Prove that the portrait of Pechorin is psychological. Psychological portrait of Pechorin

Portrait as a way of creating an image. Analysis portrait characteristics Pechorin in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time".

You can start by outlining how to create an image. It is no coincidence that the portrait follows immediately after the subject. This is a very important and effective technique.

Portraits are always used in literature as one of the main ways to create an image. But it can be recreated in different ways:

1. portrait of passport signs, when appearance is conveyed sequentially, feature by feature (Turgenev, Nekrasov “Troika”);
2. a portrait with interpretation, when the author, reporting some detail of appearance, immediately reports what character trait or personality this detail represents (Lermontov); most often this is a complete and integral portrait (all in one place, as much as possible full description appearance),
3. portrait with a dominant, when the few are communicated and persistently emphasized characteristics appearance (Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, romantics). Such a portrait is often fragmented and scattered.

According to the time of presentation, a portrait can be anticipatory (Bazarov), at the moment of acquaintance (Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov), delayed (Pechorin, Raskolnikov).

By volume - complete or fragmentary.

By location - whole or fragmented.

Facial features: Special attention eyes, mouth.

Figure (height, build)

Facial expressions - special attention - smile

Gesticulation

Dressing style

When meeting a hero, we always wait for a description of him, but in Lermontov’s novel the first mention of the hero’s appearance is given in passing by Maxim Maksimych, and he himself detailed portrait will appear much later. This is like a compositional repetition of the structure of the novel itself - a gradual approach to the hero.

In the novel "A HERO OF OUR TIME" exclusively great importance has a portrait of Pechorin, drawn by an observant author travel notes. The narrator is not Lermontov. Although many characteristics are the same. But we cannot say here that the portrait was given by Lermontov. This portrait precedes “Pechorin’s Journal” and prepares the reader’s perception, explaining a lot about the complex and contradictory nature of Pechorin, with whom he is already familiar from Maxim Maksimych’s story. But Maxim Maksimych, loving Pechorin, does not understand much about him, so the portrait (the first psychophysiological portrait of a hero in Russian literature) is given through the eyes of the narrator - a person of the same circle with Pechorin, the same upbringing, the same (or at least similar) value system, one (or commensurate) depth of nature, perception of the world...

The main thing in the portrait of Pechorin is to show not the internal state, but the essence of the personality.

Lermontov openly admires the hero (later in the Journal Pechorin will also admire himself), and at the beginning the masculinity of his beauty is emphasized: “ broad shoulders", "strong build". Then rather feminine features appear - an outlet for the inconsistency of nature: “a small aristocratic hand,” “thinness of pale fingers,” “feminine tenderness of skin,” and finally a comparison with “Balzac’s Thirty-Year-Old Coquette.”

The contrasts continue:

gloves “deliberately sewn” to fit the hand - and dirty;

the gait is “careless and lazy, but... a sure sign of a secretive character”;

"the ability to endure all difficulties nomadic life" - and "nervous weakness";

age at first glance - 23, at second - 30;

“childish smile” - and traces of wrinkles;

blond hair with black eyebrows and mustache.

The latter, according to Lermontov, is “a sign of the breed in a person,” by analogy with horses—a remark of a cavalryman. But in this context, “breed” is a sign of aristocracy, or, in general, a sign of belonging to a certain group that is different from others. better side group. And all other contrasts are also signs of a special breed, only in a different context. What kind of breed of people is this - Pechorin’s eyes explain

The main “strangeness,” according to Lermontov, is that “they didn’t even laugh when he laughed.” The narrator's hypotheses are “an evil disposition or deep, constant sadness.” What the reader knows about Pechorin so far allows us to assume both. “Phosphoric shine,... similar to the shine of smooth steel, dazzling, but cold” - the comparison does not shock with its originality, this is also a reference to Byron, and other heroes of Lermontov’s eyes were compared to a dagger and other bladed weapons. But here, because Pechorin’s eyes “shine” “from behind his half-lowered eyelashes,” combined with a penetrating, heavy and calm gaze, there is a feeling of enormous, unostentatious depth and scale of this man. The scale exceeds the author's hypotheses: anger, sadness, emotional heat, playing imagination. Further, the author can apologize as much as he likes, saying that “he would have made a completely different impression on someone else” - a claim to exceptional nature has been made.

is a work written by. We got acquainted with this work in class and learned a lot of interesting things about the past and about those people who had to live in advanced times for Russia. In the work we meet the main character Pechorin. At the same time, in each story we learn more and more about him, his image is revealed each time from a different side. Today we will look at the portrait of Pechorin, which the author creates in the chapter Maxim Maksimych, and quotes from the work will help us with this.

