The history of writing fairy tales by Saltykov Shchedrin. "fairy tales" m

History of creation The first three tales (“The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals”, “Conscience Lost” and “ wild landlord”) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote back in 1886. By 1886 their number had increased to thirty-two. Some plans (at least six fairy tales) remained unrealized.

Genre originality In terms of genre, the tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin are similar to Russian folk tales. They are allegorical, animal characters act in them, traditional fabulous tricks: beginnings, proverbs and sayings, permanent epithets, triple repetitions. At the same time, Saltykov-Shchedrin significantly expands the circle fairy tale characters and also “individualizes them. Besides important role in the tale of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, morality plays - in this it is close to the fable genre. The story of how one man fed two generals

Allegory - allegory Beginning - A rhythmically organized joke that precedes the beginning in fairy tales. “They lived - they were ...”, “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state ...”). Proverbs and sayings - (“grandmother said in two”, “without giving a word - be strong, but having given it - hold on”). Epithet - In poetics: figurative, artistic definition. Permanent e. (V folk literature, for example, "golden heart", "white body").

The main themes The fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin are united not only by the genre, but also by common topics. 1) The theme of power (“The Wild Landowner”, “The Bear in the Voivodeship”, “Eagle-Patron”, etc.) 2) The theme of the intelligentsia (“ wise scribbler”, “Selfless Hare”, etc.) 3) Theme of the people (“The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals”, “Fool”, etc.) 4) Theme of universal vices (“Christ's Night”) Eagle-philanthropist

Problems The tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin reflect the “special pathological state” in which Russian society in the 80s XIX years century. However, they cover not only social problems(the relationship between the people and the ruling circles, the phenomenon of Russian liberalism, the reform of education), but also universal (good and evil, freedom and duty, truth and lies, cowardice and heroism). wise scribbler

Artistic Features artistic features Fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin are irony, hyperbole and grotesque. Big role in fairy tales, antithesis and philosophical reasoning also play (for example, the fairy tale “The Bear in the Voivodeship” begins with the preface: “Large and serious atrocities are often called brilliant; they don’t lead astray, but they don’t receive praise from their contemporaries either”). Bear in the province

Irony is a subtle, hidden mockery (for example, in the fairy tale “The Wise Scribbler”: “What sweetness is it for a pike to swallow an ailing, dying scribbler, and besides, a wise one?”) Hyperbole is an exaggeration (for example, in the fairy tale “The Wild Landowner”: “Thinks what kind of cows will he breed, that neither skin nor meat, but all one milk, all milk! so contrived that he even began to cook soup in a handful") Antithesis - opposition, opposite (many of them are built on the relationship of antagonist heroes: a man - a general, a hare - a wolf, a crucian - a pike)

To the genre literary fairy tale in the 19th century, many writers applied: L.N. Tolstoy, V.M. Prishvin, V.G. Korolenko, D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak. main feature fairy tales by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin lies in the fact that folk genre they are used to create an "Aesopian" narrative about the life of Russian society in the 1880s. Hence their main themes (power, intelligentsia, people) and problems (the relationship between the people and the ruling circles, the phenomenon of Russian liberalism, the reform of education). Borrowing from Russian folk tales images (especially animals) and techniques (beginnings, proverbs and sayings, constant epithets, triple repetitions), M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin develops the satirical content inherent in them. At the same time, irony, hyperbole, grotesque, and other artistic techniques serve the writer to denounce not only social, but also universal human vices. That is why the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin have been popular with the Russian reader for many decades.

A brief analysis of Saltykov-Shchedrin's fairy tale "The Wild Landowner": idea, problems, themes, image of the people

The fairy tale “The Wild Landowner” was published by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in 1869. This work is a satire on the Russian landowner and the common Russian people. In order to circumvent censorship, the writer chose specific genre"fairy tale", within which a notorious fable is described. In the work, the author does not give his heroes names, as if hinting that the landowner is collective image all landowners in Rus' in the 19th century. And Senka and the rest of the men are typical representatives of the peasant class. The theme of the work is simple: the superiority of the industrious and patient people over mediocre and stupid nobles, expressed in an allegorical manner.

Problems, features and meaning of the fairy tale "The Wild Landowner"

Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin are always distinguished by simplicity, irony and artistic details, using which the author can absolutely accurately convey the character of the character “And that landowner was stupid, he read the Vesti newspaper and his body was soft, white and crumbly”, “he lived and looked happy at the light”.

