How do Kazakhs live? Kazakhs in Russia
Historically, they consisted of three large associations-zhuzes: the Senior Zhuz, the Middle Zhuz and the Junior Zhuz.
The language is Kazakh, which is part of the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of languages.
The Kazakhs are a people of Turkic origin with a complex ethnic history. Ancient roots of material culture and anthropological type Kazakhs can be traced archaeologically among the tribes of the Bronze Age that lived on the territory of Kazakhstan. The ancient ancestors of the Kazakhs were Saks, Massagets, Huns, who lived on the territory of modern Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In the III-II centuries. BC e. On the territory of Southern Kazakhstan, a tribal association of the Usuns arose, and in the South-West lived tribes that were part of the tribal union Kangyuy (Kangly). In the first centuries A.D. e. The Alans lived to the west of the Aral Sea. In the VI-VII centuries. the tribes inhabiting the southeastern part of Kazakhstan were under the rule of the Western Turkic Khaganate. 
At the same time, tribes that came from the East (Türgesh, Karluks, etc.) settled on the territory of Kazakhstan. Later, short-term political associations of the early feudal type appeared in various regions of Kazakhstan: Turgesh (VIII century) and Karluk (VIII-X centuries) kaganates, associations of Oghuz (IX-XI centuries), Kimaks and Kypchaks (VIII-XI centuries). The latter occupied the vast steppe spaces of modern Kazakhstan, called Desht-i-Kipchak. In the X-XI centuries in the west of Kazakhstan there were khanates of the Polovtsy, consisting of the Kypchak tribes. At the beginning of the XII century, the territory of Kazakhstan was invaded by the Khitans. They subsequently mixed with the local Turkic-speaking population. In the XIII century, the Golden Horde was formed: the territory from the Black Sea to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, the territory of the Caspian and Aral basins. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Kazakh Khanate arose in its eastern part around the middle of the 15th century. But internecine wars, separatism, intrigues of external and internal enemies led to the fragmentation and weakening of the Kazakh Khanate. By the 15th century, the centralized Kazakh state was finally formed, into which almost all Kazakh clans joined, united by one language and culture. During the time of Yesim-Khan, in 1625, some Naimans, who roamed in the possessions of the Khiva Khanate, joined, and in the 18th century, Konyrats from the nomads of Bukhara joined.
Kazakh woman in wedding dress On horse.
The Kazakh people historically developed from three groups zhuzes:
Senior zhuz (Seven Rivers) - included the tribes Dulat, Alban, Suan, Kangly, Zhalaiyr, Sirgeli, Shanshykyly, Shaprashty, Uisin, Shakty, Ysty;
Middle zhuz - mainly Argyn, Naiman, Kipchak, Kerey, Konyrat, Uak, Tarakty tribes;
The younger zhuz - consisted of tribal associations Alimuly (kinds Shomekey, Karasakal, Karakesek, Tortkara, Shekty, Kete), Bayuly (kinds Adai, Alash, Zhappas, Altyn, [[Bersh / Berish]], Sherkesh, Maskar, Tana, Baybakty, kzylkurt, esentemir, issyk and taz) and zhetiru (genus zhagalbayly, kerderi, tama, tabyn, teleu, ramadan, kereyt).
In the Younger Zhuz, at the beginning of the 19th century, the tsarist government of Russia created and maintained the Internal, or Bukey Horde.
According to the information of 1890, published in the Alphabetical List of Peoples Living in the Russian Empire, the Kirghiz-Kaisaks (that is, the Kazakhs) lived on the territory of the Orenburg and Astrakhan provinces, Semipalatinsk, Semirechensk, Turgai and Ural regions with a total number of 3 million people.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the Kazakhs had not yet formed a united nation. As V. I. Bushkov and L. S. Tolstova write, the ethnic consolidation of the Kazakh people has not yet been completed. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 40 large tribal groups among the Kazakhs. encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron, published in the late XIX - early XX centuries, noted that individuals from the Kirghiz-Kaisaks (then Russian name Kazakhs) sometimes designate their nationality with the common name "Khasak", but more often they define it by the name of the clan to which they consider themselves to belong.
The formal division into zhuzes actually disappeared by the beginning of the 20th century.
Postage stamp depicting traditional Kazakh costumes and yurts
Famine of 1932-1933
Famine in Kazakhstan in 1932-1933, Little October
Mass famine occurred in the early 30s as a result of the repressive Stalinist agricultural policy pursued in Kazakhstan by the first secretary of the Kazkraykom of the CPSU Filipp Goloshchekin and which consisted in the forcible selection of livestock from the indigenous population. Left without a livelihood, about one and a half million inhabitants of the republic died, hundreds of thousands fled to China. Partially, this catastrophe is also recognized by Soviet sources. According to official data, according to the All-Union Census of the USSR in 1926, there were 3.968 million Kazakhs, and according to the 1939 census - only 3.1 million people. There is an opinion that the data of this census cannot be trusted, since, in order to hide the monstrous consequences of the famine, the data were repeatedly altered and falsified. According to the All-Russian census of 1897, the number of citizens Russian Empire, who indicated the Kazakh language as their native language, was 4.08 million people, which was only about 0.1 million less than all the other peoples of Central Asia combined (excluding 1 million inhabitants of the Russian protectorates of the Bukhara Emirate and the Khiva Khanate, not covered by the census), see Census of the Russian Empire (1897). If not for the famine, the population of modern Kazakhstan could be much larger than it is now.
Repatriation of ethnic Kazakhs to Kazakhstan
Nurly kosh
Currently, Kazakhstan is pursuing a policy of repatriation of ethnic Kazakhs who were forced or voluntarily left the territory of the country or found themselves outside its modern borders after the national-state demarcation in Central Asia, and their descendants living in other countries (the term oralman is used). In total, over the past 2 decades, up to 1 million ethnic Kazakhs have moved to Kazakhstan, according to official estimates.
Currently, the program "Nurly Kosh" for 2009-2011 is being implemented (Kazakh Nurly Kosh, the literal translation is "bright roaming", "bright crossing"). The program was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 2, 2008 No. 1126. This state program of the Republic of Kazakhstan for rational resettlement and assistance in settling: ethnic immigrants; former citizens of Kazakhstan who arrived to carry out labor activities on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan; citizens of Kazakhstan living in disadvantaged areas of the country.
The ethnonym "Kazakh"
The ethnonym "Kazakh" appeared in the 15th century, when in 1460, dissatisfied with the harsh policy of the Khan of the Uzbek Ulus (the main Tatar ulus of the Golden Horde, not to be confused with modern Uzbeks), Abu-l-Khaira, the sultans Zhanibek and Kerey with their auls migrated from the coast Syr Darya to the east in Semirechie, on the lands of the ruler of Moghulistan Yesen-buga, where they formed the Kazakh Khanate (1465). These tribes began to call themselves free people - "Kazakh" ("Kazakhtar"), in Russian - "Kazakhs". In Kazakh speech in this word, both letters "k" are pronounced as a solid Қ, but since 1936, the spelling "kazakh" has been established in modern Russian orthography. After the fragmentation of the eastern part of the Ulus of Chagatai of the state of Moghulistan, the Kazakh ulus will be strengthened by the Mogul clans of Moghulistan.
In Tsarist Russia, the current Kazakhs were called Kirghiz or Kirghiz-Kaisaks, so as not to be confused with Russian Cossacks. The misuse of the ethnonyms "Kazakh" and "Kyrgyz" before the revolution was associated with the mistakes of incompetent authors and administration. Back in 1827, A. I. Levshin argued that “the Kirghiz is the name of a completely different people ... the name Cossack ... belongs to the Kirghiz-Kaisak hordes from the beginning of their existence, they don’t call themselves otherwise.” Initially, the ethnonym "Kazakh" was fixed in the form "Cossack" in 1925 in Soviet Russia after the renaming of the Kirghiz ASSR into the Kazakh ASSR, and in the form of "Kazakh" after the transformation of the Kazakh ASSR into the Kazakh SSR.
Existing versions of the origin of the meaning of the word "Kazakh":
The word "Cossack" means "a free, independent person, a daredevil, an adventurer."
population
The total number of Kazakhs - St. 14 million people.
Kazakhstan - 10.5 million people
China - 1.4 - 1.5 million people
Uzbekistan - 0.8 - 1.1 million people
Russia - 648 thousand people
Mongolia - 102 thousand people
Turkmenistan - up to 40 thousand people.
Kyrgyzstan - 39 thousand people
Iran - 3-4 thousand people.
Tajikistan - 900 people
Kazakhs in China
At present, twice as many Kazakhs live in China than in the Russian Federation - about 1.4 million people. The bulk of the Kazakhs live in the XUAR (about 1.25 million people), where a system of national autonomous entities has been created for them: the majority of the Kazakhs of the PRC live in the Ili-Kazakh Autonomous Okrug (ICAO); also live in the Barkel-Kazakh Autonomous County as part of the Khami District and Mory-Kazakh Autonomous County (as part of the Changji-Hui Autonomous Region). In addition to these autonomous entities in the Chinese province of Gansu, there is the Aksai-Kazakh Autonomous County. Kazakhs in China are among the small ethnic groups with state status.
In the XUAR of the PRC, there are schools teaching in Kazakh language, more than 50 newspapers and magazines are published in the Kazakh language, there are 3 TV channels that broadcast 7 days a week.
The state restriction "One family - one child" does not apply to Kazakhs in China.
Kazakhs in Russia
The number of Kazakhs and their share in the population of Russia has been constantly increasing. Kazakhs live compactly in the border regions. In the Astrakhan region, a newspaper is published in the Kazakh language (“Ak Arna”), in a number of regions there are several dozen schools where the Kazakh language is taught as a separate subject, there is one school in the Altai Republic, where the Kazakh language is taught according to the program of the Kazakh department of public education and according to Kazakh textbooks, but at the same time, there is no secondary education in the Kazakh language in Russia.
Kazakhs in Uzbekistan
Religion
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in the city of Turkestan
The traditional religious affiliation is Sunni Muslims. The traditional madhhab (Muslim legal school) of Imam Abu Hanif, aqida (belief) based on the teachings of Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (one of the 3 classical Sunni aqida).
The penetration of Islam into the territory of modern Kazakhstan took place over several centuries, starting from the southern regions. Initially, Islam established itself among the settled population of the Semirechye and the Syr Darya at the end of the 10th century. For example, Islam was already in the Karakhanid Empire at the end of the 10th century. At present, the bulk of the Kazakh population consider themselves Muslims and observe at least part of the rituals to one degree or another. For example, the rite of circumcision (sunnet / sundet) is performed by the overwhelming majority of the believing part of the Kazakhs, almost all Kazakhs are buried according to Muslim rites. Although it should be noted that only certain part(minority) regularly pray and observe other religious requirements. Currently, there are 2,700 mosques in Kazakhstan, while in the Soviet period there were only 63. The number of believers has now increased, including Muslims.
