Types of painting. Painting is a type of fine art that involves creating paintings and canvases.

Painting is one of the types fine arts. Painting is divided into the following types:

monumental;
easel;
theatrical and decorative;
decorative;
miniature.

Unlike other types, in painting the main expressive meaning is color, thanks to which it plays an aesthetic, educational, ideological and documentary role.

Painting is the transfer of an image with liquid paints, as opposed to graphics. The paints used are oil paint, tempera, gouache, enamel, watercolor, etc.

Painting style is a direction with general ideas, execution techniques, and characteristic depiction techniques. The formation of styles was influenced by politics and economics, ideology and religion. Therefore, each style can be considered as a representative of its time.

The directions and styles of painting are no less diverse than the means of its depiction. Sometimes there is no clear division of styles. When you mix several styles, you get a new one. But despite all the diversity, there are several main directions:

Gothic

This european style was common in the 9th-14th centuries. Biblical subjects, lack of perspective, emotionality and pretentiousness are the main features of this style. Representatives: Giotto, Traini.

Renaissance

The 14th-16th century marks a return to antiquity, glorification of the beauty of the human body, humanism. The main representatives are Michelangelo Buonarotti, Leonardo da Vinci.

Mannerism

Direction in painting of the 16th century. The style is the opposite of the Renaissance. The name comes from the word "manner". Representatives of this direction are Vasari and Duve.

Baroque

Pompous, luxurious style of painting of the 16th-18th centuries in Europe. Distinguished by the brightness of colors, attention to detail and decoration.

Rococo

16th century. A more refined, refined and intimate continuation of the Baroque style. Representatives: Boucher, Watteau.

Classicism

The style is characteristic of European culture of the 17th-19th centuries. From the point of view of classicism, a painting must be built on strict canons. The style of classicism is the heir of antiquity and the Renaissance. The main representatives of this style are Raphael and Poussin.

Empire style

19th century style. The name of the style comes from the word “empire”. It is a continuation of the development of classicism in its majesty, luxury and sophistication. The main representative is J. L. David.

Romanticism

19th century style, preceded by classicism. Emotionality, individuality, expressiveness of images. He was distinguished by his portrayal of emotions such as horror and awe. Promotes folk traditions, legends, national history. Representatives: Goya, Bryullov, Delacroix, Aivazovsky.

Primitivism

19th century painting style. Stylized, simplified representation resulting in primitive forms reminiscent of primitive drawings. A prominent representative is Pirosmani.

Realism

Style 19-20 centuries. Basically truthfully reflects objective reality, without excessive emotionality. People were often depicted at work. Artists: Repin, Shishkin, Savrasov, Manet.

Abstractionism

Style 19-20 centuries. A harmonious color combination of geometric shapes aimed at achieving a variety of associations. Representatives: Picasso, Kandinsky.

Impressionism

Style 19-20 centuries. Style of painting outdoors, plein air. Performed in a characteristic manner, the play of light, the technique of small strokes, the movement conveyed by the master. The name of the style was given by Monet’s painting “Impression”. The main representatives of this style are Renoir, Monet, Degas.

Expressionism

20th century style. Exaggerated portrayal of emotions for greater effect on the viewer. Among the representatives of this style are Modigliani and Munch.

Cubism

Avant-garde style of the 20th century. It is characterized by broken (cubic) lines, a certain combination of objects, simultaneously viewed from several points of view. Picasso is considered the founder of this style.

Modernism

Style 19-20 centuries. It is the antipode of conservative images of realism. The shocking, plastic style of painting presents original paintings that reflect the artist’s inner world. Representatives: Picasso, Matisse.

Pop art

20th century style. An ironic depiction of banal, often vulgar, objects. Typically used in marketing and advertising. Bright representative This direction is Andy Warhol.

Symbolism

Direction of the 19th -20th centuries. Spirituality, dreams, myths and legends. Symbols, often ambiguous, characterize this style. It is the predecessor of expressionism and surrealism. Representatives: Vrubel, Vasnetsov, Nesterov.

Surrealism

20th century style. Allusions, mixing spaces of reality and dreams, unusual collages. Makes an impression on the subconscious. Dali and Magritte made great contributions to this style.

underground

An experimental trend in contemporary art that reflects antisocial behavior in violation of generally accepted moral and ethical principles. The representative of the style is Shemyakin.

What is style?

What exactly is meant by style in art? This is a kind of ideological and artistic unity, thanks to which artists give preference to certain themes and special visual means. They remain individual, but looking at this or that painting, one can almost unmistakably determine the era and style.

Europe took shape in the Middle Ages. And painting developed from icon painting. On Russian soil there was even a transitional genre - parsuna. This is no longer an icon, but not yet a portrait. And only when art is gradually liberated from the power of the church, becomes more worldly and secular, painting as an art form acquires all its rights.

Style by style

The first pan-European style in painting can be considered not Romanesque and Gothic (there is predominantly architecture), but Baroque.

