Religion of the Bashkirs. The era of the Golden Horde

- Turkic people speaking the Bashkir language. Total population approximately 1.6 million people. One of the titular peoples of Russia. The main population of the subject of the Russian Federation is Bashkortostan, which is located in the south of the Urals. The formation of the Republic refers to 11.10.1990. The final name - the Republic of Bashkortostan was adopted on October 11, 1992. The total land area of ​​the Republic is 142.9 square kilometers, which is 0.79% of the entire area of ​​Russia. Population - 4 million 052 thousand people, density 28.4 people. per sq. km. (with a density in the country - 8, 31 people per sq. km). The capital is Ufa, the population is 1 ml. 99 thousand people According to the composition of the population of the republic: Russians - 36.28%, Bashkirs - 29.78%, Tatars - 24.09%, as well as representatives of Chuvashia, Mari - El, Ukraine, Mordovia, Germany.

Culture of the Bashkirs

The Bashkir people, being the indigenous population of the Southern Urals, who led a nomadic lifestyle, began to play one of the leading roles in the agricultural structure of the Russian state. Neighborhood with Russia played an important role in the development of the people.

The Bashkir population did not migrate from other areas, but formed according to a very complex historical self-development. In the 7-8 centuries BC, the Ananyir tribes lived in the mountains of the Urals, according to scientists, the direct ancestors of the Turkic peoples from which came out: Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts, Mari, and the descendants of these peoples are already credited with the origin of the Chuvash, Volga Tatars, Bashkirs and many others tribes living in the Urals and the Volga region.

Families of the Bashkirs lived in yurts, which were transported to new pastures after the herds of animals. But the people lived not only by cattle breeding, their hobby was hunting, fishing, botanical work (gathering honey). Until the 12th century Bashkir people united tribal communities, which gathered in tribes. Tribes often fought among themselves for pastures, fishing, and hunting. The enmity between the tribes led to the isolation of marriages within the borders of the tribes and in some cases led to mixing of blood. This caused the decline tribal system and significantly weakened the tribes, which was used by the Bulgar khans, subjugating the Bashkir tribes and forcibly imposing the Islamic religion. The nomadic way of life was reflected in the originality of life, national costumes.

History of the people

Time of the Golden Horde.

In the 13th century countries of Eastern Europe were conquered by the Mongol-Tatar army. Bulgaria with the Bashkir tribes also fell under the skating rink of the Horde. Subsequently, the Bulgars and Bashkirs became part of the Golden Horde under the leadership of Batu Khan with the obligatory payment of yasak - tribute. This duty included obligatory payment in fur skins, horses, wagons, concubines. This duty was distributed to each family and included:
- Kupchury - a cash collection from pastures and livestock;
- skins of fur-bearing animals - at least 5 pieces;
- military, all young men from the age of 12 are required to undergo military training;
- underwater, supply of carts or wagons for transporting luggage in the troops or transporting commanders.
The tribal nobility of the Bashkirs was not subject to yasak, but had to supply annual provisions to part of the Bashkir army, which were in the campaigns of the Golden Horde. To know Bashkiria, in gratitude for the benefits, was loyal to the government. In the 15th century Golden Horde finally disintegrated, but the Bashkir people did not feel any better from this. The territory of Bashkiria fell under the rule of the three khanates of the Golden Horde and was divided into southern, western and northwestern, which were constantly at enmity with each other demanding the payment of yasak in ever larger volumes.

Accession to Russia.

In the 16th century, Russia finally freed itself from Mongolian yoke and began to gain its power. But the Tatar-Mongols continued their raids and constantly ravaged the Russian lands, capturing many. Only in Kazan there were more than 150 thousand Russians. Ivan the Terrible conquered Kazan, and the khanates of the Golden Horde ceased to exist. After that, Ivan the Terrible, turning to the peoples conquered by the Golden Horde, urged them to transfer to Russian citizenship. They were promised protection and patronage from all external enemies, inviolability of lands, customs and religions. In 1557, the Bashkir Lands took Russian citizenship.

The uprising under the leadership of E. Pugachev.

The further development of Bashkiria was closely connected with the history of Russia. The endless attempts to seize Russia by the European states demanded from her a huge effort of human and public resources. This was due to the excessive exploitation of the workers and peasants. September 17, 1773 fugitive Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev, declaring himself Tsar Peter III, read out a manifesto to the outpost of the Yaik garrison. With a team of 60 people. captured the city of Yaitsk. This was the start of the uprising. The Bashkir people, exploited by local feudal lords and extortions of yasak, joined the uprising. Salavat Yulaev, having read Pugachev's manifesto, called on the Bashkir peasants to join the uprising. Soon the entire Bashkir region was engulfed in the flames of struggle. But the poorly armed peasants could not resist the government troops arriving from St. Petersburg. The uprising was soon put down. Salavat Yulaev, having spent more than 25 years in hard labor, died. E. Pugachev was captured and executed.

Bashkiria in the Great Patriotic War.

During the years of V.O.V., Bashkortostan became one of the main territories of the USSR to which enterprises and the population were evacuated. The region provided the front with weapons, fuel, food and equipment. During the war years, the republic placed about 109 factories, dozens of hospitals, many central state. and economic institutions, 279 thousand evacuees.
Despite the fact that the able-bodied male population is recognized for the war Agriculture through the efforts of adolescents and women, she continued to supply the front with food and livestock products.

Bashkirs (Bashk. bashkorttar) are a Turkic-speaking people living on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the historical region of the same name. Autochthonous (indigenous) people of the Southern Urals and the Urals.

The number in the world is about 2 million people.

In Russia, according to the All-Russian Population Census of 2010, there are 1,584,554 Bashkirs. The national language is Bashkir.

The traditional religion is Sunni Islam.

Bashkirs

There are several interpretations of the ethnonym Bashkort:

According to the researchers of the XVIII century V. N. Tatishchev, P. I. Rychkov, I. G. Georgi, the word bashkort means “ head wolf". In 1847, local historian V. S. Yumatov wrote that bashkort means "beekeeper, owner of bees." According to the “Historical note on the area of ​​the former Ufa province, where the center of ancient Bashkiria was”, published in St. Petersburg in 1867, the word bashkort means “head of the Urals”.

The Russian historian and ethnographer A.E. Alektorov in 1885 put forward a version according to which bashkort means “ separate people". According to D. M. Dunlop (English) Russian. the ethnonym bashkort goes back to the forms beshgur, bashgur, i.e. "five tribes, five Ugrians". Since Sh in modern language, corresponds to L in Bulgar, therefore, according to Dunlop, the ethnonyms Bashkort (bashgur) and Bulgar (bulgar) are equivalent. At Bashkir historian R. G. Kuzeeva gave a definition of the ethnonym Bashkort in the meaning of bash - “main, main” and ҡor (t) - “clan, tribe”.

According to the scientist-ethnographer N.V. Bikbulatov, the ethnonym Bashkort originates from the name of the well-known written communications Gardizi (XI century) of the legendary commander Bashgird, who lived between the Khazars and Kimaks in the basin of the Yaik River. Anthropologist and ethnologist R. M. Yusupov believed that the ethnonym Bashkort, interpreted in most cases as the “main wolf” on a Turkic basis, at an earlier time had an Iranian-language basis in the form of bachagurg, where bacha is “descendant, child, child”, and gurg - "wolf". Another variant of the etymology of the ethnonym Bashkort, according to R. M. Yusupov, is also associated with the Iranian phrase bachagurd, and is translated as “descendant, child of heroes, knights”.

In this case, bacha is translated in the same way as “child, child, descendant”, and gourd - “hero, knight”. After the era of the Huns, the ethnonym could change to the present state as follows: bachagurd - bachgurd - bachgord - bashkord - bashkort. Bashkirs
EARLY HISTORY OF THE BASHKIRS

The Soviet philologist and historian of antiquity S. Ya. Lurie believed that the “predecessors of the modern Bashkirs” are mentioned in the 5th century BC. e. in the "History" of Herodotus under the name of the Argippeians. The "father of history" Herodotus reported that the Argippeans live "at the foot of high mountains." Describing the lifestyle of the Argippeans, Herodotus wrote: “... They speak a special language, dress in Scythian, and eat tree fruits. The name of the tree whose fruits they eat is pontic, ... its fruit is like a bean, but with a stone inside. The ripe fruit is squeezed through a cloth, and a black juice called “ashi” flows out of it. This juice they ... drink, mixing with milk. They make flat cakes from the thick of the “ashy”. S. Ya. Lurie correlated the word "ashi" with the Turkic "achi" - "sour". According to the Bashkir linguist J. G. Kiekbaev, the word "ashy" resembles the Bashkir "Ase һyuy" - "sour liquid".