Mosque named after Mashkhur Zhusup
The spread of Islam among the nomads was not as active as among the settled population of the Turkic peoples, since traditional religion nomadic Turks was Tengrianism. But Islam continued to spread in the following centuries. So Islam was accepted by the Khan of the Golden Horde Berke (1255-1266) and Khan Uzbek (Khan Ozbek) 1312-1340). At that time, the influence of the Sufi clergy was strong among the Turks. A huge contribution to the propaganda of Islam among the Kazakhs was made by the founder of the Sufi order Yasaviya Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, who died in 1166 in the city of Turkestan.
Tengrianism
Tengrianism arose in a natural historical way on the basis of the people's worldview, which embodied both early religious and mythological ideas related to the attitude of a person to nature and her elemental powers. Peculiar and feature This religion is the relationship of man with the world around him, nature. Tengrianism was generated by the deification of nature, the eternal sky above the head and the veneration of the spirits of ancestors. The Turks worshiped objects and phenomena of the surrounding world not out of fear of incomprehensible and formidable elemental forces, but out of a sense of gratitude to nature for the fact that, despite the sudden outbursts of its unbridled anger, it is often affectionate and generous. They knew how to look at nature as an animated being. The Tengrian faith gave the nomadic Turks the knowledge and ability to feel the spirit of nature, to be more aware of being a part of it, to live in harmony with it, to obey the rhythm of nature, to enjoy its endless changeability, to rejoice in its many-sided beauty. Everything was interconnected, and the nomadic Turks carefully treated the steppes, meadows, mountains, rivers, lakes, that is, nature as a whole, as bearing a divine imprint.
Language and writing
Kazakh language, Kazakh writing
The Kazakh language belongs to Turkic group languages, is included in the Kypchak subgroup of Turkic languages (Tatar, Bashkir, Karachay-Balkarian, Kumyk, Karaite, Crimean Tatar, Karakalpak, Karagach, Nogai). Together with the Nogai, Karakalpak and Karagach languages, it belongs to the Kypchak-Nogai branch. The closest relatives of the Kazakhs are Karakalpaks, Nogays, Tatars. Representatives of these peoples can easily communicate with each other without an interpreter.
The ancient Turkic peoples, who later became the ancestors of modern Kazakhs, played a significant role in the history of Eurasia. It should be noted that in the period from the 5th to the 15th century, the Turkic language was the language of interethnic communication in most of Eurasia. Even under the Mongol khans Batu and Munk, all official documents in the Golden Horde, international correspondence, in addition to Mongolian, were also conducted in the Turkic language. The formation and development of a language close to the modern Kazakh language took place in the XIII-XIV centuries. It should be noted that the modern Kazakh language as a whole is very close to the old Kazakh. From the 13th to the beginning of the 20th century, there was a single literary Turkic language - "Turks", which laid the foundation for all local Turkic languages in Central Asia.
Scientists for the first time discovered a monument of ancient Turkic runic writing on the territory of modern Khakassia. Later - on the territory of Tuva, Mongolia, Altai, Kazakhstan, Talas (Kyrgyzstan), etc. The material for writing was the surface of a stone, wood, bone, coins, household items, etc. Archaeological exhibits with samples of ancient Turkic runic writing are kept, including in the Kazakh State Museum.
The runic alphabet consisted of 24 letters and the word separating sign, to 8th century alphabet classical period in the Orkhon variety it consisted of 38 letters and a word with a separating sign. In total, taking into account regional and chronological variants, there are more than 50 graphemes. The language of the inscriptions made in the ancient Turkic runic script was the Orkhon-Yenisei language (named after the Orkhon in Mongolia and the Yenisei in Russia), which belonged to the Karluk group of Turkic languages and preceded the Uzbek language.
With the spread and strengthening of Islam at the beginning of the 10th century. the Arabic alphabet is becoming more and more widespread. Of course, it was significantly changed and adapted to the norms of Turkic speech. The main centers for the spread of Arabic writing among the Turkic peoples were the cities of Bulgar (in modern Tatarstan) and Khorezm (in modern Uzbekistan), located outside the territory of the Kazakh settlement, where Islam was entrenched as early as the 10th-11th centuries. The Islamization of the majority of Kazakhs and the perception of the Arabic script by the literate part of the population occurred in the 18th century.
In 1912, Akhmet Baitursynov reformed the Kazakh script on the basis of the Arabic script, making it possible for millions of Kazakhs living abroad to use it. He excluded all purely Arabic letters not used in the Kazakh language and added letters specific to the Kazakh language. The new alphabet, called "Zhana emle" ("New spelling"), is still used by Kazakhs living in China, Afghanistan, Iran.
During the Soviet period in Kazakhstan, for political purposes, the Kazakh alphabet was translated into Latin script (Latinization, 1929), and then another translation was carried out already into Cyrillic (Cyrilization, 1940). Currently, the Kazakh language in Kazakhstan uses the Cyrillic alphabet, and discussions are underway on the feasibility of returning to the Latin script.
"Latin script dominates today in the communication space," said President N. Nazarbayev, speaking to the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan. "We need to return to the issue of switching to the Latin alphabet of the Kazakh language," he told delegates representing various ethnic groups in Kazakhstan.
Modern Kazakhs are characterized by bilingualism. Thus, 75% of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan are fluent in Russian, in Kyrgyzstan 81% of Kazakhs are fluent in Russian, and in Russia 98% of Kazakhs are fluent in Russian. Among the Kazakhs of China and Mongolia, the majority, along with Kazakh, also speaks Chinese and Mongolian, respectively.
In modern Kazakhstan, the development of Kazakh-Russian and Russian-Kazakh bilingualism is one of the priorities national policy.
Life and culture
Kazy - delicacy horse meat
The main dishes are meat. One of the popular Kazakh dishes is called "Et" (meat), this dish is often called and known in Russian-language literature and the press as beshbarmak, boiled fresh lamb with pieces of rolled boiled dough (kamyr). Also popular are kuyrdak (fried pieces of liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, etc.), kespe or salma (noodles), sorpa ( meat broth), ak-sorpa (milk soup with meat, or just meat soup with kurt). The main dishes often also include a variety of boiled sausages - kazy (horse meat sausage, divided according to the degree of fat content), karta, shuzhyk. Previously, the stuffed stomach, once popular among shepherds, baked in ash (analogous to haggis), was also included in the main dishes, but now it belongs to the exotic even among the Kazakhs.
Popular dishes are: “sirne” (fried young lamb cooked in a cauldron with onions and potatoes) and “palau” (kazakh pilaf with big amount meat and carrots)
Of the fish dishes, the most famous is “koktal” - fish strung on willow branches, fried on coals, seasoned with vegetables.
Kuyrdak - traditional Kazakh meat dish
Mutton, beef, horsemeat, less often camel meat are widely used for cooking. The use of fish and seafood is traditional for the inhabitants of the Caspian and Aral coasts. Due to the nomadic way of life, the bird was not bred, and was present only as a game for hunters.
In addition to meat dishes, there is a wide variety of dairy dishes and drinks: koumiss (sour mare's milk), shubat (sour camel's milk), sut (cow's milk), airan (kefir), kaymak (sour cream), kilegey (cream), sary-may ( butter), suzbe (cottage cheese), katyk (a cross between yogurt and cottage cheese), kurt (dried salted cottage cheese), irimshyk (dried sheep’s milk cottage cheese), shalap or ashmal (liquid yogurt), kozhe (milk drink with cereals), etc. Tea is the main drink. Any dastarkhan ends with tea drinking. Moreover, tea in Kazakh is strong tea with cream, just like tea in English. The consumption of tea by the inhabitants of Kazakhstan is one of the highest in the world - 1.2 kilograms per person per year. For comparison, in India it is only 650 grams per capita.
Famous sweets include "shertpek" - a mixture of honey and horse fat from "kazy". It was mostly on the dastarkhan of the Kazakh bais.
Three types of traditional bread: baursaks - round or square pieces of dough fried in boiling oil in a cauldron; cakes fried in boiling oil - shelpek; "taba-nan" - cakes in clay pans, baked under dung; tandoor - cakes baked in the tandoor .. The most common are baursaks and shelpeks, as they are easily cooked in field conditions - in a cauldron, and now they are traditionally prepared for any holiday, being an additional decoration holiday table, while the tandoor requires tandoor ovens and was baked mainly in sedentary places (cities on the Great Silk Road, some winter camps with pastures (kystau - winter huts).
Also: "talkan", "zharma", "zhent", "balauyz", "balkaymak"
National sports
Commemorative coin of Kazakhstan "Kyz Kuu" from the series "National rituals and games", 2008
Baiga - a jump at a distance of 10 - 100 shakyrym (one "shakyrym" - approximately equal to half a kilometer. Usually it was equal to the distance from which you could shout to another person and call him: "shakyru" - "call").
Alaman-baige - long-distance races (40 shakyrym).
Kunan-baige - races of young horses - two years old.
Zhorga-zharys - races of pacers.
Kyz kuu (chasing a girl) - horseback riding between a girl and a guy.
Kokpar - goat-wrestling (the struggle of horsemen for the carcass of a goat).
Tenge alu - raise a coin at a gallop and other horse riding.
Sayys - wrestling, sitting on horseback.
Kazakhsha kures - national Kazakh wrestling.
Togyz-kumalak - nine balls (board game).
Asyk - a game of lamb knee bones on the court (similar to the game of grandmas).
Burkut-salu - falconry until the first game.
Zhamby atu - shooting at a high-hanging target "jamby" on horseback on a fast galloping horse.
Tartyspak is a team riding game for dragging horses.
Kazakh traditions
Modern Kazakhstan is going through a period of national revival and the revival of national statehood.
Previously, there was a conscious elimination and destruction of traditions throughout the twentieth century. During the seventy years of the Soviet period, traditions were fought in Kazakhstan as "remnants of the past."
24046 29-12-2017, 00:08
Where did the "Kazakhs" come from: how and when did the name of our people appear?
ENG ENG KZ
Recently, in mid-December, some Kazakhstani publications published a “sensational” article under the same heading “Historians figured out what the ethnonym “Kazakh” means. And then there is a repeating one-to-one text: “For 80 years, historians have been trying to figure out what the ethnonym “Kazakh” means. Archaeologists Victor Seibert, Alexander Kislenko, Vladimir Zaitov (unfortunately, now deceased), Oleg Martynyuk and Anatoly Pleshakov in their research came close to unraveling it. It is known from various sources that the ancestors of the Kazakhs were called Scythians. They called themselves simply - "sak". In all Turkic languages it means "vigilant", "cautious", "guarding". But what does the prefix "ka" mean? It turns out that in the ancient Turkic languages this short word meant "great". For example, "ka-khan" is no longer just "khan", but "great khan". That is, “ka-sak” can be translated as “great sak”.
We could be called Kipchaks…
Professional historians were rather skeptical about the next "sensation". 
According to a specialist in medieval history Kazakhstan, Academician-Arabist Bulat Kumekov to deal with the etymology of terms, one must at least have a serious philological education.
