Finno-Ugric tribe. Ethnogenesis of the Finnish race

), Mor-Dov-skaya (Mord-va - er-zya and Mok-sha), Ma-ri-skaya (Ma-ri-tsy), Perm-skaya (ud-mur-ty, ko-mi, ko- mi-per-mya-ki), Ugric (Ug-ry - Hung-ry, Khan-ty and Man-si). Number of approx. 24 million people (2016, est.).

Great-ro-di-na F.-u., in-vi-di-mo-mu, was in the zone of forests of the West. Si-bi-ri, Ura-la and Pre-du-ra-lya (from the Middle Ob to the Lower Kama) in the 4th - middle. 3rd millennium BC e. Their ancient activities were hunting, river fishing, and so-bi-ra-tel-st. According to Lin-gwis-ti-ki, F.-u. did you have any contact with sa-mo-diy-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi And tun-gu-so-man-chur-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi, in the south as mi-ni-mum from the beginning. 3rd thousand - from India to Iran. na-ro-da-mi (aria-mi), on za-pa-de - with pa-leo-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi (from their languages ​​the sub-strata traces in Western Finno-Ugric languages), from the 2nd half. 3rd thousand - with the na-ro-da-mi, close-ki-mi to the ancestors of the Germans, Bal-tov and Slavs (pre-sta-vi-te-la-mi shnu-ro-voy ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tur-no-is-to-ri-che-society). From the 1st half. 2nd thousand in progress with the Aryans in the south and from central Europe. in-do-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi on the za-pas-de F.-u. I am familiar with the water-stuff and then with the land. In the 2nd-1st thousand, the spread of Finnish-Ugric languages ​​to the west - to the North-East. Pri-bal-ti-ki, North. and Center. Scan-di-na-vii (see. Set-cha-toy ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tu-ra , Anan-in-skaya kul-tu-ra) and you-de-le-nie Baltic-Finnish languages And Sami languages. From the 2nd half. 1st millennium BC e. in the CBC and from the 2nd half. 1st millennium AD e. in Vol-go-Ura-lye there is no connection between you and the Turks. To the most ancient letters. upo-mi-na-ni-yam F.-u. from-no-syat Fenni in “Germany” Ta-tsi-ta (98 AD). From the end 1st thousand on the development of a number of Finnish-Ugric peoples there was a significant influence of their inclusion in composition of the Middle Ages. states ( Volzh-sko-Kamskaya Bul-garia, Ancient Rus', Sweden). According to the data given by the Middle Ages. letters is-exactly-ni-kov and that-by-ni-mi, F.-u. back in the beginning 2nd millennium AD e. co-sta-la-whether basic. in the northern forest and tun-d-ro-voy zone East. Euro-py and Scan-di-na-vii, but there were then in the meaning. me-re as-si-mi-li-ro-va-ny germ-man-tsa-mi, sla-vya-na-mi (before all the me-rya; perhaps, mu-ro-ma, me-sche-ra, za-vo-loch-skaya, etc.) and tur-ka-mi.

For the spiritual culture of F.-u. were there any cults of the spirits of the nature. It’s possible that ideas about the highest heavenly god have taken shape. Question about the presence of element-men-tov sha-ma-niz-ma dis-kus-sio-nen. From the beginning 2nd thousand. Europe in Christianity (Hungarians in 1001, Ka-re-lys and Finns in the 12-14th centuries, Komi in the late 14th century) and times -vi-tion of writings in Finnish-Ugric languages. At the same time, a number of Finnish-Ugric groups (especially among the Mari and Ud-murts of Bashki-ria and Ta-tar-sta-na) until the 21st century. maintains its communal religion, although it has been subject to Christian influence. Pri-nya-tie is-la-ma F.-u. in Po-Vol-zhye and Si-bi-ri by-st-ro pri-vo-di-lo to their as-si-mi-la-tion ta-ta-ra-mi, for this mu- sulm. communities among the F.-u. Hardly ever.

In the 19th century for-mi-ru-et-sya between-zh-du-nar. Finnish-Ugric movement, in which the traits of the pan-Finnish-but-Ugric-riz-ma appear.

Lit.: Basics of the Finnish-Ugric language: Questions about the development and development of Finnish -Ugric languages. M., 1974; Hai-du P. Ural languages ​​and peoples. M., 1985; Na-Polish V.V. Introduction to the history of ura-li-sti-ku. Izhevsk, 1997.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples (Finno-Ugrians) - a linguistic community of peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages, living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

NAMES OF FINNO-UGRICS

Finno-Ugric peoples have been practicing (at least officially) Orthodoxy for a long time, so their first and last names, as a rule, do not differ from Russians. However, in the village, in accordance with the sound of local languages, they change. So, Akulina becomes Okul, Nikolay - Nikul or Mikul, Kirill - Kyrlya, Ivan - Yyvan. Among the Komi, for example, the patronymic is often placed before the name: Mikhail Anatolyevich sounds like Tol Mish, i.e. Anatolyev’s son Mishka, and Rosa Stepanovna turns into Stepan Rosa - Stepan’s daughter Rosa. In the documents, of course, everyone has ordinary Russian names. Only writers, artists and performers choose the traditionally rural form: Yyvan Kyrlya, Nikul Erkay, Illya Vas, Ortjo Stepanov.