Herodotus wrote about the mentality of the Argippeans: "... They settle the feuds of their neighbors, and if some exile finds refuge with them, then no one dares to offend him." The famous orientalist Zaki Validi suggested that the Bashkirs are mentioned in the work of Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) under the name of the Scythian family of Pasirtai. Interesting information about the Bashkirs is also found in the Chinese chronicles of the Sui house. So, in Sui Shu (English) Russian. (VII century) in the "Narrative of the Body" 45 tribes are listed, named by the compilers as Teles, and among them the Alans and Bashukili tribes are mentioned.

Bashukili are identified with the ethnonym Bashkort, that is, with the Bashkirs. In the light of the fact that the ancestors of the Tele were ethnic heirs of the Huns, the report of Chinese sources about the "descendants of the old Huns" in the Volga basin in the 8th-9th centuries is also of interest. Among these tribes are listed Bo-Khan and Bei-Din, who, presumably, are identified, respectively, with the Volga Bulgars and Bashkirs. A prominent specialist in the history of the Turks, M. I. Artamonov, believed that the Bashkirs were also mentioned in the “Armenian Geography” of the 7th century under the name of Bushki. The first written information about the Bashkirs by Arab authors goes back to the 9th century. Sallam at-Tarjuman (IX c.), Ibn Fadlan (X c.), Al-Masudi (X c.), Al-Balkhi (X c.), al-Andaluzi (XII c.), Idrisi (XII c. ), Ibn Said (XIII century), Yakut al-Hamawi (XIII century), Kazvini (XIII century), Dimashki (XIV century), Abulfred (XIV century) and others wrote about the Bashkirs. The first report of Arabic written sources about the Bashkirs belongs to the traveler Sallam at-Tarjuman.

Around 840, he visited the country of the Bashkirs and indicated its approximate limits. Ibn Ruste (903) reported that the Bashkirs were "an independent people who occupied the territory on both sides of the Ural Range between the Volga, Kama, Tobol and the upper reaches of the Yaik." For the first time, an ethnographic description of the Bashkirs was given by Ibn Fadlan, the ambassador of the Baghdad caliph al Muktadir to the ruler of the Volga Bulgars. He visited among the Bashkirs in 922. The Bashkirs, according to Ibn Fadlan, were warlike and powerful, whom he and his companions (only "five thousand people", including military guards) "were wary of ... with the greatest danger." They were engaged in cattle breeding.

The Bashkirs revered twelve gods: winter, summer, rain, wind, trees, people, horses, water, night, day, death, earth and sky, among which the sky god was the main one, who united everyone and was with the rest "in agreement and each of them approves what his partner does. Some Bashkirs deified snakes, fish and cranes. Along with totemism, Ibn Fadlan also notes shamanism among the Bashkirs. Apparently, Islam is beginning to spread among the Bashkirs.

The embassy included one Bashkir of the Muslim faith. According to Ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs are Turks, live on the southern slopes of the Urals and occupy a vast territory up to the Volga, their neighbors in the southeast were the Pechenegs, in the west - the Bulgars, in the south - the Oguzes. Another Arabic author, Al-Masudi (died approximately in 956), narrating about the wars near the Aral Sea, mentioned the Bashkirs among the warring peoples. The medieval geographer Sharif Idrisi (died in 1162) reported that the Bashkirs lived near the sources of the Kama and the Urals. He spoke about the city of Nemzhan, located in the upper reaches of the Lik. The Bashkirs there were engaged in smelting copper in furnaces, mined fox and beaver furs, valuable stones.

In another city of Gurkhan, located in the northern part of the Agidel River, the Bashkirs made art, saddles and weapons. Other authors: Yakut, Kazvini and Dimashki reported "about the mountain range of the Bashkirs, located in the seventh climate", by which they, like other authors, meant the Ural Mountains. “The land of the Bashkars lies in the seventh climate,” wrote Ibn Said. Rashid-ad-Din (died in 1318) mentions the Bashkirs 3 times and is always among them. large nations. “In the same way, the peoples, who from ancient times to the present day were called and are called Turks, lived in the steppes ..., in the mountains and forests of the regions of Desht-i-Kipchak, Russ, Circassians, Bashkirs of Talas and Sairam, Ibir and Siberia, Bular and the river Ankara".

Mahmud al-Kashgari in his encyclopedic "Dictionary of Turkic languages" (1073/1074) listed the Bashkirs among the twenty "main" Turkic peoples under the heading "on the peculiarities of the Turkic languages". “And the language of the Bashkirs,” he wrote, “is very close to Kipchak, Oghuz, Kirghiz and others, that is, Turkic.”

Foreman of the Bashkir village

Bashkirs in Hungary

In the 9th century, along with the ancient Magyars, the foothills of the Urals left the tribal divisions of several ancient Bashkir clans, such as Yurmaty, Yeney, Kese and a number of others. They became part of the ancient Hungarian confederation of tribes, which was located in the country of Levedia, in the interfluve of the Don and Dnieper. At the beginning of the 10th century, the Hungarians, together with the Bashkirs, led by Prince Arpad, crossed the Carpathian Mountains and conquered the territory of Pannonia, establishing the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the 10th century, the first written information about the Bashkirs of Hungary is found in the book of the Arab scholar Al-Masudi "Murudj al-Zahab". He calls both Hungarians and Bashkirs Bashgirds or Badzhgirds. According to the well-known Turkologist Ahmad-Zaki Validi, the numerical dominance of the Bashkirs in the Hungarian army and the transfer of political power in Hungary to the top of the Bashkir tribes of Yurmata and Yeney in the XII century. led to the fact that the ethnonym "Bashgird" (Bashkirs) in medieval Arabic sources began to serve to designate the entire population of the Kingdom of Hungary. In the 13th century, Ibn Said al-Maghribi in his book “Kitab bast al-ard” divides the inhabitants of Hungary into two peoples: Bashkirs (Bashgird) - Turkic-speaking Muslims who live south of the Danube River, and Hungarians (Hunkar) who profess Christianity.

He writes that these peoples different languages. The capital of the country of the Bashkirs was the city of Kerat, located in the south of Hungary. Abu-l-Fida in his work "Takwim al-buldan" writes that in Hungary the Bashkirs lived on the banks of the Danube next to the Germans. They served in the famous Hungarian cavalry, which terrified all of medieval Europe. The medieval geographer Zakariya ibn Muhammad al-Kazvini (1203-1283) writes that the Bashkirs live between Constantinople and Bulgaria. He describes the Bashkirs in this way: “One of the Muslim theologians of the Bashkirs says that the people of the Bashkirs are very large and that most of they are used by Christianity; but there are also Muslims among them, who must pay tribute to Christians, just as Christians pay tribute to Muslims. Bashkirs live in huts and do not have fortresses.

Each place was given to the fief possession of a noble person; when the king noticed that these fief possessions gave rise to many disputes between the owners, he took away these possessions from them and appointed a certain salary from state sums. When the tsar of the Bashkirs called these gentlemen to war during a Tatar raid, they answered that they would obey, only on the condition that these possessions be returned to them. The king refused them and said: speaking in this war, you are defending yourself and your children. The magnates did not listen to the king and dispersed. Then the Tatars attacked and devastated the country with a sword and fire, finding no resistance anywhere.

Bashkirs

MONGOLIAN INVASION

The first battle between the Bashkirs and the Mongols took place in 1219-1220, when Genghis Khan, at the head of a huge army, spent the summer on the Irtysh, where the Bashkirs had summer pastures. The confrontation between the two peoples continued for a long time. From 1220 to 1234, the Bashkirs were constantly at war with the Mongols, in fact, holding back the onslaught of the Mongol invasion to the west. L. N. Gumilyov in the book “Ancient Rus' and Great Steppe"Wrote:" The Mongol-Bashkir war dragged on for 14 years, that is, much longer than the war with the Khwarezmian Sultanate and the Great Western Campaign ...

The Bashkirs repeatedly won battles and finally concluded an agreement on friendship and alliance, after which the Mongols united with the Bashkirs for further conquests ... ". The Bashkirs receive the right to beat (labels), that is, in fact, territorial autonomy as part of the empire of Genghis Khan. In the legal hierarchy of the Mongol Empire, the Bashkirs occupied a privileged position as a people indebted to the kagans primarily for military service, and retaining their own tribal system and administration. In legal terms, it is possible to talk only about relations of suzerainty-vassalage, and not "allied". Bashkir cavalry regiments took part in Batu Khan's raids on the northeastern and southwestern Russian principalities in 1237-1238 and 1239-1240, as well as in Western campaign 1241-1242.