“In the last quarter of a century, it has become typical to express your opinion about historical events and phenomena without relying on reliable sources,” he says. - Meanwhile, the study of the etymology of any term involves not only knowledge of the relevant literature and the study of phonetic consonances. It is also necessary to have an idea about the specific historical context, geographical environment, economic and cultural type, mores and customs of the people. And even in this case, source scholars very rarely manage to come to an agreed opinion. However, non-specialists (or, if you like, dilettantes) are not embarrassed by ignorance of all this. For them, for example, the Turkic Khazars who lived far from each other and the Afghan Khazars are one and the same people. They make such a conclusion on the basis of only phonetic consonance.
As for the self-name "Kazakhs" ... The formation of the Kazakh people was long and difficult. It was, in fact, the process of ethnic interaction between the local population and the population that came to the territory of Kazakhstan, which lasted for three millennia. At one time, we almost began to be called Kipchaks, then - Uzbeks, but history decreed otherwise.
Let me remind you that a number of state structures were formed on the ruins of the Turkic Khaganate. In the west (Caucasus and the Western Caspian) - the Khazar Khaganate, on the Volga - the state of the Bulgars, and on the territory of present-day Kazakhstan three states appeared: the Oghuz - on the Syr Darya, the Karluks - in Zhetysu and the Kimeks - in the Irtysh basin. In the east, on the Yenisei, the state of the Kyrgyz arose, and on the territory of Mongolia - the Uighur Khaganate. All these formations continued the ancient Turkic traditions - political, social and cultural.
The Kipchaks, who at that time settled in the territory of Central Kazakhstan and the Southern Urals, were politically dependent on the Kimek Khaganate, formed in the 9th century on the territory of Eastern and Central Kazakhstan. This continued until the beginning of the 11th century, when the Kipchak rulers seized power and formed their own state - the Kipchak Khanate. That is, they turned out to be the heirs of the Kimek state.
Having strengthened due to the potential of the latter, the Kipchaks began to expand their territory. Soon they forced the Oguzes out of the Syrdarya basin. The vast territory captured by them - from the Irtysh to the Caspian Sea - in foreign historiography began to be called Desht-i-Kypchak (the steppe of the Kypchaks). For the first time this ethno-geographical term was mentioned by Nasir-i-Khusrau, a Persian poet of the 11th century. Thus began the Kipchak era.
The winner spoke the language of the vanquished
By the beginning of the 13th century, the stage of formation of such a people as the Kypchaks was already completed, but this process was interrupted by the Mongol invasion. And when they talk about the negative consequences of that invasion, then it is, first of all, not about the destruction of cities (not a single war can do without it). And not even about physical extermination a large number people (there are no good or bad wars, there is resistance and there is destruction - this is a natural process). We are talking about the fact that the Mongols interrupted the formation of the Kypchak people at its final stage and put an end to the powerful state - the Kypchak Khanate.
With the arrival of the Mongols, as the Russian chronicles testify, the so-called Golden Horde was formed - a copy of the Altyn-Orda, better known as the Ulus of Jochi or the Ulus of Batu, and in many sources as the state of Desht-i-Kypchak or even the Kypchak Khanate or the Kuman kingdom. Why? Yes, because already in the second half of the 13th century, in the confrontation between two cultures and traditions - Mongolian and Kypchak - the latter took over. And, as a result, the descendants of Genghis Khan - Genghisides - began to belong political power, and to the Kypchaks - spiritual.
Having moved to the west at the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan understood perfectly well that if there was a force that could stop him, then only the Kypchaks. Wherever he invaded with his army before, he easily managed to hold on to power: the Mongols, in their military potential, far exceeded any settled agricultural state.
While the Kypchaks were the same as themselves, the steppe way of life, as well as the corresponding traditions and culture, operated on their territory.
Therefore, they could defeat the Kypchaks only through diplomacy, cunning and setting them against each other, and, of course, the destruction of the el-borili dynastic family. Prior to this, Genghis Khan did exactly the same with Tatar tribes- so that on the territory of Mongolia no one could challenge the power of him and his descendants, he dealt with the dynastic family, which could claim state administration.
Due to the above reasons, towards the end of the 13th century, the process of Kypchakization and Turkization began not only of the Mongolian dynastic branch - Chingizids, but also of all the Mongols who were on the territory of Desht-i-Kypchak. The invaders spoke the Kypchak language and adhered to the traditions of the people they conquered. The Arab traveler al-Omari testified: "all the Tatars (Mongols) became like Kipchaks."
By the way, the power structure of the Genghisides influenced the plots of genealogical legends - shezhire. Trying to get closer political elite, some Turkic structures became the authors of far-fetched lines. For example, such as if the Turk and the Mongol are the sons of the same father.
The state of Ak-Orda, which appeared at the end of the 13th century, became the first state formation on the territory of Kazakhstan in the post-Mongolian period. It was based on the Kipchak structure, only the power belonged to the Genghisides who had assimilated among the local population. Their rule, capturing the period of formation of the Kazakh Khanate, continued until the 19th century, until the Kazakhs became part of Russia.
... And the Kypchaks became Uzbeks
By the middle of the XIV century, the term "Kypchak" again spread to the entire territory of Desht-i Kipchak. Powerful Kipchak traditions and culture absorbed the spirituality of all other steppe ethnic groups. And therefore, other tribes that settled here gradually began to call themselves Kipchaks, although they were not such. But the Genghisides, in whose hands the political power was, could not allow the formation of a people under such a name. In addition, the Kypchaks soon scattered all over the world - from Western Europe and Rus' to India and the Arab countries. And in the second half of the 14th century, on the territory of Desht-i-Kypchak, the ethno-political term "Uzbek" began to prevail over the term "Kypchak". From now on living here ethnic community, with the exception of the Mughals - the inhabitants of Moghulistan (Zhetysu), began to call themselves Uzbeks.
The formation of a people under this name was prevented by certain historical events. First of all - the struggle for power. In Desht-i-Kypchak, several branches of Chingizids ruled - the sons of Prince Jochi: the descendants of the eldest son (Orda-Ezhen) and the fifth (Shiban).
The reign of the Horde-Ezhen branch was interrupted at the beginning of the 15th century - the throne in Desht-i-Kypchak was seized by Abulkhair, a representative of the Shibanid dynasty. Zhanibek and Kerey, the descendants of Orda-Ezhen, trying to regain, as they believed, the power that was legally theirs, entered into a confrontation with him. But Abulkhair drove them out in 1459 to the territory of Moghulistan. From that moment on, the name Uzbek-Kazakhs was assigned to all the tribes that separated with him. And there were also Uzbek Nogai, Uzbek Karluks, Uzbek Mangyts, etc.
A caveat should be made here. The concept of "Kazakh" (қазақ) originally had social significance. So they called everyone who separated from the main clan. The Russian orientalist Tursun Sultanov discovered a very curious example in Persian sources: even a feral cat was called “Kazakh”. So, Zhanibek and Kerey, being nomadic Uzbeks, separated from the main mass and became Uzbek-Kazakhs. Having moved to Moghulistan (Zhetysu), they began to gather forces in order to again wage a struggle for power in Desht-i-Kypchak. Abulkhair, in order to prevent their performance, in 1468 he himself moved to meet them, but along the way he fell ill and soon died of a common cold. As a result, Zhanibek and Kerey won the fight against the descendants of Abulkhair and continued to rule great steppe along the line of the Horde-Ezhena dynasty.
1470 is the year of the official appearance on the historical arena of the Kazakh Khanate. A number of researchers believe that this happened much earlier - in their opinion, the report should begin from the time when Zhanibek and Kerey moved to Moghulistan. However, the state must have certain attributes: territory, administrative-military system and, finally, diplomatic relations with other states. Zhanibek and Kerey had land, but it was allocated to them by the Mughal rulers. Having moved to Desht-i-Kypchak, they lost it. Therefore, it would be more correct to consider that the beginning of the emergence of the Kazakh state was laid in the process of secession. It ended in 1470, when Zhanibek and Kerey seized power in Desht-i-Kypchak.
For the nomads who remained in Desht-i-Kypchak, the name “Kazakh” was assigned. Thus, the term "Kazakhstan" (country of Kazakhs) appeared in the 15th century, and at the beginning of the next century it began to be mentioned in written sources. However, this does not mean that the Kazakh people appeared at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. No, this process was lengthy. In the XIV - XV centuries, such a people was already formed, it only underwent a change of self-name. As mentioned above, the word "Kazakh" before that had a social, then a socio-political meaning, although usually the names of many peoples have the original ethnonym. For example, the term "Armenians" appeared much earlier the moment when the tribe, and then the union of tribes under this name, became a nationality, then a people, and finally a nation.
The Kazakhs, before gaining their ethnic name and statehood, had to go a very long way.
Some scholars, referring to Byzantine sources, argue that the people called "Kasakhi", "Kosokhi" were known as early as the 9th-10th centuries. But this is nothing more than a philological consonance. In fact, in this case we are talking about Kosogs, representatives of the Caucasian people, who have a completely different language, other anthropological features that are different from the nomadic way of life, traditions and way of life.
And here is how the fate of those who left Desht-i-Kipchak developed. In 1500, the grandson of Abulkhair Khan, Muhammad Shaibani, forced out by Zhanibek and Kerey, with a large group of nomadic tribes (there were Naimans, Kipchaks, Karluks, and Kanglis), was forced to leave for Central Asia. The local population conquered by the nomads began to be called Uzbeks, but the Uzbek nomadic tribes - the Kipchaks and Karluks - until the 20-30s of the twentieth century did not consider themselves to be the local people - the Sarts. Preserving the traditions associated with the steppe way of life (nomadism, cattle breeding), they gravitated more to the Kazakhs.
Where did the Kazakhs come from?