The main problem in the fairy tale "The Wild Landowner" is the problem of the difficult fate of the people. The landowner in the work appears as a cruel and ruthless tyrant who intends to take away the last from his peasants. But having heard the prayers of the peasants about a better life and the desire of the landowner to get rid of them forever, God fulfills their prayers. The landowner ceases to be disturbed, and the "muzhiks" get rid of oppression. The author shows that in the world of the landowner, the creators of all goods were the peasants. When they disappeared, he himself turned into an animal, overgrown, stopped eating normal food, since all the products disappeared from the market. With the disappearance of the men, the bright one left, rich life, the world has become uninteresting, dull, tasteless. Even the pastimes that had brought pleasure to the landowner before - playing pulca or watching a play in the theater - no longer seemed so tempting. The world is empty without the peasantry. Thus, in the fairy tale “The Wild Landowner” the meaning is quite real: the upper strata of society oppress and trample the lower ones, but at the same time they cannot remain at their illusory height without them, since it is the “serfs” who provide the country, but their master is nothing but problems, unable to provide.

The image of the people in the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin

The people in the work of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin are hard-working people, in whose hands any business “argues”. Thanks to them, the landowner always lived in abundance. The people appear before us not just a weak-willed and reckless mass, but smart and insightful people: “The peasants see: although they have a stupid landowner, they have a great mind.” Also, the peasants are endowed with such important quality like a sense of justice. They refused to live under the yoke of the landowner, who imposed unfair and sometimes insane restrictions on them, and asked God for help.

The author himself treats the people with respect. This can be seen in the contrast between how the landowner lived after the disappearance of the peasantry and during its return: “And suddenly again there was a smell of chaff and sheepskins in that district; but at the same time, flour, and meat, and all kinds of living creatures appeared in the market, and so many taxes were received in one day that the treasurer, seeing such a pile of money, only threw up his hands in surprise ... ”, - it can be argued that the people are driving force society, the foundation on which the existence of such "landlords" is based, and they certainly owe their well-being to a simple Russian peasant. This is the meaning of the finale of the fairy tale "The Wild Landowner".

A special place in the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin is occupied by fairy tales with their allegorical images, in which the author managed to say more about Russian society in the 60-80s of the XIX century than the historians of those years. Saltykov-Shchedrin writes these fairy tales “for children fair age”, that is, for an adult reader, according to the mind of a child who needs to open his eyes to life. A fairy tale, in its simplicity of form, is accessible to any, even an inexperienced reader, and therefore is especially dangerous for those who are ridiculed in it.
The main problem of Shchedrin's fairy tales is the relationship between the exploiters and the exploited. The writer created a satire on tsarist Russia. The reader is confronted with images of rulers (“The Bear in the Voivodeship”, “The Eagle-Maecenas”), exploiters and exploited (“The Wild Landowner”, “The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals”), townsfolk (“ wise gudgeon”, “Dried vobla”).
The fairy tale "The Wild Landowner" is directed against everything social order based on exploitation, anti-people in its essence. Keeping the spirit and style of the folk tale, the satirist speaks of real events his contemporary life. The work begins as ordinary fairy tale: “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived a landowner ...” But immediately an element appears modern life: "and that landowner was stupid, he read the newspaper" Vest "". “Vest” is a reactionary-feudal newspaper, so that the stupidity of the landowner is determined by his worldview. The landowner considers himself a true representative of the Russian state, its support, he is proud that he is a hereditary Russian nobleman, Prince Urus-Kuchum-Kildibaev. The whole point of his existence is to pamper his body, "soft, white and crumbly." He lives at the expense of his peasants, but he hates them and is afraid, he cannot stand the “servant spirit”. He rejoices when, in some fantastic whirlwind, all the peasants were blown away, and the air became pure, pure in his domain. But the peasants disappeared, and such a famine set in that it was impossible to buy anything at the market. And the landowner himself went completely wild: “All of him, from head to toe, was overgrown with hair ... and his nails became like iron. He stopped blowing his nose a long time ago, but he walked more and more on all fours. I even lost the ability to utter articulate sounds...”. In order not to die of hunger when the last gingerbread was eaten, the Russian nobleman began to hunt: he would notice a hare - “like an arrow jumping off a tree, clinging to its prey, tearing it apart with its nails, yes, with all the insides, even with the skin, it will eat. The savagery of the landowner testifies that he cannot live without the help of the peasant. After all, it was not for nothing that as soon as the “swarm of peasants” was caught and put in place, “flour, meat, and all kinds of living creatures appeared in the bazaar.”
The stupidity of the landowner is constantly emphasized by the writer. The peasants themselves were the first to call the landowner stupid, the representatives of other classes called the landowner three times stupid (three-fold repetition technique): the actor Sadovsky (“However, brother, you are a stupid landowner! Who gives you a stupid wash?”) Generals, whom he instead of “beef -ki ”he treated me to printed gingerbread and candy (“However, brother, you are a stupid landowner!”) And, finally, the police captain (“You are stupid, mister landowner!”). The stupidity of the landowner is visible to everyone, and he indulges in unrealizable dreams that without the help of the peasants he will achieve the prosperity of the economy, reflects on the English machines that will replace the serfs. His dreams are ridiculous, because he cannot do anything on his own. And only once did the landowner think: “Is he really a fool? Is it possible that the inflexibility that he so cherished in his soul, translated into ordinary language, means only stupidity and madness? If we compare the well-known folk tales about the gentleman and the peasant with the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin, for example, with The Wild Landowner, we will see that the image of the landowner in Shchedrin's fairy tales is very close to folklore, and the peasants, on the contrary, differ from fairy tales. In folk tales, a man is quick-witted, dexterous, resourceful, defeats a stupid master. And in "The Wild Landowner" there is a collective image of workers, breadwinners of the country and at the same time patient martyrs-sufferers. So, modifying the folk tale, the writer condemns the people's long-suffering, and his tales sound like a call to rise to the struggle, to renounce the slavish worldview.