As part of the Golden Horde In the XIII-XIV centuries, the entire territory of the settlement of the Bashkirs was part of the Golden Horde. On June 18, 1391, the “Battle of the Nations” took place near the Kondurcha River. In the battle, the armies of the two world powers of that time clashed: the Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh, on whose side the Bashkirs came out, and the emir of Samarkand Timur (Tamerlane). The battle ended with the defeat of the Golden Horde. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the territory of historical Bashkortostan was part of the Kazan, Siberian khanates and the Nogai Horde.

Accession of Bashkortostan to Russia Establishment of Moscow's suzerainty over the Bashkirs was not a one-time act. The first (in the winter of 1554) to accept Moscow citizenship were the western and northwestern Bashkirs, who were previously subject to the Kazan Khan.

Following them (in 1554-1557), ties with Ivan the Terrible were established by the Bashkirs of central, southern and southeastern Bashkiria, who then coexisted on the same territory with the Nogai Horde. The Trans-Ural Bashkirs were forced to make an agreement with Moscow in the 80-90s of the 16th century, after the collapse of the Siberian Khanate. Having defeated Kazan, Ivan the Terrible turned to the Bashkir people with an appeal to voluntarily come under his highest hand. The Bashkirs responded and at the people's meetings of the clans decided to go under Moscow vassalage on the basis of an equal agreement with the tsar.

This was the second time in their centuries-old history. The first was an agreement with the Mongols (XIII century). The terms of the agreement were clearly defined. The Moscow sovereign retained all their lands for the Bashkirs and recognized the patrimonial right to them (it is noteworthy that, apart from the Bashkirs, not a single people who accepted Russian citizenship had a patrimonial right to land). The Muscovite tsar also promised to maintain local self-government, not to oppress the Muslim religion (“... they gave their word and swore the Bashkirs who profess Islam would never rape into another religion ...”). Thus, Moscow made serious concessions to the Bashkirs, which naturally met its global interests. The Bashkirs, in turn, pledged to carry out military service at their own expense and pay yasak to the treasury - a land tax.

The voluntary annexation to Russia and the receipt by the Bashkirs of letters of commendation are also mentioned in the chronicle of foreman Kidras Mullakaev, reported to P.I. Rychkov and later published in his book History of Orenburg: namely, beyond the Kama River and near the Belaya Voloshka (which is named after the White River), they, the Bashkirs, were confirmed, but moreover, many others on which they now live were granted, as evidenced by letters of commendation, which many still have ". Rychkov in the book "Topography of Orenburg" wrote: "The Bashkir people came into Russian citizenship." The exclusivity of relations between the Bashkirs and Russia is reflected in the “Cathedral Code” of 1649, where the Bashkirs, under pain of confiscation of property and the sovereign’s disgrace, were forbidden “... boyars, roundabout, and thoughtful people, and stolniks, and solicitors and noblemen from Moscow and from the cities noblemen and boyar children and Russian local people should not buy or exchange any ranks and mortgage, and rent and rent for many years.

From 1557 to 1798 - for more than 200 years - the Bashkir cavalry regiments fought in the ranks of the Russian army; being part of the militia of Minin and Pozharsky, the Bashkir detachments took part in the liberation of Moscow from the Polish invaders in 1612.

Bashkir uprisings During the life of Ivan the Terrible, the terms of the agreement were still respected, and despite his cruelty, he remained in the memory of the Bashkir people as a kind, “white king” (Bashk. Аҡ batsha). With the coming to power of the Romanov dynasty in the 17th century, the policy of tsarism in Bashkortostan immediately began to change for the worse. In words, the authorities assured the Bashkirs of their loyalty to the terms of the agreement, in deeds, they took the path of violating them. This was expressed, first of all, in the plunder of the patrimonial Bashkir lands and the construction of outposts, prisons, settlements, Christian monasteries, and lines on them. Seeing the massive plunder of their lands, the violation of their primordial rights and freedoms, the Bashkirs rose to revolt in 1645, 1662-1664, 1681-1684, 1704-11/25.

The tsarist authorities were forced to satisfy many demands of the rebels. After the Bashkir uprising of 1662-1664. the government once again officially confirmed the patrimonial right of the Bashkirs to land. During the uprising of 1681-1684. - Freedom to practice Islam. After the uprising of 1704-11. (the embassy from the Bashkirs again swore allegiance to the emperor only in 1725) - confirmed the patrimonial rights and the special status of the Bashkirs and held trial, which ended with the conviction for abuse of authority and the execution of government "profitrs" Sergeev, Dokhov and Zhikharev, who demanded taxes from the Bashkirs that were not provided for by law, which was one of the reasons for the uprising.

During the uprisings, the Bashkir detachments reached Samara, Saratov, Astrakhan, Vyatka, Tobolsk, Kazan (1708) and the mountains of the Caucasus (during an unsuccessful assault by their allies - Caucasian highlanders and Russian schismatic Cossacks, Terek town, one of the leaders of the Bashkir uprising of 1704-11, Sultan Murat). The human and material losses were enormous. The heaviest loss for the Bashkirs themselves is the uprising of 1735-1740, during which Khan Sultan Giray (Karasakal) was elected. During this uprising, many of the hereditary lands of the Bashkirs were taken away and transferred to the Meshcheryak servicemen. According to the estimates of the American historian A. S. Donnelly, every fourth person from the Bashkirs died.

The next uprising broke out in 1755-1756. The reason was rumors of religious persecution and the abolition of light yasak (the only tax on the Bashkirs; yasak was taken only from the land and confirmed their status as patrimonial landowners) while simultaneously prohibiting the free extraction of salt, which the Bashkirs considered their privilege. The uprising was brilliantly planned, but failed because of the spontaneous premature action of the Bashkirs of the Burzyan family, who killed a petty official - the bribe-taker and rapist Bragin. Because of this absurd and tragic accident, the plans of the Bashkirs to simultaneously attack all 4 roads, this time in alliance with the Mishars, and, possibly, the Tatars and Kazakhs, were thwarted.

The most famous ideologist of this movement was the akhun of the Siberian road of Bashkortostan, Mishar Gabdulla Galiev (Batyrsha). In captivity, Mulla Batyrsha wrote his famous “Letter to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna”, which has survived to this day as an interesting example of an analysis of the causes of the Bashkir uprisings by their participant.

During the suppression of the uprising, a number of those who participated in the uprising emigrated to the Kirghiz-Kaisatsky Horde. Participation in the Peasant War of 1773-1775 is considered to be the last Bashkir uprising. Emeliana Pugacheva: Salavat Yulaev, one of the leaders of this uprising, also remained in people's memory and is considered a Bashkir national hero.

The Bashkir army The most significant of the reforms in relation to the Bashkirs, carried out by the tsarist government in the 18th century, was the introduction of the cantonal system of government, which operated with some changes until 1865.

By decree of April 10, 1798, the Bashkir and Mishar population of the region was transferred to the military service class and obliged to carry out border service on the eastern borders of Russia. Administratively, cantons were created.

The Trans-Ural Bashkirs ended up in the 2nd (Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts), 3rd (Troitsky district) and 4th (Chelyabinsk district) cantons. The 2nd canton was in Perm, the 3rd and 4th - in the Orenburg provinces. In 1802-1803. The Bashkirs of the Shadrinsk district were separated into an independent 3rd canton. In this regard, the serial numbers of the cantons have also changed. The former 3rd canton (Troitsky Uyezd) became the 4th, and the former 4th (Chelyabinsk Uyezd) became the 5th. Major changes in the system of cantonal government were undertaken in the 30s years XIX V. From the Bashkir and Mishar population of the region, the Bashkir-Meshcheryak army was formed, which included 17 cantons. The latter were united in guardianships.

Bashkirs and Mishars of the 2nd (Ekaterinburg and Krasnoufimsk districts) and 3rd (Shadrinsk district) cantons were included in the first, 4th (Troitsky district) and 5th (Chelyabinsk district) - in the second guardianship with centers respectively in Krasnoufimsk and Chelyabinsk. By the law "On the accession of Teptyars and Bobyls to the Bashkir-Meshcheryak Host" of February 22, 1855, the Teptyar regiments were included in the canton system of the Bashkir-Meshcheryak Host.

Later, the name was changed to the Bashkir Army by the Law “On the future naming of the Bashkir-Meshcheryak army by the Bashkir army. October 31, 1855" With the accession of the Kazakh lands to Russia in 1731, Bashkortostan became one of the many internal regions of the empire, and the need to involve the Bashkirs, Mishars and Teptyars in the border service disappeared.

