Types of ethnic groups clan tribe nation. Historical types of ethnic communities

The specificity of the sociological approach to the study of ethnic groups lies, first of all, in the fact that, unlike ethnography, which has a pronounced historical and descriptive nature, in sociology ethnic communities are considered as elements of the social structure of society, in close connection with other social groups - classes, strata , territorial communities and various social institutions. In this regard, the problem of ethnic stratification arises as an independent topic, since ethnicity, nationality in the modern world, especially in our country, is an important indicator social position individual and his ethnic group as a whole. In addition, ethnic groups and relationships are analyzed within the framework of a conceptual model accepted in sociology, expressing the relationship of three main levels - culture, social system and personality. In other words, the life activity of an ethnic group is considered within the framework of system-structural concepts, and the ethnic community as one of the subsystems of society as a whole is in connection and relationships with other social subsystems and social institutions.

The peculiarities of the culture and life of various ethnic groups are the subject of close study by ethnographers. In sociology, ethnographic material is used by scientists to construct general theoretical concepts and typologies.

It should be noted that until recently, sociologists had little interest in the study of ethnic groups, which usually belonged to the area of ​​so-called “social problems”, which have a purely applied, practical significance, and not scientific-cognitive. Over the past 20-30 years the situation has changed radically. Due to a number of reasons - economic, political, sociocultural, psychological, demographic, etc., issues of studying national-ethnic relations in the modern world have acquired such relevance and significance that this issue has become the object of large-scale research. The wave of national-ethnic conflicts that have swept across the world in recent decades has prompted sociologists, as well as representatives of other social sciences, to build new explanations for the phenomenon of national-ethnic relations, which seemed to many scientists resolved and explained, since the process of formation of national states in the leading countries of the world was completed. Exacerbation of national-ethnic processes in countries former USSR can be considered as an integral part of this worldwide process of “return to ethnicity,” although here it certainly has its own characteristics.

It is customary to distinguish three main types of ethnic groups - tribe, nationality and nation, which differ in the level of development of culture, economy, knowledge, etc.

Tribe

- this is a kind of association of people that is inherent in primitive formations and is characterized by consanguineous ties between people. A tribe is formed on the basis of several clans or clans, leading common origin from one ancestor. People are also united into a tribe by common religious beliefs– fetishism, totemism, etc., the presence of a common spoken dialect, the beginnings of political power (council of elders, leaders, etc.), common territory of residence. The leading form of economic activity at this historical stage was hunting and gathering.

Nationality

differs from a tribal organization in a higher level of economic development, the formation of a certain economic structure, and the presence of folklore, that is, folk culture in the form of myths, tales, rites and customs. A nationality has an already formed language (written), a special way of life, religious consciousness, institutions of power, and self-awareness, expressed in its name. More than a hundred different nationalities lived on the territory of the former USSR, administratively and territorially assigned to autonomous republics and districts. Many of them remain part of the Russian Federation.

Process of creation nation

As the most developed form of an ethnic group, it occurs during the period of the final formation of statehood, the widespread development of economic ties in the territory previously occupied by several nationalities, general psychology(national character), special culture, language and writing, developed ethnic identity. Separated nations create states. In Europe, this process took place during the transition from feudalism to capitalism and finally ended during the creation of a mature capitalist economy and the creation of a national culture in the main countries of the European continent - France, Germany, Spain, etc. In Russia, a similar process of nation formation began in the pre-revolutionary period, but it did not receive its natural conclusion, it was interrupted October Revolution, after which the national question began to be resolved from the perspective of Marxist-Leninist ideology, within the framework of a totalitarian system of power.

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26. Subject of ethnosociology. Types of ethnic groups - tribe, nationality, nation. Signs of a nation.

Ethnic communities occupy a prominent place in social life. Ethnos ethnonym

consanguineous

Family - the smallest consanguineous group of people related by common origin (grandmother, grandfather, father, mother, children).

Several families entering into an alliance form genus. Clans were united into clans

Clan - a group of blood relatives bearing the name of an alleged ancestor. The clan maintained common ownership of the land, blood feud, and mutual responsibility. As relics of primitive times, they remained in some areas of Scotland, among the American Indians, in Japan and China. Several clans united to form tribe.

Tribe - more high shape organizations covering big number genera and clans. Tribes have their own language or dialect, territory, formal organization (chief, tribal council), and common ceremonies. Their number reached tens of thousands of people.

In the course of further cultural and economic development, the tribes were transformed into nationalities, and those - at higher stages of development - in the nation.

Nationality - an ethnic community that occupies a place on the ladder of social development between tribes and the nation. Nationalities emerge during the era of slavery and represent a linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community. A nation is larger in number than a tribe; consanguineous ties do not cover the entire nation; their significance is not so great.

Nation - an autonomous political grouping not limited by territorial boundaries, whose members are committed to common values ​​and institutions. Representatives of one nation no longer have a common ancestor and common origin. They do not necessarily have to have a common language or religion.

So, the following ethnic communities have emerged in history: tribe, nationality and nation.

Prerequisite The formation of an ethnic group is a common territory, which creates conditions for close communication and unification of people. However, then diasporas (dispersion) are formed, although the ethnic groups retain their identity. Another important condition for the formation of an ethnic group is a common language. But the greatest importance is the unity of spiritual culture, values, norms, patterns of behavior, traditions and associated socio-psychological characteristics of consciousness.

