The easiest pencil portraits step by step. How to draw a person's face

Good day, friends!

Today we will learn how to draw a portrait of a person in stages, as an example we will use the image beautiful woman. In this article you will find tips that are sure to be useful for beginner artists.

Preparation

For any task, you need the right attitude, and to create a portrait of a person, you need to have access to his appearance nature or photo. Even before you pick up a pencil and try to think through before starting work:

• what will be the background;
• whether something will be depicted in the background;
• it will be a horizontal or vertical format;
• and other important points.

nature and light

Even if you are familiar with proportions human body, and you are good at drawing abstract portraits, to achieve portrait likeness you will definitely need nature. You can also use photographs as nature.

The image that you will use as an example has one very important requirement- it's light. It is desirable that in the room or in the photograph was one dominant light source. Simple lighting will allow you to correctly, without errors, show the volume, especially if you have no experience. Lighting is not all we need - but the right, successful light can help you a lot.

All guides are necessarily present here: the line of symmetry, eyes, nose, eyebrows, mouth, etc. If you are not familiar with the proportions of the head, please see our lesson:.

At this stage, we learn to draw a portrait quite roughly and not quite accurately, but we must try to correctly convey all the forms: nose, cheekbones, chin, and other features that are most prominent and characteristic of this person. A stroke can show falling shadows.

Draw human ears

A few tips:

• If you are drawing with a pencil, make a rough sketch very lightly, so that you can then draw accurate beautiful lines on top.
• If you are creating a portrait in oil, then the sketch can be done on canvas with a small brush, indicating only the shape of the face, and a few guide lines. It is not worth drawing in more detail, since a layer of oil will block all your pencil lines. Immediately proceed to the next steps of working with paints.

We refine all the lines, we try to make a beautiful clean sketch.

Here, approximately on such a sketch, you can stop and then continue working already in color.

Shadow and light: large brushes

Most The best way make the image bigger - first, darken it as much as possible, as light tones are added, it will become more and more voluminous.

First, the face needs to be “painted” in a fairly dark shade, sometimes you can even make a mulatto out of a person.

The dot shows the size of the brush in relation to the size of the head, and the color that will be used as the base color.

We draw a parrot

Then we take a shade lighter than the main skin color and go over the large areas that the light falls on.

You can repeat the application of shadows and light with a large brush several times. Try not to pick up thinner brushes for as long as possible. The transition from large brushes to thin ones should be gradual. For example, to work with paints: brush No. 20, then No. 16, then No. 12, 10, 6, 4.

A little more precision

In order to draw a portrait correctly, move away from the canvas each time you are going to use a different shade or develop new form. Take a break from work, often look away, especially if you feel tired or confused.

We repeat the manipulation with applying shadow and light several times during work, gradually we can move on to smaller brushes, thus clarifying the image on the canvas. Naturally, this must be done consciously and accurately.

Refine the shadows, the dot shows the brush size and color

At the refinement stage, you can draw a little on the eyes. Thus, the face will immediately come to life, and it will be easier for you to figure out what else you need to work on.

Dry brush technique in painting

Important Tip: as an example, do not use models with huge amount makeup. This is very confusing, it is difficult to determine where the model actually has an eyelid, and where the drawn arrow is; where is the reflection from the artificial shine, and where from the light source.

We direct a shadow, a patch of light, shine. Refine the brightest highlights and the darkest shadows. In the example above, this is the shadow under the chin on the neck and along the contour of the face on the left side. We show the glare on the hair in a lighter tone. Add a highlight on the right of the nose, near the eye, and under the eyebrow.

Today we will try to draw a person's face from a photo. In part, we will sketch - that is, the background, tonal relationships, angle - all this is the same when you draw from a photograph.
But we still need some knowledge: when we draw a face, we use the same approach as when drawing from nature.

So, you will need a sheet of drawing paper, a tablet, like 3B, on final stages Figure 5 or 8B.

1 step. Choose a photo from which you will draw a person. It is better if you know this person well, so you can choose a photo in which this person is captured most expressively, which will help to draw a similar portrait from the photo.

2 Outline the main provisions of the future drawing. Pay attention to the line of the eyes - the eyes should be located symmetrically, taking into account the angle. Height auricles equal to the height of the nose.