This is a style of hints, omissions, allegories, a style of allegories and metaphors. Rembrandt and Rubens are its typical representatives. Rococo is a kind of degenerate baroque. Style is not so much in painting as in applied art. F. Boucher and A. Watteau left the most striking examples of Rococo painting. This painting itself is sophisticated, with a touch of eroticism, designed in pastel colors, executed mythological motifs. The eighteenth century becomes the century of the dominance of classicism. This is already heroic painting, in which rulers and generals are glorified. There is a predilection among artists for mythological and historical subjects. Strict proportions, unity of content and form, division of characters into positive and negative, into main and secondary - these are just some of the features of classicism. Then comes a short but bright age sentimentalism. In addition to painting, his sphere of influence also includes poetry. Sentimentalists deepen the content of art, filling it with psychological tension. They turn painting to the needs and demands of ordinary people. Art is being democratized. The canvases now depict not gods and heroes, but cooks, laundresses, and workers. For the most unsightly work. Romanticism is replacing sentimentalism. With its stormy passions, unusual, extra-ordinary characters, the cult of inspiration. It is enough to compare the portraits of Pushkin by Kiprensky and Tropinin to feel the fundamental difference between them. The romantic Kiprensky has a romantic Pushkin, against the backdrop of the lyre. The realist Tropinin paints the poet as a man, with his shirt collar casually open, albeit with a pen in his hands.

Realism - seriously and for a long time Realistic art began to make its way precisely from the thirties of the nineteenth century. And very soon it begins to determine and shape the artistic tastes of a significant number of the public. Realism is based on the desire for a truthful and comprehensive reflection of the surrounding reality, a critical attitude towards bourgeois values, and a powerful social orientation. In Russia, realistic painting is, first of all, carried out by the Itinerant artists. At the turn of the century, realism was experiencing a certain temporary crisis. But it turns out to be enough for modernism to appear. This term is usually used to designate a motley collection of those artistic movements and schools that sought to shake off the shackles of traditional art, to break with realism and its substantive depiction.

Alternative or false shine?

Modernism is impressionism, fauvism, symbolism, and futurism. The public sees less and less people, nature, and animals on canvases. Instead, there are distorted proportions and unclear tones. Everything is colored by the emotions and momentary moods of one or another author. As they say, more to come. After modernism - abstractionism. These are already color spots, curved lines, a bizarre combination geometric bodies. Cubism, Rayonism, surrealism. Only talent saved me. It's about Picasso or Dali. The mediocrities were swallowed up by Lethe. Their destiny is oblivion in history. Finally, postmodernism, whose life has been unreasonably long. There are no rules or canons here anymore. No confession or sermon. Everything is acceptable. Complete eclecticism, i.e. a mixture of styles and heterogeneous elements. Bet on commercial success.

What did you come to? The development of painting styles, unfortunately, confirms the guess of the Spanish philosopher J. Ortega y Gaseta about the advent of the century of “dehumanization of art.” No one denies the need for self-expression and no one limits the artist in choosing the means for it. The only sad thing is that many people tend to think like the old woman Shapoklyak from the cartoon - “ good deeds You can’t become famous.” The more scandalous, the louder the predicted success. And such “artists” have no idea that time will still weed out all the slag and husk, but true art will remain. No dirt will stick to it.

The number of styles and trends is huge, if not infinite. The key feature by which works can be grouped into styles is the common principles of artistic thinking. The replacement of one method of artistic thinking by another (alternation of types of compositions, methods of spatial construction, color features) is not accidental. Our perception of art has also historically changed.
By building a system of styles in a hierarchical order, we will adhere to the Eurocentric tradition. The most important concept in the history of art is the concept of era. Each era is characterized by a certain “picture of the world”, which consists of philosophical, religious, political ideas, scientific ideas, psychological characteristics worldview, ethical and moral standards, aesthetic criteria of life, by which one era is distinguished from another. These are the Primitive Age, the Age of the Ancient World, Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Modern Age.
Styles in art do not have clear boundaries; they smoothly transform into one another and are in continuous development, mixing and opposition. Within the framework of one historical artistic style, a new one is always born, and that, in turn, passes into the next. Many styles coexist at the same time and therefore there are no “pure styles” at all.
At the same time historical era Several styles can coexist. For example, Classicism, Academicism and Baroque in XVII century, Rococo and Neoclassicism - in the XVIII, Romanticism and Academicism - in the XIX. Styles such as classicism and baroque are called great styles because they apply to all types of art: architecture, painting, decorative and applied arts, literature, music.
It is necessary to distinguish between: artistic styles, directions, movements, schools and features individual styles individual masters. Within one style there can be several artistic movements. An artistic direction consists of both typical characteristics of a given era and unique methods of artistic thinking. Art Nouveau style, for example, includes a number of trends from the turn of the century: post-impressionism, symbolism, fauvism, etc. On the other hand, the concept of symbolism as an artistic movement is well developed in literature, while in painting it is very vague and unites artists who are so different stylistically that they are often interpreted only as a worldview that unites them.

Below will be given definitions of eras, styles and trends that are one way or another reflected in modern fine and decorative arts.

