Essay two poles of communication good and evil. take part in a school conference
Compositions on the theme "Good and Evil" are given to schoolchildren in the elementary grades. Children write essays on this topic at the lessons of literature, social studies, music, considering this topic from various angles.
What should be considered when writing?
When writing an essay on the topic "Good and Evil", you need to rely on some work (if you were asked to read it in literature). It is necessary to compare the heroes of this work with different moral qualities.
But usually an essay on such a topic is given to children in order to test their erudition, perception of the world, how they can reason and analyze. This allows you to make the theme "Good and Evil". Writing an essay is quite easy if you know how to think through information and analyze it.
Introduction
Ideally, any essay should consist of three paragraphs: an introduction, the main part, which reveals the whole meaning, and a conclusion.
The introduction must be written necessarily, even if it is a mini-essay on the topic "Good and Evil". It is from the beginning of your reasoning and narration that the reader's further perception of the rest of the text depends. The introduction reveals the meaning of the following text, you should notify the reader about what you want to write about, as well as your position. The introduction should be short, about 2-5 sentences, no more. Examples of an introduction for an essay on the topic "Good and Evil":
- Our Big world divided into white and black, good and evil. Absolutely every person once in his life faced with good and evil. This topic is the most relevant today, which is why it is so important to talk about good and evil, their interaction and differences.
- From the early childhood we are read books and fairy tales about how good and evil oppose. The theme of good and evil has always existed on our planet, it is the most relevant. But can there be good without evil? How do good and evil interact? Let's try to discuss this topic.
"Good and Evil" is not so difficult to write if you have something to say. The introduction is always much more difficult than writing the main part of the essay and the conclusion. Many experienced writers say that starting a story, even for them, is much more difficult than finishing it.
Main body of essay
Compositions on the theme "Good and Evil" are the ground for reflection for any person, both an adult and a child. In the main part, you can give arguments from life, literary works, from personal experience. The main part can consist of 10-20 sentences, and for a mini-essay even 8. Ideas for writing the main part of such an essay:
- Psychologists believe that everything in our life comes back as a boomerang. This assumption, the theory has existed in practice for many years and is proved by examples from life and literary works. If a person does good, then, as a rule, it will definitely return to him. The proverb "do not do good to people, you will not get evil" refutes the boomerang theory, but this proverb is rarely true. In fact, a person who does good gets it in return. Perhaps from another person, but receives. A person who does good is happy and believes in the goodness of other people. He lives in an environment, in a world of good-natured people. An evil person who does evil to other people does not receive good in his life, but only anger and aggression from others.
- Can good exist without evil? I think not. God created evil so that people would understand, If people did not know, they would not appreciate such things as good deeds. A person, in relation to whom only evil is constantly manifested, begins to appreciate good deeds and perform them himself. This is observed in many examples, for example in the book When the boy was small, he was offended and not loved. But were in his life strangers who gave him good. From childhood, David felt that sharp difference between good and evil, so he learned to appreciate goodness and tried to do the same with people.
Essay conclusion
With the conclusion of the essay on the topic "Good and Evil", it is necessary to make a brief conclusion of your reasoning and conjectures. For a lengthy essay, this section can reach up to seven sentences, and for a mini-essay, up to four. In conclusion, you need to say the same thing as in the main part, but at the same time convey only the main essence.
1. Features of the interaction of good and evil in folk tales.
2. Changing the approach to the relationship of antagonist characters.
3. Differences in the relationship of positive and negative characters.
4. Blurring of boundaries between concepts.
Despite the apparent diversity artistic images and characters, in world literature there have always existed and will exist fundamental categories, the opposition of which, on the one hand, is main reason development of the storyline, and on the other hand, encourages the development of moral criteria in the individual. The vast majority of the heroes of world literature can easily be classified into one of two camps: the defenders of Good and the adherents of Evil. These abstract concepts can be embodied in visible, living images.
The significance of the categories of Good and Evil in culture and human life no doubt. A clear definition of these concepts allows a person to assert himself in life, evaluating his own and other people's actions from the point of view of proper and improper. Many philosophical and religious systems are based on the concept of opposition between two principles. So is it any wonder that the characters of fairy tales and legends embody opposite traits? However, it should be noted that if the idea of the behavior of heroes embodying the evil inclination changed little over time, then the idea of what the representatives of Good should respond to their actions did not remain unchanged. Let us first consider how victorious heroes acted in fairy tales with their evil opponents.
For example, the fairy tale "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs." The evil stepmother, with the help of witchcraft, tries to destroy her stepdaughter, envying her beauty, but all the intrigues of the witch are in vain. Good triumphs. Snow White not only stays alive, but also marries Prince Charming. However, how does the victorious Good deal with the defeated Evil? The ending of the tale seems to be taken from the story of the activities of the Inquisition: “But iron shoes were already placed for her on burning coals, they were brought, holding them with tongs, and placed in front of her. And she had to put her feet in red-hot shoes and dance in them until, at last, she fell dead to the ground.
Such an attitude towards the defeated enemy is characteristic of many fairy tales. But it should be noted right away that the point here is not the increased aggressiveness and cruelty of the Good, but the peculiarities of the understanding of justice in antiquity, because the plots of most fairy tales were formed a very long time ago. “An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” is the ancient formula of retribution. Moreover, the heroes, embodying the traits of Good, not only have the right to brutally deal with the defeated enemy, but must do it, because revenge is a duty entrusted to man by the gods.
However, the concept gradually changed under the influence of Christianity. A. S. Pushkin in "The Tale of dead princess and about the seven heroes ”used a plot almost identical to“ Snow White ”. And in Pushkin's text, the evil stepmother did not escape punishment - but how is it done?
Here longing took her
And the queen died.
The inevitable retribution does not take place as the arbitrariness of mortal conquerors: it is the judgment of God. In Pushkin's fairy tale there is no medieval fanaticism, from the description of which the reader involuntarily trembles; the humanism of the author and the positive characters only emphasizes the greatness of God (even if He is not mentioned directly), supreme justice.
The “longing” that “took” the queen—isn’t it conscience, which the ancient sages called the “Eye of God in man”?
So, in the ancient, pagan understanding, the representatives of Good differ from the representatives of Evil in the way they achieve their goals and the undoubted right to something that their enemies are trying to take away - but not at all in a kinder, more humane attitude towards the defeated enemy.
