The story about the violin for children is short. How is a violin made? How many strings does it have? And other interesting facts about the violin...

There are alto and soprano violins - instruments that play in low and high registers, respectively. Also, violins can be made of wood - the so-called acoustic violins, or they can be made of metal or, in extreme cases, plastic - electric violins.

Violins, like the piano, perform equally well in both ensemble and solo playing, so there is an incalculable number of works for, and they continue to be created.

According to some sources, the Spanish fiddle is considered the progenitor of the violin. Other resources say that her ancestors were the Arab rebab and the Kazakh kobyz. At first, these instruments formed the so-called "viol", from which comes the Latin - "violin". widespread (as folk instrument) violins were received in Romania, Ukraine and Belarus.

The best violins in the world are the violins of the great, talented Italian master - Stradivarius, or rather the so-called "golden period" of his work - the late 17th - early 18th centuries. The violins he created sounded so magical and unusual that his contemporaries said that he had sold his soul to the devil. It is known that Stradivari created about 1000 violins, but only about 600 violins of the great master have survived to our times, each costing from one to three million euros.

Some interesting facts. Albert Einstein once performed in a tavern playing the violin. One journalist following this and after finding out the name of this artist wrote a note about this. Einstein kept it for himself and told everyone that he was not a great scientist. There is also a legend that while painting the Mona Lisa, Leonardo Da Vinci ordered to play the violins. It is believed that her smile is a reflection of the music.

The violin is a bowed string instrument, without which no orchestra can do. Learning to play the violin takes years of practice under the guidance of an experienced tutor.

Instruction

The birthplace of the violin is Europe. The time of birth is the thirteenth century. Before the violin found its well-known form, it was subjected to various changes and improvements. We can say that the violin has been formed for centuries, and this formation is connected with the development and evolution of music as an art. appearance classical form violin, the world owes to the Italian master Andrea Amati, who managed to achieve from the violin close to human voice timbre. The Amati violin, thanks to its strong and rich sound, entered the stage of large concert halls and became one of the most popular instruments. Another famous Italian master, Antonio Stradivari, improved the structure of the violin, which made it possible to achieve a bright sound, combined with the softness and tenderness inherent only in this instrument.

Nowadays, the violin has not lost its popularity. It is a rather complex instrument, and it is much more difficult to master playing it than, for example,. It takes several years to learn to play the violin professionally, and it is advisable to start in childhood. The sooner you start learning, the better, since the technique of playing this instrument requires great flexibility and mobility of the hands. To play the violin, it is not at all necessary to have an absolute ear for music, where harmonic hearing is more important. For its development, regular solfeggio classes will be needed.

Beyond skill musical performance, important element is the concern for the instrument itself. The violin is very weather-sensitive, strong temperature fluctuations and any changes are destructive for it. environment. It should be protected from direct sunlight, heat, moisture. It is important to choose a quality case for her. Usually choose a spacious and heat-resistant. The case must be ventilated periodically. The violin is stored in a special bag made of "breathable" fabric and regularly cleaned with soft flannel napkins. The inside of the violin is cleaned with heated oats or washed dry rice. In addition, there are a lot of factory-made violin care products. The bow is rubbed with rosin for better glide.

Take care of your violin with love, spare no effort in learning to play it and it will repay you a hundredfold - with great sound and longevity!

A violin report for children grade 5 will briefly tell you a lot useful information about this folk musical instrument.

Message about the violin

Violin- a stringed bowed musical instrument of a high register. It has folk origin, modern look acquired in the 16th century, became widespread in the 17th century.

The violin is a refined and refined musical instrument. No wonder she was given the role of the queen of the orchestra.

History of the violin for children

Violin of folk origin: its progenitors were the Spanish fidel , Arabic rebab and German company . The fusion of these instruments led to the appearance of the violin.

In the middle of the 16th century, the modern design of the violin developed in northern Italy. Until the beginning of the 17th century, the Amati family, Italy, was engaged in the manufacture of violins. The instruments were distinguished by excellent material and excellent shape. In general, Italy has firmly taken a leading position in the manufacture of violins. High Quality. At one time they were engaged in Guarneri and Stradivari, whose instruments are today valued at the highest level.