3 Under the skin and a layer of muscles are the bones of the skull. outline the cheekbones and lightly mark the eye sockets: this will allow you to draw the eyebrows and eyes correctly.
Despite the fact that you are drawing from a photo, if you do not do this, the picture may "spread", and as a result, the drawing will not look like this person.

4 Constantly check the ratios and sizes, as well as the angles: see at what angle the neck goes, how narrow the head is at the top, at what angle the nose of the person in the photo is located.
Enter tone: shadows draw objects. Softly shade the shadows, separate the areas of light from the shadows. This will allow you to understand the form. Otherwise your drawing will be flat.
Constantly refine the details, check with the original, especially in tone and angles.

5 If the drawing turns out to be dark, that is, you lost the light areas or made the midtones (middle areas of the drawing) too dark, take a piece of loaf and crumble the crumb onto the drawing. Wipe the pattern with the crumb in light circular motions: it will absorb some of the graphite and the pattern will become noticeably lighter.

6 Our drawing is almost ready. But it looks uniform, and in some places the shading is rough. Now we need to finish all the little things. At this stage, there is already a similarity with the original, but there is no completeness.
To begin with, put accents: brighten the lights, tighten the shadows. To do this, use the most soft pencil. Draw the eyes and face brighter and more contrast than the hair and clothes. Blend the background if it takes on too much. make it more uniform. All contrasts should emphasize the face. Next to the light areas are always the darkest. In our drawing and photograph, for example, this is the hair and forehead: against the background of a light forehead, the hair is especially contrasting, they emphasize the oval of the face. At the bottom of the portrait, the hair draws the neck.

A portrait is a universal gift. Beloved and loved one you can please by giving a painted portrait. Such a gift will say that you are ready to try for your loved one, often think about him. Of course, learning how to draw a portrait is not enough, you also need to practice a lot.

You can give a portrait at any age. Even small children draw their mother on their first drawings and give her this first portrait drawn in their life. Drawing from nature is difficult, but useful. However, to make a pleasant surprise, you need to draw from a photo - after all, there will be no surprise from nature, the person will know that you are drawing him.

But you can do beautiful photo in the right perspective, and then it remains only to carefully draw an image from it on canvas or paper.

One of the most complex types art is . The physique must be studied in detail in parts. We have already considered some elements. Before you start, be sure to read these few recommendations from professional artists:

1. First you need to think about the approximate location of all elements
2. For sketching, take a sharpened pencil of medium hardness (I used HB and 2B, write in the comments which pencils you used), which will allow you to sketch thin lines.
3. Do not erase the sketch lines until the desired result is clearly visible.
4. Keep Proportions
5. Note that the face has a pointed shape at the bottom and a more rounded one at the top.
6. Practice! The more you practice, the better you will become at transmitting the right emotions and nuances of human facial expressions.

And now let's move on to the lesson.

How to draw a person's face step by step:

Step one. The face of this oval shape. First, make an oval and divide it with lines. A vertical line exactly in the middle crosses it, and horizontal lines located as follows. The first divides the face just below half, and the second still half from the remaining lower part of the face. We can't give exact measurements because everyone's faces are different. But the task of these lines is to outline (this is vertical), as well as the location of the lips (horizontal bottom line). Keep in mind that these will need to be erased later, so don't press too hard on the paper with the stylus. If you press hard on the paper, it will deform, and the drawing will look like a girl who is preparing for plastic surgery. (Will ) Step two. Make indicative strokes at the place where. And also add lines for , and halfway between the nose and chin. Make the line that represents the lower lip wider. Step three. Let's move on to drawing. They are located just above the nose. The outer edges of the nose indicate where the inner corners of the eyes will go. Make a sketch as shown in the picture. Note here one more important factor. Human anatomy is arranged so that the distance between the eyes is equal to the size of another eye. This is indicated by the red arrow in the figure. Now let's add the eyebrows. Tip: even if one eyebrow is raised and the eyebrows are the same height, start drawing with inside(points closer to the nose). To get an idea of ​​how high the brows are, add another imaginary eye above the left eye - this should give you more or less the correct height for the brows. Step 4 Let's add a mouth. In the previous lesson, we already covered some points. For example, we tried to depict . But there is one more important point, a lot of questions from novice artists about how big the mouth should be? Draw mentally two lines from the inner corners of the eyes down. This will be the approximate size of the company, with a smile it can be a little wider. Step 5. Now we erase the auxiliary lines that we made in the first two steps. Let's see what we got. In principle, the sketch is ready. Now it remains to decorate, add shadows. Step six. Give the shape of the face more specificity. Pay attention to the cheekbones and the shape of the chin. This woman has a strong chin, but try not to make it too strong or she will turn into a man. Draw black pupils, and add eyelids. requires focus. This is the mirror of the soul. Look closely at the animation. You will see in what sequence it is best to do this. Step last. With a simple pencil add shadows to give the drawing volume and make it more realistic. That's all. We will look at other parts of the human body in more detail in next lessons. Leave also your work, and write comments about how, Only we have such lessons, see for yourself.