In the works of writers who have absorbed Christian traditions, the unconditional right of positive heroes to carry out merciless reprisals against those who could not stand the temptation and took the side of Evil is questioned: “And count those who should live, but they are dead. Can you resurrect them? If not, don't rush to condemn anyone to death. For even the wisest are not given to foresee everything ”(D. Tolkien“ The Lord of the Rings ”). “Now he is fallen, but it is not for us to judge him: who knows, maybe he will still be exalted,” says Frodo, main character epics of Tolkien. This work raises the problem of the ambiguity of the Good. So, representatives of the light side can share distrust and even fear, moreover, no matter how wise, brave and kind you are, there is always the possibility that you can lose these virtues and join the camp of villains (perhaps without wanting to do so consciously). ). A similar transformation occurs with the magician Saruman, whose initial mission was to fight Evil, embodied in the face of Sauron. It threatens anyone who wishes to possess the Ring of Omnipotence. However, Tolkien does not even hint at a possible redemption of Sauron. Although Evil is also not monolithic and ambiguous, however, it is in more is an irreversible state.
In the work of writers who continued the tradition of Tolkien, various views are presented on what and which of Tolkien's characters should be considered Good and Evil. Currently, one can find works in which Sauron and his teacher Melkor, a kind of Lucifer of Middle-earth, do not act as negative characters at all. Their struggle with other creators of the World is not so much a conflict of two opposite principles how much is the result of misunderstanding, rejection non-standard solutions Melkor.
In fantasy, which was formed on the basis of fairy tales and legends, the clear boundaries between Good and Evil are gradually blurring. Everything is relative: Good again is not so humane (as it was in ancient tradition), but Evil is far from black - rather blackened by enemies. The literature reflects the processes of rethinking the old values, the actual implementation of which is often far from ideal, and the tendency towards an ambiguous understanding of the multifaceted phenomena of being. However, it should be remembered that in the worldview of each person, the categories of Good and Evil should still have a fairly clear structure. Moses, Christ and other great teachers have long said about what to consider as real Evil. Evil is the transgression of the great commandments that should govern human behavior.
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Plan
Introduction
1. Good and evil in the ethical space
2. Good and evil in the fairy tale "Cinderella" by Evgeny Schwartz
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Purpose of the work: to reveal the concepts of good and evil in domestic literature, explain how these qualities are interconnected, what they mean in ethics, and what place they occupy in literature.
The concepts of good and evil are closely related to such a science as ethics, but few people have thought about how much these qualities mean in life, and what they teach us in books. There is a common notion that good always triumphs over evil. It's nice to read a book or watch a movie when you realize that justice will prevail, the good will triumph over the bad, and the story ends with the usual favorite. happy ending. On a psychological level, we learn domestic works be good and honest people, alas, not everyone succeeds, but they give us hope for a bright and happy, for what is called good.
Ethics is one of the oldest theoretical disciplines, the object of study of which is morality. Ethics studies the history of the development of human morality, explores morality as a form of social relations and consciousness, its role in society. Ethics reflects on what is good and what is evil, what is the purpose and meaning of human life, what kind of people we should be and how to live our only and pretty life correctly. short life. thinking man cannot do without thinking about these questions, and ethics, the theory of morality, will help him in this.
Good and evil - the most important concepts ethics. Good is understood as the fact that society in a given historical period considers moral, worthy of respect, imitation. We, people, invest in this concept everything that contributes to the improvement of life, the moral elevation of a person, justice, mercy, and love for one's neighbor. When we say "kind" about a person, we mean that he is ready to help another person not for the sake of profit, but disinterestedly, out of conviction, out of moral duty. The creation of good is the meaning of life for every person. In all cases when a person has to make a responsible decision, he is guided by the main practical guideline - the value of good.
Everything that is opposite to good is evil. It's a violation of morality, it's immoral reprehensible, inhumane. This concept generally expresses everything that deserves contempt and must be overcome by people, society, and an individual. Evil is where a person is humiliated, insulted. The concept of evil covers all negative phenomena: violence, deceit, rudeness, meanness, theft, betrayal, etc. Every day a person can face evil that has become commonplace, has become a habit - rudeness, rudeness, selfishness, indifference to suffering, someone else's pain, drunkenness, cunning, etc. Unfortunately, evil is very common and many-sided, and often insidious. It does not declare itself: "I am evil! I am immorality!" On the contrary, evil can hide behind the mask of good.
So, good and evil are the basic concepts of ethics. They serve as our guide in the vast moral world. A moral person strives to build his activity in such a way as to suppress evil and create good. Man is a moral being, he is called to live according to the laws of morality, which are comprehended in ethics, and not according to the laws of the jungle, where the strong is always right. The concepts of good and evil underlie the ethical assessment of human behavior. Considering any human act "good", "good", we give it a positive moral assessment, and considering it "evil", "bad" - negative
So it is with E. Schwartz. The theme of good and evil is widely disclosed in the fairy tale, one can say that the whole essence of the above is based on these two qualities. We observe the ethical behavior of the two main characters. Stepmothers - supporters of evil and Cinderella - supporters of good.
Cinderella is a sweet, meek, modest, responsible, sincere, honest girl, always ready to help, who fulfilled all the whims of her stepmother because of Great love to the father. These qualities that we value so much in a person are good, it is worthy of respect, and the stepmother is a formidable, stern woman with a "poisonous" character, looking for benefits in everything, doing everything for herself, evil, cunning, envious, greedy. By her behavior, she shows us an immoral attitude, contempt for people, i.e. negative phenomena and evil.
In invented works, good always triumphs over evil, unfortunately in life this is not always the case, but as they say: "in a fairy tale of lies, but there is a hint in it ...".
All our actions, actions, morality evaluates from the point of view of humanism, determines whether it is good or bad, good or evil. If our actions are useful to people, contribute to the improvement of their lives - this is good, this is good. They do not contribute, they interfere - this is evil. The English philosopher I. Bentham formulated the following criterion of goodness: "The greatest happiness for largest number people." One becomes kind only when they lead an intensive moral life(do good). And the road to good will be mastered by the walking one.
1. Goodand evil in ethical space
Ethics (lthicb from thos - custom, disposition, character) is a set of principles and norms of behavior adopted in a given era and in a given social environment. The main subject of study of ethics is morality.
Morality is the norms and rules imposed on a person, the implementation of which is voluntary. Solonitsyna A.A. Professional ethics and etiquette. Publishing House Dalnevost. un-ta, 2005. Pp. 7
In the understanding of Aristotle, ethics is a special practical science of morality (virtue), the purpose of which is to teach a person how to become virtuous (and happy). Ethics should help a person realize the main goals of his life and solve the question of the possibility of educating virtuous citizens in the state.
Good is the highest moral and moral value, in relation to which, all other categories are secondary. Good: Source: http://ethicscenter.ru/dobro.html
Evil is the actions of a person or many people aimed at destroying or ignoring accepted in society moral principles causing harm to other people and to oneself, it brings with it moral suffering and leads to the destruction of the individual.