Ethnic groups self-replicate through internal marriages and through socialization and the creation of national statehood. Thus, society is individuals taken in stable, regular and institutionalized connections and interactions. They are united unified system social institutions and communities that ensure the satisfaction of people's vital interests.

27. The concept of ethnicity. Prerequisites, features and stages of the formation of the Russian ethnos.

Ethnos - this is a historically established stable set of people who have common features and characteristics of culture, social psychology, and ethnic identity. The external form of expression of an ethnic group is ethnonym , i.e. self-name (Russians, Germans).

Ethnic communities are also called consanguineous . These include clans, tribes, nationalities, nations, families, and clans.

Russian ethnicity

Russians- an East Slavic people living mainly in Russia, and also making up a significant proportion of the population of Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Lithuania, Moldova, Transnistria, Turkmenistan. They speak Russian as an eastern subgroup of the Slavic group of the Indo-European language family. Russians are tied up general history, culture and ethnic background.

The number of Russians in the world currently amounts to about 145 million, of which 116 million are in Russia (2002), which is 79.8% of the country's total population. The most widespread religion among Russian believers is Orthodox Christianity.

The specificity of the sociological approach to the study of ethnic groups lies, first of all, in the fact that, unlike ethnography, which has a pronounced historical and descriptive nature, in sociology ethnic communities are considered as elements of the social structure of society , in close connection with other social groups - classes, strata, territorial communities and various social institutions. In this regard, the problem of ethnic stratification arises as an independent topic, since ethnicity, nationality in the modern world, especially in our country, is an important indicator of the social position of an individual and his ethnic group as a whole. In addition, ethnic groups and relationships are analyzed within the framework of a conceptual model accepted in sociology, which expresses the relationship between three main levels - culture, social system and personality. In other words, the life activity of an ethnic group is considered within the framework of systemic-structural concepts, and the ethnic community - as one of the subsystems of society as a whole, is in connection and relationships with other social subsystems and social institutions.

The peculiarities of the culture and life of various ethnic groups are the subject of close study by ethnographers. In sociology, ethnographic material is used by scientists to construct general theoretical concepts and typologies.

It should be noted that until recently, sociologists had little interest in the study of ethnic groups, which usually belonged to the area of ​​so-called “social problems”, which have a purely applied, practical significance, and not scientific-cognitive. Over the past 20-30 years, the situation has changed radically. Due to a number of reasons - economic, political, sociocultural, psychological, demographic, etc., issues of studying national-ethnic relations in the modern world have acquired such relevance and significance that this issue has become the object of large-scale research -niy. The wave of national-ethnic conflicts that swept across the world in recent decades prompted sociologists, as well as representatives of other social sciences, to build new explanations for the phenomenon of national-ethnic relations, which seemed to many scientists resolved and explained, since the process of formation of nation states in the leading countries of the world was completed. The aggravation of national-ethnic processes in the countries of the former USSR can be considered as an integral part of this worldwide process of “return to ethnicity,” although here it certainly has its own characteristics.

It is customary to distinguish three main types of ethnic groups - tribe, nationality and nation, which differ from each other in the level of development of culture, economy, knowledge, etc.

Tribe- this is a kind of association of people that is inherent in primitive formations and is characterized by consanguineous ties between people. A tribe is formed on the basis of several clans or clans, leading a common descent from one ancestor. People are also united in a tribe by common religious beliefs - fetishism, totemism, etc., the presence of a common spoken dialect, the beginnings of political power (council of elders, leaders, etc.), common territory of residence. The leading form of economic activity at this historical stage was hunting and gathering.

Nationality differs from a tribal organization in a higher level of economic development, the formation of a certain economic structure, and the presence of folklore, that is, folk culture in the form of myths, tales, rites and customs. A nationality has an already formed language (written), a special way of life, religious consciousness, institutions of power, and self-awareness, expressed in its name. More than a hundred different nationalities lived on the territory of the former USSR, administratively and territorially assigned to autonomous republics and districts. Many of them remain part of the Russian Federation.

Process of creation nation, as the most developed form of an ethnic group, occurs during the period of the final formation of statehood, the widespread development of economic ties in the territory previously occupied by several nationalities, general psychology (national character), a special culture, language and writing, and developed ethnic self-awareness. Nations that come together create states. In Europe, this process took place during the transition from feudalism to capitalism and finally ended during the creation of a mature capitalist economy and the creation of a national culture in the main countries of the European continent - France, Germany, Spain, etc. In Russia, a similar process The formation of nations began in the pre-revolutionary period, but it did not receive its natural completion and was interrupted by the October Revolution, after which the national question began to be resolved from the positions of Marxist-Leninist ideology, within the framework of a totalitarian system of power.

Of the three mentioned types of ethnicity, sociologists pay primary attention to the study of nations and national relations, since this type of ethnicity predominates in the modern world, including on the territory of our country. Therefore, in the sociological literature, the terms “ethnic” and “national” are often used as synonyms or in the phrase “national-ethnic”.

