Title violin details. How many strings does a violin have and how is the instrument constructed? Components and types of modern violins

A report on the violin for children grade 5 will briefly tell you a lot useful information about this folk musical instrument.

Message about the violin

Violin- a high-register stringed musical instrument. Has folk origin, modern look acquired in the 16th century and became widespread in the 17th century.

The violin is refined and sophisticated musical instrument. It is not for nothing that she was given the role of queen of the orchestra.

History of the violin for children

Violin of folk origin: its ancestors were the Spanish fidel , Arab Rebab and German Rota . The fusion of these instruments led to the appearance of the violin.

In the middle of the 16th century, the modern violin design developed in northern Italy. Until the beginning of the 17th century, violin making was carried out by the Amati family in Italy. The instruments were distinguished by excellent material and excellent shape. In general, Italy has firmly taken a leading position in the production of violins high quality. At one time, they were engaged in by Guarneri and Stradivari, whose instruments are today valued at the highest level.

It became a solo instrument in the 17th century. The first works written for her were “Romanesca per violino solo e basso” (Marini from Brescia 1620) and “Capriccio stravagante” (Farin). The founder of the artistic playing of the queen of the orchestra was A. Corelli, then Torelli, Tartini, Pietro Locatelli.

Description of the violin

The instrument has 4 strings, which are tuned in fifths - G of the small octave, D, A of the first octave, E of the second octave, respectively. It consists of the following parts:

• Frame. It is oval in shape with rounded notches on the sides, forming the so-called “waist” of the violin. This roundness ensures comfortable playing. The lower and upper parts of the body (deck) are connected by shells. The lower part is made of maple, and the upper part is made of Tyrolean spruce. The top deck has 2 resonator holes (f-holes), which affect the sound timbre. In the middle of the upper part there is a stand with strings mounted on a tailpiece made of a strip of ebony. It expands in the direction where the strings are attached. Inside the resonant spruce body there is a round pin inserted, a darling. It provides resonance for sound vibrations.
• Grif. This is a long piece of ebony or plastic. Its lower part is attached to a polished and rounded bar - the neck.

The composition of the varnish with which it is coated and the material of manufacture also influence the sound of the instrument.

The sound of a violin

The violin produces a graceful and assertive sound. The timbre of the sound depends on the quality of the instrument, the choice of strings and the skill of the performer. Bass strings produce a rich, thick, harsh and austere sound. The middle strings sound soulful, soft, velvety. The upper register of the strings sounds sunny, ringing and bright. The performer of the works can modify the sounds, introducing his own palette of sounds.

• In 2003, Athira Krishna from India entered the Guinness Book of Records by playing the violin continuously for 32 hours.
• Playing an instrument burns 170 calories per hour.
• Until 1750, strings were made from sheep intestines.
• The tool stimulates the brain.
• The smallest violin in the world, 1 cm long, was created in the city of Guangzhou (southern China).

We hope that the report on violin for children helped you prepare for the lesson and you learned a lot interesting facts about her. And your short story You can leave your comments about the violin using the comment form below.

The most important part of modern symphony orchestra. Perhaps no other instrument has such a combination of beauty, expressiveness of sound and technical agility.

In an orchestra, the violin performs various and multifaceted functions. Very often, due to their exceptional melodiousness, violins are used for melodic “singing”, to convey the main musical idea. The magnificent melodic capabilities of violins were discovered by composers long ago, and were firmly established in this role among the classics of the 18th century.

Violin names in other languages:

• violino(Italian);
• violon(French);
• violine or geige(German);
• violin or fiddle(English).

The most famous violin makers include such personalities as Antonio Stradivari, Niccolo Amati And Giuseppe Guarneri.

Origin, history of the violin

It has folk origin. The ancestors of the violin were Arabic, Spanish fidel, German company, the merger of which formed.

The shapes of the violin have settled to XVI century. By this century and early XVII centuries include famous violin makers - the Amati family. Their instruments are beautifully shaped and made of excellent materials. In general, Italy was famous for the production of violins, among which Stradivarius and Guarneri violins are currently extremely highly valued.

The violin has been a solo instrument since the 17th century. The first works for violin are considered to be: “Romanesca per violino solo e basso” by Marini from Brescia (1620) and “Capriccio stravagante” by his contemporary Farina. A. Corelli is considered the founder of artistic violin playing; followed by Torelli, Tartini, Pietro Locatelli (1693-1764), a student of Corelli, who developed a bravura technique of violin playing.

The violin acquired its modern appearance in the 16th century and became widespread in the 17th century.

Violin structure

The violin has four strings tuned in fifths: g, d,a,e (small octave G, D, A of the first octave, E of the second octave).