Komi people often have the surnames Durkin, Rochev, Kanev; among the Udmurts - Korepanov and Vladykin; among the Mordovians - Vedenyapin, Pi-yashev, Kechin, Mokshin. Surnames with a diminutive suffix are especially common among Mordovians - Kirdyaykin, Vidyaykin, Popsuykin, Alyoshkin, Varlashkin.

Some Mari, especially the unbaptized Chi-Mari in Bashkiria, at one time adopted Turkic names. Therefore, the Chi-Mari often have surnames similar to Tatar ones: Anduganov, Baytemirov, Yashpatrov, but their first names and patronymics are Russian. Karelians have both Russian and Finnish surnames, but always with a Russian ending: Perttuev, Lampiev. Usually in Karelia one can distinguish between a Karelian, a Finn and a St. Petersburg Finn by surname. So, Perttuev is a Karelian, Perttu is a St. Petersburg Finn, and Pertgunen is a Finn. But the name and patronymic of each of them may be Stepan Ivanovich.

Finno-Ugrians, their place in the history of the Russian nation and the Russian state is an academic question. However, in the last twenty years, at the level of the yellow press, the question of Finns and Ugrians began to discuss the delitants. I do not consider myself an expert in anthropology, but I am able to identify the main problematic junctions that do not allow Ukrainians and Russians to find mutual language and stick to the thread of the discussion.

The main problems in the issue of the history of the Finno-Ugric peoples, standing on the way to mutual understanding, are the following

Low level of education in the Internet era. Unfortunately, the majority of people do not strive for knowledge of academic ( scientific) parts of the question Slavs (including their appearance, jewelry, myths, tales, religion and culture) in the history of Russia. Unfortunately, reading academic literature is difficult because of the way the material is presented. And so it is! Read the yellow press on the topic " Slavs"(or similar) with loud anti-Ukrainian phrases and extreme statements is very simple and, most importantly, remembered easily and quickly! Unfortunately! Moreover, having access to the Internet does not help solve the issue, but on the contrary, it complicates it. Exciting prospects for "shut up “the opponent’s mouth on the forum and mixing everything into one pile outweighs common sense and - one’s own mythology and zombification about the Finno-Ugric people began...

Reluctance of the authorities to meet people halfway. The Russian authorities have this position Russian citizens extremely profitable: no expenses on the part of Russia for the publication and promotion of academic literature; publish yellow press not at the expense of the state, naturally, and it spreads like lightning. Lots of literature on the topic Finno-Ugrians(and not only) was published back in the last century and the century before last, and today new-fangled clever people have not come up with anything new on this issue, but are relaying those old sources, without even bothering to review them for refutations. In addition, it is much easier to control stupid and embittered people - point your finger and say: “Fass!”

In the end it floats out next problem: looking for himself and can't find him(or afraid). However, Karamzin had already “found” Russia at one time. Since then that Karamzin's story influenced to some extent another Russian historian, Klyuchevsky. This is what has happened since then - the main beneficial provisions of the history of the Russian state of Karamzin flow from one textbook to another, forgetting about the population and equating it with the state, which is extremely wrong! In fact, Karamzin’s story became the first custom-made political version of Russian history, after which history moved from the plane of science to the plane of politics. It is possible that in Russia no one had studied history as a science before Karamzin. Otherwise, Karamzin would not have had to write it to the Tsar’s order.

What can help in resolving the issue of the Finno-Ugric peoples?

Separate the issues of language and DNA. It turns out that according to DNA (roots, clan), the population of Russia really consisted mostly of Finno-Ugric peoples ( read below). However, who said that the Finno-Ugrians cannot master Slavic language and, being essentially Finno-Ugric, speak Russian and beat your chest with your fist?

Having read all sorts of things about the Ukrainians from the times of Tsar Gorokh, the Russians, for some reason, accuse the Ukrainians of dislike for the Finno-Ugric people. We (Ukrainians) do not show dislike towards the Finno-Ugrians. We oppose the fact that the Russians themselves show dislike for the Finno-Ugrians, trying to disown kinship with them. As a result, the Russians are trying renounce a large part of yourself, and fill in this part, which is not relevant. I'm not saying that the Russians Dont Have nothing to do with, but the Russians pose the question this way that we (Ukrainians) remain out of work. As a result, the Russians themselves, with their behavior and lack of education, cause negativity on the part of Ukrainians, calling them names. Guys, Ukrainians by definition cannot! The question is, why do Russians disown their part of the Finno-Ugric heritage???

Lack of information gives rise to rumors and fabrications. In question with Finno-Ugric heritage on Russian territory the situation is similar. actively opposes filling in the blank spots in their Finno-Ugric history and this “forces” the Ukrainians (giving every reason and reason) to fill in these blank spots for the Russians, while stating, of course, your vision of the issue. But for all this responsibility The Russians themselves bear it - don’t be silent! Actively analyze yourself (and don’t invent) and thereby you will deprive your opponents of arguments. Who's stopping?

Additional information on the Finno-Ugric topic...