Ethnographers studying the life and culture of various ethnic groups today argue about whether living on a common territory is an essential feature of an ethnic community. It is known from world practice that representatives of any ethnic group do not always live in the same territory and form a separate state. Quite often it happens that representatives of one ethnic group can live in the territories of other states and ethnic groups (indigenous nations), while maintaining the characteristic features of their ethnic group - customs, traditions, behavioral stereotypes, not to mention a common language. Therefore, in fact, there are no states in the world within whose borders only representatives of one ethnic group would live. Even within the framework of European mononational states - France, Germany, Sweden, etc., representatives of different ethnic groups live within the boundaries of one political entity. Count "nationality" in many Western countries is not used at all, they talk about French, German, American, etc. citizenship, and not about nationality, since the national and political characteristics of the ethnic community coincide here. -The term “American,” for example, means not so much ethnicity as citizenship.

All components of the social structure of society are mediated by man:

• - ethnic and demographic components are rooted in the biotic nature of the individual and represent the biotic in the social;
• - settlement and stratification components - are objectively social, that is, generated in the civilizational field and developed as a result of the division of labor and the emergence various forms and types of activities.

Let us consider the social structure of society, starting from the tribal stage of its formation, that is, from ethnic origin - clan, tribe, representing the original social communities.

The demographic structure of society was already secondary, that is, it represented the social stratification of the ethnic group.

Ethnic structure of society. Clan, tribe, nationality, nation.

Rod and tribe. The first, specifically human form of community that replaced the herd way of life was the clan. The clan represented an association of blood relatives who had a common origin, common customs and beliefs.

Genus was the first social formation in the history of society, as it developed on two levels - ethnic and social, which determined the birth of a family, human reproduction, teaching and raising children, caring for the elderly. The clan was multifunctional, having laid the foundations of the craft in the process of hunting and fishing, inventing and making devices for them, processing the spoils, and arranging places of residence.

Necessary conditions for the existence of the clan were communal ownership of a certain territory with hunting (fishing) grounds and their protection from external attacks. Distribution in the clan was egalitarian, labor productivity was primitive.

A higher form of community of people then historical time the tribe appeared.

Tribe . - association of several genera. Like the clan, the tribe was based on consanguineous ties. However, the emergence of tribes marked the beginning of the dismemberment of a single multifunctional clan community. The tribe carried out only part of the socially significant functions related to maintaining customs, strengthening faith, protecting the territory, and the language of communication, while the tribal community remained the economic unit. This fact marked the beginning of the separation of the ethnic social community - the tribe - from direct economic functions. With the emergence of the family (couple living), a tendency towards isolation appeared family relations, the tendency to separate consanguineous ties from ethnic ones.

Nationality - a higher form of social association than a tribe, which is a historically established linguistic, territorial, economic and spiritual community.

The need for intertribal economic and spiritual ties, population migration, and the struggle for territory contributed to the formation of a tribal union. Private property arose, stronger tribes dictated their terms to the weaker ones, class division began, consanguineous ties gave way to territorial ones, and a new social community emerged - a nationality. The nationality has evolved historically for quite a long time. Its basis was a higher mode of production, economic, spiritual, linguistic and territorial community of life. The formation of states also contributed to the strengthening of the nationality, although in the process of historical development they may not have coincided both territorially and in language. For example, France - Belgium, Sweden - Norway, Rus' - White Rus' - Little Rus'.

The people did not have an integrated economic life; subsistence farming predominated.

Nation. The formation of a nation is historical. It developed through interconnected processes of forming its own territory, establishing and developing economic relations, national language, legal framework, state, mentality, culture. With the development of society and the state, economic and spiritual ties gradually strengthened, a national market emerged, economic fragmentation was eliminated, and disparate elements of a separate nationality were united into a single social whole: nationalities developed into nations.

Historically, the emergence of nations does not have a single basis. Some nations on the planet arose as a result of transformations within one nationality (the Swedes, the British and some other European peoples), others - by uniting into a nation a number of nationalities generally similar in language and culture (the French nation was formed as a result of the merger of the Northern French and Provencal nationalities). European nations are characterized by their formation within centralized states on the basis of one or several ethnically similar nationalities, but some of them developed under conditions political fragmentation(Italians, Germans). In the East and South-East of Europe, the formation of nations took place within multi-ethnic empires (Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman).

Nation - unique history education humanity. The uniqueness of a nation is determined by its geographical and historical environment, mentality, unique economic development, way of life, traditions, culture, and government structure. A special image of spirituality, morality, national character and self-awareness is being formed. However, there are no nations similar in all respects on the planet, although they may be in close territorial proximity, like Russians and Belarusians, Hungarians and Austrians, Turks and Bulgarians, Czechs and Slovaks. But geographical proximity only emphasizes national characteristics, and does not erase them.

Signs of a nation. First sign- community of territory.

Community of territory is an important feature of a nation, since territory is the formal space for people in which they historically live and carry out activities. Such concepts as “homeland”, “fatherland”, “country”, “state” are essential in the territorial unity of a nation, but with their own conceptual specificity. At the same time, the residence of people in the same territory does not in itself consolidate them into a single nation. A unique example in Recent history, demonstrating the declarative nature of territorial unity - this is the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), as well as the Union of Independent States (CIS) - a non-confederal association of part of the republics of the former USSR. " Soviet people", "one nation", declared by the Soviet political system, its Communist Party, never became one, and the CIS states, after the collapse of the USSR, still do not find a common understanding on many parameters of social structure and life, although constitutionally they lived on the same territory. It is also appropriate to recall the fact that East Slavic tribes, and then nationalities, occupied the territory of the European part of our country for a long time, nevertheless, the formation of Russian and Ukrainian nations occurred only in recent centuries, and the formation of the Belarusian nation could only be completed in the 20s. XX century

Second sign- commonality of language.