During the reforms of the 1860-1870s. in 1864-1865 the canton system was abolished, and the management of the Bashkirs and their underlings passed into the hands of rural and volost (yurt) societies, similar to Russian societies. True, the Bashkirs had advantages in the field of land use: the standard for the Bashkirs was 60 acres per capita, while 15 acres for former serfs.

Alexander 1 and Napoleon, representatives of the Bashkirs nearby

Participation of the Bashkirs in the Patriotic War of 1812 28 five-hundred Bashkir regiments participated.

In addition, the Bashkir population of the Southern Urals allocated 4,139 horses and 500,000 rubles for the army. During a foreign campaign as part of the Russian army in Germany, in the city of Weimer, the great German poet Goethe met with the Bashkir soldiers, whom the Bashkirs presented with a bow and arrows. Nine Bashkir regiments entered Paris. The French called the Bashkir warriors "Northern Cupids".

In the memory of the Bashkir people, the war of 1812 was preserved in the folk songs "Baik", "Kutuzov", "Squadron", "Kakhym turya", "Lyubizar". The last song is based on a true fact, when the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, M. I. Kutuzov, thanked the Bashkir soldiers for their courage in battle with the words: “lovers, well done.” There is data on some soldiers who were awarded silver medals "For the capture of Paris on March 19, 1814" and "In memory of the war of 1812-1814", Rakhmangul Barakov (Bikkulovo village), Saifutdin Kadyrgalin (Bayramgulovo village), Nurali Zubairov ( Kuluyevo village), Kunduzbay Kuldavletov (Subkhangulovo-Abdyrovo village).

Monument to the Bashkirs who participated in the war of 1812

Bashkir national movement

After the revolutions of 1917, the All-Bashkir kurultai (congresses) take place, at which a decision is made on the need to create a national republic as part of federal Russia. As a result, on November 15, 1917, the Bashkir regional (central) shuro (council) proclaims the creation of the territories with a predominantly Bashkir population of the Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces of the territorial-national autonomy of Bashkurdistan.

In December 1917, the delegates of the III All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population of the region of all nationalities, unanimously voted for the approval of the resolution (Farman No. 2) of the Bashkir Regional Shuro on the proclamation of the national-territorial autonomy (republic) of Bashkurdistan. At the congress, the government of Bashkortostan, the pre-parliament - Kese-Kurultai and other authorities and administrations were formed, and decisions were made on further actions. In March 1919, on the basis of the Agreement between the Russian Workers' and Peasants' Government and the Bashkir Government, the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic was formed.

Formation of the Republic of Bashkortostan On October 11, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On March 31, 1992, Bashkortostan signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and jurisdictions between the bodies state power Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition and the Annex to it from the Republic of Bashkortostan, which determined the contractual nature of relations between the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation.

Ethnogenesis of the Bashkirs

The ethnogenesis of the Bashkirs is extremely complex. The Southern Urals and the adjacent steppes, where the formation of the people took place, have long been an arena of active interaction between different tribes and cultures. In the literature on the ethnogenesis of the Bashkirs, one can see that there are three main hypotheses for the origin of the Bashkir people: Turkic Finno-Ugric Iranian

Perm Bashkirs
The anthropological composition of the Bashkirs is heterogeneous, it is a mixture of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. M. S. Akimova singled out four main anthropological types among the Bashkirs: Subural Pontic Light Caucasoid South Siberian

The most ancient racial types of the Bashkirs are considered light Caucasoid, Pontic and Subural, and the latest - South Siberian. The South Siberian anthropological type as part of the Bashkirs appeared rather late and is closely associated with the Turkic tribes of the 9th-12th centuries and the Kipchaks of the 13th-14th centuries.

Pamir-Fergana, Trans-Caspian racial types, also present in the composition of the Bashkirs, are associated with the Indo-Iranian and Turkic nomads of Eurasia.

Bashkir culture

Traditional occupations and crafts The main occupation of the Bashkirs in the past was semi-nomadic (yailage) cattle breeding. Farming, hunting, beekeeping, beekeeping, poultry farming, fishing, and gathering were widespread. Crafts include weaving, felt making, the production of lint-free carpets, shawls, embroidery, leather working (leatherworking), woodworking, and metalworking. The Bashkirs were engaged in the production of arrowheads, spears, knives, elements of horse harness made of iron. Bullets and shot for guns were cast from lead.

The Bashkirs had their own blacksmiths and jewelers. Pendants, plaques, jewelry for women's breastplates and headdresses were made from silver. Metalworking was based on local raw materials. Metallurgy and blacksmithing were banned after the uprisings. Russian historian M. D. Chulkov in his work “ Historical description Russian Commerce” (1781-1788) noted: “In previous years, the Bashkirs smelted the best steel from this ore in hand furnaces, which, after the rebellion that broke out in 1735, they were no longer allowed.” It is noteworthy that the mining school in St. Petersburg is the first higher mining and technical educational institution in Russia, proposed to create a Bashkir ore industrialist Ismagil Tasimov. Dwelling and way of life House of the Bashkir (Yahya). Photo by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky, 1910

IN XVII-XIX centuries Bashkirs completely switched from semi-nomadic farming to agriculture and settled life, since many lands were occupied by immigrants from central Russia and the Volga region. Among the Eastern Bashkirs, a semi-nomadic way of life was still partially preserved. The last, single departures of auls for summer camps (summer camps) were noted in the 20s of the XX century.

The types of dwellings among the Bashkirs are diverse, timber (wooden), wattle and adobe (adobe) predominate, among the Eastern Bashkirs, a felt yurt (tirma) was still common in summer camps. Bashkir cuisine Semi-nomadic lifestyle contributed to the formation original culture, traditions and cuisine of the Bashkirs: wintering in villages and living on summer nomads brought diversity to the diet and cooking opportunities.

The traditional Bashkir dish bishbarmak is made from boiled meat and salma, sprinkled with plenty of herbs and onions and flavored with kurut. This is another noticeable feature of the Bashkir cuisine: dairy products are often served with dishes - a rare feast is complete without kurut or sour cream. Most Bashkir dishes are easy to prepare and nutritious.

Dishes such as ayran, koumiss, buza, kazy, basturma, plov, manti, and many others are considered national dishes of many peoples from the Ural Mountains to the Middle East.

Bashkir national costume

The traditional clothes of the Bashkirs are very variable depending on the age and the specific region. Clothes were sewn from sheepskin, homespun and purchased fabrics. Various women's jewelry made of corals, beads, shells, and coins were widespread. These are breastplates (yаға, һаҡал), cross-shouldered baldrics (emeyҙek, dәғүәт), backs (inңһәlek), various pendants, braids, bracelets, earrings. Women's hats in the past are very diverse, these are the cap-shaped ҡashmau, the girl's hat taҡyya, the fur ҡama burek, the multi-component kalәpүsh, the towel-shaped taҫtar, often richly decorated with embroidery. Very colorfully decorated head cover ҡushyaulyҡ.

Among men: fur hats with earflaps (ҡolaҡsyn), fox hats (tөlkoҩ ҡolaҡsyn), a hood (kөlәpәrә) made of white cloth, skullcaps (tүbәtәй), felt hats. The shoes of the Eastern Bashkirs are original: kata and saryk, leather heads and cloth tops, laces with tassels. The kata and women's "saryks" were decorated with appliqués on the back. Boots (itek, sitek) and bast shoes (sabata) were widespread everywhere (with the exception of a number of southern and eastern regions). Pants with a wide step were an obligatory attribute of men's and women's clothing. Very elegant outerwear for women.

These are often richly decorated with coins, braids, appliqué and a little bit of embroidery robe elәn, аҡ sаҡman (which also often served as a head coverlet), sleeveless “camisoles” decorated with bright embroidery and trimmed with coins around the edges. Men's Cossacks and chekmens (saҡman), semi-caftans (bishmat). The Bashkir men's shirt and women's dresses differed sharply in cut from those of the Russians, although they were also decorated with embroidery and ribbons (dresses).

It was also common for Eastern Bashkirs to decorate dresses along the hem with appliqué. Belts were an exclusively male piece of clothing. The belts were woolen woven (up to 2.5 m in length), belt, cloth and sashes with copper or silver buckles. A large rectangular leather bag (ҡaptyrga or ҡalta) was always hung from the right side on the belt, and from the left side there was a knife in a wooden sheath sheathed with leather (bysaҡ gyny).