She became a solo instrument in the 17th century. The first works written for her are "Romanesca per violino solo e basso" (Marini from Brescia 1620) and "Capriccio stravagante" (Farin). The founder of the artistic game on the queen of the orchestra was A. Corelli, then Torelli, Tartini, Pietro Locatelli.

Description of the violin

The instrument has 4 strings, which are tuned in fifths - salt of a small octave, re, la of the first octave, mi of the second octave, respectively. It consists of the following parts:

• Frame. It is oval in shape with notches rounded on the sides, forming the so-called "waist" of the violin. This roundness ensures the convenience of the game. The lower and upper parts of the body (deck) are connected by shells. The lower part is made of maple, and the upper part is made of Tyrolean spruce. The top deck has 2 resonator holes (effects) that affect the timbre of the sound. In the middle of the upper part there is a stand with strings fixed on a tailpiece made of ebony strips. It expands towards the attachment of the strings. A round pin, darling, is inserted inside the resonant spruce body. It provides the resonance of the vibration of the sound.
• Vulture. This is a long piece of ebony or plastic. Its lower part is attached to a polished and rounded bar - the neck.

The composition of the varnish with which it is coated and the material of manufacture also affect the sound of the instrument.

violin sound

The violin produces a graceful and assertive sound. The timbre of the sound depends on the quality of the instrument, the choice of strings and the skill of the performer. Bass strings produce a rich, thick, harsh and austere sound. The middle strings sound soulful, soft, velvety. The upper register of the strings sounds sunny, loud and bright. The performer of works can modify the sounds, introducing his own palette of sounds.

• In 2003, Athira Krishna from India entered the Guinness Book of Records by playing the violin continuously for 32 hours.
• Playing an instrument burns 170 calories an hour.
• Before 1750 strings were made from sheep's intestines.
• The tool stimulates the brain.
• In the city of Guangzhou (southern China), the smallest violin in the world, 1 cm long, was created.

We hope that the presentation about the violin for children helped you prepare for the lesson, and you learned a lot of interesting facts about it. And your short story about the violin you can leave through the comment form below.

The violin is the most common bowed instrument, which has been incredibly popular since the 16th century as a solo and accompanying instrument in an orchestra. The violin is also called the "queen of the orchestra".

Origin of the violin

The debate about when and where this legendary musical instrument appeared does not subside to this day. Some historians suggest that the bow appeared in India, from where it came to the Arabs and Persians, and from them it already passed to Europe. In the course of musical evolution, there have been many different versions bowed instruments that influenced the modern look of the violin. Among them are the Arabic rebab, the German company and the Spanish fidel, which were born in the XIII-XV centuries. It was these instruments that became the progenitors of the two main bowed instruments - the viola and the violin. Viola came before, she was different sizes, played it while standing, holding it on their knees, and later on their shoulders. This type of playing the viola led to the appearance of the violin.

Rebab

Some sources point to the origin of the violin from the Polish instrument violin or from the Russian violin, the appearance of which dates back to the 15th century. For a long time the violin was considered a folk instrument and did not sound solo. Wandering musicians played it, and the main place of its sound was taverns and taverns.

Violin transformation

In the 16th century, violins were made Italian masters engaged in the production of violas and lutes. They dressed the instrument in perfect shape and filled the best materials. The first master who made the first modern violin, believed to be Gasparo Bertolotti. The Amati family nevertheless made the main contribution to the transformation and production of Italian violins. They made the timbre of the violin sound deeper and more delicate, and the character of the sound more multifaceted. They fulfilled the main task that the masters set themselves excellently - the violin, like the human voice, had to accurately convey emotions and feelings through music. A little later, in the same place in Italy, they worked worldwide to improve the sound of the violin. famous masters Guarneri and Stradivari, whose instruments today are valued at fortunes.

Stradivarius

In the 17th century, the violin became a solo member of the orchestral composition. In a modern orchestra, there are about 30% of violinists from total number musicians. Range and beauty of sound musical instrument are so wide that works of all genres of music are written for the violin. The great composers of the world wrote many unsurpassed masterpieces where the main solo instrument was the violin. The first work for violin was written in 1620 by the composer Marini and was called "Romanesca per violino solo e basso".