three-quarter turn

Draw a portrait of a young woman

For everything to work out the way it should, you need to start with the basics. Let's try to figure out how to draw a portrait with a pencil - for this we will draw a portrait of a young woman with large expressive eyes.

First you need to make a blank - it will be a circle divided into 4 equal parts and a small elongated part from the bottom. Approximately in the middle of the lower half of the circle, we outline two ovals - the eyes. It is important that the distance between the eyes is equal to the length of the eye itself, and the distance from the edge of the face to the outer corner of the eyes is half this length. Immediately sketch out the line of the mouth - it will be below the circle, at a distance equal to the width of the eye.

Let's add the upper eyelids and eyebrows. The eyebrow should have a curve. It is best to follow this rule: the beginning of the eyebrow should be at the level of the inner corner of the eye, the end - slightly diagonally from the outer.

And now let's deal with the nose - it will be on the bottom of the circle.

And the mouth is on the same strip just below the circle, which we noted in advance.

When drawing lips, it is important to remember that the lower lip should be slightly fuller than the upper. Also, do not make the lip line perfectly straight - it has a kind of bend. And also outline the basic shape of the ears. The lower part of the ear will be approximately in line with the nose, and the upper part will be in line with the upper eyelid.

Let's work on the eyes in more detail. It is important to remember here that there should be a bright spot on the iris - a highlight, and the upper lash line is slightly more expressive than the lower one.

Let's draw other contours. At this stage, all auxiliary lines are also wiped. You also need to draw the ears - cartilage, lobe, etc.

It remains to depict the hair. In no case should you make them a monolithic block - it looks very unnatural. Separate hairs should be visible, laid with slight carelessness. You can also add a little volume: for this, we very easily stroke the shadow part of the face.

Great, our portrait is completely ready. In order to find out more details you can watch this video:

How to draw a male look - the main nuances

If in the previous section we learned how to draw female portrait step by step, now we will practice creating a male portrait.

Let's start with the eyes. They should be fairly elongated and be at a distance of one more eye from each other:

Then we'll add the eyebrows. You should not make them one solid line - the eyebrows consist of individual hairs, often growing at random.

Let's work with the eyes in more detail: let's make more expressive line eyelashes and slightly darken the iris. Leave a little on the iris White spot- glare. You also need to depict the nose: to choose the correct height, set aside a distance from the eyes that is one and a half times greater than the length of the eye.

Now the mouth. It is located just below the nose. As for the width, then you need to focus on the pupils. Mentally lower the vertical lines from the pupils down - this distance will be the line of the mouth.

A little shade is what is needed now. Shade the shadow side of the nose and upper lip.

Now we need to outline the oval of the face and ears. Let's not forget that this male portrait- Cheekbones should be clearly defined.

Now hair. You don’t need to make them “one size fits all” - the direction of the hair on the head can be very different. It is best to draw individual hairs, and not try to make the hairstyle a monolithic piece.

And, of course, the head cannot just hang in the air - you need to finish the neck and shoulders.

And then - enhance the shadows. The direction of each new layer of hatching may not coincide with the previous one - do not be afraid of this.

The stubble will add more masculinity, and the glare in the eyes will make the look more alive.

Draw a girl - a guide for beginners

In this section we will learn how to draw a portrait of a young girl. It doesn't have to be for this professional artist: Now we will figure out how to draw a portrait for beginners.

First of all, draw an oval - general form faces.