The Kazakhs are descended from Jafs, the son of the prophet Nuh (Noah), from the people of Tukyu (in Chinese), that is, the Turks. Türk, as we already know, means "helmet". After that, the Turkic people were called Hun or Gun. Najip Gasimbekov claims that this name comes from the name of the river - Orkhon. In the following centuries, the Turks are known by many names, but we are from the Uighur branch. All known genealogies translate the words "Uighur" as "united, joined (to each other)". These people were taifas: Kyrgyz, Kanly, Kypchak, Argynot, Naiman, Kereit, Doglat, Oysyn-i.e. our direct ancestors. Subsequently, Genghis Khan conquered all the Tatars and Mongols and divided the entire (captive) people between his four sons. All Tatars went to the eldest son of Genghis Khan Jochi and his brother Chagatai, who followed him, and became known as the ulus of Jochi and the ulus of Chagatai. Then, when Khan Ozbek, a descendant of Jochi, converted to Islam, everyone who was in his ulus and our ancestors began to be called Ozbeks, and when Az-Zhanibek separated from Khan Nogai and our people followed him, we began to be called Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. At that time, the name "Kazakh" was worn not only by three Kazakh zhuzes, but also by other tribes. Most of them became sedentary and, having settled in different parts, began to be called some Nogais, some Bashkirs, and some Uzbeks and Sarts. In the end, the name "Kazakh" was assigned to him alone. At the very beginning, I already said that there is no genealogy that would chronologically trace all the tribes from the tribe from the prophet Adam to the present day. Even from Az-Zhanibek to the present day about our ancestors, there is both truthful and information of a clearly fabulous nature. Among them, of course, we are interested in information that exactly corresponds to the above genealogical books. So: ... after the death of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Batu (son of Jochi) sat on the Khan's throne instead. The Russians call him Batu. Another name for him is Sainkhan. In 1242, he subjugated all of Rus'. After Batu, his brother Burge was Khan. Even before Jochi, the Turkic tribes of the Kypchaks lived on Yedil and Zhaik. Therefore, their land is called the Deshti-Kypchak Khanate. During the time of Burge Khan, the khanate was divided into three parts: Golden Horde, White Horde and Blue Horde. The Golden Horde, to which all others were subordinate, was ruled by Burge Khan. The Khan of the White Horde was the son of Jochi Shaiban. Khan of the Blue Horde - son of Jochi Tokay-Temir. Our Abilmansur Ablai is a descendant of Tokaitemir. The aforementioned Burge Khan converted to Islam and became known as Bereke Khan. Tokai-Temir followed the example of his brother, also becoming a true believer. In place of Burge Khan, the son of Tokay-Temir Munke becomes the kagan, then his brother Toktagu. He was replaced by Khan Ozbek, the son of Togrol, the son of Batu Mentemir. This happened in 1301. Khan Ozbek was a Muslim and converted all his people to the Muslim faith. Since that time, our people have not changed their faith and are still Muslim. Hence the expression among the people: "Faith has remained to us from Ozbek." By the name of this khan and the entire ulus of Jochi began to be called Ozbeks. The headquarters of the Khan of the Golden Horde, the capital of the ulus of Jochi, is still located on the banks of the Yedil between Astrakhan and Saratov. This is the city of Tsarev. The Nogais called him Saray, the Russians, in their own way, Tsarev. At that time, the current Sary-Arka was the dwelling place of the Kazakhs. In 1446 after the death of Jochid Muhammad the Great (Ormambet Khan) in the struggle for the throne, the descendants of Jochi split (Timur's empire) into small specific khanates. The real name is Ula Mukhamed-Temir. As mentioned above, at one time the eastern part of the Jochi ulus, regardless of Kazan and Crimean khans ruled by Khan Abulkhair. Then the khan of the Kazakhs was Az-Zhanibek. He was subordinate to Khan Abulkhair. His real name is Abu Sahid. He is from the descendants of Tokai-Timur, but of khan blood. In 1455 Khan Az-Zhanibek, together with his brother Shakhgirey, being offended by Khan Abulkhair, went to Khan Tugluk, the son of Esen-Buga from the Chagatai clan, who stood on the river. Chu. The Kazakhs explain the reason for this resentment in the following way. ... the distant ancestor of the Argyns, the illustrious Dairkhodzha, was the favorite judge of Khan Abulkhair. The people called him Akzhol-biy for justice. Another favorite of Abulkhair was Kara-Kipchak Koblandy-batyr. Akzhol biy and Koblandy batyrs secretly hated each other, and once Koblandy (having met Akzhol biy in the steppe) killed him. Upon learning of this, Az-Zhanibek turned to Khan Abulkhair with a demand to hand over the murderer in accordance with Sharia law with a painful execution. But the khan, fearing the indignation and intercession (for the batyr) of a large family of Kipchaks, refuses to execute Koblandy and offers to take a kun (ransom for murder) from the Kipchaks, equal to the kun of three people. But Az-Zhanibek, enraged by the Khan's decision, leaves him with all his ale. Since that time, a saying has remained among the Kazakhs: “And why, my dear, did you need to mess with the Kara-Kipchak Koblandy!” So, according to legend, the father of Dair-Khoja, Kidan-taishi, exclaimed, shedding tears over the corpse of his son. His name was Kidan, a taishi poet and singer. That is why the Kazakhs say that the distant ancestor of the Argyns is the famous akyn Kotan. Another evidence of this is the poems composed by the Argyn Zhanak-akyn in a dispute with the wak Zharkyn-biy. When Zharkyn-biy asked him if there were any poets in your family, Zhanak answered him this way: eyes. There is a sad kui about this, known among dombrists, which they usually begin with the words: "When Khan Ormanbet died, when the ten-tribe Nogai Horde split, this is how the Nogais and Kazakhs mourned the separation ..." Before the departure of the Kazakhs from Az-Zhanibek, even before as they began to be called Kazakhs, our people were made up of clans: Argyn, Naiman, Kerey, Kanly, Kipchak, Uysyn, Dulat. All of them are still present in the composition of other Turkic peoples. when the Kazakhs dissociated themselves from the rest, the same clans formed new ethnic groups, known today as Nogais, Bashkirs, Uzbeks. And our Kazakhs, who are now divided into three zhuzes, are actually the descendants of a small number of people. The Kazakhs themselves describe the division into three zhuzes as follows: . ..after Khan Az-Zhanibek gave the Kazakhs into submission to the Chagatai rulers of Kashgaria, the Kazakhs and others nomadic tribes the son of Zhunus-khan Akhmet-khan ruled, his brother Zhaneke (real name Mahmud) was a khan in Tashkent. Akhmet Khan made up an army of Kazakh jigits for the battle with the Kalmaks, who he divided into three wings and named them: Great Zhuz (Senior), Middle Zhuz and Younger Zhuz. For frequent raids on them, the Kalmaks called Khan Akhmet-Alashy, which means "murderer". Having heard about this, Khan Akhmet ordered the Kazakhs to intimidate the Kalmaks from now on, attacking the enemy, to utter the cry: "Alashy!" So this battle cry became the banner of the Kazakhs. Hence the saying: "when Alash Alash, when Alashy was the khan over us, oh, what have we not done to the Kalmaks!" In 1499, when Az-Zhanibek, as mentioned above, quarreled with Khan Abulkhair, the latter's grandson Shaibak Khan conquered Bukhara and Samarkand from the descendants of Amir-Temir. When in 1508 he captured the whole of Mavrennahr, approached the walls of Tashkent with an army and Akhmet-Alashy-khan, who ruled the Kazakhs, together with his brother Zhaneke-Mahmud, decided to give battle to Shaibak on Uratoba, the Kazakhs said: "Genghis Khan gave up us to the Juchi ulus. Chagatai are not of our blood, the Tajiks and Sarts are not related to us, the Ozbek is our brother, the Sart-altar", and went over to the side of Shaibak. In that battle, Baybak Khan won, killed Zhaneke-Mahmud and his brother Akhmet-Alashy Khan, and the Kazakhs that were subordinate to the Chagataids reunited with the bulk of the Kazakhs. There is information about this in the books of Abulgazi Bahadur Khan, therefore, (in this case) oral stories Kazakhs correspond to the truth. By that time, Kasym became the khan of the Kazakhs, and the people subordinate to him amounted to 1 million people. "The pillar road Kasym" ("kaska zhol") - this is how the people remembered the reign of Khan Kasym. It was he who managed to unite the Kazakhs for the first time into a single khanate and strengthen it. Following him, his son (Shigaya) Tauekel became Khan. In 1598, Sigai Khan took away Tashkent from Shaibak's heirs and settled in Turkestan. but despite this, it was not possible for the nomadic people to manage the settled (urban) population. In addition, the Kalmaks who fled here (to these parts) from the oppression of the Moghuls did not give rest. So, under Khan Tauekel, the Shaibanids again captured Tashkent. Their khan then was Tursun-mahmud. Khan Yesim sat in the place of the aforementioned Tauekel. "Tall Yer Yesim." as he was called by the people. He continued the (policy) of Kasim (known by the name) "kaska zhol". The time of his reign was called "the ancient roads of Khan Yesim." In 1628. Yesim Khan killed Khan Tursun-Mahmud and plundered the el of the Katagans. Here is what is known about this: ... Abulgazi Bahadur Khan, the author of the "Genealogy of the Turks" known to us, as a result of the struggle between relatives for the Khan's throne and the split of the Urgench Uzbeks into three camps, according to him, was forced to seek refuge with Yesim Khan .At this very time, Yesim kills Khan Tursun and attacks the Katagans. Abulgazi, who sought protection, seeing this state of affairs, having asked permission from the uesim khan, returns to his own. If so, then the wife of our ninth ancestor Sary is the daughter of Khan Tursun. It turns out that Konyrbike was brought in the same 1628. The Kazakhs tell the following about this: ... Ali, the brother of our ancestor Sarah, worked as a laborer for one Sart (Tajik), Hearing (the news) that Khan Yesim killed Tursun Khan of the Katagans and again took possession of Tashkent, he, taking two fattened horses of this Sart, runs home. On the way, he meets the daughters of Tursun Khan, who, being on the way, still did not know anything about the death of their father. Without betraying himself in any way, Ali comes home and, taking with him several comrades, returns again (by the same road). Having captured (the daughters of Tursun Khan) Aibike, Nurbike, Konyrbike with all the retinue, convoy, tents, gives Aibike to his comrade, Nurbike he keeps all his property, tents and retinue for himself, and gives Konyrbike to Sarah's older brother. It is from this Konyrbika that our ancestors of the fifth generation, Kishik and Mambet-Sofy, will be born. After Yesim, his son Zhakhanger became a khan, the Kazakhs called him Salkam - Zhangir. Then his son is Az Tauke. It was he, Khan Tauke, who continued the "Ancient Road of Yesim" (that is, the code of laws). This is about his reign, the expression "everyday meeting of the council on the shore of the lake" has been preserved. Then the Katagans (Oirats), Kalmaks, Uzbeks, Tajiks (Sarts) were at enmity with the Kazakhs. Soon the Kazakhs had to leave the previously captured Tashkent and migrate in 1652 to the banks of the Amu Darya, to the very borders of Persia. Az-Tauke was born from the marriage of Salkam Zhangir and the daughter of the Kalmyk Khan. His brother Ualibek (Valibek) was born from the daughters of the Urchen Gaip Khan. When Az-Tauke took the place of Zhangir as a khan. Ualibek, holding a grudge, went to Gaip Khan. During the reign of Az-Tauke. When the Kazakhs lived on the Amur Darya, the Turkic tribe Akzhol, previously subordinate to the Persians, brought strong man named Nadirshah, who managed to take possession of all of Persia. Frightened by him, the Kazakhs again migrate, now to the banks of the Amu-Darya. Around 1690 Az-Tauke dies, and Az-Tauke's son Bolat Khan comes to power. During his reign, the Kazakh tribes were captured by the Kalmaks. Violent slaughters break out between Kalmaks and Kazakhs. The bloodiest battle took place in 1723. The Kalmak troops, led by the commander Tsevan Rpatan, utterly defeated the Kazakhs. The tormented, ragged, hungry