not work in the same way as Chkhartishvili, who writes articles. They are two completely different people, Akunin is an idealist, kind, and believes in God. In addition, you should not write detective stories with such an unpronounceable surname.

5. O. Henry (William Sydney Porter)

Once he was accused of embezzlement and was in a hard labor prison. He had an education as a pharmacist, so William was allowed to work in the infirmary as a night apothecary.

At night, sitting on duty, he composed his stories. Some of them got free. But the writer did not want readers to know about his hard labor past. He was always ashamed of him and afraid of exposure. Therefore, it was published only under a pseudonym.

It is believed that he became O. Henry, remaking the name of the pharmacist Etienne Ocean Henri. He was the author of the reference book, which was also used in the prison pharmacy.

William himself assured that he chose the initial "O" only because it is the simplest letter and it stands for Oliver. And the name "Henry" he took from the newspaper.

4. Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)

The writer was a famous English mathematician, graduated with honors from Oxford. In order to become a professor and give lectures, according to the charter, he had to take the clergy, which he did when he became a deacon.

After that, it was dangerous for him to sign humorous stories with his own name, because. both the church and colleagues could react painfully to his work. In addition, he did not like his own name, it seemed to him boring and dissonant.

Dodgson had a double name, in honor of his father and mother. He translated both parts into Latin, it turned out "Carolus Ludovicus". After that, I changed their places and again translated into English. This is how his pseudonym Lewis Carroll came about. But he always signed his mathematical works with his real name.

3. Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)

Once an aspiring writer worked as a sailor on the Mississippi River. The safe depth through which the steamer could pass was considered a mark of 2 phantoms or 3.6 m. In the slang of sailors, this depth was called "twins". Boatmen measured it with a special stick, and if everything was in order, they shouted “by mark twain”. This combination of words was to the liking of the writer.

2. Daniil Kharms (Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev)

The writer came up with this pseudonym while still a schoolboy, signing his notebooks with this surname. He later made it his official name.

It is still unknown why he chose such a surname for himself, there are many versions of its origin. But the most common - Harms sounds almost like Holmes, and this was Harms' favorite character. From him, he adopted the style of dressing and often posed with a pipe in the pictures.

1. Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukov)

The writer was illegitimate. His father was Emmanuil Levenson, and his mother was the peasant Ekaterina Korneichuk, who was his maid. Therefore, the boy did not have a patronymic.

After he became a writer, he used a pseudonym - Korney Chukovsky, adding a fictitious middle name to it. And after the revolution, the pseudonym became his name.

Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide one's name faded into the background here. Therefore, such pseudonyms can be distinguished into a special group and given a name. payzonyms(from Greek. paizein- tell jokes).

The tradition of funny pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine's time ("Vsyakaya Vyashachina", "Neither this nor that", "Drone", "Mail of Spirits", etc.). A.P. Sumarokov signed them Akinfiy Sumazbrodov, D. I. Fonvizin - Falaley.

Joking signatures were put at the beginning of the last century even under serious critical articles. One of Pushkin's literary opponents, N. I. Nadezhdin, signed in Vestnik Evropy Ex-student Nikodim Nedoumk oh and Critic from the Patriarch's Ponds. Pushkin in "Telescope" signed two articles directed against F.V. Bulgarin Theophylact Kosichkin, and the one in the "Northern Bee" signed under the name Porfiry Dushegreykina. M. A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin in the same years acted in the "Northern Mercury" as Evgraf Miksturin.

The comic pseudonyms of those times were a match for the long, wordy book titles. G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko in the Vestnik Evropy (1828) signed: Averyan Curious, out of work collegiate assessor, who is in circulation in litigious cases and in monetary penalties. The poet of the Pushkin galaxy N. M. Yazykov "Journey on a Chukhon pair from Derpt to Revel" (1822) signed: Residing on the slings of the Derpt muses, but intending to eventually lead them by the nose Negulai Yazvikov.

Even longer was this alias: Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratov house, author of a cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of the old garden, cavalier of three livers and commander of Galimatya. Thus, in 1811, V. A. Zhukovsky signed a comic "Greek ballad, transcribed into Russian manners", under the title "Elena Ivanovna Protasova, or Friendship, impatience and cabbage." He composed this ballad, which remained unpublished during his lifetime, as a guest at the Muratovo estate near Moscow with his friends Protasovs. No less lengthy and bizarre was the pseudonym of the author of the "critical notes" to the same ballad: Alexander Pleshchepupovich Chernobrysov, real mameluke and bogdykhan, bandmaster of cowpox, privileged galvanist of dog comedy, publisher of topographical descriptions of wigs and gentle componist of various musical gluttony, including the note howl attached here. Behind this comic signature was Zhukovsky's friend Pleshcheev.