Evil, as well as good, are the fundamental concepts of ethics. According to many religious doctrines, these two concepts stood at the origins of the creation of the world. Only evil is the turning side of good, a lesser part of it. In religion, good is the prerogative of God, his power in creating good is undeniable. On the contrary, evil is in the hands of the Devil (in translation, this means an adversary), who is weaker than God. All the religions of the world teach that evil will be ended by the will of God. All phenomena of this world go through the struggle between the categories of good and evil. Evil: Source: http://ethicscenter.ru/zlo.html
IN broad sense the words good and evil denote positive and negative values in general. Good and Evil are among the most general concepts of moral consciousness, delimiting the moral and the immoral. Good is usually associated with the concept of the Good, which includes what is useful to people. Accordingly, that which is useless, no one needs or harmful is not a blessing. However, just as the good is not the benefit itself, but only that which brings benefit, so the evil is not the harm itself, but that which causes harm, leads to it.
Ethics is not interested in any, but only spiritual goods, which include such higher moral values like freedom, justice, happiness, love. In this series, Good is special kind benefits in human behavior. In other words, the meaning of goodness as a quality of actions is how these actions are related to the good.
And then good is love, wisdom and talent.
"Let those who do not know this state, imagine from the experience of love in this world, what should be the meeting with the most beloved being" See: Ado P. Plotinus, or the simplicity of the look.
What is love? As beautiful as the object is, is that enough to explain our love for it?
"The soul can be attracted by objects very distant and much lower than it. If it feels for them strong love, not because they are what they are, but because they are joined by additional element descending from above".
If we love, it is because something inexplicable is combined with beauty: movement, life, brilliance, which make the object desirable and without which beauty remains cold and inert. See: Ado P. Plotinus, or simplicity of sight. The ancient philosopher-idealist Plotinus spoke.
If religious ethics considers Good and Evil, first of all, as the foundations of the moral behavior of the individual, then philosophical analysis of these categories is aimed rather at revealing their essence, origins and dialectics. The desire to understand the nature of good and evil, combining the efforts of different thinkers, gave rise to a rich classical philosophical and ethical heritage, in which the consideration of these concepts by F. Hegel stands out. From his point of view, the interconnected and mutually supporting concepts of good and evil are inseparable from the concept of individual will, independent individual choice, freedom and sanity. In the Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel wrote: “Since good and evil stand before me, I can choose between them, I can decide on one or the other, I can accept both into my subjectivity. The nature of evil, therefore , is such that a person can want it, but it is not necessary to want it" See: Hegel G.W. F. Philosophy of law. Page 45.
Good is also realized by Hegel through the individual will: "... good is a substantial being for the subjective will, - it must make it its goal and accomplish it ... Good without subjective will is only a reality devoid of abstraction, and it should receive this reality only through the will of the subject, who must have an understanding of the good, make it his intention and implement it in his activity" See: Hegel G.W. F. Philosophy of law. Page 41. Hegel extends the concept of will not only to the area of external realization, the area of actions, but also to the internal area, the area of thinking and intentions.
Therefore, he assigns an important role to self-consciousness, which acts as the source of self-creation of the human personality through free choice between good and evil. In Hegel, "self-consciousness has the ability ... to put one's own peculiarity above the universal and realize it through actions - the ability to be evil. Thus, it is self-consciousness that plays the most important role in the formation of evil will, as well as good will." See: Hegel G.W. F. Philosophy of law. Page 58
Good is good only when it has in mind the good of the human race as such, i.e. good deed and thought are far from direct personal gain and push the boundaries of any particular interest.
In contrast to good, evil is that which destroys the life and well-being of a person. Evil is always destruction, suppression, humiliation. Evil is destructive, it leads to disintegration, to the alienation of people from each other and from the life-giving sources of being, to death. Solonitsyna A.A. Professional ethics and etiquette. Publishing House Dalnevost. un-ta, 2005. P.8
Evil includes such qualities as envy, pride, revenge, arrogance, crime. Envy is one of the main components of evil. The feeling of envy spoils the personality and relationships of people, it arouses in a person the desire for the other to fail, misfortune, discredit himself in the eyes of others. Envy often pushes people to commit immoral acts. It is no coincidence that it is considered one of the most serious sins, for all other sins can be considered as a consequence or manifestation of envy. Arrogance is also evil, characterized by a disrespectful, contemptuous, arrogant attitude towards people. The opposite of arrogance is modesty and respect for people. One of the most terrible manifestations of evil is revenge. Sometimes it can be directed not only against the one who caused the initial evil, but also against his relatives and friends - blood feud. Christian morality condemns revenge, opposing it with non-resistance to evil by violence.
If we associate good with life, prosperity and well-being for all people (and in the limit - for all living beings), then evil is that which destroys the life and well-being of a person. Evil is always destruction, suppression, humiliation. Evil is destructive, it leads to disintegration, to the alienation of people from each other and from the life-giving sources of being, to death.
Speaking about the empirical life of man, we must note that the evil that exists in the world can be divided into at least three types.
The first is physical or natural evil. These are all natural elemental forces that destroy our well-being: earthquakes and floods, hurricanes and volcanic eruptions, epidemics and ordinary diseases. Historically, natural evil does not depend on human will and consciousness, biological and geological processes occur outside of human desires and actions. However, from ancient times there were teachings that claimed that it was negative human passions - anger, anger, hatred - that create special vibrations on the subtle levels of the universe, which provoke and cause natural disasters. Thus, spiritual world people turned out to be essentially connected with supposedly purely natural evil. A similar view found expression in religion, which has always said that physical misfortunes that suddenly fell on people are the result of God's wrath, because people have done so many outrages that punishment followed.
IN modern world many phenomena of natural evil are directly related to the large-scale activities of mankind, with the violation of the ecological balance. And yet, storms and tornadoes, downpours and droughts - above all, the action of objective elements - an inevitable evil and beyond our control.
The second type of objective evil is evil in social processes. The concept of evil: Retrieved from: http://bib.convdocs.org/v28791
True, it takes place with the participation of human consciousness, but still in many respects apart from it. Thus, social alienation, which finds expression in class hatred, violence, in heavy feelings of envy, contempt, is born from the objective process of the division of labor, which inevitably leads to private property and exploitation. In the same way, an objective confrontation of interests - the struggle for land, sources of raw materials - turns into aggression, wars, in which many people are drawn against their will. Social cataclysms erupt as spontaneously and uncontrollably as storms, and the heavy wheel of history ruthlessly drives through thousands and millions of destinies, breaking and maiming them. The resultant, arising from the interaction and collision of many wills, reveals itself in historical events as a blind and powerful force that cannot be tamed by individual effort, cannot be diverted from oneself. Being an exemplary moral, good, decent person, one can, by the will of fate, find himself in the epicenter of social evil, which is war, revolution, slavery, etc. The concept of evil: Source: http://bib.convdocs.org/v28791
The third kind of evil is evil, subjective in origin, actually moral evil. Of course, in reality it does not always exist "in its pure form", and yet we are obliged to talk about it. We call moral evil that evil that is committed with the direct participation of human inner world- his consciousness and will. This is evil that occurs and is done by the decision of the person himself, by his choice.
