Steps in different keys in C major. Steady sounds and unstable sounds. Tonic
Sustainable sounds
listening musical composition, you probably paid attention to the fact that there are sounds that stand out from the general mass - they are, as it were, the “basis” of the melody, it would even be more accurate to say the “support” of the melody. Very often the melody begins with such sounds, and ends with them even more often. We immediately offer an example. Listen to it and pay attention to the last note. We highlighted it in red. Your task now is to hear that she is indeed the "pillar" of the melody.
Figure 1. Fragment of the melody "At the samovar..."
Did you hear? Does it really feel like this is the backbone of the melody? Like a dot at the end of a story. That's what it is stable sound.
Now a little more difficult. Look at the first note of the second bar. It is also a stable sound. Try to hear it.
Tonic
Among stable sounds, one stands out more than others. It is called tonic. In our example from the previous paragraph, the red note is the tonic.
Unstable sounds
Let's go back to the example above. Notes from the penultimate measure seem to "fall" on our red note - "support". You can hear it. Such sounds are called unstable.
Now let's listen to the first two measures. The notes of the first measure seem to fly up to the first note of the 2nd measure. And these sounds are also unstable. Try to hear it.
Permission
In both examples unstable sounds“run” to their support, strive for it. Such a transition of an unstable sound into a stable sound is called resolution. It is said that an unstable sound resolves into a stable one.
Results
You got acquainted with the tonic, stable and unstable sounds, you know that unstable sounds are resolved into stable ones.
A topic that causes difficulties not only for beginners and musicians studying solfeggio, but also for quite experienced musicians is the stability and instability of steps in music.
What is it and what is it for?
Modern music mostly relies on the musical system created during the classical music era.
Here you need to understand that there is enough a large number of music systems. You can compare it with languages - there are popular languages, there are rare ones.
The tonal system, which is the main and modern theory and is analogous in English in music. It is versatile, easy to learn and can be used for almost any style.
It is the tonal system that is built on the concept of stability and instability. At the same time, you need to understand that the well-known modes of major or minor rely on the triad as the basis of the mode.
This means that in the system of organization of sounds that tonality offers, all sounds are perceived in comparison with one triad. This triad is called tonic, since it is built on the first step of the mode. For example, if you build a triad on the first step of C major, you will get a triad of C major, etc.
Now do the following experiment.
Play the scale in C major.
Lad is a stable system of interconnection of stable and unstable sounds based on gravity. The sounds of the fret are called steps.
Stable steps - these are sounds that create a feeling of peace, not requiring further movement: I; III;V
Unstable steps - these are sounds that create a feeling of incompleteness, requiring further movement: II; IV; VI; VII
gravity is the attraction of unstable steps to stable ones.
Permission - the transition of unstable steps to stretch into stable ones: VII I II III IV V VI
Gamma - these are all steps in a row from tonic to tonic.
tetrachord - part of a scale of 4 sounds.
chanting - the environment of the stable stage is unstable.
9. Names of steps:
I-tonic (T, t)
II-upper opening sound
III-upper mediant
IV-subdominant (S, s)
V-dominant (D, d)
VI-lower mediant
VII-lower opening sound
10. The main steps of the fret - I; IV;V
The rest of the steps are called side steps.
11. Major This is a mode based on a major triad. It gives the fret a light color.
12. Types of major :
Natural(structure: TTPTTTP)
Harmonic(VI step down a semitone)
Melodic(top - as natural, down - the VI and VII steps are lowered by a semitone)
13. Major modes - these are modes, which are based on a major triad.
14. Frets folk music major mood :
Mixolydian mode- compared to natural major, low level VII.
Lydian mode- in comparison with the natural major - a high IV level.
Pentatonic- a mode in which there are no semitones in the scale.
Major pentatonic scale- compared to the natural major, steps IV and VII are missing.
Twice harmonic mode (Hungarian or Gypsy) compared to natural major, low II and VI degrees.
15. Minor - This is a mode based on a minor triad. It gives the fret a dark color.
16. The main types of minor:
Natural: building - TPTTTPTT
Harmonic: The 7th step rises by a semitone.
Melodic: the top rises VI and VII steps by a semitone, down - like a natural one.
17. Frets of minor mood - these are the modes, which are based on a minor triad.
18. Frets of folk music in a minor mood .
Dorian fret - in comparison with the natural form of the minor, a high VI step.
Phrygian fret - in comparison with the natural form of the minor, low level II.
Minor pentatonic scale- compared to the natural form of the minor, steps II and VI are missing.
Double harmonic mode(Hungarian or Gypsy) - compared to the natural form of the minor, high IV and VII steps
19. Key is the height of the fret.
20. The name of the key consists of tonic and mode.
21. To determine the tone of the piece, you need to look at key signs and then to the last sound. Usually it is a tonic or another stable step.