According to a successful comparison by academician Orest Borisovich Tkachenko, world famous Meryanist (a discipline in Finno-Ugric studies that deals with the study of the Meri people): " The Russian people, connected on the maternal side with the Slavic ancestral home, had a Finn as their father. On the paternal side, Russians go back to the Finno-Ugric peoples". This explanation makes clear many cultural facts in the life and development of the Russian nation. In the end, both Muscovite Rus' and Novgorod developed precisely on the lands inhabited by the Finno-Ugric tribes Chud, Meri and Meshchera, as well as on the Mordovian, Vepsian, Vodian-Izhora , Karelian and Permian territories.

The Slavs did not assimilate the Finnish tribes A. This Finno-Ugrians adapted to new language and accepted part of the Byzantine spiritual culture. Therefore, Russians have a choice. Realize your roots in this land, discern in your ancestors not only and not so much Slavs, feel that culture Russian people based on Finno-Ugric basis.

Who are the Finno-Ugrians (literature on the topic)

Finno-Ugrians- an ethno-linguistic community of peoples numbering more than 20 million people. All Finno-Ugric peoples are indigenous to their territories. Ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples lived in Eastern Europe and the Urals since Neolithic times (new stone Age). From Baltic Sea to Western Siberia, from the forest-steppes of the Russian Plain to the Northern coast Arctic Ocean– primordial Finno-Ugric lands and the Samoyed peoples close to them.

Linguistically Finno-Ugrians are divided into several subgroups. The Permo-Finnish subgroup consists of the Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. Volga-Finnish group: Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and Mari. The Balto-Finns include: Finns, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, the mysterious Vod, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of the Meri. To a separate Ugric group belong to the Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Murom most likely belong to the Volga Finns.

Anthropologically Finno-Ugric peoples heterogeneous. Some scientists highlight a special Ural race, transitional between Caucasians and Mongoloids. All peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. The Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, and the Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. For the rest, these traits are either equally distributed, or the Caucasoid component dominates. But this does not testify in favor of the Indo-European origin of the Finno-Ugrians; Indo-European anthropological features should be distinguished from the linguistic Indo-European community.

Finno-Ugrians all over the world are united by a common material and spiritual culture. All true Finno-Ugric people live in harmony with nature, with the world around them and with neighboring peoples. Only the Finno-Ugric peoples, even at the beginning of the third millennium, preserved traditional culture in Europe to the fullest extent, including, paradoxically, Russian culture. However, this paradox can be explained. Unlike many peoples, Finno-Ugric people try to preserve as many customs and traditions as possible in their culture, including (perhaps in Russia this explains quite a large number of preserved ancient traditions and elements from the times of Rus').

The Karelian-Finnish epic "Kalevala" was preserved for history by the White Sea Karelians, and not by the urbanized Finns; almost all Russians ancient tales, epics and legends ( epic folklore- the most ancient of all forms of oral folk culture) were recorded by ethnographers at the end of the 19th century in the areas inhabited by Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of Finno-Ugric peoples in the Arkhangelsk province. Most of the ancient Russian monuments wooden architecture we inherited from the Finno-Ugric lands. Several years ago, the epic of the Erzyan people “Mastorava” was recorded and restored, which in itself is unique.

The spiritual life of the Finno-Ugric is impossible without folk beliefs. Even baptized peoples long ago retained a huge layer of culture associated with pre-Christian beliefs. And some, like the Mari, still adhere, basically, traditional faith. These beliefs should not be confused with paganism. The Mari, Erzyans, part of the Udmurts, and the Ob Ugrians have national religions.

Finno-Ugric question– this is without a doubt a Russian question. The question of ethnic identification of the Great Russian ethnos. In all the territories of the Russian Plain, where Russians now live, Finno-Ugric peoples used to live. The big problem is what was the nature of Slavic colonization. After all, Russians preserve the same material and spiritual traditional culture precisely with the Finno-Ugric peoples, and not with the southern Slavs or Turks. Psychological characteristics population, its national character, especially in the north, northwest and northeast of the European part of Russia (the most indigenous part of Russia), Russians and Finno-Ugric peoples also have common ones.

I hope that the information presented above on the topic of Finno-Ugric peoples and Russia will help to find problem areas in the history of Russia and understand in which direction the history of Russia itself should be built, putting politics aside.

Also on topic:

• Crisis of national and ethnic identity as a diagnosis
• Fables about right and wrong nations. The Birth of Nations.
• Nationality: how to mean the nationality of a person (child) in our time
• Turning points in the formation of the Ukrainian nation: traditions, Ivan Franko
• Sheet to the Youth of Ivan Frank "The Sheet to the Galician Ukrainian Youth"
• Life of the nation. Vykoristanny of toponyms Rus', Muscovy, Ukraine, Russia
• Russian and Ukrainian historiography. Politics and history as science - how to tease out?
• The right of nations to self-determination. Bashkir experience in the Russian Federation
• A real state-forming nation has been formed in Ukraine and there is no place in it for the voters of Crimea and Donbass
• Development strategy of Ukraine - why is there no state development strategy in Ukraine?
• Russian friendship and its longevity as a kind of commercial project
• Finno-Ugric people and Russian culture. Finno-Ugrians are in the blood of Russians
• Russia is rewriting the history of neighboring peoples and states - why?
• Inheritance Birulevo - guest worker in Russia - support of Russia
• In Sochi, workers are not paid wages for three months - evidence from Roman Kuznetsov
• Unrest in Biryulyovo - redistribution of the land market and political raiding against the vegetable supply