Then we mark it: we need to draw a vertical axis of symmetry, as well as three horizontal lines - for the eyes, nose and lips. We will also sketch out the basic shape of the ears - in height they will be located approximately between the line of the eyes and nose.

Let's draw the nose in a little more detail - it should be noted its wings, bridge of the nose, front part.

Now the eyes and eyebrows. To do this, you will need two more auxiliary lines located symmetrically on both sides of the main line of the eyes. It is important to remember that the distance between the eyes should be approximately equal to the length of one eye.

Let's add details. It is necessary to draw our girl's hairline, outline the cheekbones, outline the folds near the eyes.

General sketches are done, so you need to carefully wipe all the auxiliary lines and draw the hair. In order for the hairstyle to look natural, do not make all the strands the same, licked - they should lie down a little carelessly, out of order. Earrings can be inserted into the girl's ears.

Now we need to add volume - we shade the shadow parts, strengthen the contours.

We must not forget about the falling shadows: from the hair, from the nose, the shadow on the neck. This is also neatly shaded. The light parts of the hair can be further lightened with an eraser.

We will strengthen the shadow a little more and add light tones on the strands of hair, lower lip, eyes.

Everything, the portrait of the girl is drawn. If you are interested in this lesson, you can additionally watch this video:

Portrait Lesson for Little Artists

Children often love to draw different characters: heroes of books or cartoons, just abstract people. This lesson will describe in detail how to draw a portrait of a young girl, so that even the most young artist easily cope with this task.

First you need to outline the oval of the face and divide it into 4 parts.

Then - in in general terms set the shape of the eyes, lips, the location of the tip of the nose.

We need to add details: in the eyes we draw the iris, we give a more natural shape to the lips, we draw the nose.

And now we need to bring the oval of the face more strongly, draw the upper and lower cilia, pupils and eyebrows.

And, of course, what girl can do without beautiful long hair.

In order to make the drawing look more alive, you need to apply some shadows. This should be done very easily and carefully.

That's all - the portrait of the girl is ready. For more full understanding lesson, it will be useful to familiarize yourself with this video:

Portrait of a man - learn to draw together

Drawing portraits is a rather difficult task, requiring attention, accuracy and precise proportions. And with the help this lesson we will learn how to draw a portrait of a person.

It’s worth starting with the basics - let’s depict the oval of the face and divide it into three parts. Attention - the top point of these three fragments should be just below the top point of the oval itself - there will be a hairline.

At the separation points, three horizontal lines must be drawn, and then two more. One will be just below the center mark, and another one will be just below the bottom. Also, symmetrically to the axis from the second base of the mark (eyebrow line) to the bottom (nose line), two vertical lines must be drawn - blanks for the front of the nose.

On this blank we draw a nose - with a nose bridge, a small hump and wings. We also mark the eyes - they will be on a line located just below the eyebrow line. In width, it must be conditionally divided into 5 parts - the eyes will be in 2 and 4 parts.

You also need to depict the lips - they will be on the line located under the line of the nose. The width of the mouth will be determined by the middle of the eyes - from the middle of the left to the middle of the right. It is important to note that the lower lip should be slightly wider than the upper.

A little more details: in the eyes we draw the iris and pupil, add volume to the eyebrows.

Now we draw the hair along the already marked lines and start working with the ears.

We are working on the cheekbones - they are especially pronounced in a man. Also draw the neck - it will be quite massive.

Everything, at this stage, you can erase all additional lines. By the way, you can also add a shirt collar to the picture.

Portrait of a girl - three-quarter turn

Before that, we painted faces mostly in full face - that is, a person looks directly at us. Portraits in profile are also quite common - when a person is located sideways to the artist. But much more complex and interesting is the three-quarter turn - a cross between full face and profile. Let's try to depict such an option.

At first, the general forms are an elongated oval extended upwards and axes of symmetry. Unlike the full-face position, the axles will not divide the oval into almost equal parts - they will follow the line of the oval, leaving a little less space on the side of the turn. So far, we are interested in the lines of the eyebrows and eyes.

Then you can outline the line of hair growth, mouth and begin to draw the nose. As can be seen, its left wing is almost imperceptible, and the left part of the back of the nose is much smaller than the right.

Now the eyes - they are quite large in the girl, with a wide upper eyelid.

Now we draw eyebrows. They are quite thin and widely spaced.