The national language is the speech and administrative language of the people, understandable to the entire nation, entrenched in literature and jurisprudence. Only a linguistic community ensures a full-fledged economic, managerial, scientific, pedagogical, defense and other life of the country.

However, it must be borne in mind that several peoples may have the same language, but they do not constitute a nation: Austria - Germany, Spain - Argentina, France - partially Belgium and Canada. The commonality of language is considered in conjunction with other characteristics of a nation.

Third sign- community of economic life.

This is an essential feature of a nation. The point is not that the nation produces any single product, but that the industrial and economic specialization of the country’s regions, the strengthening of financial and trade relations within the state contribute to the unity of the nation, the strengthening of its international situation, strengthening defense capabilities, etc. According to its Constitution, Russia included 89 subjects of the Russian Federation. Currently, the process of consolidation of the subjects of the Federation is taking place. According to the results of nationwide referendums in the constituent entities of the Federation, the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug were united into the Perm Territory; Irkutsk region and Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug in Irkutsk region; Chita region and Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug into the Trans-Baikal Territory, several more federal unification processes are in the process of being resolved. Each subject of the Federation has its own economic characteristics that allow them to participate in the planned economic life of the country. Specialization of regions in economic sphere public life allows the state to build a unified economic policy that meets national needs and interests.

Fourth sign- common features of mentality and culture.

The mentality of a nation is a historical phenomenon; it is a reflection in the consciousness of the people of the peculiarities of their existence and the entire system of relations. Mentality represents the measure of a nation's spiritual values. It is manifested in the peculiarities of its national character, state structure, morals, customs, traditions, habits, inclinations; reflected in music, in songs, in dances, in painting, in literature, in architecture, in language, in all kinds and types of activities. A special role belongs to national identity, which is formed throughout the history of the formation and development of a nation, allowing people to proudly identify themselves in the national “We”. The value-based self-awareness of a nation is essentially love for its Motherland, an internal civic position, a willingness to serve and defend the Fatherland with valor, and the main thing is a satisfied sense of self-difference from other nations: for example, the Germans have pedantry, the Americans have superiority, Norwegians - thoroughness. We, the Russians, have an inflexibility bordering on complaisance, a revival of the right of long ago, and historical conciliarity. Regarding culture, it is necessary to note the fact that it reflects the best in a nation. The culture of a nation is the value that it has created over its history in all spheres of public life and is passed down with dignity from generation to generation. In this regard, Russia has something to be proud of: we were the first to conquer outer space, carry out a thermonuclear reaction, create icebreaker fleet, developed rocket technology and zero-gravity production technology, developed seaplane manufacturing, implemented laser ranging, founded the world's leading schools of ballet, chess, figure skating, sports dances on ice, etc.

Fifth sign- unity of legal norms, statehood.

Law in its essence is a historical phenomenon. It arose along with the birth of society, the formation of the state and developed as national independence was formed, in accordance with national characteristics, government structure and government. Law includes two levels - natural and positive. Natural law is objectified by the triad: formal equality, freedom and justice. Positive law represents legal dogma or law. A nation is a complex historical entity that requires substantive legal and state support, without which its formation and development seems very problematic. The natural right of people whose nationality is fixed within the borders of the state comes to the fore. From the point of view of establishing formal equality, each representative of the nation has the same opportunity to realize their needs and abilities. Equality is the legal principle of the state formation of a nation, the national structure of the state, the norm of behavior of free individuals. With regard to freedom - the second criterion of natural law, this is a nationwide awareness by people of the extent of what is necessary. Freedom is a form of government of a nation, a form of national structure of a state. In terms of justice - the third criterion of natural law, every individual, every subject of a national community, the nation as a whole uses this property of law to consolidate what is valuable and significant in the national-state structure. The state must act as a guarantor of formal equality, freedom and justice for the entire nation. Natural law is reflected in positive law - legal norms, legal acts of the state: constitution, laws, decrees, regulations, which contribute to both comprehensive national development, as well as the holistic functioning of spheres of social life: economics and ecology, management and pedagogy, science and art, medicine and physical culture, defense and public security, including a wide range of intranational relations.

Conclusion: nation- is a social community that historically arises on the basis of a common economic life, language, territory, government structure, legal norms, mentality, and culture.

The difference between a nation and a nationality is that it is a more stable social community, and stability is given to it, first of all, by the state, economic and legal factors.

In everyday speech, with the word populated we characterize a place or territory in which many people live, for example, a densely populated country, and with the word “population” we characterize the people living in a given place, on a given territory. In demography, the term “population” is close to the interpretation of this word in everyday language. The concept of “population” has long been associated with the concept of “territory”: population is understood, first of all, as a set of people living simultaneously in any territory. Thus, population can be considered the population of the entire Earth or part of the world, a state or a geographical area. From the point of view of demographic research, the population of an individual country is of greatest importance.