Bashkir folk customs,

Wedding customs of the Bashkirs In addition to the wedding festival (tui), religious (Muslim) ones are known: uraza-bayram (uraҙa bayramy), kurban-bayram (ҡorban bayramy), mawlid (maүlid bayramy), and others, as well as folk holidays - the celebration of the end of spring field work- Sabantuy (һabantui) and kargatuy (ҡargatuy).

National Sports national species Sports of the Bashkirs include: wrestling kuresh, archery, throwing a spear and a hunting dagger, horse racing and running, tug of war (lasso) and others. Among the equestrian sports are popular: baiga, horseback riding, horse races.

Equestrian sports are popular in Bashkortostan folk games: auzarysh, cat-alyu, kuk-bure, kyz kyuyu. Sports games and competitions are an integral part of the physical education of the Bashkirs, and for many centuries have been included in the program of folk holidays. Oral folk art Bashkir folk art was varied and rich. It is presented various genres, among which there are heroic epics, fairy tales and songs.

One of the ancient types of oral poetry was kubair (ҡobayyr). Among the Bashkirs, there were often improvising singers - sesens (sәsәn), combining the gift of a poet and a composer. Among song genres there were folk songs (yyrҙar), ritual songs(senluy).

Depending on the melody, Bashkir songs were divided into lingering (oҙon koy) and short (ҡyҫҡa koy) songs, in which dance songs (beyeү koy), ditties (taҡmaҡ) were distinguished. The Bashkirs had a tradition of throat singing - uzlyau (өzlәү; also һоҙҙau, ҡайҙау, tamaҡ ҡurayy). Along with songwriting, the Bashkirs developed music. WITH

Among the musical instruments, the most common were kubyz (ҡumyҙ) and kurai (ҡurai). In some places there was a three-stringed musical instrument dombyra.

The dances of the Bashkirs were distinguished by their originality. Dances were always performed to the sounds of a song or kurai with a frequent rhythm. Those present beat time with their palms and from time to time exclaimed “Hey!”.

Bashkir epic

A number of epic works of the Bashkirs called "Ural-batyr", "Akbuzat" have preserved layers of ancient mythology of the Indo-Iranians and ancient Turks, and have parallels with the Epic of Gilgamesh, Rigveda, Avesta. Thus, the epic "Ural-Batyr", according to researchers, contains three layers: archaic Sumerian, Indo-Iranian and ancient Turkic pagan. Some epic works of the Bashkirs, such as "Alpamysha" and "Kuzykurpyas and Mayankhylu", are also found among other Turkic peoples.

Bashkir literature Bashkir literature has its roots in ancient times. The origins go back to ancient Turkic runic and written monuments such as the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions, to handwritten works of the 11th century in the Turkic language and ancient Bulgarian poetic monuments (Kul Gali and others). In the 13th-14th centuries, Bashkir literature developed as an oriental one.

Traditional genres prevailed in poetry - ghazal, madhya, qasida, dastan, canonized poetics. The most characteristic in the development of Bashkir poetry is its close interaction with folklore.

From the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the development of Bashkir literature is associated with the name and work of Baik Aidar (1710-1814), Shamsetdin Zaki (1822-1865), Gali Sokoroy (1826-1889), Miftakhetdin Akmulla (1831-1895), Mazhit Gafuri ( 1880-1934), Safuan Yakshigulov (1871-1931), Daut Yulty (1893-1938), Shaikhzada Babich (1895-1919) and many others.

Theatrical art and cinema

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were only amateur theater groups in Bashkortostan. The first professional theater opened in 1919 almost simultaneously with the formation of the Bashkir ASSR. It was the current Bashkir State Academic Drama Theater. M. Gafuri. In the 30s, several more theaters appeared in Ufa - a puppet theater, an opera and ballet theater. Later, state theaters were opened in other cities of Bashkortostan.

Bashkir enlightenment and science historical time since the 60s 19th century until the beginning of the twentieth century can be called the era of the Bashkir enlightenment. The most famous figures of the Bashkir enlightenment of that period were M. Bekchurin, A. Kuvatov, G. Kiikov, B. Yuluev, G. Sokoroy, M. Umetbaev, Akmulla, M.-G. Kurbangaliev, R. Fakhretdinov, M. Baishev, Yu. Bikbov, S. Yakshigulov and others.

At the beginning of the 20th century, such figures were formed Bashkir culture like Akhmetzaki Validi Togan, Abdulkadir Inan, Galimyan Tagan, Mukhametsha Burangulov.

Religion Mosque in the Bashkir village of Yahya. Photo by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky, 1910
By religious affiliation, the Bashkirs are Sunni Muslims.

Since the 10th century, Islam has been spreading among the Bashkirs. The Arab traveler Ibn Fadlan met a Bashkir professing Islam back in 921. With the establishment of Islam in the Volga Bulgaria (in 922), Islam also spread among the Bashkirs. In the shezher of the Bashkirs of the Ming tribe living along the Deme River, it is said that they “send nine people from their people to Bulgaria to find out what the Mohammedan faith is.”

The legend about the cure of the Khan's daughter says that the Bulgars “sent their Tabigin students to the Bashkirs. So Islam spread among the Bashkirs in the Belaya, Ik, Dyoma, Tanyp valleys. Zaki Validi cited the report of the Arab geographer Yakut al-Hamawi that in Khalba he met a Bashkir who had arrived to study. The final approval of Islam among the Bashkirs took place in the 20-30s of the XIV century and is associated with the name of the Golden Horde Khan Uzbek, who established Islam as the state religion of the Golden Horde. The Hungarian monk Ioganka, who visited the Bashkirs in the 1320s, wrote about the Bashkir Khan, who was fanatically devoted to Islam.

The oldest evidence of the introduction of Islam in Bashkortostan includes the ruins of a monument near the village of Chishma, inside which lies a stone with an Arabic inscription saying that Hussein-Bek, the son of Izmer-Bek, is buried here, who died on the 7th day of the month of Muharrem 739 AH, that is, in 1339 year. There is also evidence that Islam penetrated the Southern Urals from Central Asia. For example, in the Bashkir Trans-Urals, on Mount Aushtau in the vicinity of the village of Starobairamgulovo (Aushkul) (now in the Uchalinsky district), the burials of two ancient Muslim missionaries dating back to the 13th century have been preserved. The spread of Islam among the Bashkirs took several centuries, and ended in the XIV-XV centuries.

Bashkir language, Bashkir writing The national language is Bashkir.

It belongs to the Kypchak group of Turkic languages. Main dialects: southern, eastern and northwestern. Distributed on the territory of historical Bashkortostan. According to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, the Bashkir language is native to 1,133,339 Bashkirs (71.7% of the total number of Bashkirs who indicated their native languages).

The Tatar language was named native by 230,846 Bashkirs (14.6%). Russian is the native language for 216,066 Bashkirs (13.7%).

Settlement of the Bashkirs The number of Bashkirs in the world is about 2 million people. In Russia, according to the 2010 census, 1,584,554 Bashkirs live, of which 1,172,287 live in Bashkortostan.

Bashkirs make up 29.5% of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In addition to the Republic of Bashkortostan itself, the Bashkirs live in all subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as in the states of near and far abroad.

Up to a third of all Bashkirs currently live outside the Republic of Bashkortostan.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:

Bashkirs // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

Kuzeev R. G. Bashkirs: Historical and ethnographic essay / R. Kuzeev, S. N. Shitova. - Ufa: Institute of History, yaz. and lit., 1963. - 151 p. - 700 copies. (in the lane) Kuzeev R. G.

The origin of the Bashkir people. Ethnic composition, history of settlement. — M.: Nauka, 1974. — 571 p. - 2400 copies. Rudenko S. I.

Bashkirs: historical and ethnographic essays. - Ufa: Kitap, 2006. - 376 p. Kuzeev R. G.

The origin of the Bashkir people. M., Nauka, 1974, S. 428. Yanguzin R.3.

Ethnography of the Bashkirs (history of study). - Ufa: Kitap, 2002. - 192 p.

History of Bashkortostan from ancient times to the 16th century [Text] / Mazhitov N. A., Sultanova A. N. - Ufa: Kitap, 1994. - 359 p. : ill. - Bibliography in the note at the end of the chapters. — ISBN 5-295-01491-6

Journey of Ibn Fadlan to the Volga. Translation, commentary and edition by Academician I. Yu. Krachkovsky. M.; L., 1939 Zaki Validi Togan.

History of the Bashkirs Rashid-ad-Din "Collection of Chronicles" (T. 1. Book 1. M .; L., 1952) "The Turk favors Devon." 1 vol. Tashkent. P. 66 b Nasyrov I. "Bashkirds" in Pannonia // Islam. - M., 2004. - No. 2 (9). pp. 36-39.