There are two varieties of such evil - hostility and licentiousness.
By hostility we include the desire for destruction, aggression, violence, anger, hatred, the desire for death, the suppression of others. This evil is active, energetic, seeking to destroy someone else's existence and well-being. It is directed outward. A hostile person consciously seeks to inflict harm, damage, suffering, humiliation on others.
Often, the trigger mechanism for active hostility is fear: those who have switched from defense to attack no longer experience this painful and humiliating feeling.
Debauchery - another kind of moral evil - combines such human vices: cowardice, cowardice, laziness, servility, inability to control one's inclinations, desires and passions. A dissolute person easily succumbs to temptations; it is not for nothing that Christianity claims that the devil takes possession of the soul in two ways - either by force or by seduction. Greed, gluttony, lust, an irrepressible passion for a variety of pleasures can be attributed to promiscuity. The concept of evil: Retrieved from: http://bib.convdocs.org/v28791
The licentious person does not observe the imperatives of benevolence towards others, because he is not able to give up his pleasures, no matter how gross, unhealthy and perverted. Egoism and bodily desires predominate in him and crowd out any active concern for others. He is weak to own desires He is their servant and slave. In fact, it is much easier to yield to one's desires than to resist them, and a licentious one indulges in his weaknesses with a light heart. A dissolute person is likened to an animal that does not know sociocultural restrictions and prohibitions, he is afraid and avoids effort, overcoming, strict discipline, seeks to avoid any discomfort, is not able to show patience. Such people easily become traitors and obsequious serfs, they are ready to sacrifice anyone and anything for the sake of their own convenience, satiety and well-being. The concept of evil: Retrieved from: http://bib.convdocs.org/v28791
In this world, everything pushes us to evil, and nothing pushes us to good, except freedom itself.
Freedom is the ability of a person to act in accordance with his interests and goals, to make a choice. People are not free to choose the objective conditions of their activity, but they have concrete and relative freedom when they retain the opportunity to choose the goals and means of achieving them sanctioned by the norms and values of a given society. Solonitsyna A.A. Professional ethics and etiquette. Publishing House Dalnevost. un-ta, 2005. P.8
Friedrich Engels - German philosopher wrote: "The ideas of good and evil have changed so much from people to people, from century to century, that they often directly contradicted one another." This is what educated young people of the beginning of the last century argued about (Onegin and Lensky in the second chapter of "Eugene Onegin" by A.S. Pushkin). “Everything gave rise to disputes between them and led to reflection:
Tribes of past treaties, The fruits of science, good and evil, And age-old prejudices, And fatal secrets of the coffin, Fate and life in its turn, Everything was subjected to their judgment "See Pushkin A.S. Evgeny Onegin
These concepts are eternal and inseparable. In their imperative value content, good and evil are, as it were, two sides of the same coin. They are mutually determined and in this they are, as it were, equal. Good and evil are the principles of the same order of the world, which are in constant and irremovable single combat. Already in antiquity, the idea of an irresistible connection between good and evil was deeply comprehended. An old Chinese parable tells of a young man who turned to the sage with a request to take him as his disciple in order to guide him on the path of truth. - Can you lie? - asked the sage. - Of course not! - answered the young man. - What about stealing? - No. - What about killing? - No - So go, - the teacher exclaimed, - and know all this. And when you know, don't do it! Parable: Source: http://znanija.com/task/1757765 What did the sage want to say with his strange advice? After all, it is not that one must plunge into evil and vice in order to gain a true understanding of goodness and comprehend wisdom. Probably, for the sake of gaining wisdom, the young man should not have learned to be hypocritical, to trick, to kill. The sage's thought was different: whoever has not recognized and experienced evil cannot be truly, actively good. In Eden, the knowledge of good and evil was on the same tree, that is, it was impossible to know good without evil. This idea runs through the entire history of philosophy and is concretized in a number of ethical provisions. First, good and evil are substantive dialectically mutually determined and are known in unity, one through the other. This is what was offered to the young man in Chinese parable. A person recognizes evil because he has a certain idea of good; he appreciates the good, having experienced firsthand what evil is. It seems logical to wish only for the good, and one cannot completely renounce evil without at the same time risking losing the good. The existence of evil is sometimes presented as a kind of condition or indispensable concomitant of the existence of good.
The basic position of ethics, which understood the paradox of good and evil, can be formulated as follows: act as if you hear God's call and are called in a free and creative act participate in God's work, reveal a pure and original conscience in yourself, discipline your personality, fight evil in yourself and around you, but not in order to push the evil and evil into hell and create a hellish kingdom, but in order to really win evil and contribute to the enlightenment and creative transformation of the evil." Morality is based on the highest value of Good, Good. It regulates a person's behavior and his attitude precisely from the position of good or evil.
Good and evil are the ultimate ethical concepts, the center and "nerve" of all ethical problems.
The problems of Good and Evil, justice and injustice, violence and non-violence have been and remain the central and eternal problems of ethics. A. Schweitzer expressed a wise thought: "Kindness should become the real force of history and proclaim the beginning of the age of humanity. Only the victory of the humanistic worldview over anti-humanism will allow us to look to the future with hope." Zelenkova I.L., Belyaeva E.V. Ethics, Minsk, 2000.
2. Goodand evil in the tale of Evgeny Schwartz" Cinderella"
Consider the work of Evgeny Schwartz "Cinderella". She is a great example for us. It teaches us to act according to our conscience, to be kind and honest people. The theme of good and evil is widely disclosed in the fairy tale, one can say that the whole essence of the above is based on these two qualities.
"There are different people in the world: blacksmiths, cooks, doctors, schoolchildren, teachers, coachmen, actors, watchmen. And here I am - a storyteller. And everything, and actors, and teachers, and blacksmiths, and doctors, and cooks, and storytellers - we all work, and we are all people necessary, necessary, very good people"See Schwartz E. The Snow Queen. These words of the hero of the play "The Snow Queen" are fully applicable to its author, Yevgeny Lvovich Schwartz, who has worked talentedly, honestly and selflessly in literature for several decades.