In the third quarter of the 1st millennium AD. the Slavic population, settled in the Upper Dnieper region and mixed with local East Baltic groups, with its further promotion to the north and east it reached the borders of regions that since ancient times belonged to Finno-Ugric tribes. These were the Estonians, Vodians and Izhoras in the South-Eastern Baltic, all on White Lake and the tributaries of the Volga - Sheksna and Mologa, Merya in the eastern part of the Volga-Oka interfluve, Mordovians and Muroms on the Middle and Lower Oka. If the eastern Balts were neighbors of the Finno-Ugrians since ancient times, then the Slavic

The Russian population encountered them closely for the first time. The subsequent colonization of some Finno-Ugric lands and the assimilation of their indigenous population represented a special chapter in the history of the formation of the Old Russian people. The economy of the Finno-Ugric tribes was complex. Agriculture was relatively poorly developed; big role cattle breeding played a role in the economy; it was accompanied by hunting, fishing and forestry. Various Finno-Ugric groups had their own characteristics and differed from each other in the level of socio-economic development and in the nature of culture. The most advanced among them were the Chud tribes of the South-Eastern Baltic - the Ests, Vods and Izhoras. By the end of the 1st millennium AD. the ancient Estonian tribes stood on the threshold of feudalism, crafts developed among them, the first urban-type settlements arose, maritime trade connected the ancient Estonian tribes with each other and with their neighbors, contributing to the development of the economy, culture and social inequality. Tribal associations were replaced at this time by unions of territorial communities. The local features that distinguished individual groups of ancient Estonians in the past began to gradually disappear, indicating the beginning of the formation of the Estonian nation. The pastoral aspect of the economy was, to one degree or another, preserved among the Finno-Ugric population of the Volga region during the period of Ancient Russia. Most of them, for a long time, home crafts were common, in particular the production of numerous and varied metal jewelry, which abounded in women's costumes. The technical equipment of the home craft at that time differed little from the equipment of a professional artisan - these were the same casting molds, dolls, crucibles, etc.

Findings of these things during archaeological excavations, as a rule, do not allow us to determine whether there was a domestic or specialized craft, a product of the social division of labor. In the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. famous development Finno-Ugric tribes living in the Oka and Kama basins are also experiencing this. Ancient authors mention the Finno-Ugric tribes under the name of Fenians (Tacitus) or Finns (Ptolemy), and possibly also Estii (Tacitus), although the name “Estii” could also refer to the Baltic tribes at that time. The first mention of individual Finno-Ugric tribes in Eastern Europe is found in the Gothic historian Jordanes, who attributes the “King of the Goths” Hermanaric with victories over the Mordovians (“Mordens”), Mers (“Merens”) and other tribes. Archaeological data allows us to trace the fate of the Finno-Ugric tribes and for more early stages their development. Thus, they show that in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. Among the Finno-Ugric tribes, iron finally replaced bronze, from which only jewelry- buckles, breastplates, brooches, bracelets, pendants, necklaces, characteristic women's headdresses with rims and pendants in the form of bells, ending with spiral earrings. Weapons, of which the most common were spears, javelins, axes and swords similar to Roman ones, were made of iron or equipped with iron parts: tips, etc. At the same time, many objects, in particular arrows, were still made of bone. As before, hunting for fur-bearing animals played an important role, the fur of which was exported.

By the end of the first half of the 1st millennium, trade ties between the Kama tribes and Iran and the Eastern Roman Empire were strengthening. In the Kama region, especially in the region of Solikamsk and Kungur, one can often find silver Late Antique and Sasanian dishes decorated with highly artistic images, which came here in exchange for furs and, apparently, were used for the needs of the cult. In the Oka basin, the role of horse breeding continues to increase. In the graves of men, and sometimes women, horse harnesses are found, from which we can conclude that horses were now also used for riding. At the same time, the remains of woolen fabrics preserved in the graves indicate the development of sheep breeding, and the remains of linen fabrics, finds of sickles and hoes indicate that the Finno-Ugric tribes were also familiar with agriculture. Wealth inequality was already quite significant. Along with poor graves, where only knives were found or no things were found at all, there are rich burials with big amount jewelry, weapons, etc. Especially a lot of jewelry is found in women's graves. However, property inequality, apparently, has not yet led to the disintegration of the clan system, since only personal items accumulated in the hands of individuals. The long-term preservation of former forms of life is evidenced by the similarity of the Finno-Ugric settlements of the first centuries of our era with earlier ones. Thus, the Pyanobor culture on the Kama, which replaced the Ananino culture, differs from it only in the style of bronze items and the predominance of iron. Religious monuments and works of art are of significant interest. The latter is characterized by bronze relief pendants depicting deer, eagles with a human face on the chest, lizards, seven-headed elk, people, as well as small bronze and lead idols in the form of birds, animals and people. About 2 thousand of these figurines were found 20 km from the city of Molotov, down the Kama, where, apparently, there was a sanctuary of the god to whom they were sacrificed. A huge number of bones of various sacrificial animals, about 2 thousand bone and iron arrowheads and about 15 thousand gilded glass beads were also discovered there. Another cult monument is a cave on the Chusovaya River, where several thousand bone and iron arrowheads were found. Archaeologists believe that archery competitions took place in this place in connection with some religious rituals.