people reached the lake and fell, dotting the entire coast with their bodies. And then (according to legend) one elder said: “My children, just as a person does not forget the moments of happiness that have fallen to him, so we must remember the great grief that befell us." And he called this disaster “Ak taban shubyryndy, alka kol sulama”, which means: “they wandered until their soles turned white, falling (without strength), they lay around the lake.” Then the oldest Kazakh song of lamentation (Elim ai) was born. When the kosh crossed the herbet Karatau, there was a loud cry. This little camel mourned the separation from his mother. His cry was taken up by all whose relatives were killed by the Kalmaks. This song, they say, was composed by batyrs in the guard, who accompanied the kosh and saw everything with their own eyes. In this (illegal) escape, the legs of our ninety-seven-year-old ancestor Anet-baba failed, And he was left on the pass. "ok bailau" Kalkaman (wounded in the thigh) Kalkaman, offended by Anet Baba, left for the region of Bukhara. The five sons of Anet-Baba-Bolata all died in the last battle with the Kalmaks. In the year of the Great Calamity, the Middle Zhuz migrated to the regions of Bukhara and Tashkent, Sredni reached (the shores of) Ishim, Nura and Sarysu. The Kipchaks went even further - to the Aral Sea and the White Sea. The Bashkirs and the Younger Zhuz-Alshyns retreated to the gray-west. Then in the Younger Juz the khan was one of the sons of the khan Az-Tauke Kart Abulkhair. In the Middle Zhuz-Khan Samek, the son of Bolat-Khan. In the Elder and the most senior (over the rest of the khans) khan was the son of Bolat Khan Abu Mukhamed. Kazakhs call him abulmambet. According to Aristov, in the year of the Great Calamity, the clans of the Middle Zhuz-Kanly and Dulat-were subordinated to the Kalmaks. The batyrs of the Middle Zhuz fought most stubbornly and for the longest time (against the Oirats). Before dispersing, splitting up with the forces, they unite again to return their ancestral lands captured by the Kalmaks. The Kazakhs, who found themselves near the borders with the Russians, in order to protect themselves from the Kalmaks, in 1731 decided to join Russia. Some time later, Abu-Muhamed sent out messengers, urging the Kazakhs to get together and go to the Kalmaks. At that time, the young, later famous Khan Ablai advanced in the Senior Juz. It is narrated as follows: It was said above that one of the contenders for the Khan's throne, the son of Salkam Zhangir Ualibek, went to Urgench, to his uncle Gaip Khan. His son is Korkem Uali (Handsome Uali), whose son Abulmansur is Ablai, known by this name among the Kazakhs. All three of the aforementioned tribes died at the court of Khan Gaip, without becoming khans. At his time, the descendants of Gaip lost power and the boy - Orphan Abulmansur in search of relatives-Kazakhs and the father of the region-Sary Arki gets to Uysyn Tole-biy. At Tole-biy, at first he grazes camels, then horses, and in the end Tole-biy liked him so much that he decided to adopt him. When asked where he comes from, he says, I don’t know; when asked what to call you, he answers - whatever you call it, it will be so. Then Tolebiy, for his overgrown appearance and rags on him, called the boy Sabalak. Hearing that Khan Abulmambet was gathering the Kazakhs to fight the Kalmaks, (Sabalak) came to Tole-biy and asked him for permission to go to war. What to fight, isn’t it better to watch the horses, Tole-biy told him, to which he replied: “It’s better to die than not be under a fluttering banner, when the earth caves in under the weight of wars.” After such words, Tole-biy had nothing left to do, how to let it go. Arriving on the battlefield, (SAbalak) sees: the Kazakhs and Kalmaks are standing on the hills opposite each other, and in the middle in front of the troops there is only the son of the Khuntaizhi, the son-in-law of Galdan Tseren himself, batyr Charysh, challenges the Kazakh batyrs to a duel. Abulmansur then approached Khan Abulmambet, asked his permission to go to the duel. Having received the blessing of the khan, he dispersed his horse and, having uttered the cry "Ablai! Ablai", swooped down and killed Charysh. Having cut off his head in one fell swoop, he, with a cry of "The enemy is defeated!", dragged the Kazakh warriors along with him. Kalmaks trembled, ran and were scattered by the Kazakhs. Tired of the chase, Abulmambet ordered to pitch a tent and, having called and seated Abulmansur beside him, he asked the one: who will you be, batyr, and why your call was "Ablai" Then he confessed. that he is the grandson of Ablai the Bloodsucker, which is why he chose his victorious name as a cry. The touched khan hugged the batyr, kissed it and said to the people: “I heard that Ulibek left the only heir - and here he is in front of you. If you agree, he will rightfully become the khan of all Kazakhs. "The people agreed, and ninety noble people from all three zhuzes took him to the revered holy elder Shakshak Zhanbek from the argyn role. According to his blogging, Abulmansur was elected the senior khan of the Kazakhs. In memory about the duel with Charysh, the people gave him the name Ablai.Ablai became the Khan of all Kazakhs in 1735. After that, the noble people of the Middle Zhuz turned to Tolebiy with the words: before, the senior khans were all in the Senior Zhuz, but we will keep this one with us. and fought the most with the Kalmaks, then it is we, the Middle Zhuz. We gave him gifts and, having received the blessings of the biy, took away Abulmansur, Khan Ablai, to our place. In 1741, the Khan of the Kalmaks Galdan Tseren, being in Tashkent, sent thirty thousand troops led by batyr Zhalba with the order to catch Ablai and deliver him alive, so that he could personally execute him in revenge for the death of batyr Charysh.<жалбы>. Zhalby manages to catch Utegen-batyr wak, who was hunting in the Ulytau mountains. Utegen refuses to inform about the whereabouts of Ablai, then he is shackled and, having continued the search, Khan Ablai is soon found and, sleeping, captured. The Batyrs were delivered to Galdan Tseren. Utegen-batyr was thrown into a zindan, and Ablai, seated on a donkey, was placed at the city gates next to the guards. The Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz reported the capture of Ablai to Abulkhair, the khan of the Junior Zhuz, who, in turn, turned to the Russian general Neplyuev with a request to release Khan Ablai from captivity at all costs. Major Miller is sent on this mission to Galdan Ceren. For their part, the Kazakhs send the most noble people from the three zhuzes to the Kalmaks. But Galdan does not give them an answer, although he welcomes them as guests of honor. But after a while, Galdan invites both Russians and Kazakh envoys to the horde, brings Ablai and Utegen, the latter is thrown in chains at the doorstep. Galdan turns to Ablai with the words: I will kill you instead of Charysh. The same hero as you. Tell me what would you like? Then Alai said: “Taksyr, I have only three wishes. First: I killed Charysh in a fair fight on the battlefield. You captured me sleeping and want to execute me. not settled. Find land for them, teach them to live settled, then it would not be a pity to die. Third: in my family, in each tribe, only one man was born. If I die today, I will not leave children or relatives, I will disappear from the face of the earth, as if white had never been born at all. After these words, Galdan lowered his head and sat like that for a long time in thought. Then he turned in his own language to the vizier: everything he said is all true. Especially the last one. After all, I am also the only one in the fifth generation, if something happens to my son Amirsana, and my family will be interrupted. "Aldiyar!" - Ablai exclaimed and immediately got to his feet and folded his hands in front of his chest. "Why do you call me that, did I give you freedom?" - Galdan asked him. "Taksyr, I understand your language. You have likened me to your son, which is not freedom." Galdan was pleased with Ablai's answer and forgave him. He made friends with Ablai Amirsana, presented the Kazakhs with valuable gifts and, as<кундебау>(By Kalmyk custom ) gave Ablai from a kind of orphan girl. "Kundebau" means "unbreakable friendship". And since her little brother did not want to part with his sister and wept inconsolably, he was also given to Ablai, with the wish that he treat him like his brother. Ablai gave him a name - Mahmud. The Kazakhs called it in their own way - Mambet. His son - Bolsheke - is the current Mambetai, the patrons of his clan matesh are considered tore (Chingizids) Genghis Khan, Samikhan. Khan Ablai Galdan released in 1743. But first I asked him three questions. When at first: how many sheep do you have, - Ablai answered: a lot, Galdan said - it means that the shepherd is a deceiver, the sheep are thieves. You will never get rid of petty strife. When to the second question, how many cows and horses do you have, Ablai answered - yes, a lot - Galdan said: If your people drink milk and koumiss, eat meat without any effort, then children grow up ignorant. When in the third question whether your people sow bread, Ablai answered - no, then Galdan said: the people, weaned by the earth, will be driven and scattered over the earth more than once before they find their homeland. In 1754, after the death of Galdan, internecine strife began among the Kalmaks, the Chinese took advantage of this, attacked and ruined the Kalmaks. Aristov writes that this happened because there was no unanimity between the Tibetans and the Mongols (Dzungars). The Kazakhs have a different version. Galdan's wife, Amirsana's mother, was the daughter of the Chinese Khan Yezhen. Galdan did not go for his future wife himself, but sent noble people with gifts to China. Yezhen Khan let his daughter go in winter. On the way, they were caught by a snowstorm that raged for several days. Exhausted to death, people wandered around the steppe until they met with the Kazakh batyr Tolekey and his army from the Senior Zhuz. They stay with him for three days and are going on the road, but the winter (that year) turned out to be so severe that, having begged Tolekey-batyr, they stay with him for the winter and only at the beginning of summer set off. Then a rumor spread that the girl became pregnant from Tolekey and bore him Amirsana. After the death of Galdan, the heirs to the throne, using this rumor, declare that Amirsana is (in fact) a Kazakh and cannot be the ruler of the Kalmaks. The majority support them and elect another (pretender) Khan. Then Amirsana goes to her grandfather Yezhen Khan. Yezhen Khan asks the Chinese rulers of the regions bordering the land of the Kalmaks to help Amirsana sit on the khan's throne, but instead the Chinese attack the Kalmaks and ruin them. Amirsana, seeing such ruin of her people, breaks with the Chinese and runs to Ablai. Ablai, having decided not to wait for the arrival of the Chinese, leads a 3,000-strong army to meet and stumbles upon countless Chinese troops near the Ayakoz River. He asks what they are doing here, to which they say: (we know) that you have Amirsan, if you do not give him to us, we will attack and exterminate all your people. Ablai, not knowing what to do, gives them a promise to find the fugitive in three days and returns to headquarters. He tells Amirsana that he did not meet anyone on the way, but he, having learned the truth, offers the khan: you hand me over to the Chinese, but convey my conditions. First: let them give you a receipt for my surrender. On this receipt, instead of a seal, let them put the fingerprints of ninety Chinese. They may refuse to print, but they will not be able to put down fingers. Second: I am, after all, the son of the Khan, besides, the grandson of Yezhen Khan, let them take me to him without tying my hands and feet. Ablai conveyed the will of Amirsana and gave it to the Chinese. On the third day of the journey, on a foggy night, Amirsana escapes from custody and again comes to Ablai, but Ablai cannot keep him for a long time and forwards him to the Russian Empress Catherine II. The Chinese come to Khan Ablai for the second time, but he shows them their own receipt, saying that I handed it over to you, and they are forced to return empty-handed. The Russian Empress sends Amirsana to her homeland to subjugate the Kalmaks to the Russian state, while accompanying a detachment of Russian soldiers. But on the way, Amirsana