	- artistic style, formed in the countries of Western and Central Europe in the XII-XV centuries. It was the result of the centuries-long evolution of medieval art, its highest stage and at the same time the first pan-European, international artistic style in history. He covered all types of art - architecture, sculpture, painting, stained glass, book design, decorative and applied arts. The basis of the Gothic style was architecture, which is characterized by pointed arches directed upward, multi-colored stained glass windows, and visual dematerialization of form. Elements of Gothic art can often be found in modern interior design, in particular in wall paintings, less often in easel painting. Since the end of the last century, there has been a gothic subculture, clearly manifested in music, poetry, and clothing design.
	(Renaissance) - (French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento) An era in the cultural and ideological development of a number of countries in Western and Central Europe, as well as some countries Eastern Europe. The main distinctive features of Renaissance culture: secular character, humanistic worldview, appeal to the ancient cultural heritage, a kind of “revival” of it (hence the name). Renaissance culture has specific features transitional era from the Middle Ages to modern times, in which the old and the new, intertwining, form a unique, qualitatively new alloy. A difficult question is the chronological boundaries of the Renaissance (in Italy - 14-16 centuries, in other countries - 15-16 centuries), its territorial distribution and national characteristics. Elements of this style in modern art are often used in wall paintings, less often in easel painting.
	- (from Italian maniera - technique, manner) current in European art XVI century. Representatives of mannerism moved away from the Renaissance harmonious perception of the world, the humanistic concept of man as a perfect creation of nature. A keen perception of life was combined with a programmatic desire not to follow nature, but to express the subjective “inner idea” of an artistic image born in the artist’s soul. It manifested itself most clearly in Italy. For Italian mannerism of the 1520s. (Pontormo, Parmigianino, Giulio Romano) are characterized by dramatic sharpness of images, tragic worldview, complexity and exaggerated expression of poses and motives of movement, elongated proportions of figures, coloristic and light and shadow dissonances. Recently, it has begun to be used by art historians to refer to phenomena in contemporary art associated with the transformation of historical styles.
	- a historical artistic style that became widespread initially in Italy in the middle. XVI-XVII centuries, and then in France, Spain, Flanders and Germany in the XVII-XVIII centuries. More broadly, this term is used to define the ever-renewing tendencies of a restless, romantic attitude, thinking in expressive, dynamic forms. Finally, in every time, in almost every historical artistic style, one can find its own “Baroque period” as a stage of the highest creative upsurge, tension of emotions, explosiveness of forms.
	- artistic style in Western European art XVII- beginning XIX century and in Russian XVIII- beginning XIX, addressing ancient heritage as an ideal to follow. It manifested itself in architecture, sculpture, painting, decorative and applied arts. Classical artists considered antiquity the highest achievement and made it their standard in art, which they sought to imitate. Over time, it degenerated into academicism.
	- a direction in European and Russian art of the 1820-1830s, which replaced classicism. The Romantics highlighted individuality, contrasting the ideal beauty of the classicists with an “imperfect” reality. Artists were attracted to bright, rare, extraordinary phenomena, as well as images of a fantastic nature. In the art of romanticism, acute individual perception and experience play a large role. Romanticism liberated art from abstract classicist dogmas and turned it towards national history and images of folklore.
	- (from Latin sentiment - feeling) - a direction in Western art of the second half of the 18th century, expressing disappointment in “civilization” based on the ideals of “reason” (Enlightenment ideology). S. proclaims the feeling, solitary reflection, and simplicity of the rural life of the “little man.” J. J. Rousseau is considered the ideologist of S.
	- a direction in art that strives to depict with the greatest truth and reliability both the external form and the essence of phenomena and things. How a creative method combines individual and typical features when creating an image. The longest direction in existence, developing from the primitive era to the present day.
	- direction in European artistic culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Emerging as a reaction to the dominance of the norms of bourgeois “common sense” in the humanitarian sphere (in philosophy, aesthetics - positivism, in art - naturalism), symbolism primarily took shape in French literature late 1860-70s, later became widespread in Belgium, Germany, Austria, Norway, Russia. Aesthetic principles symbolism largely went back to the ideas of romanticism, as well as to some doctrines of the idealistic philosophy of A. Schopenhauer, E. Hartmann, partly F. Nietzsche, to the creativity and theorizing of the German composer R. Wagner. Symbolism contrasted living reality with the world of visions and dreams. A universal tool for understanding the mysteries of existence and individual consciousness was considered a symbol generated by poetic insight and expressing the otherworldly meaning of phenomena hidden from ordinary consciousness. The creative artist was seen as a mediator between the real and the supersensible, everywhere finding “signs” of world harmony, prophetically guessing the signs of the future as in modern phenomena, and in the events of the past.
	- (from the French impression - impression) a movement in art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which arose in France. The name has been entered art critic L. Leroy, who spoke disparagingly about the exhibition of artists in 1874, where, among others, the painting by C. Monet “Sunrise. Impression". Impressionism promoted beauty real world, emphasizing the freshness of the first impression and the variability of the environment. The predominant attention to solving purely pictorial problems reduced the traditional idea of drawing as the main component of a work of art. Impressionism had a powerful impact on the art of European countries and the United States and aroused interest in subjects from real life. (E. Manet, E. Degas, O. Renoir, C. Monet, A. Sisley, etc.)
	- a movement in painting (synonymous with divisionism), which developed within the framework of neo-impressionism. Neo-Impressionism originated in France in 1885 and also spread to Belgium and Italy. Neo-Impressionists tried to apply in art the latest achievements in the field of optics, according to which painting made with separate dots of primary colors in visual perception gives a fusion of colors and the entire gamut of painting. (J. Seurat, P. Signac, C. Pissarro).
	Post-Impressionism- conditional collective name of the main directions French painting Chapter XIX - 1st quarter XX century The art of post-impressionism arose as a reaction to impressionism, which focused on conveying the moment, on the feeling of picturesqueness and lost interest in the shape of objects. Among the post-impressionists are P. Cezanne, P. Gauguin, V. Gogh and others.
	- style in European and American art at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Modernism reinterpreted and stylized the features of art from different eras, and developed its own artistic techniques based on the principles of asymmetry, ornamentality and decorativeness. Natural forms also become the object of modernity stylization. This explains not only the interest in floral ornaments in modernist works, but also their very compositional and plastic structure - the abundance of curvilinear outlines, floating nerves, new contours reminiscent of plant forms. Closely connected with modernity is symbolism, which served as the aesthetic and philosophical basis for modernity, relying on modernity as a plastic realization of its ideas. Art Nouveau had different names in different countries, which are essentially synonymous: Art Nouveau - in France, Secession - in Austria, Art Nouveau - in Germany, Liberty - in Italy.
	- (from the French modern - modern) common name a number of art movements of the first half of the 20th century, which are characterized by denial traditional forms and aesthetics of the past. Modernism is close to avant-gardeism and opposite to academicism.
	- a name that unites a range of artistic movements common in the 1905-1930s. (Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism). All these directions are united by the desire to renew the language of art, rethink its tasks, and gain freedom of artistic expression.
	- direction in art from XIX - AD. XX century, based on the creative lessons of the French artist Paul Cezanne, who reduced all forms in the image to the simplest geometric shapes, and color - to contrasting constructions of warm and cold tones. Cezanne served as one of the starting points for Cubism. To a large extent, Cézanneism also influenced the domestic realistic school of painting.
	- (from fauve - wild) avant-garde movement during French art n. XX century The name “wild” was given by modern critics to a group of artists who performed in 1905 at the Paris Salon of Independents, and was ironic. The group included A. Matisse, A. Marquet, J. Rouault, M. de Vlaminck, A. Derain, R. Dufy, J. Braque, C. van Dongen and others. The Fauvists were brought together by their attraction to laconic expressiveness of forms and intense coloristic solutions , the search for impulses in primitive creativity, the art of the Middle Ages and the East.
	- deliberate simplification of visual means, imitation of primitive stages of art development. This term refers to the so-called. naive art of artists who have not received special education, but are involved in the general artistic process chapter XIX - beginning XX century. The works of these artists - N. Pirosmani, A. Russo, V. Selivanov and others - are characterized by a peculiar childishness in the interpretation of nature, a combination of a generalized form and petty literalness in detail. Primitivism of form does not at all predetermine the primitiveness of content. It often serves as a source for professionals, borrowing from folk, essentially primitive art forms, images, methods. N. Goncharova, M. Larionov, P. Picasso, A. Matisse drew inspiration from primitivism.
	- a direction in art that developed on the basis of following the canons of antiquity and the Renaissance. It was common in many European schools of art from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Academicism turned classical traditions into a system of “eternal” rules and regulations that fettered creative searches, he tried to contrast imperfect living nature with “high” improved, non-national and timeless forms of beauty brought to perfection. Academicism is characterized by a preference for subjects from ancient mythology, biblical or historical themes over subjects from the artist’s contemporary life.
	- (French cubisme, from cube - cube) direction in art of the first quarter of the 20th century. The plastic language of cubism was based on the deformation and decomposition of objects on geometric planes, a plastic shift of shape. The birth of Cubism occurred in 1907-1908 - the eve of the First World War. The undisputed leader of this trend was the poet and publicist G. Apollinaire. This movement was one of the first to embody the leading trends further development art of the twentieth century. One of these trends was the dominance of the concept over the artistic value of the painting. J. Braque and P. Picasso are considered the fathers of cubism. Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris and others joined the emerging movement.
	- a movement in literature, painting and cinema that arose in 1924 in France. It significantly contributed to the formation of the consciousness of modern man. The main figures of the movement are Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, Salvador Dali, Luis Buñuel, Joan Miro and many other artists from all over the world. Surrealism expressed the idea of existence beyond the real; the absurd, the unconscious, dreams, and daydreams play a particularly important role here. One of the characteristic methods of the surrealist artist is the withdrawal from conscious creativity, which makes it a tool, in various ways extracting whimsical images subconscious, akin to hallucinations. Surrealism has survived several crises, survived the second world war and gradually, merging with mass culture, intersecting with the trans-avant-garde, it entered postmodernism as an integral part.
	- (from Lat. futurum - future) literary and artistic movement in the art of the 1910s. Assigning itself the role of a prototype of the art of the future, futurism as its main program put forward the idea of destructing cultural stereotypes and instead offered an apologia for technology and lowness as the main signs of the present and the future. An important artistic idea of futurism was the search for a plastic expression of the speed of movement as the main sign of the pace of modern life. The Russian version of futurism was called cubofuturism and was based on a combination of the plastic principles of French cubism and European general aesthetic installations of futurism ism.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