Considering geographical map Russia, you can notice that in the basins of the Middle Volga and Kama river names ending in “va” and “ha” are common: Sosva, Izva, Kokshaga, Vetluga, etc. Finno-Ugrians live in those places, and in translation from their languages "va" And "ha" mean "river", "moisture", "wet place", "water". However, Finno-Ugric toponyms{1 ) are found not only where these peoples make up a significant part of the population, form republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much wider: it covers the European north of Russia and part of the central regions. There are many examples: the ancient Russian cities of Kostroma and Murom; the Yakhroma and Iksha rivers in the Moscow region; Verkola village in Arkhangelsk, etc.

Some researchers consider even such familiar words as “Moscow” and “Ryazan” to be Finno-Ugric in origin. Scientists believe that Finno-Ugric tribes once lived in these places, and now the memory of them is preserved by ancient names.

{1 } Toponym (from the Greek “topos” - “place” and “onima” - “name”) is a geographical name.

WHO ARE THE FINNO-UGRICS

Finns called people inhabiting Finland, neighboring Russia(in Finnish " Suomi "), A Ugrians in ancient Russian chronicles they were called Hungarians. But in Russia there are no Hungarians and very few Finns, but there are peoples speaking languages ​​related to Finnish or Hungarian . These peoples are called Finno-Ugric . Depending on the degree of similarity of languages, scientists divide Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups . Firstly, Baltic-Finnish , included Finns, Izhorians, Vodians, Vepsians, Karelians, Estonians and Livonians. The two most numerous peoples of this subgroup are Finns and Estonians- live mainly outside our country. In Russia Finns can be found in Karelia, Leningrad region and St. Petersburg;Estonians - V Siberia, Volga region and Leningrad region. A small group of Estonians - setu - lives in Pechora district of Pskov region. By religion, many Finns and Estonians - Protestants (usually, Lutherans), setu - Orthodox . Little people Vepsians lives in small groups in Karelia, Leningrad region and in the north-west of Vologda, A water (there are less than 100 people left!) - in Leningradskaya. AND Veps and Vod - Orthodox . Orthodoxy is professed and Izhorians . There are 449 of them in Russia (in the Leningrad region), and about the same number in Estonia. Vepsians and Izhorians have preserved their languages ​​(they even have dialects) and use them in everyday communication. The Votic language has disappeared.

The biggest Baltic-Finnish people of Russia - Karelians . They live in Republic of Karelia, as well as in the Tver, Leningrad, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. In everyday life, Karelians speak three dialects: Karelian, Lyudikovsky and Livvikovsky, A literary language they have Finnish. Newspapers and magazines are published on it; there is a department at the Faculty of Philology of Petrozavodsk University Finnish language and literature. Karelians also speak Russian.

The second subgroup consists Sami , or Lapps . Most of them are settled in Northern Scandinavia, but in Russia Sami- inhabitants Kola Peninsula . According to most experts, the ancestors of this people once occupied a much larger territory, but over time they were pushed to the north. Then they lost their language and adopted one of the Finnish dialects. The Sami are good reindeer herders (in the recent past they were nomads), fishermen and hunters. In Russia they profess Orthodoxy .

In the third, Volga-Finnish , subgroup includes Mari and Mordovians . Mordva - indigenous people Republic of Mordovia, but a significant part of this people live throughout Russia - in Samara, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, in the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, in Chuvashia etc. Even before the annexation in the 16th century. Mordovian lands to Russia, the Mordovians had their own nobility - "inyazory", "otsyazory"", i.e. "owners of the land." Inyazory They were the first to be baptized, quickly became Russified, and later their descendants formed an element in the Russian nobility that was slightly smaller than those from the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. Mordva is divided into Erzya and Moksha ; each of the ethnographic groups has a written literary language - Erzya and Moksha . By religion Mordovians Orthodox ; they have always been considered the most Christianized people of the Volga region.

Mari live mainly in Republic of Mari El, as well as in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions. It is generally accepted that this people has two literary languages ​​- Meadow-Eastern and Mountain Mari. However, not all philologists share this opinion.

Even ethnographers of the 19th century. noted an unusually high level national identity Mari They stubbornly resisted joining Russia and baptism, and until 1917 the authorities forbade them to live in cities and engage in crafts and trade.

In the fourth, Permian , the subgroup itself includes Komi , Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts .Komi(in the past they were called Zyryans) form the indigenous population of the Komi Republic, but also live in Sverdlovsk, Murmansk, Omsk regions, Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrugs . Their original occupations are farming and hunting. But, unlike most other Finno-Ugric peoples, there have long been many merchants and entrepreneurs among them. Even before October 1917 Komi in terms of literacy (in Russian) approached the most educated peoples of Russia - Russian Germans and Jews. Today, 16.7% of Komi work in agriculture, but 44.5% work in industry, and 15% work in education, science, and culture. Part of the Komi - Izhemtsy - mastered reindeer husbandry and became the largest reindeer herders European North. Komi Orthodox (partly Old Believers).

Very close in language to the Zyryans Komi-Permyaks . More than a half this people lives in Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, and the rest - in the Perm region. Permians are mainly peasants and hunters, but throughout their history they were also factory serfs in the Ural factories, and barge haulers on the Kama and Volga. By religion Komi-Permyaks Orthodox .