Evgeny Schwartz knew the secret that allowed him, without violating the laws of a fairy tale, to let in the most modern everyday reality into it. Unlike many interpreters of old fairy tales, he never allowed self-will in relation to the main thing - the interpretation of good and evil. He would never have made Baba Yaga kind, and the Snow Maiden repulsively cheeky. Traditional fairy tale ethics were sacred to Schwartz; he honored the eternal moral law embodied in fairy tales, according to which evil always remains evil, and good always good - without fluidity and psychological shifters. And even if his Cinderella says about herself: "I'm terribly proud!" everyone understands that this is not so. Her behavior throughout the story shows what a kind, modest and meek girl she is.
Here is the first reason for the permanence of the 1947 film. No wonder it ends with the following monologue of the king: "Connections are connections, but you also need to have a conscience. Someday they will ask: what can you present, so to speak? And no connections will help you make your leg small, your soul - big, and your heart - fair". How healthy these words sound for all time! Quote: Source: http://www.russkoekino.ru/books/ruskino/ruskino-0047.shtml
However, a wise text in itself has a much greater chance of immortality than an easily outdated cinematic work. It happens, after all, that such things happen - phrases from films exist, passing from mouth to mouth, when these films themselves ordered a long life. Not that - "Cinderella". It is worth pronouncing the name of the film, and the memory will prompt not only funny remarks or the song "About the old beetle", but also completely alive visual image: soft silver-pearl tones, the comfort of a fairy-tale kingdom, a whimsically winding road along which, accompanied by a breathless retinue, a long-legged, eccentric king rushes skipping.
Yevgeny Lvovich Schwartz is a writer whose fate, even in the context of the fates of his contemporaries, is perceived as a kind of fate of an artist, seemingly made up of various kinds of accidents and vicissitudes, capable of serving as a truthful mirror, which accurately reflects his unique originality, his moral position, his belief in the importance of his chosen life field. IN creative destiny Schwartz with unusual clarity reflected his insatiable seeker, passion for comprehending different, complex, instructive human characters and, most of all, a burning and selfless artistic desire to present to people the world in which we live, explained, unraveled, open in all its multicolor.
Writers are very different ways moving towards literary success. For many of them, the trials of life that have befallen them become literary universities.
In these trials, passionate and militant writers are forged, whose high destiny is to endow readers with their own life experience. Their creative motto is: I teach others what life has taught me. Others are directed to literature itself, so to speak, by literature with its inexhaustible spiritual potential and incalculable inner riches. The third - Yevgeny Schwartz belonged to their number - their tireless imagination, fantasy, in which worldview and analytical talent, deep knowledge of life and the eternal need to know it even better, deeper, wider, merged into one, make them become writers.
Professional literary work E. Schwartz began as an adult and involved in art. Stories: Source: http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-172984.html In his youth, Schwartz performed in a small experimental, or, as they said in those days, studio theater, and I must say, criticism took quite seriously his acting abilities. Reviews of his performances by the "Theater Workshop" - that was the name of the theater - invariably noted his plastic and voice abilities, he was promised a happy stage future.
Schwartz left the stage long before he became a writer, poet, playwright. The temperament of a stubborn observer, a brilliant storyteller, in his stories to the full extent of his individuality, the enthusiasm of an imitator, a parodist and a mockingbird were probably an obstacle to acting reincarnation. Working on the stage, he was deprived to a large extent of the opportunity to remain himself, and any self-denial was not in his nature.
Be that as it may, he parted with acting quite calmly, as if it was destined for him by fate itself. Saying goodbye to the stage, he, of course, did not even suspect in those distant times that they would conquer in the future theater stage as one of the brightest and most daring playwrights of the century, that the fairy tales he created will be performed in many theatrical languages of the world. But that's how life works - difficult decisions often turn out to be the happiest decisions. At that moment, the actor Yevgeny Schwartz left the stage, the ascent of Yevgeny Schwartz, the playwright, began on it. good evil literature fairy tale
Dramaturgy E.L. Schwartz contains plots and images that made it possible to define the genre of many of his plays as a "fairy tale play", " fairy tale play", "dramatic fairy tale"," comedy-fairy tale ".
His plays on fairy tales brought him world fame, although there were very few of them in the author's piggy bank. And he himself treated his own plays, according to his contemporaries, "without any aspiration." Although, in fact, it was they who sounded like a tuning fork of the era, while remaining relevant. So the performance based on his play "The Naked King", created by the author in 1943, was staged in Sovremennik after the death of the author, marking the period of the "thaw". And the play "Dragon", written as an anti-fascist pamphlet in 1944, sounded in a new way during the period of perestroika. It turned out that the themes chosen by Schwartz for creativity, in essence, are eternal themes. The play "Shadow" does not leave the theater stage, inspiring directors for new staged interpretations.
Personality, worldview E.L. Schwartz is clarified by numerous memoirs of his contemporaries. Director N. Akimov writes: "E. Schwartz chose for his comedy a special genre, which he is currently developing alone - a comedy-fairy tale. Every adult has an idea of something unusual, wonderful, expensive and irrevocably associated with the word "fairy tale". Lost History Source: http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-172984.html. We remember our childhood impressions of fairy tales, and when, many years later, smart, educated, equipped with life experience and a formed worldview, we again try to penetrate into this wonderful world, the entrance to which is closed to us. And yet there was a magician who, having retained power over children, managed to conquer adults too, to return to us, former children, the magical charm of simple fairy-tale heroes.
So Yevgeny Schwartz conquered us with his fairy tale about Cinderella. But there are other Cinderella tales. Let's try to compare them.
"Cinderella, or the Crystal Slipper" by C. Perrault, "Crystal Slipper" and "Cinderella" by E. Schwartz have been peacefully coexisting for almost half a century. There is much in common between them. It's no secret that T. Gabbe and E. Schwartz relied on Ch. Perrault's fairy tale, but they created original dramatic works that have become part of our national culture. And, obviously, here we should talk about the so-called "wandering" plot, because the source for both works was literary tale.
The appeal of many children's writers to the fairy tale genre in the second half of the 1930s has many reasons. One of them is the social atmosphere, the dominance of censorship. Reflections of E. Schwartz about time and about himself in diary entries 1945-1947, when the script was written and the movie "Cinderella" was shot, help to better understand the artist's attitude, his idea. In an entry dated January 16, 1947, we read: “... My heart is vague. I am a master of seeing nothing, discussing nothing and believing, even believing that everything will work out. close." Schwartz E. I live restlessly... From the diaries. M., 1990. P.25. Today, diaries tell about what contemporaries, researchers could only guess about. The storyteller, no matter how difficult and scary it may be, seeks to make his young "companions" "cheer up" in order to save their souls: after all, what has become funny ceases to be scary. E. Schwartz chose the genre for his screenplay lyrical comedy. At first glance, there is nothing unexpected or original in this. Both the Cinderella theme and the lyrical comedy genre have been widely used in cinema. Suffice it to recall the housekeeper Anyuta (" Funny boys"), the postman Strelka ("Volga-Volga"), the nanny Tanya Morozova ("Bright Path"). Purposeful, kind, sympathetic, they achieve the fulfillment of their most cherished desires: one becomes a singer, the other a composer, the third a famous weaver throughout the country, each at the same time gaining her own prince. Interestingly, the original film "Shining Path" was called "Cinderella", but under pressure from above, G. Aleksandrov had to change the name. True, traces of this plan have been preserved, not only in the theme, but also in the heroine's song that ends the film: "And Kalinin himself handed the order to Cinderella."