Violin range from g (S of the small octave) to a (A of the fourth octave) and higher.

Violin tone thick in the low register, soft in the middle and brilliant in the upper register.

Violin body It has an oval shape with rounded notches on the sides forming a “waist”. The roundness of the external contours and waist lines ensures comfortable playing, particularly in high registers.

Upper and lower body decks connected to each other by shells. The back is made of maple, and the top is made of Tyrolean spruce. They both have a convex shape, forming “arches”. The geometry of the vaults, as well as their thickness, to one degree or another determine the strength and timbre of the sound.

Another important factor, affecting the timbre of the violin - the height of the shells.

Two resonator holes are made in the upper soundboard - f-holes (in shape they resemble Latin letter f).

In the middle of the top soundboard there is a stand through which the strings pass, attached to the tailpiece (underneck). Tailpiece It is a strip of ebony, widening towards the fastening of the strings. Its opposite end is narrow, with a thick vein string in the form of a loop, it is connected to a button located on the shell. Stand also affects the timbre of the instrument. It has been experimentally established that even a small shift of the stand leads to a significant change in timbre (when shifted downwards, the sound is duller, upwards - more shrill).

Inside the body of the violin, between the upper and lower soundboards, a round pin made of resonant spruce is inserted - dushka (from the word “soul”). This part transmits vibrations from the top to the bottom, providing resonance.

Violin neck- a long plate made of ebony or plastic. The lower part of the neck is attached to a rounded and polished bar, the so-called neck. Also, the strength and timbre of the sound of bowed instruments is influenced by great influence the material from which they are made and the composition of the varnish.

Violin playing technique, techniques

The strings are pressed with four fingers of the left hand to the fingerboard ( thumb excluded). The strings are moved with a bow placed in right hand playing.

Pressing the finger against the fingerboard shortens the string, thereby increasing the pitch of the string. Strings that are not pressed with a finger are called open and are designated zero.

Violin part written in treble clef.

Violin range- from G of the small octave to the fourth octave. More high sounds difficult.

From half-pressing the strings in certain places, harmonics. Some harmonic sounds go further in pitch than the violin range indicated above.

Putting the fingers of the left hand is called fingering. Index finger The hands are called first, the middle finger is called second, the ring finger is called third, and the little finger is called fourth. Position is called the fingering of four adjacent fingers, spaced one tone or semitone apart. Each string can have seven or more positions. The higher the position, the more difficult it is. On each string, excluding fifths, they go mainly only up to the fifth position inclusive; but on the fifth or first string, and sometimes on the second, higher positions are used - from the sixth to the twelfth.

Methods of bowing have a great influence on the character, strength, timbre of the sound, and indeed on phrasing in general.

On a violin, you can normally play two notes simultaneously on adjacent strings ( double strings), in exceptional cases - three (strong bow pressure is required), and not simultaneously, but very quickly - three ( triple strings) and four. Such combinations, mainly harmonic, are easier to perform with empty strings and more difficult without them and are usually used in solo works.

The orchestral technique is very common tremolo- rapid alternation of two sounds or repetition of the same sound, creating the effect of trembling, trembling, flickering.

Reception Kol Leno(col legno), meaning the blow of the bow shaft on the string, causes a knocking, deathly sound, which is also used with great success by composers in symphonic music.

In addition to playing with a bow, they use one of the fingers of the right hand to touch the strings - pizzicato(pizzicato).

To weaken or muffle the sound use mute- a metal, rubber, rubber, bone or wooden plate with recesses in the lower part for strings, which is attached to the top of the stand or filly.

It is easier to play the violin in those keys that allow greatest application empty strings The most convenient passages are those that are composed of scales or their parts, as well as arpeggios of natural keys.

It is difficult to become a violinist in adulthood (but possible!), since finger sensitivity and muscle memory are very important for these musicians. The sensitivity of an adult's fingers is much less than that of a young person, and muscle memory takes longer to develop. It is best to learn to play the violin from the age of five, six or seven, perhaps even from an earlier age.