Udmurts{ 2 } concentrated for the most part V Udmurt Republic , where they make up about 1/3 of the population. Small groups of Udmurts live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the Republic of Mari El, in Perm, Kirov, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk regions . Traditional activity - Agriculture. In cities they are most often forgotten native language and customs. Maybe that's why Udmurt language Only 70% of Udmurts, mostly residents of rural areas, consider them family. Udmurts Orthodox , but many of them (including the baptized) adhere to traditional beliefs- worship pagan gods, deities, spirits.

In the fifth, Ugric , subgroup includes Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi . "Ugrimi "in Russian chronicles they called Hungarians, A " Ugra " - Ob Ugrians, i.e. Khanty and Mansi. Although Northern Urals and lower reaches of the Ob, where the Khanty and Mansi live, are located thousands of kilometers from the Danube, on the banks of which the Hungarians created their state; these peoples are their closest relatives. Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North. Muncie live mainly in X Anti-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, A Khanty - V Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Tomsk Region. The Mansi are primarily hunters, then fishermen and reindeer herders. The Khanty, on the contrary, are first fishermen, and then hunters and reindeer herders. Both of them confess Orthodoxy, however, they did not forget the ancient faith. High damage traditional culture The Ob Ugrians were damaged by the industrial development of their region: many hunting grounds disappeared, the rivers were polluted.

Old Russian chronicles preserved the names of Finno-Ugric tribes that have now disappeared - Chud, Merya, Muroma . Merya in the 1st millennium AD e. lived in the area between the Volga and Oka rivers, and at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia merged with Eastern Slavs. There is an assumption that modern Mari are descendants of this tribe. Murom in the 1st millennium BC. e. lived in the Oka basin, and by the 12th century. n. e. mixed with the Eastern Slavs. Chudyu modern researchers consider the Finnish tribes that lived in ancient times along the banks of the Onega and Northern Dvina. It is possible that they are the ancestors of the Estonians.

{ 2 )Russian historian of the 18th century. V.N. Tatishchev wrote that the Udmurts (formerly called Votyaks) perform their prayers “at any good tree, however, not with the pine and spruce, which have no leaves or fruit, but the aspen is revered as a cursed tree...".

WHERE THE FINNO-UGRICS LIVED AND WHERE THE FINNO-UGRIANS LIVE

Most researchers agree that the ancestral home Finno-Ugrians was on the border of Europe and Asia, in the areas between the Volga and Kama and in the Urals. It was there in the IV-III millennia BC. e. A community of tribes arose, related in language and similar in origin. By the 1st millennium AD. e. the ancient Finno-Ugrians settled as far as the Baltic states and Northern Scandinavia. They occupied a vast territory covered with forests - almost the entire northern part of the present European Russia to the Kama in the south.

Excavations show that the ancient Finno-Ugrians belonged to Ural race: their appearance is a mixture of Caucasian and Mongoloid features (wide cheekbones, often Mongolian eye shape). Moving west, they mixed with Caucasians. As a result, among some peoples descended from the ancient Finno-Ugrians, Mongoloid features began to smooth out and disappear. Nowadays, “Ural” features are characteristic to one degree or another of everyone Finnish peoples Russia: average height, wide face, nose, called “snub”, very blonde hair, sparse beard. But different nations these features manifest themselves in different ways. For example, Mordovian-Erzya tall, fair-haired, blue-eyed, and Mordovian-Moksha and shorter in stature, with a wider face, and their hair is darker. U Mari and Udmurts Often there are eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus, very wide cheekbones, and a thin beard. But at the same time (the Ural race!) has blond and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians, Vodians, Izhorians, and Karelians. Komi they are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with the Nenets, they have black hair and braids; others are more Scandinavian-like, with a slightly wider face.

Finno-Ugrians were engaged in agriculture (in order to fertilize the soil with ash, they burned areas of the forest), hunting and fishing . Their settlements were far from each other. Perhaps for this reason they did not create states anywhere and began to be part of neighboring organized and constantly expanding powers. Some of the first mentions of the Finno-Ugrians contain Khazar documents written in Hebrew, the state language of the Khazar Kaganate. Alas, there are almost no vowels in it, so one can only guess that “tsrms” means “Cheremis-Mari”, and “mkshkh” means “moksha”. Later, the Finno-Ugrians also paid tribute to the Bulgars and were part of the Kazan Khanate and the Russian state.

RUSSIANS AND FINNO-UGRICS

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. Russian settlers rushed to the lands of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Most often, settlement was peaceful, but sometimes indigenous peoples resisted the entry of their region into Russian state. The Mari showed the most fierce resistance.

Over time, baptism, writing, urban culture, brought by the Russians, began to displace local languages ​​and beliefs. Many began to feel like Russians - and actually became them. Sometimes it was enough to be baptized for this. The peasants of one Mordovian village wrote in a petition: “Our ancestors, the former Mordovians,” sincerely believing that only their ancestors, pagans, were Mordovians, and their Orthodox descendants are in no way related to the Mordovians.

People moved to cities, went far away - to Siberia, to Altai, where everyone had one language in common - Russian. The names after baptism were no different from ordinary Russian ones. Or almost nothing: not everyone notices that there is nothing Slavic in surnames like Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyasheva, but they go back to the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Veden Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. Thus, a significant part of the Finno-Ugrians was assimilated by the Russians, and some, having converted to Islam, mixed with the Turks. That is why Finno-Ugric peoples do not constitute a majority anywhere - even in the republics to which they gave their name.