INTRODUCTION

1. TYPES OF PAINTING

2. PAINTING AND ITS GENRES

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

The word “painting” is derived from the words “vividly” and “write”. “To paint,” explains Dahl, “to depict faithfully and vividly with a brush or words, a pen.” For the painter, depicting correctly means accurately conveying the external appearance of what he saw and its most important features. It was possible to convey them correctly graphic means- line and tone. But it is impossible to convey vividly with these limited means the multicolor of the surrounding world, the pulsation of life in every centimeter of the colored surface of an object, the charm of this life and constant movement and change. Painting, one of the types of fine art, helps to truthfully reflect the color of the real world.

Color is the main visual and means of expression in painting - has tone, saturation and lightness; it seems to fuse into a whole everything characteristic of an object: both what can be depicted by a line and what is inaccessible to it.

Painting, like graphics, uses light and dark lines, strokes and spots, but unlike it, these lines, strokes and spots are colored. They convey the color of a light source through glare and brightly lit surfaces, sculpt a three-dimensional form with subject (local) color and color reflected by the environment, establish spatial relationships and depth, and depict the texture and materiality of objects.

The task of painting is not only to show something, but also to reveal the inner essence of what is depicted, to reproduce “typical characters in typical circumstances" Therefore, a truthful artistic generalization of the phenomena of life is the basis of the foundations of realistic painting.