As you can see, Shvartsev's "Cinderella", created in the late 40s, is based on two primary sources: the plot - the fairy tale by Charles Perrault and the genre - lyrical comedies about fate Soviet woman. A literary fairy tale, as follows from the term itself, combines literary and folklore (fabulous) beginnings. This was remarkably shown by T. Gabbe in the prologue of the fairy tale-comedy "Tin Rings". After a long clarification of the relationship, the Author and the Old Woman (Fairy Tale) conclude an agreement: “Just keep in mind: the characters must remain mine. Old woman. And my adventures "Gabbe T. City of Masters: Plays-tales. M., 1961
With mutual consent, jokes, feelings and morals are shared. In the characters, as we see, the reality that surrounds the artist and makes the literary tale modern and topical is most clearly expressed. It is in the characters that the author's will is most fully revealed. figurative system Schwartz's fairy tale differs significantly from the literary source. There are twice as many characters: here are the heroes from other fairy tales by Ch. Perrault - Puss in Boots, Boy-with-a-finger; and completely new, playing an important role - Page, Minister of Ballroom Dancing, Marquis Padetrois, Forester; episodic, often nameless characters with whom the King speaks - soldiers, gatekeepers, an old servant, etc. Some characters of the fairy tale by Ch. Perrault are either absent from E. Schwartz (Queen), or their role and functions have been significantly changed (King, Corporal, trying on a shoe, etc.) See. Schwartz E. I live restlessly… From the diaries. M., 1990
It seems that this is due to E. Schwartz's rethinking of the main conflict of Ch. Perrault's tale. What is Ch. Perrault's tale about? About "such a quarrelsome and arrogant woman as the world has never seen." In her husband's house, "everything was not to her liking, but most of all she disliked her stepdaughter," because next to the kind, friendly and beautiful Cinderella, "the stepmother's daughter seemed even worse."
Kindness, long-suffering of Cinderella, in the end, are rewarded: the prince marries her. The conflict fits perfectly into the family framework and Christian morality: be kind, patient and the Lord will reward you. E. Schwartz carefully transfers the motif of the evil Stepmother, who oppresses her stepdaughter and husband, but turns the family conflict into a social one: it is not enough for a Stepmother to rule in own house, she wants to rule the whole kingdom: “Well, now they will dance in my palace! nowhere! Well, nothing! I'll quarrel with the neighbors! I can do that" Schwartz E. Cinderella
In both fairy tales, the evil inclination is embodied in the image of the Stepmother. However, if in Ch. Perrault she is a "grumpy and arrogant woman", then in E. Schwartz, in addition, dictatorial habits are clearly expressed. Thus, an updated theme enters the old fairy tale - the theme of power, despotism. The Fairy-tale Stepmother under the pen of E. Schwartz acquires quite realistic and even concrete historical features. Not only the stepdaughter, but also her father - "a desperate and brave man", who is not afraid of robbers, monsters, or an evil wizard, constantly shudders and looks around, fearing to anger his wife. "My wife," he says to the king, "is a special woman. Her sister, exactly the same as her, the cannibal ate, poisoned himself and died. See what poisonous characters there are in this family." This "special woman" spends all her strength, energy on achieving certain privileges in the ways that were in use when the fairy tale was written, and which have not yet gone into the past today: " I work like a horse. I run, I fuss, I charm, I intercede, I demand, I insist. Thanks to me, in the church we sit on the court benches, and in the theater - on the director's stools. Soldiers salute us! My daughters will soon be written in the velvet book of the first beauties of the court! Who turned our nails into rose petals? A kind sorceress, at the door of which titled ladies wait for weeks. And a sorceress came to our house. In a word, I have so many connections that you can go crazy with fatigue, supporting them "(421). Contemporaries, and not only adults, easily recognized the Soviet "secular" lady in Stepmother.
The word "connections" acquires special meaning in a fairy tale context. Even a fairy cannot but reckon with the phenomenon indicated by him: "I hate the old forester, your evil stepmother, and her daughters too. I would have punished them long ago. But they have such great connections!" . Wizards have no power over connections! The only thing the author can do is to give a moral assessment at the end of the tale through the mouth of the King: “Well, friends, we have reached the very happiness. Everyone is happy, except for the old forester. Well, you know, she herself is to blame. one must also have a conscience. Someday they will ask: what can you present, so to speak? And no connections will help you make your foot small, your soul large, and your heart pure.
The entire text of the script, associated with the depiction of the character of the Stepmother, is riddled with irony. Many of her remarks, monologues are self-disclosures. E. Schwartz shows that good words and intonations addressed to Cinderella are always harbingers of trouble: “Oh yes, Cinderella, my little star! You wanted to run to the park, stand under the royal windows. “Can I?” the girl asks joyfully, “Of course, dear, but first tidy up the rooms , wash the windows, mop the floor, whitewash the kitchen, weed out the garden beds, plant seven rose bushes, know yourself and have coffee for seven weeks. "This whole list is clearly mocking. During the filming, the character of the Stepmother underwent some changes, and I think they are quite natural and highlight its essence better. In the screenplay, the Stepmother with affectionate words makes Cinderella wear Anna's shoe, in the movie, after affectionate words that had no effect, should be threatened to get rid of her father from the world.Change of motivations makes it possible to more clearly clarify the despotic nature of the Stepmother: a stick and a carrot are tried-and-tested means of big and small tyrants.As soon as her cherished dream of taking possession of the kingdom collapses, the mask is thrown off, and the Stepmother shouts to the King: "Schemer! And he put on a crown! "See Schwartz E. Cinderella. The viewer becomes a witness of a metamorphosis: a fabulous villain turns into a petty apartment intriguer. What was scary became funny and everyday, from real life. Several years later, in the prologue of "Ordinary Miracle" E. Schwartz will say this openly: in the king "you can easily guess an ordinary apartment despot, a frail tyrant who deftly knows how to explain his outrages by considerations of principle." the motif of the confrontation between stepdaughter and stepmother, E. Schwartz surrounds Cinderella with like-minded friends.On one pole of the conflict is the Stepmother with her daughters (the role of the latter in the script is extremely narrowed), on the other - Cinderella, her father, Fairy, Page, King, Prince and even Corporal In a word, all good, honest, decent people.Evil, although strong, lonely, good beginning unites everyone.This trend has been outlined in a literary fairy tale since the 20s. Together with Cinderella, the bearer of a good beginning, the fairy tale includes one of the main themes of E. Schwartz's work - the theme of love, understood by the playwright very broadly.