But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians, the Finno-Ugrians retained their anthropological type: very light hair, Blue eyes, big nose, wide, high cheekbones. The type that writers XIX V. called the “Penza peasant”, is now perceived as typically Russian.

Many Finno-Ugric words have entered the Russian language: “tundra”, “sprat”, “herring”, etc. Is there a more Russian and by all favorite dish what dumplings? Meanwhile, this word is borrowed from the Komi language and means “bread ear”: “pel” is “ear”, and “nyan” is “bread”. There are especially many borrowings in northern dialects, mainly among the names of natural phenomena or landscape elements. They give a peculiar beauty to local speech and regional literature. Take, for example, the word “taibola”, which in the Arkhangelsk region is used to call a dense forest, and in the Mezen River basin - a road running along the seashore next to the taiga. It is taken from the Karelian "taibale" - "isthmus". For centuries, peoples living nearby have always enriched each other's language and culture.

Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum were Finno-Ugrians by origin - both Mordvins, but irreconcilable enemies; Udmurt - physiologist V. M. Bekhterev, Komi - sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, Mordvin - sculptor S. Nefedov-Erzya, who took the name of the people as his pseudonym; Mari composer A. Ya. Eshpai.

ANCIENT CLOTHING V O D I I ZH O R T E V

The main part of the traditional women's costume of the Vodi and Izhorians is shirt . Ancient shirts were sewn very long, with wide, also long sleeves. In the warm season, a shirt was the only clothing a woman could wear. Back in the 60s. XIX century After the wedding, the young woman was supposed to wear only a shirt until her father-in-law gave her a fur coat or caftan.

Votic women long preserved the ancient form of unstitched waist clothing - hursgukset , which was worn over a shirt. Hursgukset is similar to Russian poneva. It was richly decorated with copper coins, shells, fringes, and bells. Later, when he came into everyday life sundress , the bride wore a hursgukset under a sundress to the wedding.

A kind of unstitched clothing - annua - worn in the central part Ingria(part of the territory of modern Leningrad region). It was a wide cloth that reached to the armpits; a strap was sewn to its upper ends and thrown over the left shoulder. The annua parted on the left side, and therefore a second cloth was put on under it - Khurstut . It was wrapped around the waist and also worn on a strap. The Russian sarafan gradually replaced the ancient loincloth among the Vodians and Izhorians. The clothes were belted leather belt, cords, woven belts and narrow towels.

In ancient times, Votic women shaved my head.

TRADITIONAL CLOTHING KH A N T O V I M A N S I

Khanty and Mansi clothes were made from skins, fur, fish skin, cloth, nettle and linen canvas. In the manufacture of children's clothing, they used the most archaic material - bird skins.

Men wore in winter swing fur coats made of deer and hare fur, squirrel and fox paws, and in summer a short robe made of coarse cloth; the collar, sleeves and right hem were trimmed with fur.Winter shoes It was made of fur and was worn with fur stockings. Summer made of rovduga (suede made from deer or elk skin), and the sole was made of elk skin.

Men's shirts they were sewn from nettle canvas, and the trousers were made from rovduga, fish skin, canvas, and cotton fabrics. Must be worn over a shirt woven belt , to which hung beaded bags(they held a knife in a wooden sheath and a flint).

Women wore in winter fur coat from deer skin; the lining was also fur. Where there were few deer, the lining was made from hare and squirrel skins, and sometimes from duck or swan down. In summer wore cloth or cotton robe ,decorated with stripes made of beads, colored fabric and tin plaques. The women cast these plaques themselves in special molds made of soft stone or pine bark. The belts were already men's and more elegant.

Women covered their heads both in winter and summer scarves with wide borders and fringes . In the presence of men, especially older relatives of the husband, according to tradition, the end of the scarf was supposed to be cover your face. They lived among the Khanty and beaded headbands .

Hair Previously, it was not customary to cut hair. Men parted their hair in the middle, gathered it into two ponytails and tied it with a colored cord. .Women braided two braids, decorated them with colored cord and copper pendants . At the bottom, the braids were connected with a thick copper chain so as not to interfere with work. Rings, bells, beads and other decorations were hung from the chain. Khanty women, according to custom, wore a lot copper and silver rings. Jewelry made from beads, which were imported by Russian merchants, were also widespread.

HOW THE MARIES DRESSED

In the past, Mari clothing was exclusively homemade. Upper(it was worn in winter and autumn) was sewn from homemade cloth and sheepskin, and shirts and summer caftans- made of white linen canvas.

Women wore shirt, caftan, pants, headdress and bast shoes . Shirts were embroidered with silk, wool, and cotton threads. They were worn with belts woven from wool and silk and decorated with beads, tassels and metal chains. One of the types headdresses of married Maries , similar to a cap, was called shymaksh . It was made from thin canvas and placed on a birch bark frame. Mandatory part traditional costume Maries were considered jewelry made of beads, coins, tin plaques.

Men's suit consisted of canvas embroidered shirt, pants, canvas caftan and bast shoes . The shirt was shorter than a woman's and was worn with a narrow belt made of wool and leather. On head put on felt HATS and sheepskin caps .