suddenly dies of smallpox, and the Russian troops return with nothing. In 1723, in the year of the Great Calamity, when the Middle Zhuz reached Ishim, Nura, Sarysu, our clan Tobykty went towards Orenburg in the forests near Orsk. Having heard that the Younger Zhuz, which had advanced even further north of them, was accepting Russian citizenship, the frightened Tobykty people again migrated, now to the banks of the Irgiz and Turgai rivers. Our great-grandfathers born on that land in the fourth generation - Irgizbai and Turgai - were named after the names of the rivers. From there they, under the leadership of the batyr Mamai, reach the present places - to the Kugen Horde and the Dogalan mountains. At that time, the Middle Zhuz was going to submit to the Russian Tsar. Upon learning of this, biy Karamande from the Dadan Tobykty clan addresses Biy Kengarbay with verses: At the beginning, having left the Syr Darya, they came to (r.) Or, They came with great difficulty, exhausted, But as they say: "a fortress stood before the army" We came to these parts not for happiness, but for our misfortune. Give the salem to Kengirbai, - let's get out of here, We'll pack powerful camel bunks, we'll equip them on the way. Let's go to the Muslim people, We'll ford the river with good name . When the Tobyktins arrived here, having driven the Kalmaks before us. In these places, in the spurs of the Chinggi Mountains, the Naiman Matai roamed. Uaki (genus of the Middle Zhuz) were on the banks of the Irtysh. The Matai people, believing that the Tobykta people were exhausted by long-distance migrations, began to attack and take away their livestock and other property. In turn, the Tobykty people, having decided to return their ancestral pastures, attacked the Matai people, drove them away and established themselves in the spurs of Chingis. While they were busy fighting the Matai, the Huacs took over the pastures on Kokan. Then biy Kengirbay, having gathered people, drove away the Uaks and became an aul in the place Tas uygen (Stone mound). The Uaki, unable to oust the Tobyktins from Kokan, called for help from their neighbors - Russian Cossacks and were about to attack the village of Kengirbay. Then Kengirbai informs them that he sent a messenger to the eminent people of the Argyn family to gather everyone and decide in peace who where to roam, and thus prevented the attack. At night, having made figures in the form of people from stones, he migrated. In the morning, the Uaki, seeing a crowd of people on the hill and deciding that the Tobykta people deceived them, and they themselves managed to gather an army, send a scout. Having learned from him that these are just stones, they leave. Thus, the Tobykty remained masters in the spurs of the Chinggis Mountains. According to the traditional traditions of the Kazakhs, the history of these places is as follows. Once upon a time, Genghis Khan, having defeated all the Tatar-Mongols, was elected a great kagan, and it was here, at the foot of the Genghis Mountains, that the beks subject to him - the ancestors put him on a white felt mat and, lifting him above themselves, raised him to a mountain that stands east of river Karaul. From the Senior Zhuz there was a famous orator uisyn Maiky-biy, about whom they said "the root of all words (father of eloquence) - Mikey-biy". From the Middle Zhuz - Sengel-biy. Then Genghis Khan adorned them with insignia, assigning each his own cry, bird, tree and tamga. The real name of Genghis Khan is Timuchin. Elected kagan, he received the name Genghis. Its meaning is "high, mighty, great". These mountains were named after him. At the same time, Khan Peak and Khan River got their names. According to Abulgazi, the former name of these is Naiman Keri. After the collapse of the (Dzhungar) Khanate of the Kalmaks and its disappearance, the former refugees - the Karakirghiz returned to the Big Alatau, the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz again occupied their lands from the Western Alatau to the river. Karatal. The clans of the Middle Zhuz - Kerei and Naiman - came to Tarbagatai, then penetrated even further into the territory of China to Lake Ebinur, and the Kerei returned to the banks of the Irtysh. In 1757 Khan Ablai and Abulmambet's son Abulfayzhan go to Beijing, to the Kimtai emperor, so that he accepts them as his citizenship, and receive from him the title of wana (wang). Van means "vassal prince". The ruler is independent, but accountable to China. They rent (tax) one out of a hundred horses, one out of a thousand sheep, with the right to roam both in winter and summer on the former territory of the Kalmaks (Dzungaria). In 1765, the Kazakhs entered into an agreement with the Russian Tsar and occupy the left bank of the Irtysh ten kilometers from the river. For violation of the designated border must pay a fine in cattle. In 1766, Ablai Khan and Abulfayz Khan, in support of the Kazakhs of the Elder Zhuz, decide to drive out the protege of the Kokand Khan, the Tashkent Bek, reach Tashkent with an army and capture it. In honor of the liberation of the city from the Kokand people, a battle is arranged on which our fourth great-grandfather Irgizbai, who accompanied Ablai, enters into a fight-competition with the famous wrestler from the Konrauli clan and defeats him. The prize-reward-several poods of wheat-serves as food for his troops. In 1780, a certain Yunus-Khoja defeated the people of the Senior Zhuz and occupied Tashkent. After the death of Yunus-Khoja in 1810, Tashkent was again in the possession of the Kokand Khan. Relying on the support of the Russian Tsar, Ablai embarks on his plan to make the Kazakhs a settled people, but at this time, for a petty reason, Argyn Bekbolat-biy expresses disrespect to Khan Ablai, and the offended Khan leaves for the Senior Zhuz. The Kazakhs explain this reason as follows: on this, the son of the bai lashed the boy’s head with kamcha, not knowing that he was the grandson of Ablai himself. When the hat fell off the boy from the blow, they recognized the khan’s offspring by the patterned skullcap. Bekbolat-biy apologized to the boy, but did not inform Ablai. Ablai found out about this himself and sent a man to Bekbolat, demanding the extradition of the offender baybatshi (bay's son), saying at the same time: "If the khan does not have authority, then the mob will not have any shame." Bekbolat sends his son Tlenshi to the khan with the words: "Let him choose either to take me or the boy." Khan Ablpy, in anger, asked Tlenshi: “Or am I not worth some lousy Cossack girl for Bekbolat?” To which he replied: “A camel itself is a camel, but who will call its droppings a camel?”, which angered even more khana: "He dares to compare me to a camel, and my child to litter!" Having captured Tlenish (as a hostage), Ablai moved to the Senior Zhuz. Bechiolat follows him. Ablai asks him: why did you come? He says: for the son. Then the ablai says: "And I thought, after me, after my khan. You planned to humiliate the khan's dignity, to break the unity of the people. Take your son and leave immediately!" So Khan Ablai remained in the Senior Zhuz and died there. When Khan Ablai left us, it was not possible to establish exactly. It seems that this happened around 1788. After the departure of Ablai in the Middle Juz, "Forty Barak" became a khan. He had a Bokeyhan. This is not the Bokeihan that was in the Junior Zhuz. The commander of the Russian Tsar Alexander Pavlovich (General) Glaznov corresponded with this Bokeykhan in 1811. The last Khan of the Middle Zhuz was Khan Tursyn. The son of Genghis, the grandson of Bokeyhan, he ruled in Karkaraly. And the abolition of the khanate, the appointment of a new board of agha-sultans, elders was introduced even before Tursyn-khan, in 1822. The direct subordination of the Kazakhs to the Russians begins. In 1824, separate districts were formed in the steppe, after which the Kazakhs were free from taxes for the first five years, then they began to pay one head out of a hundred, then more, etc. Finally, with the announcement of the decree of 1868, they finally lost their freedom and submitted to Russian laws. The Kazakhs have always been a nomadic people - they lived on horseback, in the saddle. Their main rules were expressed in folk sayings: "rather than being a city, it is better to be a grave", "whoever crosses the ditch (that is, starts digging) will die of hunger." They hated the settled city life. "Food is a man in the steppe, in the wild," they said, finding pleasure in barymta (stealing horses), they lived, not knowing constancy, simply, in Kazakh.
Quoted from the book "Shakarim Kudaiberdy-uly. Pedigree of the Turks, Kirghiz, Kazakhs and Khan dynasties. - Alma-Ata: SP Dastan, 1990" with translation and notes by B.G. Kairbekov.
From ... genealogies, it is obvious that the Kazakhs descend from Jafs, the son of the prophet Nuh (Noah), from the people of Tukyu (in Chinese), i.e. Turks. The Türk, as we already know, will say "helmet". After that, the Turkic people were called Hun or Gun. Najip Gasimbek claims that this name comes from the name of the river - Orkhon. In the following centuries, the Turks are known by many names, but we are from the Uighur branch. All known genealogies translate the word "Uighur" as "united, joined (to each other)". This people were taifas:
[Taifa (teip) - an ethnic group, as well as: clan, tribe, people. - B.K.]
Kyrgyz, Kanly, Kypchak, Argynot, Naiman, Kereit, Doglat, Oisyn - i.e. our direct ancestors. Subsequently, Genghis Khan conquered all the Tatars and Moghuls and divided the entire (tribal) people between his four sons. All Tatars went to the eldest son of Genghis Khan Jochi and his brother Chagatai, who followed him, and became known as the ulus of Jochi and the ulus of Chagatai. Then, when Khan Ozbek - a descendant of Jochi - converted to Islam, everyone who was in his ulus and our ancestors began to be called Ozbeks, and when Az-Zhanibek separated from Khan Nogai and our people followed him, we began to be called Kirghiz and Cossacks.
[Modern "Kazakh" - a later spelling. In a note to the work of V.V. Radlov's book "From Siberia" says: "Radlov calls Kyrgyz mainly Kazakhs, although he points out that their correct name and self-name is Cossack. Such an erroneous name for Kazakhs was widespread in pre-revolutionary literature. They were also called Cossack-Kyrgyz, Kirghiz-Kaisaks, Kirghiz -Cossacks, but by no means because of the lack of self-name of the people Kazakh (Cossack), which existed at least since the 15th century, and was used in Russian documents already in the 16th-17th centuries, which was noted at the beginning of the 19th century by A. Levshin in his article "On the name of the Kirghiz-Cossack people..." He wrote that the Kirghiz-Kaisaks are given a strange name, which neither they themselves nor their neighbors, except for the Russians, call... Kirghiz is the name of a completely different people. .. The name Cossack belongs to the Kirghiz-Kaisak hordes from the beginning of their existence, they do not call themselves otherwise.Replacing the self-name of the people with another name, as the researchers of the issue believe, occurred as a result of the desire to distinguish this people in official documents from the Russian Cossacks of neighboring regions of Siberia... P.579-580" - B.K.]
At that time, the name "Cossack" was worn not only by three Kazakh zhuzes, but also by other tribes. Most of them became sedentary and, having settled in different parts, began to be called some Nogais, some Bashkirs, and some Uzbeks and Sarts. In the end, the name "Cossack" was assigned to us alone.
At the very beginning, I already said that there is no genealogy that would chronologically trace all the tribes from the prophet Adam to the present day. Even from Az-Zhanibek to the present day, there is both truthful and obviously fabulous information about our ancestors. Among them, of course, we are interested in information that exactly corresponds to the above genealogical books. So:
After the death of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Batu (son of Jochi) sat on the Khan's throne instead. The Russians call him Batu. His other name is Sain Khan. After Batu, his brother Burge was Khan.
[Berke (1257-1266) - Khan of the Golden Horde (History of the Kazakh SSR, v.2, p.130). According to Rashid ad-Din, the beginning of the reign of Khan Berke is 652 AH. (1254-1255). See: Rashid ad-Din, Sat. Chronicles, v.2, M., 1960. P.81. See also: History of the MPR. S.144 - (1255-1266). - B.K.]