Let's take care of the mouth and chin. The mouth will be small, slightly open. Also at this stage, the lower eyelids will be depicted - they are also wide, which makes it seem that the eyes are a little bulging.

Add strands of flowing long hair.

Everything, now our sketch is ready. We got a real forest nymph - alert, graceful and very beautiful. In order to understand the lesson better, you can watch this video:

Learning to draw a portrait of a teenage girl

The face of an adult is quite noticeably different from the face of a child or teenager in terms of proportions. Therefore, for the full, multifaceted development of you as an artist, it is important to learn how to draw portraits not only of adults, but also of adolescents and children.

First, draw a circle and divide it into 4 equal parts.

On the central line we will make the basic shape for the eyes and eyebrows, and in the lower part - for the nose and mouth. On the sides, at a height from the eyebrows to the nose, there will be ears.

The nose in children is usually quite wide, without a pronounced back.

And the lips are quite plump. As for the width, the line of the mouth should be between the two pupils. For convenience, you can even draw vertical lines down from them. And don't forget about the crease above the upper lip.

Now we will slightly lengthen the oval of the face and start drawing the hair.

Hair should fall in waves, separate large strands. And in these large strands it is necessary to draw individual hairs. Also at this stage, you can erase all auxiliary lines and start working with shadows.

Shading should be easy and very neat. You should remember not only about natural shadows, but also about falling ones.

Everything, now our drawing is completely and completely ready. More nuances and small parts you can watch it on this video:

7. Drawing lesson portrait.

Knowledge of techniques in drawing lessons.

The basis of the correct drawing a portrait human is knowledge basic techniques in head drawing lessons.

Drawing a head in pencil requires both deeper knowledge and more experience, since the work here is not only in the correct image of the head, but also in the transfer individual character and expressiveness, which are especially characteristic of the human face.

Therefore, solving problems educational drawing studying in art school New Art Intentions, at the same time develop in themselves a visual representation of a person, the ability to quickly grasp and convey his essence, his character with the utmost brevity. That is, in front of novice artists there is an important, difficult task- imprinting the image of a person on paper. IN fiction there are examples of the remarkable ability to define with two or three strokes individual characteristics image, for example, in N.V. Gogol's " Dead souls"The girl's pretty face is compared with a "freshly laid testicle", a rough broad face with a "Moldovan pumpkin". It is very important, through observation, sketches from life, drawings from memory, to develop in oneself, in addition to a constructive, figurative perception of the world around us. objective world; this helps the artist to avoid excessive dryness and protocol in his work.

To draw a portrait with a pencil in the lessons, we recommend choosing nature with the most expressive forms and trying to emphasize them with appropriate lighting.

Starting a drawing, do not get to work if you have not examined the head of a person from all sides, have not marked it characteristic features, its rotation and tilt. Get some idea of ​​the model in advance and keep it in mind throughout the rest of the work.

Regardless of the point of view on nature, it is recommended to feel it “as a whole”. As when drawing a cube (), we draw its visible sides, taking into account the sides hidden from our view. So when teaching the drawing of a head turned in profile, it is necessary to feel the connection of all its parts. For example, looking at nature from the front, you need to imagine it from the back, in profile and in a three-quarter turn. In order to correctly recreate the slightly outlined wing of the nose, the eye barely visible from behind the nose, or the reduced and almost imperceptible part of the lip, it is necessary to represent these forms as a whole when drawing the head in a turn close to the profile. And only under this condition will they, even a little outlined, be convincing and be able to participate in the construction of the whole head. In order to correctly, on the spot, draw an ear, an eye, a cheekbone during a profile turn, one must imagine the location of the invisible, but corresponding paired forms and mentally link the depicted visible forms with them.

Thus, contrary to the opinion of beginners, we can draw a very important conclusion that building a head in profile is not the easiest, but, on the contrary, requires great attention and experience.

Without a comprehensive sense of form and mastery of its laws, without improving one's skills in the classroom, the entire process of drawing will be reduced to a mechanical copying of nature.

Pencil Drawing Lesson live model.

Due to the properties of our vision, any object is perceived by us "immediately". We simultaneously see all its plastic and light qualities, and therefore the integrity visual perception and its transmission play a decisive role in truthful image items.