The opposition between good and evil thus appears as the opposition of love to despotism and tyranny. Such an interweaving of the themes of love and despotism is a characteristic feature of the work of E. Schwartz ("The Snow Queen", "Cinderella", "An Ordinary Miracle", etc.). The ability to love E. Schwartz usually deprives the carriers of the evil inclination (the Stepmother and her daughters). But the rest of the characters are sure to love someone: the Prince, the Prince and the Page - Cinderella, the King and the Forester - their children, the latter, according to him, is generally amorous, the Corporal and the soldiers also know what love is for the Fairy, Cinderella's godmother, and her student's love and creativity are inseparable. If we compare the heroine of Ch. Perrault and E. Schwartz, it is easy to notice very significant differences. Initially, the characteristic given by Ch. Perrault is "kind, friendly, sweet", with good taste- almost not specified, the reader knows almost nothing about psychological state heroines. The character is revealed in the proposed circumstances, but does not develop. C. Perrault comes from a folk tale and is much closer to its canons than the authors of a later time. E. Schwartz relies not only on folklore tradition, but also takes into account those new features that a literary fairy tale acquired in the 20-30s of our century. The Shvartsevo heroine is also kind, affable, gentle, endures slander. However, (kindness and friendliness were not given to her from birth, but are the result of the daily labor of the soul: “While rubbing the floor, I learned to dance very well. I learned to think very well while sewing. Enduring vain insults, I learned to compose songs. I learned to sing. Nursing chickens, I became kind and gentle "(420). Sometimes she is overcome by doubts:" Can I really not wait for fun and joy? birthday and on holidays. Good people, where are you?". Her only interlocutors are kitchen utensils and flowers in the garden, which always sympathize with her, she shares joy and sorrow with them. Cinderella dreams of happiness, but for the sake of achieving it she never won't give up dignity: "I really want people to notice what kind of creature I am, but only by all means themselves. Without any requests and hassle on my part. Because I'm terribly proud, you know?" As you can see, here she is the complete opposite of the Stepmother.
E. Schwartz shows not just a kind, sympathetic and hard-working girl, but a talented, gifted, inspired person. For her, any work is an inspired work, the creative atmosphere in which she is immersed is contagious. In depicting the love of Cinderella and Prince, E. Schwartz is so original that there is no question of any resemblance to Ch. Perrault. He emphasizes that the King and the Prince are struck not so much by the beauty of the girl (this is only the first impression), but mainly by naturalness, simplicity, truthfulness, sincerity, so rare at court. It is no coincidence that the King remarks with delight twice: "What a joy! She speaks sincerely!" "Ha-ha-ha! - the king rejoices. - Sincerely! You notice, son, she speaks sparks!" See: Schwartz E. Cinderella
In the depiction of the love of Cinderella and the Prince, the main emphasis is on their spiritual closeness, a partial similarity of fate. Both he and she grew up without maternal affection, the Prince is also lonely (his father did not notice that he grew up and treats him like a child), they understand each other perfectly, both are creatively gifted natures. Love transforms young people, they don’t understand their actions, they become unpredictable: “What happened to me!” Cinderella whispers. “I’m so truthful, but I didn’t tell him the truth! I’m so obedient, but I didn’t obey him! and trembled when she met me, as if a wolf had come across me. Oh, how simple everything was yesterday and how strange today "
The prince also does not behave according to brackets: he becomes easily vulnerable, touchy (why Cinderella did not explain the reason for leaving), distrustful (neglects the wise advice of his father), runs away from people, trying all the same "to find one girl and ask her why she offended him so much. And at the same time, E. Schwartz shows the spiritual vigilance of the Prince in love: "There is something very familiar in your hands, in the way you lowered your head ... And this golden hair." In Dirty Cinderella, he recognizes the girl he fell in love with. He is not deterred by her poor outfit: In the movie, this moment is strengthened. When Cinderella is offered to perform something, and she immediately agrees, the King remarks shockedly: "It does not break!". In the scene in the forest, the Prince says that all princesses are crackers. "If you are a poor, humble girl, then I will only rejoice at this" For the sake of his beloved, he is ready for any hardships and exploits. According to E. Schwartz, true love capable of destroying all barriers. The writer will create a hymn to the recklessness of brave men in love in The Ordinary Miracle. In Cinderella, which is directed to children, he does this in a thinly veiled manner. We must not forget that in the children's literature of that time the theme of love was persecuted, forbidden. It is no coincidence that in the movie the word "love" in the mouth of the page boy is replaced by the word "friendship". See: Schwartz E. I live restlessly ... From the diaries
The author also puts Cinderella to the test, though not in the script, but in the movie. The girl is faced with a choice that is by no means a fairy-tale quality: if you put on Anna's glass slipper, you can lose your loved one; if you don't, you can lose your father. The heroine cannot betray her father, who, because of his amorousness and kindness, was at the mercy of the evil Stepmother. It is impossible to build happiness on the misfortune of others, especially the father - this idea is expressed by E. Schwartz extremely frankly, it runs through the whole work and is very relevant for the time when they tried to turn renunciation of loved ones into the norm. Here everything is interconnected: the character of the heroine determines her moral choice, and this choice, in turn, illuminates the character in a new way.
Love ennobles, inspires those who come into contact with it and who are themselves able to love. In this regard, the image of the Forester, the father of Cinderella, is interesting. As you know, in Ch. Perrault's tale, the father "looked at everything through the eyes" of his wife "and, probably, would only scold his daughter for ingratitude and disobedience," if she took it into her head to complain about her stepmother. According to E. Schwartz, the Forester understands that, together with his daughter, he fell into bondage to a "pretty, but harsh" woman, he feels guilty before his beloved daughter. In just a few details, the author shows that the father sincerely loves Cinderella, is the first to notice a change in her behavior and, driven by feelings of love and guilt, "straightens up". This motif is reinforced in the movie: it is the Forester who brings Cinderella to the palace and shows the shoe he found from her. Neither the menacing look of his wife, nor the angry cry no longer stops him and does not tremble him. A father's love is stronger than fear. And most importantly, before the eyes of the viewer, a timid kind person becomes bold, unsteady, that is, character development occurs. And this is clearly the author's, and not a fabulous beginning.