O. I. Senkovsky "Private letter to the most respectable public about a secret journal called Veselchak" (1858), signed: Ivan Ivanov son of Khokhotenko-Khlopotunov-Pustyakovsky, retired second lieutenant, landowner of various provinces and cavalier of purity.

"History of Yerofey Yerofeyich, the inventor of "Erofeich", an allegorical bitter vodka" (1863) was published on behalf of Russian author, nicknamed the Old Indian Rooster.

N. A. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen(probably from "fuck me!").

Employees of Iskra, Gudok, and Whistle constantly used such pseudonyms - press organs that played a significant role in the struggle of revolutionary democrats against autocracy, serfdom and reactionary literature in the 60-70s of the XIX century. Often they added this or that imaginary rank, rank to a fictitious surname, indicated an imaginary profession, striving to create literary masks endowed with attributes of real personalities.

These are the pseudonyms of N. A. Nekrasov - Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin, D. D. Minaeva - Fedor Konyukh, Cook Nikolai Kadov, Lieutenant Khariton Yakobintsev, Junker A. Restaurantov, N. S. Kurochkina - Poet okolodochny(neighborhood was then called the police station), Member of the Madrid Learned Society Tranbrel, other comedians - Poluarshinov’s knife line clerk, Kradilo the Ober-exchange counterfeiter, Taras Kutsy the landowner, Azbukin the telegraph operator, Fireman Kum, U.R.A. etc.

I. S. Turgenev feuilleton "Six-year-old accuser" signed: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov, and poems allegedly composed by the six-year-old son of the author - Jeremiah Nedobobov. They ridiculed the shady sides of Russian reality:

Oh, why from the baby diaper
Sorrow about bribes entered my soul!

The juvenile accuser exclaimed.

To make readers laugh, old, obsolete names were chosen for pseudonyms in combination with an intricate surname: Varakhasy the Indispensable, Khusdazad Tserebrinov, Ivakhviy Kistochkin, Basilisk of the Cascades, Avvakum Khudodoshensky etc. Young M. Gorky in the Samara and Saratov newspapers of the late 90s of the XIX century signed Yehudiel Chlamys.

Gorky's signatures are full of wit in those of his works that were not intended for publication. Beneath one of his letters to his 15-year-old son is: Your father Polycarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of the home handwritten magazine Sorrento Pravda (1924), on the cover of which Gorky was depicted as a giant plugging the crater of Vesuvius with his finger, he signed Metranpage Goryachkin, Disabled Muses, Osip Tikhovoyev, Aristid Balyk.

Sometimes the comic effect was achieved through a deliberate contrast between the name and surname. Pushkin used this technique, though not to create a pseudonym ("And you, dear singer, Vanyusha Lafontaine ..."), and humorists willingly followed his example, combining foreign names with purely Russian surnames: Jean Khlestakov, Wilhelm Tetkin, Basil Lyalechkin and vice versa: Nikifor Shelming and so on. Leonid Andreev signed the satire "The Adventures of an Angel of the World" (1917): Horace C. Rutabaga.

Often, for a comic pseudonym, the surname of some famous writer was played up. In Russian humorous magazines there are also Pushkin in a square, And Saratov Boccaccio, And Rabelais Samara, And Beranger from Zaryadye, And Schiller from Toganrog, And Ovid with Tom, And Dante with Plyushchikha, And Berne from Berdichev. Heine's name was especially popular: there is Heine from Kharkov, from Arkhangelsk, from Irbit, from Lyuban and even Heine from the stable.

Sometimes the name or surname of a well-known person was changed in such a way as to produce a comic effect: Harry Baldi, Heinrich Genius, Gribsyelov, Pushechkin, Eggnog, Pierre de Boborysak(allusion to Boborykin). V. A. Gilyarovsky in "Entertainment" and "News of the Day" signed Emelya Zola.

D. D. Minaev, under the "dramatic fantasy" dedicated to the massacre of a certain Nikita Bezrylov with his wife Literatura and written in the spirit of Shakespeare, staged Tryphon Shakespeare(under Nikita Bezrylov meant A.F. Pisemsky, who used this pseudonym). K. K. Golokhvastov signed the satire "Journey to the Moon of the Merchant Truboletov" (1890), allegedly translated, as it says on the cover, "from French into Nizhny Novgorod", signed Jules Unfaithful, parodying the name and surname of Jules Verne, who has a novel on the same subject.

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