1. TYPES OF PAINTING

Monumental painting is a special type of large-scale paintings that decorate the walls and ceilings of architectural structures. It reveals the content of major social phenomena that have had a positive impact on the development of society, glorifies them and perpetuates them, helping to educate people in the spirit of patriotism, progress and humanity. The sublimity of the content of monumental painting, the significant size of its works, and the connection with architecture require large color masses, strict simplicity and laconism of composition, clarity of contours and generality of plastic form.

Decorative painting used to decorate buildings and interiors in the form of colorful panels, which with realistic images create the illusion of breaking through the wall, visually increasing the size of the room, or, on the contrary, using deliberately flattened forms, they assert the flatness of the wall and the enclosure of the space. Patterns, wreaths, garlands and other types of decor that adorn works of monumental painting and sculpture tie together all the elements of the interior, emphasizing their beauty and consistency with the architecture.

Theatrical and decorative painting(scenery, costumes, makeup, props, made according to the artist’s sketches) helps to further reveal the content of the performance. The special theatrical conditions for perceiving the scenery require taking into account multiple points of view of the audience, their great distance, the influence of artificial lighting and colored backlights. The scenery gives an idea of the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. Theater artist strives to acutely express in costume and makeup sketches individual character characters, their social status, style of the era and much more.

Miniature painting received great development in the Middle Ages, before the invention of printing. Handwritten books were decorated with the finest headpieces, endings, and detailed miniature illustrations. Russian artists of the first half of the 19th century skillfully used the miniature painting technique to create small (mainly watercolor) portraits. Pure deep watercolor colors, their exquisite combinations, and the exquisite fineness of the writing distinguish these portraits, full of grace and nobility.

Easel painting, performed on a machine - an easel, uses wood, cardboard, paper as a material basis, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. Easel painting, being an independent work, can depict absolutely everything: factual and fictional by the artist, inanimate objects and people, modernity and history - in a word, life in all its manifestations. Unlike graphics, easel painting has a richness of color, which helps emotionally, psychologically, multifacetedly and subtly convey the beauty of the world around us.

According to technique and means of execution, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gouache, pastel. These names were derived from the binder or from the method of using material and technical means.

Oil painting done with paint rubbed off on vegetable oils. Thick paint thins out when oil or special thinners and varnishes are added to it. Oil paint can be used on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, and metal.

Tempera painting is done with paint prepared with egg yolk or casein. Tempera paint is dissolved with water and applied paste or liquid to the wall, canvas, paper, wood. In Rus', tempera was used to create wall paintings, icons and patterns on everyday objects. Nowadays, tempera is used in painting and graphics, in decorative and applied arts and in artistic design.

Fresco painting decorates interiors in the form of monumental and decorative compositions applied to wet plaster with water-based paints. The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Wax painting(encaustic) was also used by artists Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by the famous “Fayyum portraits” (1st century AD). The binder in encaustic painting is bleached wax. Wax paints are applied in a molten state to a heated base, after which they are burned.

Mosaic painting, or mosaic, is assembled from individual pieces of smalt or colored stones and fixed on a special cement primer. Transparent smalt inserted into the ground under different angles, reflects or refracts light, causing color to flare and flicker. Mosaic panels can be found in the subway, in theater and museum interiors, etc. Stained glass painting - works decorative arts, intended for decorating window openings in any architectural structure. Stained glass is made from pieces of colored glass held together by a strong metal frame. Luminous flux breaking through colored surface stained glass, draws decorative, spectacular, multi-color patterns on the floor and walls of the interior.

2. PAINTING AND ITS GENRES

Genres of painting (French genre - genus, type) are a historically established division of works of painting in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. In modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.

Although the concept of “genre” appeared in painting relatively recently, certain genre differences have existed since ancient times: images of animals in Paleolithic caves, portraits of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from 3 thousand BC, landscapes and still lifes in Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and frescoes. The formation of the genre as a system in easel painting began in Europe in the 15th-15th centuries. and ended mainly in the 17th century, when, in addition to the division of fine art into genres, the concept of “high” and “low” genres appeared, depending on the subject of the image, theme, plot.

The “high” genre included historical and mythological genres, and the “low” genre included portrait, landscape, and still life. This gradation of genres existed until the 19th century. Thus, in the 17th century in Holland, it was precisely the “low” genres that became leading in painting (landscape, everyday life, still life), but the ceremonial portrait, which formally belonged to the “low” genre of portraiture, did not belong to that.

Having become a form of displaying life, genres of painting, despite the stability of their general features, are not immutable; they develop along with life, changing as art develops. Some genres die out or take on a new meaning (for example, the mythological genre), new ones arise, usually within previously existing ones (for example, an architectural landscape and a marina appeared within the landscape genre). Works appear that combine various genres (for example, a combination of an everyday genre with a landscape, a group portrait with a historical genre).

A genre of fine art that reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people is called portrait. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main requirements for a portrait are the conveyance of external resemblance and the disclosure of the inner world, the essence of a person’s character. Based on the nature of the image, two main groups are distinguished: ceremonial and chamber portraits. Ceremonial portrait shows a person in full growth (on a horse, standing or sitting), against an architectural or landscape background. IN chamber portrait a waist-length or chest-length image is used on a neutral background. Self-portrait stands out in a special group - the artist’s depiction of himself.

Portrait is one of the oldest genres of fine art; initially it had a cult purpose and was identified with the soul of the deceased. In the ancient world, portraiture developed more in sculpture, as well as in picturesque portraits-- Fayyum portraits of the 1st - 3rd centuries. In the Middle Ages, the concept of a portrait was replaced by generalized images, although in frescoes, mosaics, icons, and miniatures there are some individual features in the image historical figures. Late Gothic and Renaissance is a rapid period of development of the portrait, when the formation of portrait genre, reaching the heights of humanistic faith in man and understanding of his spiritual life.