The concept of the population of a state coincides in form with the concept of the people of the state, but in content these are different categories. One of the criteria for being classified as a particular people is residence in the corresponding area (or at least origin from that area), but a people is historically linked together not only by territory, but also by a common history, language, material and spiritual culture.

The globe is inhabited by many peoples ( ethnic groups), located at various stages of socio-economic and cultural development. Ethnic groups are historically established stable groups of people in certain territories who have a common language and common relatively stable cultural characteristics.

Historically, the earliest type of ethnic group is the tribe. In the process of decomposition of the primitive communal system, the new form ethnicity - nationality. The first nations were formed during the slave era. The process of formation of nationalities developed especially widely during the period of feudalism. With the development of capitalist relations and the strengthening of economic and cultural ties, the disunity characteristic of nationalities is eliminated, and they cease to exist in the nation.

Nations are distinguished by a stable commonality of territory, economy and culture, common language, general features national character, clear ethnic identity.

But the three-member division of ethnic groups (tribe - nationality - nation) with the division of nations does not reflect the entire diversity of forms existing on Earth ethnic communities. The picture is complicated by the transitional transitions that exist in many countries (especially in immigration countries). ethnic groups- immigrants, as well as their descendants, who were partially assimilated by the main nation. They have not yet completely broken away from the people of their native country and have not completely merged into the ethnic group of the country that adopted them (such groups include, for example, Germans, Swedes, Italians, etc. in the USA and Canada). Peculiar “border” groups are also formed in the zone of ethnic borders, where two or more peoples come into contact. A characteristic feature of all these groups is the presence of double ethnic identity.

Among the processes of ethnic unification, consolidation, assimilation, interethnic integration and ethnogenetic mixing are distinguished. Sometimes ethnic development is complex nature, and these processes occur simultaneously.

Consolidation is the merging of several related ethnic groups (tribes, nationalities) into a larger nation or the further unification of an established nation as it develops socio-economically and culturally. In the first case we are talking about inter-ethnic consolidation, in the second - intra-ethnic. Interethnic consolidation accelerates in the case of close kinship between peoples and the similarity of their languages ​​and culture. This process has happened or is happening in many countries around the world.

Within any nation there are groups that retain some differences from the main ethnic group. Such groups, called ethnographic(nowadays they are often called subethnic groups), are isolated parts of a nationality or nation, the culture and way of life of which retain some characteristics (they have their own dialects or dialects, have specific material and spiritual culture, may differ religiously, etc.). Ethnographic groups are often formed when a nationality or nation assimilates a foreign group.

Groups that differ from the main part of the ethnic group in religious terms are identified. For example, within many of the consolidating nations of Asia and Africa.

There are also communities that embrace an entire group of peoples, the so-called meta-ethnic, or supra-ethnic, communities. They unite several peoples who have acquired elements of a common identity based on ethno-genetic proximity or long-term cultural interaction, and in a class society, on political ties. Such communities include, for example, Slavic, Roman, Mongolian and other peoples, close not only in languages, but also to a certain extent in culture and way of life.

Ethno-confessional meta-ethnic communities developed mainly in the feudal era. For example, Hinduism had a huge influence on the entire social and cultural life of the multilingual peoples of South Asia.

Determining the national composition of the population in various countries of the world, as noted by S.I. Brooke, the matter is complex: because in connection with the development of the processes of assimilation and consolidation in many countries there are quite large groups of the population with transitional forms of culture and national identity. In addition, it is necessary to establish what this or that population group represents: is it a people (ethnic group), part of the people (subethnic group, ethnographic group), a group of peoples (meta-ethnic community) or some other community (political, racial, religious, etc.).

Population registration, as we have already noted, is carried out in most countries of the world. However, in many censuses (which in some countries are regularly conducted with late XVIII — early XIX V.) National composition population is either not determined at all or is not determined reliably enough.

At first, when the concept of “nationality” had not yet been formulated, the tasks of censuses were reduced to recording the languages ​​of the population. Before the First World War, the question of language was included in a number of census programs multinational countries Europe (Belgium, Switzerland, Austria-Hungary), USA, India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The question about the native language was also raised in the first Russian census in 1897. A direct question about ethnicity (“nationality”) was included only in 1920 in the program of the first Soviet population census.

How many peoples are there on Earth? Researchers usually number three to four thousand in the modern world various peoples- from the smallest tribes, the number of which is measured in hundreds, or even tens of people (Toda in India, Botocuda in Brazil, Alakalufa and Yamana in Argentina, etc.), to the largest nations, numbering hundreds of millions of people.

According to the UN, by the end of the 20th century. the number of peoples, each of which exceeds 1 million people, amounted to over 350 (in 1961 there were 226 such peoples, in 1987 -310). These peoples account for more than 97% of the total population of the Earth.

As a result of the unevenness of natural population growth in different countries of the world and among different peoples, their numbers change significantly. For example, the number of such large nations, such as Colombian, Mexican, Algerian, Peruvian, Moroccan, Azerbaijani and others, doubled over the period from 1960 to 1990, and Hindustani, Bengali, Brazilian increased by half. At the same time, the number of Germans, British, Russians and representatives of a number of other nations decreased.

The largest nations in the world, whose number exceeded 100 million people. are: Chinese (more than 1 billion people), Hindustanis (India), Bengalis (India, Bangladesh), Americans, Brazilians, Russians, Japanese, Punjabis (Pakistan, India), Biharis (India). Mexicans, Javanese (Indonesia), and Telugus (India) are also close to this threshold in numbers.