WHAT IS FINNO-UGRIAN LINGUISTIC RELATIONSHIP

Finno-Ugric peoples by way of life, religion, historical destinies and even appearance differ from each other. They are combined into one group based on the relationship of languages. However, linguistic proximity varies. The Slavs, for example, can easily come to an agreement, each speaking in his own dialect. But the Finno-Ugric people will not be able to communicate as easily with their brothers in the language group.

In ancient times, the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugrians spoke in one language. Then its speakers began to move, mixed with other tribes, and the once single language split into several independent ones. The Finno-Ugric languages ​​diverged so long ago that they have few common words - about a thousand. For example, “house” in Finnish is “koti”, in Estonian – “kodu”, in Mordovian – “kudu”, in Mari – “kudo”. The word "butter" is similar: Finnish "voi", Estonian "vdi", Udmurt and Komi "vy", Hungarian "vaj". But the sound of the languages ​​- phonetics - remains so close that any Finno-Ugric, listening to another and not even understanding what he is talking about, feels: this is a related language.

NAMES OF FINNO-UGRICS

Finno-Ugric peoples have long professed (at least officially) Orthodoxy , therefore their first and last names, as a rule, do not differ from Russians. However, in the village, in accordance with the sound of local languages, they change. So, Akulina becomes Oculus, Nikolai - Nikul or Mikul, Kirill - Kirlya, Ivan - Yivan. U Komi , for example, the patronymic is often placed before the given name: Mikhail Anatolyevich sounds like Tol Mish, i.e. Anatolyev's son Mishka, and Rosa Stepanovna turns into Stepan Rosa - Stepan's daughter Rosa. In the documents, of course, everyone has ordinary Russian names. Only writers, artists and performers choose the traditionally rural form: Yyvan Kyrlya, Nikul Erkay, Illya Vas, Ortjo Stepanov.

U Komi often found surnames Durkin, Rochev, Kanev; among the Udmurts - Korepanov and Vladykin; at Mordovians - Vedenyapin, Pi-yashev, Kechin, Mokshin. Surnames with a diminutive suffix are especially common among Mordovians - Kirdyaykin, Vidyaykin, Popsuykin, Alyoshkin, Varlashkin.

Some Mari , especially unbaptized chi-mari in Bashkiria, at one time they accepted turkic names. Therefore, the Chi-Mari often have surnames similar to Tatar ones: Anduga-nov, Baitemirov, Yashpatrov, but their names and patronymics are Russian. U Karelian There are both Russian and Finnish surnames, but always with a Russian ending: Perttuev, Lampiev. Usually in Karelia you can distinguish by surname Karelian, Finnish and St. Petersburg Finn. So, Perttuev - Karelian, Perttu - St. Petersburg Finn, A Pertgunen - Finn. But each of them can have a first and patronymic Stepan Ivanovich.

WHAT DO THE FINNO-UGRICS BELIEVE?

In Russia, many Finno-Ugrians profess Orthodoxy . In the 12th century. Vepsians were baptized in the 13th century. - Karelians, at the end of the 14th century. - Komi Then for translation Holy Scripture was created in the Komi language Perm writing - the only original Finno-Ugric alphabet. During the XVIII-XIX centuries. Mordovians, Udmurts and Maris were baptized. However, the Maris never fully accepted Christianity. To avoid contacting new faith, some of them (they called themselves “chi-mari” - “true Mari”) went to the territory of Bashkiria, and those who stayed and were baptized often continued to worship the old gods. Among among the Mari, Udmurts, Sami and some other peoples, the so-called double faith . People revere the old gods, but recognize the “Russian God” and his saints, especially Nicholas the Pleasant. In Yoshkar-Ola, the capital of the Mari El Republic, the state took under protection sacred grove - "kyusoto", and now pagan prayers take place here. The names of the supreme gods and mythological heroes these peoples are similar and probably go back to the ancient Finnish name for sky and air - " ilma ": Ilmarinen - among the Finns, Ilmayline - among the Karelians,Inmar - among the Udmurts, Yong -Komi.

CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE FINNO-UGRICS

Writing many Finno-Ugric languages ​​of Russia were created on the basis Cyrillic alphabet, with the addition of letters and superscripts that convey sound features.Karelians , whose literary language is Finnish, are written in Latin letters.

Literature of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia very young, but oral folk art centuries-old history. Finnish poet and folklorist Elias Lönrö t (1802-1884) collected the tales of the epic " Kalevala "among the Karelians of the Olonets province Russian Empire. The final version of the book was published in 1849. “Kalevala”, which means “the country of Kalev”, in its rune songs tells about the exploits of the Finnish heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen, about their struggle with the evil Louhi, the mistress of Pohjola (the northern country of darkness) . In a magnificent poetic form The epic tells about the life, beliefs, and customs of the ancestors of the Finns, Karelians, Vepsians, Vodians, and Izhorians. This information is unusually rich, it reveals spiritual world farmers and hunters of the North. "Kalevala" stands on a par with the greatest epics of mankind. Some other Finno-Ugric peoples also have epics: "Kalevipoeg"("Son of Caleb") - at Estonians , "Pera the hero" - y Komi-Permyaks , preserved epic tales among the Mordovians and Mansi .