Even before Jochi, the Turkic tribes of the Kypchaks lived on Yedil and Zhaik. Therefore, their land was called the Deshti-Kipchak Khanate. During the time of Burge Khan, this khanate was divided into three parts: the Golden Horde, the White Horde and the Blue Horde.
[Altan Orda, Ak-Orda, Kok-Orda. - B.K.]
The Golden Horde, to which all others were subordinate, was ruled by Burge Khan. The Khan of the White Horde was the son of Jochi Shaiban. Khan of the Blue Horde - son of Jochi Tokay-Temir. Our Abilmansur Ablai is a descendant of Tokay-Temir. The aforementioned Burge Khan converted to Islam and became known as Bereke Khan. Tokay-Temir followed the example of his brother, also becoming a true believer. In place of Burge Khan as kagan
[Here: senior khan, i.e. ruler over the khans of the White and Blue Hordes. - B.K.]
becomes the son of Tokay-Temir Munke, then his brother Toktogu. He was replaced by Khan Ozbek, the son of Togrol, the son of Batu Mentemir. This happened in 1301. Khan Ozbek was a Muslim and converted all his people to the Muslim faith. Since that time, our people have not changed their faith and are still Muslim. Hence the expression among the people: "Faith has remained to us from Ozbek." By the name of this khan and the entire ulus of Jochi began to be called Ozbeks (Uzbek).
Headquarters of the Khan of the Golden Horde
[Dynasty of Khans of the Golden Horde:
Batu (1227-1255) - the first ruler of the Golden Horde - the state of the Jochids with the capital Sarai-Batu (near modern Astrakhan), later the capital was moved to Sarai-Berke (above Sarai-Batu along the Volga). History of the Kazakh SSR, v.2, p.127. And then the years of the reign of the khans of the Golden Horde are given according to this source: p.130.
Berke (1257-1266).
Mengu-Timur (1266-1280).
Uzbek Khan (1312-1342).
Janibek (1342-1357).
Dynasty of Khans Kok (Blue) Horde by Ghaffari.
Tokhta, son of Kurbukuy, son of Horde, son of Jochi.
Toghrul, son of Tokhta. He died in 727 AH. (1326/27).
Uzbek, son of Toghrul.
Dzhanibek, son of Uzbek.
Berdibek, son of Janibek.
Khan dynasty of the Ak (White) Horde by Ghaffari.
Tuda-Munke, son of Nokai, son of Kuli, son of the Horde.
Sasy-Buka, son of Nukai. Died in 720 AH. (1320/21).
Erzen, son of Sasa-Buka. He died in 745 AH. (1344/45).
Mubarek-Khoja, son of Erzen.
Urus Khan, son of Chimtai. Died 778 AH. (1376/77)
Toktakiya, son of Urus Khan. (He died in 778 AH - History of the Kazakh SSR, v.2, p.167).
Timur-Melik, son of Urus Khan. Killed in 778 AH.
Toktamysh, son of Tui-Khoja-Oglan. Died 807 AH. (1404/05).
Nuzi-oglan, son of Urus-khan.
Timur-Kutlug, son of Timur-Melik. Died 802 AH. (1399-1400).
Shadibek. Died 811 AH. (1408/09).
Fulad Khan. Died 811 AH. (Son of Timur-Kutluk - Pulat. History of the KazSSR, v.2... P.153-154)
Timur, son of Shadibek. Died 813 AH. (1410/11).
Toktamysh, son of Timur-Kutlug.
Jalal-ad-din, son of Kuizi (Koychirak-oglan), son of Urus Khan. Killed in 831 AH. (1427/28).
Muhammad-Sultan, son of Timur, son of Kutlug-Timur.
Kasim Khan, son of Seyidak Khan, son of Janibek, son of Berdi Khan.
Haknazar, son of Kasym Khan.
See V.G. Tiesenshausen. Sat. materials relating to the history of the Golden Horde. T.II. M.-L., 1941. S.210
The years of the reign of the khans:
Chimtai - 1344-1361
Urus Khan - 1361-1376/77
Timur-Melik - 1376-1379
Toktamysh - 1380-1395
Barrack - 1423/24 - 1248
Kasym - 1511-1518 (or 1523)
Hakk-Nazar - 1538-1580
History of the Kazakh SSR, T. 2. S.386
Chronological tables of Muslim dynasties give the names of the khans of Ak-Orda in the following sequence: Orda-Ejen, Sartak, Konichi, Bayan, Sasy-Buka, Erzen, Mubarak, Chimtai, Urus-khan, Koychirak and Barak. History of the Kazakh SSR, V.2 ... S.151.
At Rashid ad-Din: Horde, Sartaktai, Kuindzhi, Bayan (Rashid ad-Din. Collection of chronicles. T.II. M.-L., 1960. P.67).
The capital of the ulus of Jochi - to this day is located on the banks of the Yedil between Astrakhan and Saratov. This is the city of Tsarev. The Nogais called him Saray, while the Russians called him Tsarev in their own way.
[About Sarai, its history and location, see: A.N. Nasonov. Mongols and Rus'. (History of the Tatar policy in Rus' - M.L., 1940. P. 119) - B.K.]
At that time, the current Sary-Arka was the dwelling place of the Kazakhs.
In 1446, after the death of Jochid Mohammed the Great (Ormanbet Khan)
[Emir Timur, known as Tamerlane (1336-1405). - B.K.]
[Apparently a mistake, Timur was not a Chingizid, much less a Jochid. - Rustam Abdumanapov]
in the struggle for the throne, the descendants of Jochi split (Timur's empire) into small specific khanates. The real name of Ula Muhammad is Temir. As mentioned above, at one time the eastern part of the Jochi ulus, regardless of the Kazan and Crimean khans, was ruled by Khan Abulkhair.
[Abulkhair (years of reign 1428-1468) - a descendant of the Jochid Shayban, the son of Davlyat-Shaikh-oglan. In 1428 he was proclaimed khan in the region of Tura ( Western Siberia). Formed the "state of nomadic Uzbeks". See History of the Kazakh SSR. v.2. P.176-181 - B.K.]
Then the khan of the Kazakhs was Az-Zhanibek.
[Az-Zhanibek - Sultan Janibek, son of Barak-Khan, great-grandson of Urus-Khan, together with his relative Giray, having united part of the nomadic population, migrated to Mogolistan. "Isa-Buga-khan (Yesen-Buga - Khan of Moghulistan) willingly accepted them and provided them with the district of Chu and Kozy-Bashi." Tarikh-i Rashidi. In the book: History of the Kazakh SSR, v.2. P.256 - B.K.]
He was subordinate to Abulkhair. His real name is Abu Sagid. He is one of the descendants of Tokai-Timur. But Khan's blood. In 1455, Khan Az-Zhanibek, together with his brother Shahgirey,
[Girey, Kerey. - B.K.]
being offended by Khan Abulkhair, he went to Khan Tugluk, the son of Esen-Buga from the Chagatai family, who stood on the Chu River. The Kazakhs explain the reason for this resentment as follows:
The distant ancestor of the Argyns - the famous Dair-Khoja was the favorite judge of Khan Abulkhair. The people called him Akzhol-biy for justice.
[Righteous. Ak zhol - letters. "light path" - B.K.]
Another favorite of Abulkhair was Kara-Kipchak Koblandy-batyr. Akzhol-biy and batyr Koblandy secretly hated each other, and one day Koblandy (having met Akzhol-biy in the steppe) killed him. Upon learning of this, Az-Zhanibek turned to Khan Abulkhair with a demand to betray the murderer in accordance with Sharia law with a painful execution. But the khan, fearing the indignation and intercession (for the batyr) of a large Kipchak clan, refuses to execute Koblandy and offers to take from the Kipchaks a kun (ransom for murder) equal to the kun of three people.
[Hun among the Kazakhs was, in essence, a kind of vira or golovnichestvo, which arose during the tribal system. For example, in Ancient Rus', Germany and other peoples, it was a ransom fine instead of blood feud for murder and mutilation. The size of the khun among the Kazakhs depended on the class, sex and age of the killed and maimed. (S.E. Tolybekov. Nomadic society of the Kazakhs in the XVII-beginning of the XX century. Political and economic analysis. Alma-Ata., Nauka, 1971. P.358)
The murderer is in no way responsible for his crime with his head. Compensation are punitive payments; the one who committed the murder brings in: a hundred horses, one captive slave, two camels, a cloth caftan highest quality, (fur) of a silver fox, hawk or golden eagle, one shell and other items of military use. All this follows the closest heir of the slain. If there is not enough personal property, then the remainder is collected from the relatives of the murderer, and the relatives cannot in these cases object to this customary law, and everyone is subject to this inviolable order. This establishment is called among the Kazakhs kun. (N. Rychkov. Day notes of Captain Nikolai Rychkov in the Kirghiz-Kaisak steppe in 1771. St. Petersburg, 1772, p. 25) - B.K.]
But Az-Zhanibek, enraged by the Khan's decision, leaves him with all his ale. Since that time, a saying has remained among the Kazakhs: "And why did you, my dear, have to mess with Kara-Kipchak Koblandy!". So, according to legend, the father of Dair-Khoja, Kidan-taishi, exclaimed, shedding tears over the corpse of his son.
[As an example of the creativity of Kodan-taisha (born c. 1370), a lament song dedicated to the son of Dair-Khoja, who was in irreconcilable enmity with the batyr Koblandy from the Kipchak clan, has been preserved:
Why did you, my foal, contact the Karakipchak Koblandy!
Now I, who have lived almost ninety years,
Broken spine!
We led our Nogailians on the right path.
My sonorous stream, my bright light, you went out in one day,
Well, why, my foal, did you contact the Karakipchak Koblandy!
Kodan-taishi from the Argyn tribe was known not only as a famous zhyrau, but also as an active participant in the political events of his time. He took the side of Girey and Janibek in their struggle against Abulkhair. History of KazSSR, v.2. - P.235 - B.K.]
His name was Kidan, taishi - poet, singer. That is why the Kazakhs say that the distant ancestor of the Argyns is the famous akyn Kotan. Another evidence of this is the poems composed by Argyn Zhanak-akyn in a dispute with Uak Zharkyn-biy. When Zharkyn-biy asked him if there were any poets in your family, Zhanak answered him like this:
Alash [footnote below] - the ancestor Argyn was extremely gifted,
He stood out noticeably among others.
The first ancestor (same) of the Argyns akyn Kotan
He was in verse much more skilled than both of us!
[Alash is a synonym for the word "Kazakh", used in the meaning of "the whole people"; battle cry of the Kazakhs. Under the "six alash" were meant six major political associations of tribes that were part of the Kazakh Khanate of the mid-XVI-beginning. XVIII centuries: Senior Zhuz, Middle Zhuz, Junior Zhuz, Kirghiz, Karakalpaks, Kurama (semi-sedentary Kypchak clans of Central Asia). After the collapse of the khanate from the middle of the XVIII century. the term "three alash" was used, which meant three zhuzes, and the word "alash" (the whole alash, six alash) becomes synonymous with the word "kazakh", "the entire Kazakh people". Poets of Kazakhstan. Comp. MM. Magauin. L., 1978. S. 566 - B.K.]