Famous violinists

• Arcangelo Corelli
• Antonio Vivaldi
• Giuseppe Tartini
• Jean-Marie Leclerc
• Giovanni Batista Viotti
• Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin
• Niccolo Paganini
• Ludwig Spohr
• Charles-Auguste Beriot
• Henri Vietang
• Alexey Fedorovich Lvov
• Henryk Wieniawski
• Pablo Sarasate
• Ferdinand Laub
• Joseph Joachim
• Leopold Auer
• Eugene Ysaye
• Fritz Kreisler
• Jacques Thibault
• Oleg Kagan
• George Enescu
• Miron Polyakin
• Mikhail Erdenko
• Jascha Heifetz
• David Oistrakh
• Yehudi Menuhin
• Leonid Kogan
• Henrik Schering
• Yulian Sitkovetsky
• Mikhail Vaiman
• Victor Tretyakov
• Gidon Kremer
• Maxim Vengerov
• Janos Bihari
• Andrew Manze
• Pinchas Zuckerman
• Itzhak Perlman

Video: Violin on video + sound

Thanks to these videos you can familiarize yourself with the tool, watch real game on it, listen to its sound, feel the specifics of the technique:

Selling tools: where to buy/order?

The encyclopedia does not yet contain information about where you can buy or order this instrument. You can change this!

There are alto and soprano violins - instruments that play in low and high registers, respectively. Also, violins can be made of wood - the so-called acoustic violins, or they can be made of metal or, in extreme cases, plastic - electric violins.

Violins, like pianos, perform equally well in both ensemble and solo playing, which is why there are an incalculable number of works for , and they continue to be created.

According to some sources, the Spanish fidel is considered the ancestor of the violin. Other resources say that her ancestors were the Arab rebab and the Kazakh kobyz. At first, these instruments formed the so-called “viol”, from where the Latin word “violin” comes. Widespread (as folk instrument) violins were received in Romania, Ukraine and Belarus.

The best violins in the world are the violins of the great, talented Italian master - Stradivari, or rather the so-called “golden period” of his work - the late 17th - early 18th centuries. The violins he created sounded so magical and unusual that his contemporaries said that he had sold his soul to the devil. It is known that Stradivari created about 1000 violins, but only about 600 of the great master’s violins have survived to this day, each costing from one to three million euros.

Some interesting facts. Albert Einstein once performed in a tavern, playing the violin. One journalist who followed this and later found out the name of this artist wrote a note about it. Einstein kept it for himself and told everyone that he was not a great scientist. There is also a legend that while painting the Mona Lisa, Leonardo Da Vinci ordered violins to be played. It is believed that her smile is a reflection of the music.

Violin – strings bowed instrument, without which no orchestra can do. Learning to play the violin requires years of practice under the guidance of an experienced teacher.

Instructions

The birthplace of the violin is Europe. The time of birth is the thirteenth century. Before the violin found its familiar form, it underwent various changes and improvements. We can say that the violin has been formed over centuries, and this formation is connected with the development and evolution of music as an art. The appearance classic shape The world owes the violin to the Italian master Andrea Amati, who managed to achieve from the violin something close to human voice timbre The Amati violin, thanks to its strong and rich sound, entered the stage of great concert halls and became one of the most popular instruments. Other famous Italian master, Antonio Stradivari, improved the structure of the violin, which made it possible to achieve a bright sound combined with the softness and tenderness inherent only in this instrument.

In our time, the violin has not lost its popularity. It is a fairly complex instrument, and mastering it is much more difficult than, for example, a . To learn to play the violin professionally, you need to spend several years, and it is advisable to start in childhood. The sooner you start learning, the better, since the technique of playing this instrument requires great flexibility and mobility of the hands. To play the violin it is not at all necessary to have absolute musical ear, much more important is harmonic hearing. To develop it, you will need regular solfeggio classes.

Beyond skill musical performance, important element is also caring for the instrument itself. The violin is very weather sensitive; strong temperature fluctuations and any changes are destructive to it. environment. It should be protected from direct sunlight, heat, and moisture. It is important to choose a high-quality case for it. Usually choose spacious and heat-resistant. The case must be ventilated periodically. The violin is stored in a special bag made of breathable fabric and cleaned regularly with soft flannel cloths. The inner surface of the violin is cleaned with heated oats or washed dry rice. In addition, there are a lot of factory-made violin care products. For better glide, the bow is rubbed with rosin.

Take care of your violin with love, spare no effort in learning to play it, and it will repay you handsomely - with great sound and longevity!

Violin- an artifact in the world of music, this is a real wand. Everyone knows the violin. When remembering it, no one starts arguing like they do about other strings: “And the cello, is it such a big one? Or a bigger double bass? What kind of violina then?” Everyone knows what a violin is and what it looks like. But this is only if you are not going to play on it. But if you are going, you will have to learn much more about it, because violins are very, very different.

So, the violin is a high-register bowed string instrument, considered primarily intended for solo parts. Has ancient history, received its modern appearance in the 16th century. Violins have always been made violin makers, nowadays the works of Stradivari and Guarneri are highly valued.