History of the Bashkirs. Article on the site "Bashkortostan 450" L. N. Gumilyov.

"Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe" (135. Scheme of the course of events)

Rychkov Pyotr Ivanovich: "Orenburg Topography" St. Petersburg, 1762 p. 67 Salavat Yulaev in the Concise Encyclopedia

Bashkortostan Bashkir Encyclopedia. In 7 volumes / Ch. editor M. A. Ilgamov. T.1: A-B. Ufa: Bashkir Encyclopedia, 2005. Akimova M.S.

Anthropological research in Bashkiria // Anthropology and Genogeography. M., 1974 R. M. Yusupov "Bashkirs: ethnic history and traditional culture"

SITE Wikipedia.

The Bashkirs are an ancient people living in the south of the Urals for at least 12 centuries. Their history is extremely interesting, and it is surprising that, despite being surrounded by strong neighbors, the Bashkirs have retained their uniqueness and traditions to this day, although, of course, ethnic assimilation does its job. The population of Bashkiria in 2016 is about 4 million people. Not all residents of the region are native speakers and ancient culture, but the spirit of the ethnic group is preserved here.

Geographical position

Bashkortostan is located on the border of Europe and Asia. The territory of the republic is just over 143 thousand square meters. km and covers part of the East European Plain, the mountain system of the Southern Urals and the uplands of the Trans-Urals. The capital of the region - Ufa - is the largest settlement of the republic, the rest in terms of population and size of the territory are much inferior to it.

The relief of Bashkortostan is extremely diverse. The most high point region - the Zigalga ridge (1427 m). Plains and hills are well suited for agriculture, so the population of Bashkiria has long been engaged in cattle breeding and crop production. The republic is rich in water resources, the basins of such rivers as the Volga, Ural and Ob are located here. 12 thousand rivers flow through the territory of Bashkiria different sizes, there are 2700 lakes, mostly of spring origin. Also, 440 artificial reservoirs have been created here.

The region has large reserves of minerals. So, deposits of oil, gold, iron ore, copper, natural gas, and zinc have been discovered here. Bashkiria is located in the temperate zone, on its territory there are many mixed forests, forest-steppes and steppes. There are three large reserves and several nature reserves. Bashkortostan borders on such subjects of the Federation as Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions, Udmurtia and Tatarstan.

History of the Bashkir people

The first people on the territory of modern Bashkiria lived 50-40 thousand years ago. Archaeologists have found traces of ancient settlements in the Imanay cave. In the era of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, tribes of hunters and gatherers lived here, they mastered local territories, tamed animals, left drawings on the walls of caves. The genes of these first settlers became the basis for the formation of the Bashkir people.

The first mention of the Bashkirs can be read in the works of Arab geographers. They say that in the 9th-11th centuries, a people called "Bashkort" lived on both sides of the Ural Mountains. In the 10th-12th centuries, the Bashkirs were part of the state. From the beginning of the 13th century, they fought fiercely with the Mongols, who wanted to seize their lands. As a result, a partnership agreement was concluded, and for the 13th-14th centuries the Bashkir people were part of the Golden Horde on special terms. The Bashkirs were not a people subject to tribute. They maintained their own social structure and were in the military service of the kagan. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Bashkirs were part of the Kazan and Siberian Hordes.

In the 16th century, strong pressure began on the independence of the Bashkirs from the Russian kingdom. In the 1550s, Ivan the Terrible called on the people to voluntarily join his state. Negotiations were held for a long time, and in 1556 an agreement was concluded on the entry of the Bashkirs into the Russian kingdom on special terms. The people retained their rights to religion, administration, army, but paid the Russian Tsar a tax, for which they received help in repelling external aggression.

Until the 17th century, the terms of the agreement were respected, but with the coming to power of the Romanovs, encroachments on the sovereign rights of the Bashkirs began. This led to a series of uprisings in the 17th and 18th centuries. The people suffered huge losses in the struggle for their rights and independence, but they were able to defend their autonomy within the Russian Empire, although they still had to make certain concessions.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Bashkiria was subjected to administrative reform more than once, but on the whole retained the right to live within its historical borders. The population of Bashkiria throughout its history has been excellent warriors. The Bashkirs actively participated in all the battles fought by Russia: in the war of 1812, the First and Second World Wars. The losses of the people were great, but the victories were glorious. There are many real warrior heroes among the Bashkirs.

During the coup of 1917, Bashkiria was at first on the side of the resistance of the Red Army, the Bashkir Army was created, which defended the idea of ​​the independence of this people. However, for a number of reasons, in 1919 the Bashkir government came under the control of Soviet power. As part of Soviet Union Bashkiria wanted to form a union republic. But Stalin declared that Tatarstan and Bashkortostan could not be union republics, as they were Russian enclaves, so the Bashkir Autonomous Republic was created.

In Soviet times, the region had to endure the difficulties and processes typical of the entire USSR. Collectivization and industrialization took place here. During the war years, many industrial and other enterprises were evacuated to Bashkiria, which formed the basis of post-war industrialization and reconstruction. During the years of perestroika, in 1992, the Republic of Bashkortostan was proclaimed with its own Constitution. Today, Bashkiria is actively engaged in the revival of national identity and primordial traditions.

The total population of Bashkiria. Dynamics of indicators

The first Bashkiria was held in 1926, when 2 million 665 thousand people lived on the territory of the republic. Later, estimates of the number of inhabitants of the region were carried out at different intervals, and only from the end of the 20th century did such data begin to be collected annually.

Until the beginning of the 21st century, the population dynamics was positive. The largest increase in the number of inhabitants occurred in the early 50s. In other periods, the region steadily increased by an average of 100,000 people. A slight slowdown in growth was recorded in the early 1990s.

And only since 2001, a negative one was discovered. Every year, the number of inhabitants decreased by several thousand people. By the end of the 2000s, the situation improved slightly, but in 2010 the number of inhabitants began to decrease again.

Today, the population in Bashkiria (2016) has stabilized, the number is 4 million 41 thousand people. So far, demographic and economic indicators do not allow us to expect an improvement in the situation. But the leadership of Bashkortostan makes it its top priority to reduce mortality and increase the birth rate in the region, which should have a positive effect on the number of its inhabitants.

Administrative division of Bashkortostan

Starting from the middle of the 16th century, Bashkiria, as part of the Russian Empire, united around Ufa. At first it was the Ufa district, then the Ufa province and the Ufa province. In Soviet times, the region experienced several territorial and administrative reforms, connected either with consolidation or with division into districts. In 2009, the current division of Bashkortostan into territorial units was adopted. According to the republican legislation, 54 districts, 21 cities are allocated in the region, 8 of them are of republican subordination, 4532 rural settlements. Today, the population of the cities of Bashkiria is gradually growing mainly due to internal migration.

Population distribution

Russia is predominantly an agrarian country, about 51% of Russians live in rural areas. If we evaluate the population of the cities of Bashkiria (2016), we can see that about 48% of the population lives in them, i.e. 1.9 million people out of a total of 4 million. That is, the region fits into the all-Russian trend. The list of cities in Bashkiria by population is as follows: the largest locality- this is Ufa (1 million 112 thousand people), the rest of the settlements are much smaller in size, the top five also include Sterlitamak (279 thousand people), Salavat (154 thousand), Neftekamsk (137 thousand) and Oktyabrsky (114 thousand). Other cities are small, their population does not exceed 70 thousand people.

Age and sex composition of the population of Bashkiria

The overall Russian ratio of women to men is approximately 1.1. Moreover, at an early age, the number of boys exceeds the number of girls, but with age, the picture changes to the opposite. Considering the population of Bashkiria, one can see that this trend continues here. On average, there are 1,139 women for every thousand men.

The distribution of the population by age in the Republic of Bashkiria is as follows: younger than able-bodied - 750 thousand people, older than able-bodied - 830 thousand people, working age - 2.4 million people. Thus, there are about 600 young and old people per 1,000 people of working age. On average, this corresponds to the general Russian trends. The gender and age model of Bashkiria allows us to classify the region as an aging type, which indicates the future complication of the demographic and economic situation in the region.

National composition of the population

Since 1926, monitoring national composition residents of the Bashkir Republic. During this time, the following trends have been identified: the number of the Russian population is gradually decreasing, from 39.95% to 35.1%. And the number of Bashkirs is increasing, from 23.48% to 29%. And the ethnic Bashkir population of Bashkiria in 2016 is 1.2 million people. Rest national groups represented by the following figures: Tatars - 24%, Chuvash - 2.6%, Mari - 2.5%. Other nationalities are represented by groups of less than 1% of the total population.