Psychological portrait of Pechorin

Psychological picture Pechorina the best way shown in the chapter Maxim Maksimych. In addition, this is where the description of the hero’s appearance appears. Studying this chapter, we can find a portrait created by the writer. As the author writes, his gait was careless and lazy, and he did not wave his arms, which indicated a certain secrecy. Right away, looking at Pechorin, you will say that he is a young man, about twenty-three years old, but after looking closer, you will say that he is thirty. Although his smile was somewhat childish, his eyes did not radiate this smile. His gaze was cold, there was no soulful imagination in it. Moreover, his gaze was piercing and heavy.

In this chapter we see the duality of the hero’s nature. And he himself says that two people live in it. One person lives life to the fullest, and the second constantly judges him for his actions and actions. Reading the chapter Maxim Maksimych, Pechorin reveals himself to us as an indifferent, impudent person, a person who can easily hurt others.

"Hero of Our Time" - the first in our country psychological novel, in which Lermontov, by analyzing the actions and thoughts of the main character, reveals his inner world. But despite this, characterizing Pechorin is not an easy task. The hero is ambiguous, as are his actions, largely due to the fact that Lermontov created not a typical character, but a real, living person. Let's try to understand this person and understand him.

The portrait description of Pechorin contains a very interesting detail: “his eyes did not laugh when he laughed.” We can see that the hero is reflected even in his external description. Indeed, Pechorin never feels his life entirely, according to him in my own words, two people always coexist in it, one of whom acts, and the second judges him. He constantly analyzes his own actions, which is “observation of a mature mind over itself.” Perhaps this is what prevents the hero from living life to the fullest and makes him cynical.

Most bright line Pechorin's character is his selfishness. His desire at all costs to arrange everything exactly as it came to his mind, and nothing else. By this he reminds that he does not retreat until he gets what he wants. And, being childishly naive, Pechorin never realizes in advance that people may suffer from his petty selfish aspirations. He puts his own whim above the rest and simply does not think about others: “I look at the suffering and joy of others only in relation to myself.” Perhaps it is thanks to this trait that the hero moves away from people and considers himself superior to them.

The characterization of Pechorin should contain one more important fact. The hero feels the strength of his soul, feels that he was born for a higher goal, but instead of searching for it, he wastes himself on all sorts of trifles and momentary aspirations. He constantly rushes around in search of entertainment, not knowing what he wants. So, in pursuit of small joys, his life passes. Without any goal in front of him, Pechorin wastes himself on empty things that bring nothing but short moments of satisfaction.

Since the hero himself does not consider his life to be something valuable, he begins to play with it. His desire to enrage Grushnitsky or turn his gun on himself, as well as the test of fate in the chapter “Fatalist” - all these are manifestations of morbid curiosity generated by the hero’s boredom and inner emptiness. He does not think about the consequences of his actions, be it even his death or the death of another person. Pechorin is interested in observation and analysis, not the future.

It is thanks to the hero’s introspection that Pechorin’s characterization can be completed, since he himself explains many of his actions. He has studied himself well and perceives each of his emotions as an object for observation. He sees himself as if from the outside, which brings him closer to the readers and allows us to evaluate Pechorin’s actions from his own point of view.

Here are the main points that should be contained a brief description of Pechorina. In fact, his personality is much more complex and multifaceted. And it’s unlikely that a characterization can help to understand it. Pechorin needs to be found within himself, to feel what he feels, and then his personality will become clear to the heroes of our time.

Why Pechorin is a “hero of our time”

The novel “A Hero of Our Time” was written by Mikhail Lermontov in the 30s years XIX century. This was the time of the Nikolaev reaction, which came after the dispersal of the Decembrist uprising in 1825. Many young people educated people They didn’t see a goal in life then, they didn’t know what to apply their strength to, how to serve for the benefit of people and the Fatherland. That is why such restless characters as Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin arose. The characterization of Pechorin in the novel “A Hero of Our Time” is, in fact, a characteristic of everything contemporary author generations. Boredom - that's it characteristic. “The Hero of Our Time, my dear sirs, is definitely a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation, in their full development,” writes Mikhail Lermontov in the preface. “Are all the young people there really like that?” – asks one of the characters in the novel, Maxim Maksimych, who knew Pechorin closely. And the author, who plays the role of a traveler in the work, answers him that “there are many people who say the same thing” and that “nowadays those who... are bored, try to hide this misfortune as a vice.”