The instrument has four strings in fifths g, d1, a1, e2, (there are five strings, c - “to” of the small octave). The timbre of the instrument is thick in the low register, soft in the middle and brilliant in the upper.

Components and types of modern violins

Anatomy of a violin

The body has a pear-shaped shape, calculated strictly mathematically. The hull decks - upper and lower - are connected by shells. They form the arches of the violin, their thickness and shape are important for the strength and timbre of the sound. The higher the hardwood shells, the duller and softer the sound; the lower, the more piercing and weightless the top notes. The corners on the shells are needed to position the bow. The body contains a damper that transmits vibrations from the stand through the upper soundboard to the lower one, making the violin sound thick and resonant. The back is made from a whole piece or two identical halves of hardwood. The upper half is made of spruce, and has resonator holes - f-holes. A stand for strings is fixed in the middle of the soundboard; a spring, a bar, is attached under it, thanks to which the upper soundboard resonates better. The strength and sound depend very much on the material and less on the composition of the varnish for the instrument. Varnish plays big role in protecting the tool from external environment, and gives it colors from golden to nutty.

The neck holds the strings, was previously made of mahogany or ebony, now often made of plastics or alloys. The neck has a loop and four loops for strings. Nowadays, lever-screw mechanisms are often installed in the hole, which facilitate adjustment. The violin also includes a loop made of thick string or wire, and a button, the top of the peg, which holds the neck and can withstand a load of about 24 kg. The stand provides support for the strings and transmits vibrations from the strings to the soundboard, so its location determines the sound - if it is closer to the neck, the sound is duller, and further away - brighter.

The neck consists of a whole shelf of hard wood (black ebony or rosewood), curved so that the bow does not catch other strings when playing. The nut is a wooden plate into which the strings are inserted. The neck is a semicircular part by which the performer holds the violin. The tuning box is the part of the neck where there are two pairs of tuning pegs that tune the strings. They must be lubricated with lapping paste. The curl is the decoration of the violin, the “trademark” of the master.

Strings: 1st - E of the second octave, sounds ringing and brilliant, 2nd - A of the first octave, soft sound, 3rd - D of the first octave, soft matte timbre, 4th - G of the small octave, thick sound.

Accessories

A bow, a wooden cane with a block and horsetail hair with scales. The chin rest is a device for holding the violin. Bridge - a plate for holding the violin on the collarbone. The violin also comes with a “jammer”, thanks to which the violin barely sounds - audible to the performer and inaudible to others (for studying), as well as a machine - a tool for tuning, which depends on the size of the violin.

Types of violins

Violins are:

• Acoustic. In other words, this is an ordinary wooden violin that sounds thanks to the body and its features. An acoustic violin is designed to be played in an orchestra or solo. This best option in order to learn to play the violin, because only on a natural instrument can one learn to fully produce sounds; on other types of violin this is impossible. Only after fully learning to play the violin acoustic type you can play other instruments.
• Electric violin . Its sound differs in material - steel, ferromagnet, electromagnet, as well as piezoelectric or magnetic pickups. Electronic violin very reminiscent of a traditional violin, but its sound is sharper and closer to synthetic, this is easy to understand by listening to Vanessa May or Lindsey Stirling. A violin can have up to 10 strings and a resonating or framed body. Unfortunately, the violin is not suitable for an orchestra; it will stand out in sound and will not provide a pure and unique sound.
• Semi-acoustic violin – combining cabinet sound and pickups.

There are also craftsman, factory or factory violins. Artisan ones are very expensive and made for a specific musician, factory ones are old ones, made by hand by craftsmen of small factories before the 20th century, as well as factory ones - the basic option for any musician - they can sound no worse than original ones, but have no material value.

Violin - main dimensions

The size of the violins depends on the length of the player's hand. So, the violin – main dimensions:

• 4/4 – four quarters (whole) – the largest violin, intended for the oldest school students and adults. A 4/4 violin in Chisinau is purchased mainly for confident play on the instrument.
• 1/2 – one half (half) – for children 9–10 years old, as well as for younger but tall ones.
• 3/4 – three-quarters (three-quarter) – something between (1/2) and (4/4), for children about 12–15 years old, but this is an optional option, you can move from a half to a whole violin at once.
• 1/4 – one quarter (quarter) – for ages 4 to 9 years.
• 1/8 and 1/16 (eighth and sixteenth) - for the little ones. Children's violin 1/8 in Moldova is in consistently high demand; this size is mainly purchased for children who are still in the process of learning.
• 7/8 - slightly larger than three-quarter, violins usually had this size famous masters Amati and Stradivari.