From the literature of the second half of the XIX century

M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Fairy tales: “The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals”, “The Wild Landowner”, “The Wise Scribbler”

outstanding achievement last decade creative activity Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826-1889) is the book "Tales", which includes thirty-two works. This is one of the brightest and most popular creations of the great satirist. With a few exceptions, fairy tales were created over four years (1883-1886), at the final stage creative way writer. The fairy tale is only one of the genres of the work of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, but it is organically close artistic method satire.

In the situation of government reaction, fairy tale fiction to some extent served as a means of artistic disguise for the most acute ideological and political ideas of the satirist. Shape Approximation satirical works To folk tale also opened the way for the writer to a wider readership. In this form, the most accessible the masses and loved by them, he, as it were, pours all the ideological and thematic richness of his satire and creates a kind of small satirical encyclopedia for the people.

Individual fairy tales by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin were reprinted in metropolitan and provincial publications, and those from fairy tales that were banned tsarist censorship(“Bear in the Voivodeship”, “Eagle-philanthropist”, “Dried vobla”, etc.), were distributed in illegal publications - Russian and foreign.

The tales "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals" and "The Wild Landowner" were first published in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1869. "The Wise Scribbler" in 1883 was published in the Geneva newspaper "The Common Cause" under the editorial heading "Tales for children of a fair age", without a signature. In Russia, this tale was first published in the journal Otechestvennye Zatsiski in 1884 in a publication under the general title "Tales".

/ / / The history of the creation of the fairy tale by Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Piskar"

Fairy tale form before M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin used many different writers. And, despite the fact that the writer's work is diverse in terms of genre, it is fairy tales that are most widely used. There were 32 of them in total. Fairy tales were a kind of outcome of the life of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. In them he reflected everything actual problems of that time, satirically describing them.

When writing "The Wise Scribbler", the writer chooses the form of a fairy tale, because it was it that was most suitable for the author's purposes: in simple and understandable form show satire on the liberal intelligentsia.

The writer sets himself a certain task: to reveal the problem of contemporary society, as well as to teach people to do the right thing. Main function, according to Saltykov-Shchedrin, - educational.

The satirically directed fairy tale was created in December 1882 - January 1883. The period of writing a work is a rather difficult time in the country. This is the time of various reactions and terror that reigned after the encroachment on Tsar Alexander II. Spiritual terror, oppression of the intelligentsia - this is what caused the writing of many fairy tales by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Having written his work, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wants to make people think about honor and dignity, about true and false wisdom. The writer gave to think about the meaning of life and the cost.

For the first time, Shchedrin's work was published in 1883 in the foreign newspaper Common Cause anonymously and without any signature in the section "Tales for children of a fair age."

Soon after the release in the newspaper "The Wise Scribbler" and some other works were published as collections and separate brochures.

Here, in 1883, the brochure “Three Tales for Children of a Fair Age. N. Shchedrin”, which included “The Wise Scribbler”, “The Selfless Hare” and “The Poor Wolf”. This pamphlet was republished in 1890 and 1895, and in 1903 it was printed in Berlin by G. Steinitz as the 69th edition of the Collection of the Best Russian Works.

However, in 1883, the Public Benefit hectography published the pamphlets Fairy Tales for Children of a Fair Age. M.E. Saltykov", which included the following works: "The Wise Scribbler", "The Selfless Hare", "The Poor Wolf". This edition for 1883 was issued 8 times. Because of the censorship ban, the underground distribution of fairy tales was frequent.

After its publication in Otechestvennye Zapiski, it was withdrawn according to the rules of censorship. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin tries three times to officially publish his creation, but he fails.

Only in 1906 did he publish a fairy tale, but in a softened form. This edition had the title: "Small fish, but better than a big cockroach."

Thus, the difficult living conditions in the country caused the writing of the fairy tale "The Wise Piskar". They were the reason for the difficult publication this work. Despite the fact that the censorship did not want to let go to print satirical tale, it went underground and was widely distributed.