We can say that all of Pechorin’s actions are motivated by boredom. We begin to be convinced of this almost from the first lines of the novel. It should be noted that compositionally it is built in such a way that the reader can see as best as possible all the character traits of the hero, with different sides. The chronology of events here fades into the background, or rather, it is not here at all. Pieces have been snatched from Pechorin’s life that are connected only by the logic of his image.

Characteristics of Pechorin

Actions

We first learn about this man from Maxim Maksimych, who served with him in the Caucasian fortress. He tells the story of Bel. Pechorin, for the sake of entertainment, persuaded her brother to kidnap a girl - a beautiful young Circassian woman. While Bela is cold with him, he is interested in her. But as soon as he achieves her love, he immediately cools off. Pechorin doesn’t care that because of his whim tragically destinies are ruined. Bela's father is killed, and then she herself. Somewhere in the depths of his soul he feels sorry for this girl, any memory of her causes him bitterness, but he does not repent of his action. Even before her death, he confesses to a friend: “If you want, I still love her, I am grateful to her for a few rather sweet minutes, I would give my life for her, but I’m bored with her...”. The love of a savage turned out to be little for him better than love noble lady. This psychological experiment, like all the previous ones, did not bring him happiness and satisfaction with life, but left him with disappointment.

In the same way, for the sake of idle interest, he intervened in life " honest smugglers”(chapter “Taman”), as a result of which the unfortunate old woman and the blind boy found themselves without a livelihood.

Another amusement for him was Princess Mary, whose feelings he shamelessly played with, giving her hope, and then admitting that he did not love her (chapter “Princess Mary”).

We learn about the last two cases from Pechorin himself, from the journal that he kept with great enthusiasm at one time, wanting to understand himself and... kill boredom. Then he lost interest in this activity too. And his notes - a suitcase of notebooks - remained with Maksim Maksimych. In vain he carried them around with him, wanting to hand them over to the owner on occasion. When such an opportunity presented itself, Pechorin did not need them. Consequently, he kept his diary not for the sake of fame, not for the sake of publication. This is the special value of his notes. The hero describes himself without worrying at all about how he will look in the eyes of others. He does not need to prevaricate, he is sincere with himself - and thanks to this we can learn about true reasons his actions, understand him.

Appearance

The traveling author turned out to be a witness to Maxim Maksimych’s meeting with Pechorin. And from him we learn what Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin looked like. There was a sense of contradiction in his entire appearance. At first glance, he was no more than 23 years old, but the next minute it seemed that he was 30. His gait was careless and lazy, but he did not swing his arms, which usually indicates a secretive character. When he sat down on the bench, his straight waist bent and went limp, as if there was not a single bone left in his body. On the forehead of this young man traces of wrinkles were visible. But the author was especially struck by his eyes: they did not laugh when he laughed.

Character traits

The external characteristics of Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” reflect his internal state. “I have long lived not with my heart, but with my head,” he says about himself. Indeed, all his actions are characterized by cold rationality, but feelings no, no, break through. He fearlessly goes alone to hunt a wild boar, but shudders at the sound of shutters, can spend the whole day hunting on a rainy day and is terrified of a draft.

Pechorin forbade himself to feel, because his real impulses of the soul did not find a response in those around him: “Everyone read on my face signs of bad feelings that did not exist; but they were anticipated - and they were born. I was modest - I was accused of guile: I became secretive. I felt good and evil deeply; no one caressed me, everyone insulted me: I became vindictive; I was gloomy, - other children were cheerful and talkative; I felt superior to them - they put me lower. I became envious. I was ready to love the whole world, but no one understood me: and I learned to hate.”