In the lessons we explain that it is impossible to draw nature by attaching one part to another, since in nature everything exists together and everything must be created as one.

But since it is physically impossible to depict “all at once”, “all together”, and drawing the head in parts, as a rule, leads to negative results, the novice draftsman must find a way to preserve the integrity of the visual perception of nature and work out its details. To do this, he should, first of all, build a generalized, but characteristic mass of the entire head, as a sculptor does. Then gradually work on identifying first her large forms, and then the details, but not to draw them point-blank separately, but to compare them with each other and with the whole head, both in kind and in the figure. Such work by "relationships" (in form, in tone, proportions) is a kind of cement, holding all parts of the head together into one elaborate whole.

So, we emphasize that in the lessons of drawing the head, you must, first of all, be guided by the form, work with "relationships", having mastered the sequence of work from the general to the particular, from the simple to the complex.

In our courses, we adhere to a certain order: the work must have its beginning, middle and end. Violation of this sequence leads to unorganized, random sketching of nature.

At the beginning of the course, when the beginning artist quickly outlines the general shape of the head on the sheet, showing its main parts, he works by the method of initial generalization.

In the middle of the work in a generalized form, its small forms are revealed. Here, the novice draftsman goes through analysis, detailing.

At the end of the work, when the smallest details are found, the novice artist again returns to generalization, but to the final generalization, with the help of which the main thing is highlighted in the drawing and the secondary is subordinated to it.

Thus, a strict sequence in the work in this drawing lesson is the main condition for the successful completion of the drawing.

To learn how to draw a head correctly, once again we warn you about the need to start work easy by touching the pencil to the paper. The sharp, black lines that beginners love to resort to make it difficult to see mistakes, much less correct them. Abuse of an elastic band (eraser) destroys the surface texture of paper, making it almost unsuitable for further work. Pencil pressure and tone strength should increase as the drawing progresses correctly.

To begin with, having chosen a point of view on nature, determine the size of the drawing (slightly smaller than nature, depending on the degree of its removal from the drawing). Follow this intended scale throughout the entire work, otherwise you can violate the proportions of the depicted head.

You also need to take care of the location of the drawing on the sheet: it depends on the rotation and tilt of the head, and on the environment that accompanies it (background, part of the clothes, falling shadow).

The first mistake in drawing for beginners is the location of the head in the center of the sheet, regardless of its position in space. For take an example a drawing of a head shown in profile and place it in the middle of a square sheet so that the outer contours of the head are at equal distances from the edges of the paper and the center of the drawing coincides with the geometric center of the square (Figure 1).

In this case, the drawing of the head seems somewhat shifted towards the profile and underestimated, since the front part "outweighs" the back of the head: being an expression of similarity and expression, it focuses the viewer's attention on itself. A similar phenomenon occurs when comparing the upper and lower parts of the head - the latter, rich in detail, seems to be more weighty than the upper.

The drawings made (1 and 2) are comparable, and you will see that a slight movement of the head on the sheet to the right and up (Figure 2) improves its compositional arrangement, makes it more vital and convincing. This principle of placement is applicable to all head positions in space.

During the initial sketch of the head and neck, the novice artist should pay attention to their position in relation to the vertical and to the horizontal, which we already talked about in the lessons when building plaster heads. In drawing lessons, head positioning can be done straight, tilted or turned. Turns and tilts are often combined in movement, complementing each other.

Pair symmetry in the structure of the head (two frontal tubercles, two superciliary arches, two eye sockets, two cheekbones) makes it possible to imagine a median (profile) line passing through the face. With the head in a straight position, turned towards the viewer, such a line will run vertically, dividing the head into two equal parts. When you turn your head to the right or left, this auxiliary line will take on a more or less concave character and divide the head into two unequal parts. The ratios of these parts determine the degree of rotation.

The middle (profile) line helps to put all paired head shapes in place in the process of work and, passing in the middle of the bridge of the nose, the base of the nose, lips and chin, accurately determines their position.

A transverse, auxiliary line passing through the middle of the orbital cavities towards the ear openings divides the head into two approximately equal parts: the upper frontal - from the parietal bones to the bridge of the nose, and the lower - from the bridge of the nose to the chin. This transverse (auxiliary) line, by the nature of its location along the volume of the head (straight or concave), helps to determine the degree of inclination of the head and angle. In Figures 3 and 4, one can see how, with the head thrown back, its upper forms are reduced at the expense of the lower ones, and with the head lowered, the opposite phenomenon is observed.