There is a big problem in the region regarding the preservation of small peoples. Thus, the Kryashen population has grown over the past 100 years, the Mishars are on the verge of extinction, and the Teptyars have completely disappeared. Therefore, the leadership of the region is trying to create special conditions to save the remaining small sub-ethnic groups.

Language and religion

In national regions, there is always the problem of preserving religion and language, and Bashkiria is no exception. The religion of the population is an important part of national identity. For the Bashkirs, the primordial faith is Sunni Islam. In Soviet times, religion was under an unspoken ban, although the intra-family way of life was often still built according to Muslim traditions. In post-perestroika times, a revival of religious customs began in Bashkiria. Over 20 years, more than 1000 mosques were opened in the region (in Soviet times there were only 15), about 200 Orthodox churches and several places of worship of other faiths. And yet, Islam remains the dominant religion in the region, about 70% of all churches in the republic belong to this religion.

Language is an important part of national identity. There was no special language policy in Bashkiria in Soviet times. Therefore, part of the population began to lose their native speech. Since 1989, special work has been carried out in the republic to revive the national language. Teaching at school in the native language (Bashkir, Tatar) has been introduced. Today, 95% of the population speaks Russian, 27% speak Bashkir, and 35% speak Tatar.

Economy of the region

Bashkortostan is one of the most economically stable regions of Russia. The bowels of Bashkiria are rich in minerals, for example, the republic ranks 9th in the country in oil production and 1st in its processing. The region's economy is well diversified and therefore well overcomes the difficulties of times of crisis. Several industries ensure the stability of the development of the republic, these are:

The petrochemical industry, represented by large plants: Bashneft, Sterlitamak petrochemical plant, Bashkir soda company;

Mechanical engineering and metallurgy, including the Trolleybus Plant, Neftemash, the Kumertau Aviation Enterprise, the enterprise for the production of Vityaz all-terrain vehicles, the Neftekamsk Automobile Plant;

Energy industry;

Manufacturing industry.

Agriculture is of great importance for the region's economy; Bashkir peasants are successfully engaged in animal husbandry and plant cultivation.

Trade and the service sector are well developed in the region, which are negatively affected by the decrease in the income of the population (2016) in Bashkiria, but still the situation in the republic is much better than in the subsidized regions of the country.

Employment

In general, the population of Bashkiria is in better economic conditions than the inhabitants of many other regions. However, in 2016, an increase in unemployment was recorded here; in six months, the figure increased by 11% compared to last year. There is also a decrease in trade and consumption of services, a reduction in wages and real incomes of the population. All this leads to another round of unemployment. First of all, young professionals and university graduates without work experience are hit. This leads to the fact that the outflow of young people and qualified employees from the region begins.

Infrastructure of the region

For any region, it is important that allows residents to experience satisfaction from living in a particular place. The population of Bashkiria in 2016 highly appreciates the living conditions in their region. In Bashkortostan, a lot of efforts and funds are invested in the repair and construction of roads, bridges, and healthcare facilities. Transport and tourism infrastructure is developing in the republic. However, of course, there are also problems, in particular with the provision of the population with educational and cultural institutions. The region has obvious problems with the environment, numerous industrial enterprises negatively affect the purity of water and air in the area of ​​large cities. However, the urban infrastructure is much better developed than the rural one, which leads to an outflow of rural population to the cities.

Demographic characteristics of the population

In terms of demographic indicators, Bashkortostan compares favorably with many regions of the country. So, the birth rate in the republic is small, but has been growing for the last 10 years (the only exception was 2011, when there was a decrease by 0.3%). But, unfortunately, the death rate has also been growing in recent years, although at a slower pace than the birth rate. Therefore, the population of Bashkiria shows a small natural increase, which is not typical for the country as a whole.

Bashkirs- people in Russia indigenous people Bashkiria (Bashkortostan). population b ashkir in Russia is 1 million 584 thousand 554 people. Of these, 1,172,287 people live in Bashkiria. live Bashkirs also in the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Tyumen regions and perm region. In addition, 17,263 Bashkirs live in Kazakhstan, 3,703 in Uzbekistan, 1,111 in Kyrgyzstan and 112 in Estonia.

They say Bashkirs in the Bashkir language of the Turkic group of the Altai family; dialects: southern, eastern, the northwestern group of dialects stands out. Russian and Tatar languages ​​are widespread. Writing based on the Russian alphabet. believers Bashkirs- Sunni Muslims.
Most of the Bashkirs, in contrast to the surrounding population, are descendants of the Paleo-European population. Western Europe: the frequency of the haplogroup R1b varies significantly and averages 47.6%. It is assumed that the carriers of this haplogroup were the Khazars , although other evidence suggests that the Khazars wore the haplogroup G.

Share of haplogroup R1a among Bashkir is 26.5% , and Finno-Ugric N1c - 17%.

Mongoloidity among the Bashkirs is more pronounced than among Tatars, but less than Kazakhs.
In formation Bashkir the decisive role was played by the Turkic pastoral tribes of South Siberian-Central Asian origin, who, before coming to the South Urals, wandered for a considerable time in the Aral-Syrdarya steppes, coming into contact with the Pecheneg-Oguz and Kimak-Kypchak tribes; here they are fixed in the 9th century written sources. From the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 10th century, they lived on Southern Urals and adjacent steppe and forest-steppe spaces.
Even in Siberia, the Sayano-Altai Highlands and Central Asia, the ancient Bashkir tribes experienced some influence of the Tungus-Manchus and Mongols. Settling in the Southern Urals, Bashkirs partly ousted, partly assimilated the local Finno-Ugric and Iranian (Sarmatian-Alanian) population. Here they apparently came into contact with some of the ancient Magyar tribes.
In the 10th - early 13th century Bashkirs were under the political influence of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria, coexisted with the Kipchaks-Polovtsians. In 1236 Bashkir were conquered by the Mongol-Tatars and attached to the Golden Horde.

In the 14th century Bashkir nobility converted to Islam. During the period of Mongol-Tatar rule, the Bashkir some Bulgarian, Kypchak and Mongol tribes joined. After the fall of Kazan in 1552 Bashkirs accepted Russian citizenship, retaining the right to have armed formations. It is authentically known about the participation of the Bashkir cavalry regiments in battles on the side of Russia since the Livonian War Bashkirs stipulated the right to own their lands on a patrimonial basis, to live according to their customs and religion.

In the 17th and especially the 18th century Bashkirs revolted many times. In 1773-1775, the resistance of the Bashkirs was broken, but patrimonial rights were retained. Bashkir on the ground; in 1789 the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia was established in Ufa.

By decree of April 10, 1798, the Bashkir and Mishar the population of the region was transferred to the military service class, equated to the Cossacks, and was obliged to carry out border service on the eastern borders of Russia. Bashkiria was divided into 12 cantons, which put up a certain number of soldiers with all the equipment for military service. By 1825, the Bashkir-Meshcheryak Army consisted of over 345,493 people of both sexes, and about 12 thousand of them were in active service. Bashkir. In 1865, the canton system was abolished, and the Bashkirs were equated with villagers and subordinated to the general provincial and district institutions.
After the February Revolution of 1917 Bashkirs entered into an active struggle for the creation of their statehood. The Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed in 1919.
As a result of World War I and civil wars, drought and famine of 1921-22, the number of Bashkirs was almost halved; by the end of 1926 it amounted to 714 thousand people. The large losses in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, as well as the assimilation of the Bashkirs by the Tatars, had a negative impact on the number of Bashkirs. The pre-revolutionary number of Bashkirs was reached only by 1989. There is a migration of Bashkirs outside the republic. The proportion of Bashkirs living outside of Bashkiria in 1926 was 18%, in 1959 - 25.4%, in 1989 - 40.4%.
Significant changes have taken place, especially in the post-war decades, in the socio-demographic structure of the Bashkirs. The share of townspeople among the Bashkirs was 42.3% by 1989 (1.8% in 1926 and 5.8% in 1939). Urbanization is accompanied by an increase in the number of workers, engineering and technical workers, creative intelligentsia, increased cultural interaction with other peoples, and an increase in the proportion of interethnic marriages. In recent years, there has been an activation of the national identity of the Bashkirs. In October 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. In February 1992, the Republic of Bashkortostan was proclaimed.