When the aforementioned Az-Zhanibek decided to take the Kazakhs to the south, then, they say, all the most noble people of the Kazakhs and Nogais said goodbye for a long, long time with tears in their eyes. There is a sad kui about this,
[Kui - musical composition for dombra performance. - B.K.]
known among dombrists, which they usually begin with the words: "When Khan Ormanbet died, when the ten-tribe Nogai Horde split, this is how the Nogais and Kazakhs mourned the separation ...".
Before the departure of the Kazakhs from Az-Zhanibek, even before they began to be called Kazakhs, our people were made up of clans: Argyn, Naiman, Kerey, Kanly, Kipchak, Uysyn, Dulat. All of them are now part of other Turkic peoples. When the Kazakhs separated themselves from the rest, the same clans formed new ethnic groups, known today as Nogais, Bashkirs, Uzbeks. And our Kazakhs, who are now divided into three zhuzes, are actually the descendants of a small number of people. The Kazakhs themselves describe the division into three zhuzes as follows:
After Khan Az-Zhanibek gave the Kazakhs into submission to the Chagatai rulers of Kashgari
[Khan of Moghulistan Yesen-Buga, in turn, willingly entered into an alliance with the Kazakh leaders, seeking to ensure the security of the western borders of Moghulistan in his struggle against Abulkhair Khan and the Timurids, who supported Yesen-Buga's rival, his brother Yunus. History of the Kazakh SSR, vol. 2 ... P. 257]
Kazakhs and other nomadic tribes were ruled by the son of Zhunus-khan Akhmet-khan, his brother Zhanake (real name Mahmud) was a khan in Tashkent. Akhmet Khan made up an army from Kazakh horsemen for the battle with the Kalmaks, which he divided into three wings and called them: Great Zhuz (Senior)
[Literally: "Big Hundred", "Middle Hundred" and "Small Hundred". - B.K.]
Middle and Junior Zhuz. For frequent raids on them, the Kalmaks nicknamed Khan Akhmet - Alashy,
[Ahmed Khan (1496-1504), nicknamed Alaji Khan for frequent battles with the Oirats (alazu - "to kill", Alaji - "murder", here in the sense of "the destroyer of the Oirats"). Zlatkin. History of the Dzungar Khanate. - P.41 - B.K.]
which means "destroyer". Having heard about this, Khan Akhmet ordered the Kazakhs to intimidate the Kalmaks from now on, attacking the enemy, cry: "Alashy!" So this battle cry became the banner of the Kazakhs. Hence the saying: "when Alash was Alash, when Alashy was the khan over us, oh, what we did not do to the Kalmaks!"
[As an example of bragging among the Kazakhs. - B.K.]
In 1499, when Az-Zhanibek, as mentioned above, quarreled with Khan Abulkhair, the latter's grandson Shaibak Khan conquered Bukhara and Samarkand from the descendants of Amir-Temir. When in 1508, having captured the whole of Maverannahr, he approached the walls of Tashkent with an army and Akhmet-Alashy-khan, who ruled the Kazakhs, together with his brother Zhaneke-Mahmud, decided to give battle to Shaibak on Uratobe, the Kazakhs said de: "Genghis Khan was still alive sent us to the ulus of Jochi. Chagatai are not of our blood, Tajiks and Sarts are not related to us, Ozbek - that's who our brother is, the Sart-altar "
["Ozbek - oz agam, sart - sadagam". ("Uzbek is his brother, Sart is my sacrifice"). - B.K.]
And they went over to the side of Shaibak. In that battle, Shaibak Khan won, killed Zhaneke-Mahmud and his brother Akhmet-Alashy-Khan, and the Kazakhs, who were subordinate to the Chagataids, reunited with the bulk of the Kazakhs. Information about this is in the books of Abulgazi Bahadur Khan. Therefore, (in this case) the oral stories of the Kazakhs correspond to the truth. By this time, Kasym became the khan of the Kazakhs, and the people subordinate to him amounted to 1 million people.
"The pillar road of Kasym" ("helmet zhol!") - this is how the people remember the time of the reign of Khan Kasym. It was he who managed to unite the Kazakhs for the first time into a single khanate and strengthen it. Following him, his son Sygai (Shigai) became a khan,
[Shigai (1580-1582) - son of Jadik, grandson of Janibek - Kazakh khan. - B.K.]
then his son (Shigaya) Tauekel.
[Taukel (Tevvekel) (1586-1598) - son of Shigai - Kazakh khan. - trans.]
In 1598, Sygai Khan took away Tashkent from Shaibak's heirs and settled in Turkestan.
[Tevvekel Khan with a large army in the summer of 1598 entered Maverannahr. Among the lands subordinated to them, Iskander Munshi, who covered these events, names the cities of Akhsi, Andijan, Tashkent, Samarkand. History of the Kazakh SSR, v.2. - P.278 - B.K.]
But despite this, it was not possible for the nomadic people to manage the settled (urban) population. In addition, they did not give rest to those who fled here (to these parts) from the oppression of the Moghuls. Kalmaki. So, under Khan Tauekel, the Shaybanids again captured Tashkent. Their khan then was Tursun-Mahmud. Khan Yesim sat in the place of the aforementioned Tauekel. "Tall Yer Yesim",
[Er (kaz.) - hero. - B.K.]
as they were called by the people. He continued the (policy) of Kasim (known by the name) "kaska zhol". The time of his reign was called "the ancient road of Khan Yesim". In 1628, Yesim Khan killed Khan Tursun-Mahmud and plundered the el of the Katagans. Here is what is known about it:
Abulgazi Bahadur Khan, the author of the "Genealogy of the Turks" known to us, as a result of the struggle between relatives for the Khan's throne and the split of the Urgench Uzbeks into three camps, according to him, was forced to seek refuge with Yesim Khan. At this very time, Yesim kills Khan Tursun and attacks the Katagans. Abulgazi, who sought protection, seeing this state of affairs, asked Yesim Khan for permission, and returned to his own. If so, then the wife of our ninth ancestor Sarah is the daughter of Khan Tursun. It turns out that Konyrbike was brought in the same 1628. Kazakhs tell about it the following:
Ali, the brother of our ancestor Sarah, worked as a laborer for a Sart (Tajik). Hearing (the news) that Khan Yesim killed Tursun Khan of the Katagans and again took possession of Tashkent, he, taking two fattened horses of this Sart, flees to his homeland. On the way, he meets the daughters of Tursun Khan, who, being on the way, still did not know anything about the death of their father. Without betraying himself in any way, Ali arrives home and, taking several comrades with him, returns again (by the same road). Having captured (the daughters of Tursun Khan) Aibike, Nurbike, Konyrbike with retinue, convoy, tents, he gives Aibike to his comrade, Nurbike with all property, tents and retinue leaves himself, and Konyrbike gives it to Sarah's elder brother. It is from this Konyrbika that our ancestors of the fifth generation, Kishik and Mambet-Sofa, will be born.
After Yesim, his son Zhakhanger became a khan, the Kazakhs called him Salkam Zhangir.
[Most of his life, Jangir was busy repulsing the raids of the Dzungars, during the struggle against which he died (in 1652). History of KazSSR, v.2. - P.286 - B.K.]
Then his son - Az-Tauke. It was he, Khan Tauke, who continued the "Ancient Road of Yesim" (i.e. the code of laws).
[I mean the laws known as "Jeti-Zharga", which literally means "seven regulations". They enshrined the basic principles and norms of the patriarchal-feudal law of the medieval Kazakh society. IN scientific literature this legal document is called the Code of Khan Tauke, or the Laws of Khan Tauke. According to historical legends, Khan Tauke is usually called its creator, who allegedly gathered biys - representatives of three zhuzes in the Kul-Tobe tract, and they combined "the old customs of Kasym and Yesim khans" into norms called Zheti-Zharga. History of KazSSR, v.2. - P.334 - B.K.]
It is about his reign that the expression "everyday meeting of the council on the shore of the lake" has been preserved. Then the Katagans (Oirats), Kalmaks, Uzbeks, Tajiks (Sarts) were at enmity with the Kazakhs. Soon the Kazakhs had to leave the previously captured Tashkent and migrate in 1652 to the banks of the Amu Darya, to the very borders of Persia.
Az-Tauke was born from the marriage of Salkam Zhangir and the daughter of the Kalmyk Khan. His brother Ualibek (Valibek) was born from the daughter of the Urgench Gaip Khan. When Az-Tauke took the place of Zhangir Khan, Ualibek, holding a grudge, went to Gaip Khan.
In the reign of Az-Tauke, when the Kazakhs lived on the Amu-Darya, the Turkic tribe Akzhol, previously subordinate to the Persians, brought out their strong man named Nadirshah
[Apparently, Nadir Muhammad Khan is the ruler of Balkh. - B.K.]
who managed to take possession of all of Persia. Frightened by him, the Kazakhs again migrate, now to the banks of the Syr Darya. Around 1690, Az-Tauke dies, and Az-Tauke's son, Bolot Khan, comes to power. During his reign, the Kazakh tribes were captured by the Kalmaks (Dzungars). Violent slaughters break out between Kalmaks and Kazakhs. The most bloody battle took place in 1723. The Kalmak troops, led by the commander Tsevan Raptan (Tsevan-Rabdan), utterly defeated the Kazakhs. Tormented, ragged, hungry people reached the lake and fell, dotting the entire coast with their bodies. And then (according to legend) one elder said: "My children, just as a person who has fallen to his lot of happiness does not forget, so we must remember the great grief that has befallen us." And he called this disaster "Ak taban shubyryndy, alka kol sulama" which means: "wandered until the soles turned white, falling (without strength), lay around the lake."
[The year 1723 is considered to be the year of the beginning of the Great Calamity, called in the legends the era of "Aktaban Shubyryndy". The Kazakhs of the Middle and Senior zhuzes, speaking about the years of "Aktaban shubyryndy", use the expression "Alkakol-sulama", which means "in complete exhaustion from hunger and fatigue, they rushed to the ground in a layer and lay down near Lake Alkakol". History of KazSSR., 1979, v.3. p.18
I offer my own translation: the year when, having wounded their feet, they lay around the lake without strength. - B.K.]
Then the oldest Kazakh song-lament was born: "Elim-ai" ("Oh, my people!"):
[The name of the song is usually translated "My Motherland", since the word "spruce", "el" has two meanings: "people", "population" and "land", "homeland". - B.K.]
From the peaks of Karatau comes down a kosh...
Among others, only a camel goes without a burden.
Oh, how hard it is to lose your sisters and brothers!
From black eyes, sparkling, tears flow ...
What kind of time is, what kind of era is so cruel,
Time that frightened the bird of happiness from our head!
We wander, not knowing where, raising dust in a column ...
More terrible than the January cold, a snowstorm (this time)!
What kind of time is this, the time of "bugs" ("self-namers")
Will the old times return again? It remains to blacken (empty) the place of relatives,
I shed a lake of tears from my eyes.
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