It is also important to highlight the classification of peoples by language. All languages ​​are united in language families, which are divided into language groups. The largest of them is Indo-European, the languages ​​of which are spoken by more than 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America, Australia, constituting 1/3 of the total population of the Earth.

The majority of peoples inhabiting the globe live compactly. An ethnically mixed population is characteristic of areas located along ethnic boundaries. A particularly diverse national composition is observed in big cities migrant-type countries, in states with increased immigration.

By diversity ethnic composition countries of the world can be divided into three groups: multinational states (USA, Russia, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc.); binational (Belgium, Cyprus, Iran, Turkey, etc.); single-national (Germany, Japan, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Greece, Iceland, Portugal, etc.).

The main principles of state national policy in the Russian Federation are:

equality of human rights and freedoms regardless of his nationality, language, religion, membership in social groups and public associations;

equality of peoples;

preservation of the historically established state unity of the Russian Federation;

equality of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in relations among themselves and with federal government bodies;

guarantee of the rights of indigenous small and dispersed peoples in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the principles and norms of international law recognized by the Russian Federation;

the right of every citizen to determine and indicate his nationality without any external coercion;

development assistance national cultures and languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation;

prohibition of any forms of restriction of the rights of citizens based on national, linguistic, social and religious affiliation;

timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and conflicts through the development and implementation of conciliation procedures;

prohibition of public associations and organizations, as well as propaganda and agitation aimed at undermining the security of the state and inciting national and religious hatred;

protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation outside its borders in accordance with international law;

support for compatriots living in foreign countries in the preservation and development native language, culture and national traditions, strengthening their ties with their homeland.

2. DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS REGION

Among the regions of Russia, the North Caucasus stands out both in absolute size and in the proportion of population within the Russian Federation. As of 01/01/1998 The region has 17.7 million inhabitants, or slightly more than 12% of the Russian population. In terms of absolute number of inhabitants, it is second only to the Ural (20.4 million people) and Central (29.7 million people) regions (Table 1).

Table 1

Current population of the Russian Federation by economic region as of January 1, 199K, million people.

The North Caucasus is the only large region in the Russian Federation where the total number of inhabitants continues to grow. Among other regions, only the Volga region continued to “increase” the number of inhabitants, but only until 1995, and then natural losses began to exceed natural and mechanical growth in the Volga region.

Within the North Caucasus region, the increase in the number of residents in the first half of the 1990s. took place in almost all subjects of the region, but with the beginning of the second half, the overall growth decreased sharply and for 1995-1998. amounted to only 0.2%.

The absolute number of residents in the Chechen Republic has especially decreased (by almost 20%) for reasons related not to a drop in the birth rate, but to the flight of residents in connection with the military operations of 1995-1996, the “squeezing out” of the Russian-speaking population as a result of the aggravation of interethnic relations, the deterioration of crime situation and the growth of separatist tendencies.

table 2

Change in the current population of SCER for 1991-1998, thousand people.

In 1999, and due to the outbreak of new military operations in Chechnya, the flow of refugees to the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories sharply increased, which contributed to the growth in the number of their residents and the result of intraregional redistribution of the population (but not its absolute growth in the North Caucasus.

The republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkaria have entered a period of stabilization of population reproduction, where for more than ten years a transition to a modern and rational type of reproduction has been made and conditions have arisen for a new demographic revolution - the revolution of post-industrial society.

There are also some peculiarities in the distribution of the region’s population between urban and rural areas:

Slow growth of the urban population compared to other regions of the country and Russia as a whole;

Ruralization - a decrease in the share of the urban population by the end of the 1990s. compared to the late 1980s. (56.2 and 56.5% respectively).

A large number of small urban settlements with weakly expressed urban functions (“undivided unity of city and countryside”) both in terms of the functions performed, reflected in the employment structure of the population, and in relation to the level of amenities, provision of urban forms of services, and quality of life.

Ruralization of the population to a certain extent affected all regions of the country, although to a lesser extent than in the North Caucasus. In general, in Russia there is some unstable balance in the distribution of urban and rural population in the 1990s

Urbanization processes have unevenly affected individual republics, territories and regions of the North Caucasus.

Thus. In four subjects of the region (Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Dagestan, Chechen, Ingush) the urban population is less than half of the total number of residents. North Ossetia-Llania has the highest level of urbanization. Rostov region and Kabardino-Balkaria. The maximum decrease in the share of urban residents in the total population occurs in the Chechen Republic, Rostov region and Kabardino-Balkaria. Both Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia lost urban residents, although to a lesser extent than the three named subjects of the region. In the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of North Ossetia-Alaiya, the share of the urban population stabilized at the level of 1986, and even increased slightly by the Stavropol Territory, which is primarily due to migration processes, which ensured a significant mechanical increase in urban residents.

The natural movement of the population in the region has the same trends as Russia as a whole. Differences are observed within the region itself: in the Rostov region. In the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, in the Republic of Adygea, the birth rate is lower than the regional average, and in the Rostov region it is even lower than the average for the Russian Federation. Moreover, the decline in the birth rate in the region began much earlier than in Russia as a whole.