It is impossible to extract high-quality sound from a small violin, because they are intended for study. To understand what size violin a musician needs, you need to measure the length from the bottom of the scroll to the soundboard (excluding the “button” on which the neck is attached. Next, we measure the back soundboard from the “shoulder” of the violin to the bottom of the soundboard, excluding the “heel”, which protrudes at the base violin necks from the back side.

Let's look at the table data:

Using this table you can select the approximate size of the tool.

You can select a violin bow using the following parameters:

Mostly all adults play full-size violins. The most important thing in choosing is to make sure that you are comfortable playing the instrument, so that the fourth finger fits comfortably into intonation.

A violin is a living being, with character, emotions and soul. Her voice is able to play on the strings of our soul and make them thinner, opening up new, previously unknown depths in them. You can purchase these wonderful tools on our website. Available violins in our store different sizes, including an educational tool for the little ones. The price of violins in Moldova in our store fully corresponds to the declared high quality!

In our online store you can. We have the most low prices for violins in Chisinau. Acoustic violins 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 3/4, 4/4 available. Delivery is carried out throughout the country.

VIOLIN. The queen of the orchestra, the violin, is the most common bowed string instrument. "She in music is just as necessary

instrument, as in human existence"daily bread," they said about her

musicians back in the 17th century.

Violins were made in many countries around the world, but the best violin makers lived in

Italy, in the city of Cremona. Violins made by Cremonese craftsmen XVI --

18th century Amati, Guarneri and Stradivarius are still considered

unsurpassed.

The Italians sacredly guarded the secrets of their craftsmanship. They knew how to make sound

violins are especially melodious and gentle, similar to the human voice.

Not many famous Italian violins have survived to this day.

a lot, but all of them are strictly registered. They play them the best musicians peace.

The body of the violin is very elegant: with smooth curves and a thin “waist”.

On the top deck there are beautiful, f-shaped cutouts, which are called f-holes.

And the size and shape of the case, and all its smallest details, even the quality of the varnish,

with which it is covered are carefully thought out. After all, everything affects the sound of a capricious

tool. A neck is attached to the body of the violin, which ends

curl. In front of the curl, there are holes in the groove into which the pegs are inserted.

They pull the strings, which on the other hand are tightly fastened to the neck. IN

in the middle of the body, approximately between the f-holes, stands on two legs

stand. Strings pass through it. There are four of them. They are called those

sounds to which they are tuned: mi, la, re and salt or bass, counting from the most

high string.

The general range of the violin is from G minor to G fourth octave. Violinist

cheats pitch, pressing the string to the fingerboard with the fingers of your left hand. To

it was convenient to play, he puts the violin on his shoulder and holds it

chin. In his right hand he holds a bow, which he moves along the strings.

The bow is also an important detail. Character largely depends on it

sound. The bow consists of a cane or shaft, at the lower end of which

block attached. It serves to stretch the hair, which on the other

sides attached to the cane motionlessly.

If we hook the string with our finger and then let it go, the sound will quickly fade away.

The bow can be drawn along the string continuously for a long time, and

The sound will also continue continuously. Therefore, the violin is very melodious. on her

you can perform long, flowing melodies, as they sometimes say, “on one

breathing", that is, without interrupting them with pauses or caesuras.

They say that the violin sings. Indeed, its sound is similar to a reverent

methods, so-called strokes, which are used when playing the violin.

You can play not one, but two adjacent strings at once. Then they sound

two melodies. More than two sounds cannot be produced simultaneously, since

the strings are not placed flat, but on a rounded stand. However, violinists

play three and four note chords special welcome-- arpeggiato, taking

sounds not simultaneously, but one after another, quickly sliding along the strings

In an orchestra, violins are the main instruments. They are entrusted with responsibility

episodes. Remember how often orchestral pieces violins can be heard singing;

sometimes broad and calm, sometimes excited, and sometimes dramatic

tense. And in the Pizzicato Polka of the brothers Johann and Joseph Strauss and

In some other works, violins are used in a completely unusual way:

performers play them not with a bow, but by plucking the strings with their fingers, like on

plucked instruments. This technique is called pizzicato.

The violin has become very widespread as a solo instrument. For

she created a variety of works - from virtuosic etudes by Paganini to

lyrical plays by Prokofiev. Many composers have written concertos for

violins with orchestra. You've probably heard the concerts of Beethoven, Mendelssohn,

Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Glazunov, Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Khachaturian.

The history of music knows the names of famous violinists. The name is surrounded by legends

the brilliant Paganini. He was accused of witchcraft because in those days,

when he lived - in the first half of the 19th century, it was impossible to believe that an ordinary

man alone, without help magical power, can play so great