A genre of fine art dedicated to historical events and characters is called historical genre. The historical genre, which is characterized by monumentality, has been developing for a long time in wall painting. From the Renaissance to the 19th century. artists used subjects from ancient mythology and Christian legends. Often real historical events The characters depicted in the painting were filled with mythological or biblical allegorical characters.

The historical genre is intertwined with others - the everyday genre (historical and everyday scenes), portrait (image historical figures past, portrait-historical compositions), landscape ("historical landscape"), closes with the battle genre.

The historical genre is embodied in easel and monumental forms, in miniatures, and illustrations. Originating in ancient times, the historical genre combined real historical events with myths. In the countries of the Ancient East, there were even types of symbolic compositions (the apotheosis of the military victories of the monarch, the transfer of power to him by a deity) and narrative cycles of paintings and reliefs. In Ancient Greece there were sculptures historical heroes, in Ancient Rome reliefs were created with scenes of military campaigns and triumphs.

In the Middle Ages in Europe, historical events were reflected in miniature chronicles and icons. The historical genre in easel painting began to take shape in Europe during the Renaissance, in the 17th - 18th centuries. it was considered as a “high” genre, highlighting (religious, mythological, allegorical, historical subjects).

Paintings of the historical genre were filled with dramatic content, high aesthetic ideals, and the depth of human relationships.

A genre of fine art dedicated to the heroes and events that the myths of ancient peoples tell about is called mythological genre(from Greek mythos - legend). The mythological genre comes into contact with the historical and takes shape during the Renaissance, when ancient legends provided rich opportunities for the embodiment of stories and characters with complex ethical, often allegorical overtones. In the 17th century -- beginning XIX century in works of the mythological genre the range of moral and aesthetic problems is expanding, which are embodied in high artistic ideals and either get closer to life or create a festive spectacle. From the 19th - 20th centuries. Themes of Germanic, Celtic, Indian, and Slavic myths became popular.

Battle genre(from the French bataille - battle) is a genre of painting that is part of the historical, mythological genre and specializes in depicting battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying military valor, the fury of battle, and the triumph of victory. The battle genre may include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.

A genre of fine art showing scenes of everyday life, personal life a person of everyday use from peasant and urban life is called everyday genre. Appeals to the life and morals of people are already found in the paintings and reliefs of the Ancient East, in ancient vase painting and sculpture, in medieval icons and books of hours. But the everyday genre stood out and acquired characteristic forms only as a phenomenon of secular easel art. Its main features began to take shape in the 14th - 15th centuries. in altar paintings, reliefs, tapestries, miniatures in the Netherlands, Germany, France. In the 16th century in the Netherlands, the everyday genre began to develop rapidly and became isolated. One of its founders was Hieronymus Bosch.

The development of the everyday genre in Europe was greatly influenced by the work of Pieter Bruegel: he moves to a pure everyday genre, shows that everyday life can be an object of study and a source of beauty. The 17th century can be called the century of the everyday genre in all painting schools in Europe.

In the 18th century in France, genre painting is associated with the depiction of gallant scenes, “pastorals”, becoming refined and graceful, ironic. Works of the everyday genre were varied: they showed the warmth of home life and the exoticism of distant countries, sentimental experiences and romantic passions. Household genre, display-oriented peasant life and the life of a city dweller, developed brightly in Russian paintings of the 19th century c.: for example, in the works of A.G. Venetsianov, P.A. Fedotov, V.G. Perov, I.E. Repin.

A genre of fine art in which the main focus is on the depiction of nature. environment, views of countryside, cities, historical monuments, called landscape(French paysage). There are rural, urban, architectural, industrial, sea (marina) and river landscapes.

In antiquity and the Middle Ages, landscapes appear in paintings of temples, palaces, icons and miniatures. In European art, the Venetian painters of the Renaissance were the first to turn to the depiction of nature. From the 16th century landscape becomes an independent genre, its varieties and directions are formed: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape. In the 19th century creative discoveries of landscape masters, saturation of it social issues, the development of plein air (depicting the natural environment) culminated in the achievements of impressionism, which gave new opportunities in the pictorial transmission of spatial depth, variability of the light-air environment, and the complexity of the color scheme.

A genre of fine art that shows objects of everyday use, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, killed game, caught fish, placed in a real everyday environment, is called still life(French nature morte - dead nature). A still life can be endowed with a complex symbolic meaning, play the role of a decorative panel, or be the so-called. “trick”, which gives an illusory reproduction of real objects or figures that evoke the effect of the presence of a genuine nature.

The depiction of objects is known in the art of antiquity and the Middle Ages. But the first still life in easel painting is considered to be the painting by the artist from Venice Jacopo de Barbari “Partridge with an arrow and gloves.” Already in the 16th century, still life was divided into many types: a kitchen interior with or without people, a set table in a rural setting, “vanitas” with symbolic objects (a vase of flowers, an extinguished candle, musical instruments). Was especially rich Dutch still life, modest in color and in the things depicted, but exquisite in the expressive texture of objects, in the play of color and light.

A genre of fine art showing animals is called animalistic genre(from lat. animal - animal). The animal artist pays attention to the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, the decorative expressiveness of the figure and silhouette. Often animals are endowed with traits, actions and experiences inherent in humans. Images of animals are often found in antique sculpture, vase paintings.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, let's summarize the above:

Painting is divided into monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature and easel.