However, within the region there are also leaders in terms of the overall birth rate) and - Dagestan and Ingushetia - those only within the region, but throughout Russia. Third place belongs to the Republic of Tuva, which, to put it in sporting language, is far ahead (15.8 ppm) from the first two. In the region, third place is occupied by Kabardino-Balkaria (sixth in the Russian Federation).

In other subjects of the North Caucasus region main reason a decrease in the level of urbanization is associated with the departure of some city dwellers to the countryside, where it is easier to solve problems.

The decline in the overall fertility rate, as in Russia as a whole, in the region began in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although it occurred more gradually and from equal initial levels. Therefore, only in two subjects of the region - the Krasnodar Territory and the Rostov Region - by the beginning of the 1990s. The demographic transition from modern to post-industrial population reproduction has ended. The Stavropol Territory is approaching them today. The Republics of Adygea and Karachay-Cherkess, which have either a majority or a significant share of Slavic population, more than others affected by depopulation processes.

The overall mortality rate in the region, with the exception of Dagestan and Ingushetia, either approaches the overall fertility rate or significantly exceeds it. This figure looks especially dramatic in the Rostov region. Krasnodar region. The Republic of Adygea and partly in the Republic of Northern Ostia-Alapnya and the Stavropol Territory. In the first two, mortality rates are higher than the Russian average, in the last two they are approaching it. Almost only two of the subjects of the SCER have indicators of the traditional type of mortality (Dagestan and Ingushetia); in the rest, the demographic transition to a new type of population reproduction has already been completed.

It should be noted that the increase in the overall mortality rate occurs without such sharp changes as in the birth rate. In general for the region for 1985-1998. it increased by 14%, while the birth rate over the same period of time decreased by 1.7 times! Consequently, the main reason for the depopulation of the 1990s. - a rapid decline in the birth rate and an increase in the death rate only “complements” it. The wave-like nature of both coefficients reflects the “waves” of previous reproduction rates (differences in the number of individuals entering the critical age).

Of particular concern are the high rates of infant mortality and mortality of the population of working age, especially men.

On average for the region in 1997, all subjects of the SCER had a very high infant mortality rate (except Krasnodar region and Kabardino-Balkaria, above the average for the Russian Federation as a whole). Noteworthy is the spasmodic nature of changes in this indicator. It can hardly be explained by the level of medical care for the population, especially prenatal and postnatal care for mothers and infants. Apparently, the reasons lie in another area. Although the state of medical care cannot be discounted. In any case, infant mortality is 2.0-2.5 times higher than in industrialized countries of the world and 1/3 higher than in St. Petersburg (11.00) and the Leningrad region (11.1).

The second problem of the 1980-1990s. - high mortality rate of the population of working age, and the mortality rate of men is 3-4 times higher than that of women.

The natural population growth of the region, as well as Russia as a whole, had a negative balance in 1996 (0.2%), but the following year it turned out to be positive, although with a slight excess of birth rates over deaths (0.3%). In a territorial context, the overall positive result is deeply differentiated: in the Krasnodar Territory there has been an increase in absolute population losses since 1990, in the Rostov Region - since 1991, in the Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Adygea - since 1992.

By 1997 a stable negative total fertility rate affected half of the regions of the region, concentrating 3/4 of its inhabitants. In this regard, we can say with confidence that with a nervous increase business activity, especially material production the most economically developed subjects of the region, the problem of labor shortage will arise. Migration will become the main source of replenishment of such resources. However, today it already provides not only compensation for natural decline, but also general population growth. And since the overwhelming number of Russian regions will experience a shortage of labor resources, the import of labor will become inevitable. In this regard, today the most important goal of demographic policy is to create a system of measures that would help reduce the overall mortality rate, primarily among infants and men of working age; The mortality rate of women at this age deviates little from the rate of normal generation extinction and can be reduced with a corresponding increase in the level of medical care).

The entire population policy in the country also requires improvement: improving the health of the family, choosing new values ​​of moral and aesthetic education, etc.

Population migrations in the region were determined by the nature of population reproduction and the level of economic development of each subject. Thus, for the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, the Republic of Adygea, migration growth since the 1960s. before today. was and remains the most important source of population growth. In the Chechen, Ingush and Dagestan Republics, after the return of deported peoples, seasonal migration of labor resources (the so-called otkhodnichestvo) to all regions of the former Soviet Union, which often ended with relocation to labor-poor areas.

In the 1990s. Among the regions of the Russian Federation that lost their residents during the migration exchange, the following stood out: Northern (especially Karelia and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug). The Republic of Kalmykia in the Volga region, the East Siberian region with the exception of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (especially the national autonomous okrugs - Taimyr, Evenki and Chita regions) and the Far Eastern region, primarily the Sakhalin, Magadan, Kamchatka regions. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The remaining regions, including the North Caucasus (with the exception of the Chechen and Dagestan Republics), have a positive migration growth rate. Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia should also be included here.

Thus, areas of intense migration outflow of the population have clearly emerged within the country. On the one hand, these are areas with extreme natural, climatic and socio-economic conditions, on the other, areas of interethnic conflicts and outright separatism.

Within the North Caucasus region, like natural growth, mechanical growth divides the subjects into two unequal parts. Subjects whose migration growth rate is positive generally have a negative natural growth rate and, conversely, a positive balance of natural growth is accompanied by a negative mechanical increase rate. The exception is Ingushetia, where both indicators are positive. There are no coincidences in the combination of indicators in both groups.