History of the violin

"And since then everyone knows about the violin family,

and it is superfluous to say or write anything about it."

M. Pretorius.

Before we start talking about the great masters who created the magic violins, let's find out where this instrument came from, why it is the way it is and, in general, what is in it that has been disturbing our minds and hearts for half a thousand years...

Now, probably, it is no longer possible to say exactly in which country and even in what century she was born. It is only known thatThe violin acquired its modern look in the 16th century and became widespread in the 17th century, thanks to the works of the great Italian masters.

The violin, as the most common bowed string instrument, is called the “queen of the orchestra” for a reason. And not only the fact that large orchestra more than a hundred musicians and one third of them are violinists, confirms this.

The expressiveness, warmth and tenderness of her timbre, the melodiousness of the sound, as well as the huge performance possibilities rightfully give her leading position, both in a symphony orchestra and in solo practice.
Of course, we all represent modern appearance violin, which was given to it by famous Italian masters, but its origin is still unclear.

This issue is still being debated to this day. There are many versions of the history of this tool. According to some reports, India is considered the birthplace of bowed instruments.

Someone suggests that China and Persia. Many versions are based on the so-called "bare facts" from literature, painting, sculpture, or on early documents confirming the origin of the violin in such and such a year, in such and such a city.

From other sources, it follows that many centuries before the appearance of the violin as such, almost every cultural ethnic group already had similar bowed instruments, and therefore it is not advisable to look for the roots of the origin of the violin in certain parts of the world.

Many researchers consider the synthesis of such instruments as the rebec, the fiddle-like guitar and the bowed lyre, which arose in Europe around the 13th-15th centuries, as a kind of prototype of the violin.

Rebec is a three-stringed bowed instrument with a pear-shaped body that smoothly passes into the neck. It has a soundboard with resonator holes in the form of brackets and a fifth system.

Rebecque came to Europe from the Middle East. It is much older than the violin, as it was already known in the twelfth century. Rebec (French rebec, Latin rebeca, rubeba; goes back to Arabic rabāb) is an ancient bowed string instrument that influenced the formation of instruments of the entire violin family. The exact origin is unknown, possibly late middle ages the Arabs brought the rebec to Spain, or the Arabs met him after the conquest of Spain.

The peak of popularity for this instrument came in the Middle Ages, as well as in the Renaissance.

At first, the rebec was a folk instrument, not a court instrument, used by jugglers, minstrels and other itinerant musicians. Later it was also used in church and secular court music. Moreover, the rebec sounded not only at secular receptions, but also at village holidays. It is also a church instrument, an invariable companion of many religious rituals. Since the fifteenth century, the rebec has been used only in folk music making.

Outwardly, the rebec looks like an elongated violin. It does not have those sharp curves that are inherent in the body of a violin. IN this case the smoothness of the lines is important. The rebec has a pear-shaped wooden body, the upper tapering part of which passes directly into the neck.

On the body there are strings with a stand, as well as resonating holes. The fretboard has frets and tuning pegs. The neck is crowned with an original curl, which is calling card rebecca. Two or three strings of the instrument are tuned in fifths.

The instrument is played with a bow that is moved along the strings. It is important to note that the use of the bow when playing the string instruments originated presumably in Asia in the ninth century and spread through Byzantium and Muslim countries throughout the territory Western Europe tenth to twelfth centuries. The rebec is one of the first instruments to be played with a bow.

The tonal range of the instrument is quite extensive - up to two octaves inclusive. This allows you to perform on the rebeck not only program works but also various improvisations. This largely explains why the rebec was so popular among the people. The tool is quite compact in size. Its total length does not exceed sixty centimeters. This allows you to easily transport the tool without worrying about bulky cases.

Of course, this once again proves the "convenience" of the tool, even in everyday life. An interesting fact is that one of the descendants of the rebec was called "pocket", which means "small pocket" in French. This instrument was so tiny that it could easily fit in a dance teacher's pocket. Then, during a rehearsal or a ball, the teacher led the party, accompanying the poke.