According to technique and means of execution, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gouache, pastel.

In modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.

Historical painting is images of certain historical moments, as well as public figures of the past.

Battle painting aims to capture battles, battles and wars. Mythological painting depicts events described in myths, epics and legends.

Everyday (genre) painting is the depiction of scenes real life, its realities and attributes.

Landscape (landscape) painting is an image natural nature or any area.

Portrait painting - artistic image person. A specific type of portrait is a self-portrait.

A still life is an image of various inanimate objects, for example, fruits, flowers, household items, utensils, placed in a real everyday environment and compositionally organized into a single group.

REFERENCES

1. Batrakova SP Artist of the 20th century. and the language of painting. M., 1996.

2. Whipper B.R. Introduction to historical study art. M., Fine Arts, 1985

3. Western art of the 20th century. Classical heritage and modernity. M, 1992.

4. History of foreign art. M., Fine Arts, 1984

5. History of world art. 3rd edition, Publishing House "Academy", M., 1998.

6. From constructivism to surrealism. M., 1996.

7. Polyakov V.V. History of world art. Fine arts and architecture of the 20th century. M., 1993.

8. Sadokhin A.P. Culturology: theory and history of culture: Textbook. -- M.: Eksmo, 2007.

9. Modern western art. XX century: problems and trends. M., 1982.

10. Suzdalev P. About the genres of painting. // Creativity, 2004, No. 2, 3. P. 45-49.

Monumental painting - painting of buildings

Monumental painting cannot exist separately from the place where it is performed. This type of painting was very popular in the 16th-19th centuries, when majestic temples were built and the best artists painted their vaults. The most common type is fresco, painting with water-based paints on wet plaster.

Painting on dry plaster - secco - was also common, but such works have survived less well to this day. The most famous monumental painting is the large-scale painting of the Sistine Chapel, in which Michelangelo took part. According to critics, the chapel's frescoes can be equated to the Eighth Wonder of the World.

The most ancient works of monumental painting are rock paintings of the first people.

Decorative painting - applied art

Decorative painting is closely related to decorative and applied arts. It plays rather a supporting role in decorating various objects. Decorative painting is a variety of patterns and ornaments that decorate household items, furniture, and architecture. The authors of this type of painting may be unknown - simple paintings of peasant houses and furniture also belong to this type.

Miniature painting - cute little things

Initially, miniature painting represented book designs. Antique books were made with great care and were very expensive. To decorate them, special craftsmen were hired, who beautifully designed the title cards, covers, and headbands between chapters. Such publications were real works of art. There were several schools that adhered to strict canons of miniature painting.

Later, miniatures began to be called any small-scale paintings. They were used as souvenirs and memorable gifts. Despite its small size, this type of painting required great precision and skill. The most popular materials for souvenir miniatures were bone, stone and metal plates.

Tip 2: What types of easels are there: basic and popular

Drawing is one of the most interesting areas in creativity. But in order to paint a picture, you need to choose the right brushes and paints, but also an easel.

For some people, creativity, namely drawing, is an integral part of life in the form of a hobby or professional activity. Artists and hobbyists attach special importance to the materials and devices with which they work. Since easels are an integral part of the creative process, there is a need to consider these auxiliary items in more detail.

So, in at the moment There are three main types: tripod easels, vertical panel easels (stationary), and sketchbooks. Each type of easel has its own characteristics. For example, tripods are very easy to assemble and use. Such an easel can always be disassembled, and when folded, this device takes up very little space.

At the same time, vertical panel easels are very convenient, having the functions of adjusting the height and angle of inclination, but they take up a lot of space due to their stationary nature. The principle of attaching paper or stretched canvas in these types of easels is practically unchanged. At the bottom there is a small panel for storing consumables: pencils, paints, brushes and more.

Sketchbooks can be used outdoors for drawings from nature. At the same time, when assembled, this device turns into a small suitcase, with which you can make long journeys to the place where the canvas is painted.

The most popular easels

Tripod easels are the most popular. This is due to their convenience and compactness. In addition, you can make such an easel yourself if you do not want to spend money on buying it.

For work in the studio or at home, easels-tables, that is, easels with a vertical panel, are often used. This type is convenient when working in one place, since its transportation is hampered by the inability to disassemble the object into smaller parts and then reassemble it. Moreover, each type of easel is intended for a specific intended use, but the tripod can rightfully be considered the most universal, since it can be used both for constant work in the studio and for working from nature in nature, of course, if it is not too large.

Sources:

Classification of easels

The art of decorating surfaces with paints and a brush is called artistic painting. The very concept of painting is seriously different from painting, since it is part of the space conceived by the artist.

Artistic painting was initially applied to any affordable and easily obtained materials: leather, wood, natural fabrics, clay, etc. Skills were passed on from generation to generation by masters, and specific artistic techniques, which helped products. Over time, the most meaningful and expressive application of the ornament was chosen. In architecture, paintings were used to decorate ceilings, vaults, walls, beams, and in everyday life, decor was applied to household items.

The systematization of various types of painting was first started back in 1876 by Professor A.A. Isaev in his two-volume book entitled “Processes of the Moscow Province”. Enterprises artistic painting and are currently developing their business to meet demand in the markets of Russia and abroad.

Khokhloma painting

The fine brushwork that came from the monasteries was used in the rich floral designs. From there the secret was derived of how to paint dishes gold without using gold. Painting has not changed to this day and the process has been the same since ancient times to the present day. The tableware blank is turned from wood using lathe, then primed with a specially prepared clay solution or artificial primers are used. The dishes are coated with paint based on tin or silver, less often - aluminum. They are painted according to the intended motif and dried in an oven, then varnished and hot dried again.