In Schwarz's fairy tale, a theme appears that Ch. Perrault does not even hint at: love can work miracles, and creativity is such a miracle. The fairy loves to do miracles and calls it work: "Now, now I will do miracles! I love this work!" She joyfully and selflessly creates, and her every gesture is accompanied by music: then this is a "merry ringing" when, obeying the rotational movements magic wand, a huge pumpkin rolls up to her feet; then it is "ballroom music, soft, mysterious, quiet and affectionate", accompanying the dressing of Cinderella in a ball gown; the appearance of the Fairy is accompanied by music "light, light, barely audible, but so joyful." Petrovsky M. Books of our childhood. M., 1986
The page boy looks at Cinderella with loving eyes. For the Fairy and the author, this is a creative stimulus: “Excellent,” the Fairy rejoices. “The boy fell in love. It is useful for little boys to fall hopelessly in love.
When the boy says that "love helps us to do real miracles", and gives Cinderella glass shoes, the Fairy remarks: "How touching, Noble act. This is what we call in our magical world- poems". In one row, E. Schwartz puts "love", "poems" and "miracles", "magic". The artist and the magician, thus, turn out to be equivalent concepts, which was especially clearly manifested later in the "Ordinary Miracle". creativity, joy and happiness to create in combination with the themes of love and power first appears in "Cinderella". The roll calls, parallels with the "Ordinary Miracle" are not only not accidental, but are quite natural. The first act of the "Ordinary Miracle" E. Schwartz wrote in 1944 the last one was in 1954.
Work on "Cinderella" (script and film) fell on 1945-1947, that is, at the time when the "Ordinary Miracle" was postponed for a while, but the thoughts that worried the writer, taking into account the age address, were partially realized here. This often happens with writers who work simultaneously for children and adults: M. Petrovsky discovered a similar roll call between The Golden Key and the third part of A. Tolstoy's Pain.
It is impossible to ignore one more feature of the fairy tale by E. Schwartz: fairy-tale images, objects and situations are noticeably reduced, and ordinary ones, or those close to it, are made magical. Puss in Boots takes off his boots and sleeps by the fireplace, Little Thumb plays hide-and-seek for money, seven-league boots are carried past the target, etc. On the contrary, the seemingly natural properties of the human character are absolutized. In the final monologue, the King says: "I adore the beautiful properties of his (boy.) Soul: fidelity, nobility, the ability to love. I adore, adore these magical feelings that will never, ever end." Obviously, the lack of these magical properties is too palpable if the artist talks about them in the key phrase of the script. See: Schwartz E. I live restlessly ... From the diaries
Even a cursory analysis shows that the writer turns to the "wandering" plot only when he sees an opportunity to express his "own", innermost in the "alien". For the fact that in the darkest times E. Schwartz, K. Chukovsky, A. Tolstoy, A. Volkov, N. Nosov, A. Nekrasov could convey the truth to the reader, keep in him living soul, necessary. as the poet advised, before them "kneel humbly." Petrovsky M. Books of our childhood. M., 1986
Conclusion
Directed by N.P. Akimov spoke wonderful words about the dramaturgy of E.L. Schwartz: "... There are things in the world that are made only for children: all sorts of squeakers, skipping ropes, horses on wheels, etc. Other things are manufactured only for adults: accounting reports. Cars, tanks, bombs, alcoholic drinks and cigarettes. However it's hard to decide for whom the sun, the sea, sand on the beach, blooming lilacs, berries, fruits and whipped cream exist? Probably - for everyone! Both children and adults love it equally. So it is with dramaturgy. There are plays exclusively for children. They are staged only for children, and adults do not attend such performances.Many plays are written specifically for adults, and even if the adults do not fill the auditorium, the children are not very eager for empty seats.
But the plays of Yevgeny Schwartz, in whatever theater they are staged, have the same fate as flowers, the surf and other gifts of nature: everyone loves them, regardless of age ...
Most likely, the secret of the success of Schwartz's fairy tales lies in the fact that, talking about wizards, princesses, talking cats, about a young man turned into bears, he expresses our thoughts about justice, our idea of happiness, our views on good and evil. The fact that his fairy tales are real modern actual plays. " Quote.
Good and Evil... Eternal philosophical concepts, at all times disturbing the minds of people. Arguing about the difference between these concepts, it can be argued that good, of course, brings pleasant experiences to people close to you. Evil, on the contrary, wants to bring suffering. But, as is often the case, it is difficult to distinguish good from evil. “How can this be,” another layman will ask. It turns out it can. The fact is that good is often embarrassed to say about its motives for an act, and evil - about its own. Good even sometimes disguises itself as a little evil, and evil can do the same. But it trumpets that it is a great good! Why is this happening? Just a kind person, as a rule, is modest, it is a burden for him to listen to gratitude. Here he says, having done a good deed, that it, they say, did not cost him anything at all. Well, what about evil? Oh, this is evil ... It loves to accept words of gratitude, even for non-existent good deeds.
Indeed, it is difficult to figure out where is light and where is darkness, where is real good and where is evil. But as long as a person lives, he will strive for good and for the taming of evil. You just need to learn to understand the true motives of people's actions and, of course, fight evil.
Russian literature has repeatedly addressed this problem. Valentin Rasputin did not remain indifferent to her. In the story "French Lessons" we see state of mind Lidia Mikhailovna, who really wanted to help her student get rid of constant malnutrition. Her good deed was “disguised”: she played with her student for money in “chiku” (the so-called game for money). Yes, it is not ethical, not pedagogical. The principal of the school, having learned about this act of Lidia Mikhailovna, dismisses her from work. But after all, the French teacher played with the student and succumbed to the boy, because she wanted him to buy food for himself with the money he won, not to go hungry and continue to study. This is truly a good deed.
I would like to recall another work in which the problem of good and evil is raised. This is the novel by M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita“. It is here that the author speaks of the inseparability of the existence of good and evil on earth. This is the written truth. In one of the chapters, Matthew Levi calls Woland evil. To which Woland replies: “What would your good do if evil did not exist?” The writer believes that the real evil in people is that they are by nature weak and cowardly. But evil can still be defeated. To do this, it is necessary to approve the principle of justice in society, that is, the exposure of meanness, lies and sycophancy. The standard of goodness in the novel is Yeshua Ha-Nozri, who sees only the good in all people. During interrogation by Pontius Pilate, he talks about how he is ready to bear any suffering for faith and goodness, and also about his intention to expose evil in all its manifestations. The hero does not give up his ideas even in the face of death. “There are no evil people in the world, there are only unhappy people,” he says to Pontius Pilate.
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