Rebec belongs to the class of accompanying instruments that produce sounds due to the vibration of the strings. The musician guides the strings with a bow, as a result of which the strings come into oscillating motion. This is how the sound of the instrument is born. Today, the instrument belongs to the category of rare, but not forgotten. Rebec rightfully occupies an important place in the heritage of world musical culture.

The rebec was once played in fairs, streets, but also in churches and palaces. Images of the rebec remained in the psalters, illuminated manuscripts, in the paintings of cathedrals.

The greatest artists of the Renaissance painted angels and saints who played the rebec: both Raphael and Giotto, and the “blessed angelic brother” Fra Beato Angelico…

Raphael - "The Coronation of Mary" (detail)

Giotto "The Wedding Procession of Mary" (detail)

As we can see, the tool was quite popular.Yet the Rebec's reputation seems to have been ambivalent.

Like the minstrels themselves - although a gift from God, but still there are no artists, no, and they were suspected of something bad. In some places, the rebec was lowered in rank: then they were placed in the underworld with the pagans,then they gave him into the clutches of outlandish half-humans - half-animals of a suspicious look.

Paradoxes led to the fact that although the rebec was once good enough to be played by angels and saints, so that the ears of the Blessed Virgin and the Lord God, as well as kings and queens, were delighted with his game, but not enough - for to be played and listened to by decent people.

And he became quite a street tool. And then he took it and completely disappeared.

But how did he disappear? Firstly, caring people made reconstructions in the 20th century, and secondly, maybe we feel some features of this instrument when we play the violin?

And the rebec still sounds. And we can listen to him….. Like fidel (viola).

An essential part of modern symphony orchestra. Perhaps no other instrument has such a combination of beauty, expressiveness of sound and technical mobility.

In the orchestra, the violin performs various and multifaceted functions. Very often, due to their exceptional melodiousness, violins are used for melodic "singing", for leading the main musical thought. The magnificent melodic possibilities of violins have long been discovered by composers, and have firmly established themselves in this role already among the classics of the 18th century.

Names of the violin in other languages:

• violino(Italian);
• violon(French);
• violine or Geige(German);
• violin or fiddle(English).

The most famous violin makers include such personalities as Antonio Stradivari, Niccolo Amati And Giuseppe Guarneri.

Origin, history of the violin

It has a folk origin. The progenitors of the violin were Arabic, Spanish fidel, german company, the merger of which formed .

Violin shapes set to XVI century. By this age and early XVII centuries are well-known manufacturers of violins - the Amati family. Their instruments are of excellent shape and excellent material. In general, Italy was famous for the production of violins, among which the Stradivari and Guarneri violins are currently highly valued.

The violin has been a solo instrument since the 17th century. The first works for the violin are: "Romanesca per violino solo e basso" by Marini from Brescia (1620) and "Capriccio stravagante" by his contemporary Farin. A. Corelli is considered the founder of artistic violin playing; then follow Torelli, Tartini, Pietro Locatelli (1693-1764), a student of Corelli, who developed the bravura violin playing technique.

The violin acquired its modern form in the 16th century, and became widespread in the 17th century.

violin device

The violin has four strings tuned in fifths: g, d, a, e (salt of a small octave, re, la of the first octave, mi of the second octave).

violin range from g (salt of a small octave) to a (a of the fourth octave) and higher.

Violin timbre thick in the low register, soft in the middle and shiny in the high.

violin body has an oval shape with rounded notches on the sides, forming a "waist". The roundness of the outer contours and the "waist" lines ensures the convenience of playing, in particular in high registers.

Top and bottom decks connected to each other by shells. The bottom deck is made from maple and the top deck is made from Tyrolean spruce. They both have a convex shape, forming "vaults". The geometry of the arches, as well as their thickness, to one degree or another determine the strength and timbre of the sound.

Another important factor, affecting the timbre of the violin - the height of the shells.

Two resonator holes are made in the upper deck - efs (in shape they resemble latin letter f).

In the middle of the upper soundboard there is a stand through which the strings, fixed on the tailpiece, pass. tailpiece is a strip of ebony, expanding towards the fastening of the strings. Its opposite end is narrow, with a thick vein string in the form of a loop, it is connected to a button located on the shell. Stand also affects the timbre of the instrument. It has been experimentally established that even a small shift of the stand leads to a significant change in timbre (when shifting down, the sound is muffled, while moving up, it is more piercing).