Only three subjects had a constantly positive coefficient of migration movement of the population: Krasnodar and Stavropol territories and Rostov region. Moreover, the balance of migration growth of the latter is an order of magnitude smaller than the balance of the first two.

According to the absolute number of migrants in 1997. The Stavropol Territory came in first place - 61 thousand people, or 5.1% of the all-Russian figure. Then Ingushetia (55 thousand people). Krasnodar Territory (44.3 thousand people) and Rostov Region (38.2 thousand people) However, according to S.V. Ryazantsev, these data reflect no more than 35-45% of the total number of actually arriving migrants.

The composition of migrants arriving in the North Caucasus from other regions of the country and neighboring countries is dominated by refugees and internally displaced persons. Their massive arrival in the three main centers of gravity in the region (Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, Rostov region) began in the second half of the 1980s. in connection with a number of tragic events (Spitak earthquake. Karabakh, Sumgait, South Ossetian, Abkhazian, Ossetian-Ingush, Chechen, Chechen-Dagestan conflicts both in the former Soviet republics and intra-regional).

Migrants of this period consisted mainly of people who had lost housing, property, work, and pensions in their places of former residence, fleeing persecution and probable physical destruction. Without significant material assistance from local and all-Russian migration services, they could become an explosive social burden. Their placement, provision of work, housing, was extremely important and at the same time, in the conditions of the general collapse of the economy, extremely difficult. Nevertheless, local authorities coped with this task, although not without certain difficulties.

Somewhat different social status had migrants from the northern territories. Eastern Siberia and the Far East. These are either relatively financially secure migrants who were forced to leave as a result of a reduction in production volumes or the liquidation of mining enterprises, or young people who left the North due to liquidation tions of a number of benefits, or pensioners for whom staying in extreme natural conditions was contraindicated for health reasons. All these categories of migrants made the decision to migrate either based on their own financial capabilities, or with the support of the relevant ministries (such as the miners of the Vorkuta coal mines), which took upon themselves the provision of housing for the migrants. Finally, a special category of migrants consisted of demobilized military personnel of the Western group of forces stationed in the countries Warsaw Pact and especially Germany. All of them were provided with housing built with funds from the Federal Republic of Germany, which was more interested than others in the liquidation of military bases of the former USSR within Central and Eastern Europe.

Let's consider the population structure of the North Caucasus region. In the North Caucasus in 1989, persons aged 65 years and older accounted for 12.7% of the total number of permanent residents. At the same time, in the Krasnodar Territory their share reached the level of modern Japan (14.5%), in the Stavropol Territory - 13.3%, in the Rostov Region - 13.2%. By the beginning of 1998 The situation has changed little due to the massive influx of migrants and a decrease in the average life expectancy of the population.

There are problems and regions with traditional or transitional types of population reproduction. In the Russian Federation, despite the completion of the demographic transition from the traditional to the industrial (rational) type of reproduction, some subjects have retained the features of the traditional in the modern socio-economic situation. Characteristic feature Their population structure by age and gender is a significant proportion of people of working age with a relatively low mortality rate. As a result, some regions have a reduced proportion of people of retirement age (for example, the Far Eastern region - 14.1% of all residents, the East Siberian region - 16.1%, the Western region - 17.3%). Autonomous formations have a relatively high proportion of the young population (Yamalo-Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk, Taimyr, Koryak, Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs. Republics of Tuva and Sakha-Yakutia, Magadan Region), where people of retirement age make up 5-10% of the total population residents. This category of the population is somewhat higher (from 10.2 to 15%) in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Komi Republics, and Ingushetia. Dagestan. Chechen, Buryatia and Sakhalin region. Tyumen, Amur.

The nature of the “youth” of their inhabitants is somewhat different. In Ingushetia, the Chechen Republic, Dagestan, and partly Buryatia, the main factor in rejuvenation is the high mortality rate in all age groups population and short life expectancy as a result of extreme socio-economic and climatic conditions.

Problems associated with the “young” population of the region are essentially characteristic of only two republics: Dagestan and Ingushetia, but in the near future they will be compensated by the economic revival of the country and the urgent need for young labor resources labor-poor areas. In the meantime, the high proportion of people of working age with limited economic opportunities makes it difficult to overcome the depressive trends in the economic development of these republics.

The problem of the age structure of the population of working age is somewhat different in the Krasnodar and Stavropol regions. Rostov region, republics of Adygea and North Ossetia-Llania. Concern is caused by the sharp reduction in the number of children aged 0-7 years, which by 2001 threatens a new wave of reduction in the working-age population. For example, in the Rostov region, as of January 1, 1998, the number of children aged 0-7 years was 131.7 thousand (37.5%) less than in 1989. Although, in general, according to the SCER, from 1989 to 1995, the total number of people of working age increased by 58 thousand people. due to an increase in the number of children aged 8-15 years. Consequently, a particularly sharp decline in the birth rate has occurred since the early 1990s, more precisely since 1992.

Thus, we list the following demographic problems of the North Caucasus economic region, which includes the Krasnodar Territory:
DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY IN RUSSIA: TASKS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION ESSENCE, CONCEPT AND TYPES OF DEMOGRAPHIC FORECASTING