He rushes about, not finding his calling, his purpose in life. “It’s true that I had a high purpose, because I feel immense strength within me.” Social entertainment, novels are a passed stage. They brought him nothing but inner emptiness. In the study of science, which he took up in a desire to benefit, he also did not find any meaning, since he realized that the key to success is in dexterity, and not in knowledge. Boredom overwhelmed Pechorin, and he hoped that at least the Chechen bullets whistling overhead would save him from it. But on Caucasian War he was again disappointed: “After a month, I got so used to their buzzing and the proximity of death that, really, I paid more attention to mosquitoes - and I became more bored than before.” What could he do with his unspent energy? The consequence of his lack of demand was, on the one hand, unjustified and illogical actions, and on the other, painful vulnerability and deep inner sadness.

Attitude towards love

The fact that Pechorin has not lost the ability to feel is also evidenced by his love for Vera. This is the only woman who understood him completely and accepted him as he is. He does not need to embellish himself in front of her or, conversely, appear unapproachable. He fulfills all the conditions just to be able to see her, and when she leaves, he drives his horse to death in an effort to catch up with his beloved.

He treats other women who meet on his way completely differently. There is no place for emotions here - only calculation. For him, they are just a way to relieve boredom, while at the same time demonstrating his selfish power over them. He studies their behavior like guinea pigs, coming up with new twists in the game. But this doesn’t save him either - he often knows in advance how his victim will behave, and he becomes even sadder.

Attitude towards death

One more important point Pechorin's character in the novel "Hero of Our Time" is his attitude towards death. It is demonstrated in its entirety in the chapter “Fatalist”. Although Pechorin recognizes the predetermination of fate, he believes that this should not deprive a person of his will. We must boldly move forward, “after all worse than death nothing will happen, but you won’t escape death.” This is where we see what noble actions Pechorin is capable of if his energy is directed in the right direction. He bravely throws himself out the window in an effort to neutralize the Cossack killer. His innate desire to act, to help people, finally finds at least some application.

My attitude towards Pechorin

What kind of attitude does this person deserve? Condemnation or sympathy? The author named his novel this way with some irony. “A hero of our time” is, of course, not a role model. But he is a typical representative of his generation, forced to spend aimlessly best years. “Am I a fool or a villain, I don’t know; but it is true that I am also very worthy of regret,” Pechorin says about himself and gives the reason: “My soul is spoiled by light.” He sees his last consolation in travel and hopes: “Maybe I’ll die somewhere along the way.” You can treat it differently. One thing is certain: this is an unhappy person who has never found his place in life. If his contemporary society had been structured differently, he would have shown himself completely differently.

Work test

“There are two people in me: one lives in full
in the sense of the word, another thinks and judges him;"

“A Hero of Our Time” is the first psychological novel in Russian literature, a work. I found it most interesting main character novel - Pechorin, and I would like to dwell on him. As for the other characters in the novel, all of them, it seems to me, only help to more fully reveal the character of the main character

The novel consists of five stories, each of which represents a stage in revealing the image of the main character. The desire to reveal Pechorin’s inner world was reflected in the composition of the novel. It begins, as it were, in the middle and is consistently brought to the end of Pechorin’s life. Thus, the reader knows in advance that Pechorin’s life is doomed to failure. I think that no one will doubt that it is Pechorin who is the hero of the time.

Pechorin is a typical young man of the 30s of the 19th century, educated, handsome and quite rich, dissatisfied with life and not seeing any possibility for himself to be happy. Pechorin, unlike Pushkin's Onegin, does not go with the flow, but seeks his own path in life, he “chases madly after life” and constantly argues with fate. He gets bored with everything very quickly: new places, friends, women and hobbies are forgotten by him very quickly.

Lermontov gives very detailed description Pechorin’s appearance, which allows us to reveal his character more deeply. This allows the reader to see the hero in front of him, to look into his cold eyes that never laugh. His dark eyebrows and mustache blonde hair, talk about originality and unusualness.
Pechorin is constantly on the move: he is going somewhere, looking for something. Lermontov constantly places his hero in different environments: now in the fortress, where he meets Maxim Maksimych and Bela, now in the environment of the “water society,” now in the smugglers’ shack. Even Pechorin dies on the way.

How should Lermontov treat his hero? According to the author, Pechorin is “a portrait made up of the vices of his generation.” The hero evokes my blue-eyed sympathy, despite the fact that I do not like such qualities in him as selfishness, pride and disregard for others.