Inside the body of the violin, between the upper and lower decks, a round pin made of resonant spruce is inserted - darling (from the word "soul"). This part transmits vibrations from the top deck to the bottom, providing resonance.

Violin fretboard- a long plate of ebony or plastic. The lower part of the neck is attached to a rounded and polished bar, the so-called neck. Also, the strength and timbre of the sound of bowed instruments has big influence the material from which they are made, and the composition of the varnish.

Violin playing technique

The strings are pressed with four fingers of the left hand to the fretboard ( thumb excluded). The strings are led with a bow in the right hand of the player.

Pressing the finger against the fretboard shortens the string, thereby raising the pitch of the string. Strings that are not pressed by a finger are called open strings and are denoted by zero.

violin part written in treble clef.

violin range- from salt of a small octave to up to the fourth octave. More high sounds difficult.

From the semi-pressure, the strings in certain places are obtained harmonics. Some harmonic sounds go beyond the violin range indicated above.

The application of the fingers of the left hand is called fingering. Forefinger the hands are called the first, the middle - the second, the nameless - the third, the little finger - the fourth. position called the fingering of four adjacent fingers, spaced from one another by a tone or semitone. Each string can have seven or more positions. The higher the position, the more difficult it is. On each string, excluding fifths, they go mainly only up to the fifth position inclusive; but on the fifth or the first string, and sometimes on the second, higher positions are used - from the sixth to the twelfth.

Ways of conducting a bow have a great influence on the character, strength, timbre of sound, and indeed on phrasing.

On a violin, you can normally play two notes simultaneously on adjacent strings ( double strings), in exceptional cases - three (strong bow pressure is required), and not simultaneously, but very quickly - three ( triple strings) and four. Such combinations, mostly harmonic, are easier to perform with empty strings and more difficult without them, and are usually used in solo works.

Very common orchestral technique tremolo- fast alternation of two sounds or repetition of the same sound, creating the effect of trembling, trembling, flickering.

Reception if it's lazy(col legno), meaning the blow of the bow shaft on the string, causes a knocking, dead sound, which is also used with great success by composers in symphonic music.

In addition to playing with a bow, they use one of the fingers to touch the strings. right hand - pizzicato(pizzicato).

To attenuate or muffle the sound, use mute- a metal, rubber, rubber, bone or wooden plate with recesses in the lower part for strings, which is attached to the top of the stand or filly.

The violin is easier to play in those keys that allow greatest application empty strings. The most convenient passages are those that are composed of scales or their parts, as well as arpeggios of natural keys.

It is difficult to become a violinist in adulthood (but possible!), since finger sensitivity and muscle memory are very important for these musicians. The sensitivity of the fingers of an adult is much less than that of a young person, and muscle memory takes longer to develop. Learning to play the violin is best from the age of five, six, seven, perhaps even from an earlier age.

Famous violinists

• Arcangelo Corelli
• Antonio Vivaldi
• Giuseppe Tartini
• Jean-Marie Leclerc
• Giovanni Batista Viotti
• Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin
• Niccolo Paganini
• Ludwig Spohr
• Charles-Auguste Bériot
• Henri Vietain
• Alexey Fedorovich Lvov
• Henryk Wieniawski
• Pablo Sarasate
• Ferdinand Laub
• Joseph Joachim
• Leopold Auer
• Eugene Ysaye
• Fritz Kreisler
• Jacques Thibault
• Oleg Kagan
• George Enescu
• Miron Polyakin
• Mikhail Erdenko
• Jascha Heifetz
• David Oistrakh
• Yehudi Menuhin
• Leonid Kogan
• Henryk Schering
• Julian Sitkovetsky
• Mikhail Vayman
• Victor Tretyakov
• Gidon Kremer
• Maxim Vengerov
• Janos Bihari
• Andrew Manze
• Pinchas Zuckerman
• Itzhak Perlman

Video: Violin on video + sound

Thanks to these videos, you can get acquainted with the tool, see real game on it, listen to its sound, feel the specifics of the technique:

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