Since the product undergoes intensive heat treatment several times, the paints were chosen from those whose brightness was not affected by high temperatures. It's black, gold and cinnabar.

Gzhel porcelain

Gzhel is unique, since each artist, using classical and familiar motifs, creates the technique individually. The main role belongs to the experience of the master and the movement of his brush. At the same time, on the whiteness, from one stroke, harmonious transitions from dark blue to pale blue appear. Only one paint is used, cobalt, and the drawing is done very quickly, the first time.

Matryoshka

These figures of different sizes, nested inside one another, originate from Japan. These dolls gained great popularity in 1900, after an exhibition in Paris. The main production took place in the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, which was famous for both painting and turners - after all, the shape of the nesting doll still had to be carved.

Polkhovskaya has distinctive features by which she can be recognized among others. She has a face painted in small strokes, and on her forehead there is a spruce rose flower. The color of the scarf contrasts with the color of the sundress, and from the back the matryoshka doll is 2/3 scarlet or green. The apron is oval and runs from the neck to the ground.

The most difficult to process, straw-encrusted matryoshka doll from Vyatka.

Almost every girl, if her free time is not overloaded with studying or dating, has one or more hobbies. Some of them captivate her with their originality for a short time, others are companions for life.

Instructions

The most common type of women's hobby can be called all types of needlework: crocheting, macrame, sewing, embroidery. Such a hobby does not begin with empty space, it is traditionally passed down from mothers and grandmothers, who practice them in the presence of their daughters and granddaughters. The little girl becomes interested, and she asks adults to show her loops, knots, stitching or chain stitch. At first it doesn’t work out, and she may even give up her new hobby for a while, but after a few years nature will take its course, and now the teenage girl will sew her first jeans or knit a beret.

Not so time-consuming, leaving the evenings free for other activities, is floriculture. All women love flowers, and those grown by themselves are of the greatest interest. Monitoring the appearance of shoots, their increase in size and subsequent flowering is akin to motherhood, which is why it gives pleasure to many representatives of the fair sex. If you don’t have the patience to care for roses and violets, you can start with chlorophytum, or simple cacti.

The earliest hobbies that a young child develops include drawing and moving to music. If you have talent for them, then your undertakings will not be lost, but will develop into the ability to reflect the external and internal worlds through painting and dancing. If there is no talent, but the soul persistently demands the expression of all its impulses, then the girl becomes a good photographer. Her photographs most often feature relatives and friends, significant places and corners of nature that capture the imagination.

Another method to realize your potential is to make crafts from various materials. This includes clay modeling and soap making, carving and design. The latter can turn into a profession and become a good way to earn money. And carving can be called a variety of a common, but far from all-encompassing hobby - cooking. Almost every girl can cook the simplest porridge and soup, bake pizza from everything in the refrigerator, but only a few of them have the art of preparing original dishes.

And finally, the universal hobby of women of all ages and social categories is fortune telling. Most often on cards, but coffee grounds, palmistry and other divination methods are also used to achieve results. Learning about the past and future never gets boring, and specializing in a particular type can turn a girl into a real master.

Round and flat, with a wooden handle and a plastic one, marten and pony. A variety of shapes and types of brushes helps the artist create masterpieces on canvas or paper. For example, a squirrel brush is used mainly for working with watercolor paint, and a linear brush is used to apply inscriptions.

Brush shapes

One of the most common and versatile brush shapes is round. The bundle of such a brush is fixed in a round clip, usually metal. Brushes can be different sizes. The small beam is used to create miniatures, and the large beam is used for large landscapes. A round brush produces a uniform line of equal thickness, although a skilled artist can vary this.

Flat brushes are good for working on large areas of a composition; they hold a lot of paint. The strokes with such a brush are smooth and wide.

A brush called a “cat eye” has an oval or dome shape. This brush is very individual in use and can be used in the same way as a round or flat one.

A subtype of flat brushes are contour brushes; they have a similar shape, but the beam is shorter and, accordingly, more elastic. Such brushes are used for oil painting techniques; they are easy to make flat strokes and clear contours.

Type brushes have a long round brush with a thin, sharp tip, which allows you to make inscriptions and apply outlines. These brushes are used with liquid paints.

Retouching brushes are also a type of flat brush; their peculiarity is the tip cut at an angle. These brushes are used to create very thin strokes and a smooth and precise transition from one color to another. This is created thanks to the thin and sharp tip.

Linear brushes, like font brushes, have a long round shape and are used for writing inscriptions and creating long, straight lines. Linear brushes are shorter than type brushes, but longer and thinner than round brushes.

In addition to painting, flute brushes are used for applying makeup, namely powder or blush. These soft brushes are designed for freehand painting with watercolors. They hold a lot of water, so they can draw long, continuous, uniform lines without interruption.

Fan brushes have a thin, fan-shaped tuft. They are used to create subtle color stretches, color transitions and contrasts.

Types of brushes

In addition to the shapes and sizes, there is a significant difference between the types of brushes, namely, what kind of hair the bundle is made of. The most common type of brush is the squirrel. Such brushes are made from processed squirrel tail hairs, since the tail contains the longest hair. Squirrel brushes are very soft and delicate, so they require special care. They are used to work with watercolor paint or other water-based paint.

Kolinsky brushes are made from processed kolinsky tail pile. These brushes are quite soft and at the same time elastic. That's why they are used