Pechorin, not finding any other outlet for his thirst for activity, plays with the destinies of people, but this does not bring him either joy or happiness. Wherever Pechorin appears, he brings grief to people. He kills his friend Grushnitsky in a duel, which occurred due to stupidity. When he was exiled to the fortress for a duel, he meets Bela, the daughter of a local prince. Pechorin persuades her brother to kidnap her sister in exchange for a stolen horse. . He sincerely wanted to make Bela happy, but he simply cannot experience lasting feelings. They are replaced by boredom - his eternal enemy.

Having achieved the girl’s love, he grows cold towards her and actually becomes the culprit of her death. The situation is approximately the same with Princess Mary, whom, for the sake of entertainment, he makes her fall in love with him, knowing in advance that he does not need her. Because of him, Vera does not know happiness. He himself says: “How many times have I already played the role of an ax in the hands of fate! Like an instrument of execution, I fell on the heads of the doomed victims... My love did not bring happiness to anyone, because I did not sacrifice anything for those I loved...”

Maxim Maksimych is also offended by him because he was cold when meeting him after a long separation. Maxim Maksimych is a very devoted person and he sincerely considered Pechorin his friend.

The hero is drawn to people, but he does not find understanding with them. These people were far away in their spiritual development from him, they were not looking for in life what he was looking for. Pechorin’s trouble is that his independent self-awareness and will turn into something more. He does not listen to anyone’s opinion, he sees and accepts only his own “I”. Pechorin is bored with life, he is constantly looking for the thrill of sensations, does not find it and suffers from it. He is ready to risk everything to fulfill his own whim.

From the very beginning, Pechorin appears before readers as “ a strange man" This is how the good-natured Maxim Maksimych says about him: “He was a nice guy, I dare to assure you; only a little strange... Yes, sir, he was very strange.” The strangeness in Pechorin's external and internal appearance is also emphasized by other characters in the novel. I think this is what attracts women to Pechorin. He is unusual, cheerful, handsome and also rich - the dream of any girl.

To understand the soul of the hero, how deserving of reproach he is or how worthy of sympathy he is, you need to carefully re-read this novel more than once. He has a lot good qualities. Firstly, Pechorin is an intelligent and educated person. . Judging others, he is critical of himself. In his notes, he admits to properties of his soul that no one knows about. Secondly, the fact that he is a poetic nature, sensitive to nature, is also in favor of the hero. “The air is clean and fresh, like a child’s kiss; the sun is bright, the sky is blue - what else seems to be more? Why are there passions, desires, regrets?..”

Secondly, Pechorin is brave and courageous man., which manifested itself during the duel. Despite his selfishness, he knows how to truly love: he feels completely sincere feelings. Contrary to his own statements, Pechorin can love, but his love is very complex and complex. So, feeling for Vera with new strength awakens when there is a danger of forever losing the only woman who understood him. “With the possibility of losing her forever, Faith became dearer to me than anything in the world - more valuable than life, honor, happiness!” - Pechorin admits. Even after losing Faith, he realized that the last ray of light in his life had gone out. But even after this, Pechorin did not break. He continued to consider himself the master of his fate, he wanted to take it into his hands, and this is noticeable in the final part of the novel - “Fatalist”.
Thirdly, nature gave him both a deep, sharp mind and a kind, sympathetic heart. He is capable of noble impulses and humane actions. Who is to blame for the fact that all these qualities of Pechorin perished? It seems to me that the society in which the hero was brought up and lived is to blame.

Pechorin himself has said more than once that in the society in which he lives there is no selfless love, no true friendship, no fair, humane relations between people. That is why Pechorin turned out to be a stranger to Maxim Maksimych.

Pechorin's personality is ambiguous and can be perceived from different points of view, causing hostility or sympathy. I think the main feature of his character is the contradiction between feeling, thought and deed, opposition to circumstances and fate. His energy is poured into empty action, and his actions are most often selfish and cruel. This happened with Bela, whom he became infatuated with, kidnapped, and then became burdened with her. With Maxim Maksimych, with whom he maintained warm relations as long as it was necessary. With Mary, whom he forced to fall in love with him out of pure selfishness. With Grushnitsky, whom he killed as if he had done something ordinary.

Lermontov focuses on the psychological disclosure of the image of his hero, raises the question of a person’s moral responsibility for his choice life path and for your actions. In my opinion, no one before Lermontov in Russian literature gave such a description of the human psyche.