The traditional type of economy of the Bashkirs is semi-nomadic cattle breeding (mainly horses, as well as sheep, cattle, camels in the southern and eastern regions). They were also engaged in hunting and fishing, beekeeping, collecting fruits and roots of plants. There was agriculture (millet, barley, spelt, wheat, hemp). Agricultural tools - a wooden plow (saban) on wheels, later a plow (huka), a frame harrow (tyrma).
From the 17th century, semi-nomadic cattle breeding gradually loses its importance, the role of agriculture increases, beekeeping develops on the basis of beekeeping. In the northwestern regions, already in the 18th century, agriculture became the main occupation of the population, but in the south and east, nomadism remained in places until the beginning of the 20th century. However, here too, by this time, the transition to an integrated agricultural economy was completed. The shifting and slashing systems are gradually giving way to the fallow-fallow and three-field systems, and, especially in the northern regions, the sowings of winter rye, and of industrial crops - flax, are increasing. Gardening appears. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, factory plows and the first agricultural machines came into use.
Home processing of animal raw materials, hand weaving, and wood processing were developed. Bashkirs they knew blacksmithing, they smelted cast iron and iron, in some places they developed silver ore; jewelry was made from silver.
In the 1st half of the 18th century, the industrial exploitation of the ore deposits of the region began; by the end of the 18th century, the Urals became the main center of metallurgy. However Bashkirs were employed mainly in auxiliary and seasonal work.
During the Soviet period, a diversified industry was created in Bashkiria. Agriculture is complex, agricultural and livestock: in the southeast and in the Trans-Urals, horse breeding retains its importance. Developed beekeeping.
After joining the Russian state social structure Bashkir was determined by the interweaving of commodity-money relations with the remnants of the patriarchal-clan way of life. Based on the tribal division (there were about 40 tribes and tribal groups: Burzyan, Usergan, Tamyan, Yurmaty, Tabyn, Kipchak, Katai, Ming, Elan, Enei, Bulyar, Salyut, etc., many of which were fragments of ancient tribal and ethnopolitical associations of the steppes of Eurasia) volosts were formed. Volosts, large in size, possessed some attributes of a political organization; were divided into tribal divisions that united groups of related families (aimak, tyuba, ara), inherited from tribal community customs of exogamy, mutual assistance, etc. At the head of the volost was a hereditary (after 1736 elected) foreman (biy). In the affairs of volosts and aimaks, the leading role was played by tarkhans (a class exempted from taxes), batyrs, and the clergy; the nobility complained to individual families. In 1798-1865 there was a paramilitary cantonal system of government, Bashkirs were turned into a military class, among them stood out cantonal chiefs and officer ranks.
The ancient Bashkirs had a large family community. In the 16-19 centuries, both large and small families existed in parallel, the latter gradually asserting themselves as predominant. In inheritance family property basically adhered to the minority principle. Among the rich Bashkirs there was polygamy. In marital relations, the customs of levirate, the betrothal of young children, were preserved. Marriages were made by matchmaking, but there was also the kidnapping of brides (which exempted them from paying bride price), sometimes by mutual agreement.

The traditional type of settlement is an aul, located on the banks of a river or lake. In the conditions of nomadic life, each aul had several places of settlement: winter, spring, summer, autumn. Permanent settlements arose with the transition to settled life, as a rule, in the places of winter roads. Initially, the cumulus arrangement of dwellings was common; close relatives settled compactly, often behind a common fence. In the 18th and 19th centuries, street planning began to predominate, with each kindred group forming separate "ends" or streets and quarters.
The traditional dwelling of the Bashkirs is a felt yurt with a prefabricated lattice frame, of the Turkic (with a hemispherical top) or Mongolian (with a conical top) type. In the steppe zone, adobe, plast, adobe houses were set up, in the forest and forest-steppe zone - log huts with a vestibule, houses with a connection (hut - canopy - hut) and five-walls, occasionally there were (among the wealthy) cross and two-story houses. For log cabins, conifers, aspen, linden, oak were used. Temporary dwellings and summer kitchens were wooden booths, wattle huts, and huts. For construction equipment Bashkir big influence rendered by the Russians and neighboring peoples of the Ural-Volga region. Modern rural dwellings Bashkirs they are built from logs, using log cabin equipment, from bricks, cinder concrete, concrete blocks. The interior is kept traditional features: division into household and guest halves, arrangement of bunks.
The folk clothes of the Bashkirs combine the traditions of the steppe nomads and local settled tribes. The basis of women's clothing was a long dress cut off at the waist with frills, an apron, a camisole, decorated with a braid and silver coins. Young women wore chest ornaments made of coral and coins. The women's headdress is a cap made of coral mesh with silver pendants and coins, with a long blade going down the back, embroidered with beads and cowrie shells; girlish - a helmet-shaped cap, also covered with coins, they also wore caps, handkerchiefs. Young women wore colorful head coverings. Outerwear - open caftans and chekmenies made of colored cloth, trimmed with braid, embroidery, coins. Jewelry - various kinds of earrings, bracelets, rings, braids, clasps - were made of silver, corals, beads, silver coins, with inserts of turquoise, carnelian, colored glass.

Men's clothing - shirts and trousers with a wide step, light dressing gowns (straight-back and flared), camisoles, sheepskin coats. Hats - skullcaps, round fur hats, malachai covering the ears and neck, hats. Women also wore hats made of animal fur. Boots, leather boots, ichigi, shoe covers, and in the Urals - and bast shoes were widespread.
Meat and dairy food predominated, they used products of hunting, fishing, honey, berries and herbs. Traditional dishes are finely chopped horse meat or lamb with broth (bishbarmak, kullama), dried sausage from horse meat and fat (kazy), various types of cottage cheese, cheese (korot), millet porridge, barley, spelled and wheat groats, oatmeal. Noodles on meat or milk broth, cereal soups are popular. Bread (cakes) was consumed unleavened, sour bread spread in the 18-19 centuries, potatoes and vegetables were included in the diet. Low-alcohol drinks: koumiss (from mare's milk), buza (from sprouted grains of barley, spelt), ball (a relatively strong drink made from honey and sugar); they also drank diluted sour milk - ayran.

In wedding rituals, the customs of hiding the bride stand out; on the day of the wedding feast (tui), wrestling competitions and horse races were held in the bride's house. There was a custom of avoiding the daughter-in-law father-in-law. The family life of the Bashkirs was built on reverence for the elders. Nowadays, especially in cities, family rituals have been simplified. In recent years, there has been some revival of Muslim rituals.
The main folk holidays were celebrated in the spring and summer. After the arrival of the rooks, they arranged a kargatuy ("rook holiday"). On the eve of spring field work, and in some places after them, a plow festival (sabantuy, habantuy) was held, which included a common meal, wrestling, horse racing, competitions in running, archery, competitions with a humorous effect. The holiday was accompanied by prayers at the local cemetery. In the middle of summer, jiin (yiyin) was held, a holiday common to several villages, and in more distant times - volosts, tribes. In the summer, girls' games take place in the bosom of nature, the rite of cuckoo tea, in which only women participate. In dry times, a rite of calling rain was performed with sacrifices and prayers, pouring water on each other.
The leading place in oral and poetic creativity is occupied by the epic ("Ural-Batyr", "Akbuzat", "Idukai and Muradym", "Kusyak-bi", "Urdas-bi with a thousand quivers", "Alpamysha", "Kuzy-Kurpyas and Mayankhylu", "Zayatulyak and Khyuhylu"). Fairy-tale folklore is represented by magical, heroic, everyday tales, tales about animals.
Song and musical creativity is developed: epic, lyrical and everyday (ritual, satirical, humorous) songs, ditties (takmak). Various dance melodies. The dances are characterized by narrative, many ("Cuckoo", "Crow Pacer", "Baik", "Perovsky") have a complex structure and contain elements of pantomime.
Traditional musical instruments- kurai (a kind of flute), domra, koumiss (kobyz, jew's harp: wooden - in the form of an oblong plate and metal - in the form of a bow with a tongue). In the past, there was a bowed instrument kyl kumyz.
Bashkirs retained elements of traditional beliefs: veneration of objects (rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, etc.) and phenomena (winds, snowstorms) of nature, heavenly bodies, animals and birds (bear, wolf, horse, dog, snake, swan, crane , golden eagle, falcon, etc., the cult of rooks was associated with the cult of ancestors, dying and reviving nature). Among the numerous host spirits (eye), a special place is occupied by the brownie (yort eyyakhe) and the water spirit (hyu eyyakhe). The supreme heavenly deity Tenre subsequently merged with Muslim Allah. The forest spirit shurale, brownie are endowed with the features of Muslim shaitans, Iblis, jinn. The demonic characters of Bisur and Albasty are syncretic. The intertwining of traditional and Muslim beliefs is also observed in rituals, especially in native and funeral rites.