22.Key signs - these are sharps and flats, which are placed near the key and act on the entire piece of music and on all octaves.
23. Random signs - these are sharps, flats and becars, which are placed near the note and act only on one measure and one octave.
24. Order of key characters : F
Salt
25. To determine key characters in sharp major key, you need to find the VII step - this is the last key sharp.
26. To determine number of characters in flat major key, it is necessary to add the next key flat to the tonic, because tonic is the penultimate key sign. Exception-F-dur-si….
27. To determine the key signs in a minor key, you need to find a parallel major key.
28. Parallel are tones that have are common:
key signs
scale
Different:
29. To find parallel minor tonic tonality, it is necessary to build down m.3 from the tonic of the major
30. To find tonic of the parallel major tonality, it is necessary to build up m.3 from the tonic of the minor.
31. The same name - these are keys with a common tonic, but with various: key signs and fret.
32. Quint series - this is the arrangement of keys in pure fifths, as the number of key signs increases.
33. Fifth series of sharp keys .
T: Do Sol Re La Mi Si Fa# Do#
t: la mi si fa# do# salt# re# la#
1. Allocate in harmony sustainable (on which you can end the movement) and unstable (requires further continuation) steps . As a rule, all unstable steps are resolved (transfer) to the next stable ones in the downward direction (with the exception of VII).
Stable stages - I, III, V, unstable VII - II - IV - VI. The simultaneous combination of 3 stable steps forms tonic function.
2. In the frets, they also distinguish main And side effects steps:
Main - I
On these steps, 3 main triads are built, which are necessary for elementary accompaniment to the melody.
All other steps are called side steps. Side triads are built on them:
You can do without these triads in accompaniment, but they decorate the work, make it more expressive.
Name of fret steps:
I - tonic (basic, main) T, t
II - descending opening tone II
III - median (middle - between T and D) III or M or TD (acts as T or D)
IV - subdominant (lower dominant) S, s
V - dominant (dominant) D, d
VI - submediant (lower middle - between T and S) VI or SM or TS (acts as T or S)
VII - ascending opening tone VII
Major (from Italian, bigger, older) is a seven-step mode, between the I and III steps of which b.3.
All the notation associated with the major is written in the classical notation with capital letter : in pop-jazz - capital latin:
Major types:
Most often in musical practice, 3 types of major are used:
1) natural- it contains only key characters;
3) melodic(less common) - occurs by lowering the VI and VII steps.
2) harmonic- occurs by raising the 7th degree by ½ tone. The sound range receives an "oriental shade". Increasing this degree affects the sound of D, turning it from a minor triad to a major one.
This is the most common type of minor.
Construction rule: A) determine the key signs from the tone table and write them down after the key; b) write notes in a row along the scale from the tonic to the next tonic; V) if the scale is not natural, determine its structure from the fret table and make the necessary changes.
MODES OF FOLK MUSIC
Along with major and minor, there are other diatonic (i.e., natural) seven-step modes, called modes of folk music And(in terms of application).
Their names come from Ancient Greece, the so-called areas in this country.
Distinguish frets major And minor mood depending on what triad form I - III - V steps of these frets.
7) stands apart Locrian fret ( - "-si), which has no inclination, because I - III - V steps form a reduced triad (dissonance).
Frets are built from all sounds in accordance with the structure, for which the necessary accidentals are used.
The definition of the mode in this melody:
Find the tonic sound (either the last or the most frequent at the end of constructions);
From it, build a scale up from the sounds used in the melody, taking into account all the signs of alteration (both key and random);
According to the structure, determine the type of fret.
Pentatonic - h a string without semitones, consisting of 5 sounds. Found in the music of peoples Far East(China, Japan, Mongolia, Korea), Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Chuvashia, as well as in Scotland, Scandinavia, sometimes in country music (America).
In the pentatonic scale, the main sound (tonic) can be any sound. As a result, the following variants of it arise (according to the principle of inversion):
Major with 2 extended seconds- occurs when using 2 lower steps - II and VI (twice harmonic major).
whole tone the scale consists only of tones.
CHART OF FRETS
KEY
Key is the height at which the fret is located. The name is made up of a note, from which the scale of a given tonality and type of mode is built.
In the letter system, the word major is changed to dur, minor - to moll. The syllabic designation of the note is replaced by the corresponding Latin letter. All major notations are written with a capital letter, minor - with a small one.
The accidental signs required to form a particular key are called key(written after the key, valid throughout the work).
Accidentals that appear inside the work in addition to the key ones are called random(Act only in one measure!).
Parallel Keys - major and minor, in which the same key signs. The tonic of the parallel major is m.3 above the tonic parallel minor and vice versa.
Enharmonic equal keys - keys located at the same height (sounding the same), but different in name.
2) determining the I degree, look at the key and key signs.
3) according to the table, check the signs in 2 possible keys (major and minor), finding the right one.