The above auxiliary lines (profile and transverse), crossing at a point on the bridge of the nose, form the so-called "cross". Properly outlined at the beginning of the drawing, it determines the position of the head in space and is the basis for further work on drawing lessons(Figure 5).

Based on the transverse line of the “cross”, lines parallel to it are outlined, which determine the location of the frontal tubercles, superciliary arches, eyes, cheekbones, the base of the nose, and the lower edge of the chin. In drawing lessons, at the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the proportional relationships of the parts, all the time comparing them with each other and with the whole head (Figure 6).

The question of proportions is complicated by the perspective contractions of the forms depending on the position of the head. In the lessons, you should always pay attention to the fact that paired shapes of the same size are perceived by the eye as unequal (for example, with a three-quarter turn, tilt and angle).

Having placed the general shape of the head on the sheet, having clarified its main character (ovoid, spherical, expanding upward or downward), outlining the auxiliary lines that determine the rotation and inclination, one should gradually move on to drawing the main surfaces that make up the volume of the head (Figure 7).

As on plaster head drawing lesson, you need to separate the entire front surface from the side ones going to the back of the head with a light chiaroscuro. The border of the front surface will pass along the temples, cheekbones and chin. With the help of the same chiaroscuro, not forgetting the need for generalization, outline smaller forms lying on the front surface of the face. So, for example, Figure 7 shows the generalized shape of the nose in a turn and its details placed on the surfaces: on the side surfaces - the wings of the nose, on the bottom - the nostrils.

Analyzing the shape of the forehead, as in plaster, it should be noted that in its lower part it is formed by five surfaces: the middle - frontal, two lateral, adjacent to it, and two temporal. When drawing a living form, all these planes must be justified anatomically. You should also find a place for the generalized shapes of the eyes, cheekbones, chin, ears, nose, etc. (Figure 8).

The generalized form facilitates the perspective construction of the surfaces that form the head, suggesting the location of smaller details on them. But even at such an initial stage of generalization, one cannot draw a conventional, roughly outlined scheme; to avoid this, it is recommended to outline the general “stump” of the head and its parts, guided by the selection of surfaces, justified by anatomy, and not by a random play of chiaroscuro. For example, cartilage and the bony base of the nose form its four surfaces; frontal tubercles and superciliary arches - the frontal surface of the forehead.

The “cutting” technique is fully applicable only as indicative in the perspective construction of the planes that form the volume of the head. In a drawing of living nature, a conditional diagram should only be a guide to work as a separate drawing, as a means for consciously drawing a model; it should help to understand the essence of the living form.

Paired head shapes are drawn at the same time, not separately; eyes should be outlined immediately, finding a place for them in the eye sockets. Cheekbones, superciliary arches, frontal tubercles are also linked to each other.

Drawing the head in "paired forms" involves their comparison and comparison during work. This principle, laid down in the teaching of drawing living nature, is of particular importance. Here, the comparison of paired forms helps not only their perspective construction and placement, but also the transfer of their “appearance”, since, being the same in essence, they are perceived differently in their appearance and size in different turns.

We have already said what great value has such a method when depicting the head in profile.

With a three-quarter turn of the head, a comparison of paired forms with each other makes it possible to more accurately position the eyes in relation to the lateral surfaces of the nose, determine the relationship between the lateral walls of the nose, its wings, nostrils, lips, reveals the differences between the nearest and remote (“reduced”) eyes.

A novice artist, comparing the paired parts of the face, easily notes their characteristic features: maybe asymmetry in the eyes or an eyelid hanging over one eye, or a raised eyebrow, a lowered corner of the mouth, a nose slightly shifted to the side, etc.

Thus, learning to draw in “paired forms” contributes to the three-dimensional perception of nature, the perspective construction of its forms and the identification characteristic features depicted head.

For a comprehensive study of the volume of the head, one should not be limited to drawing it in one or two positions. At first, it is recommended to build a head on one sheet in a variety of angles, turns and inclinations, while simultaneously observing and comparing the perspective contraction of their surfaces (Fig. 10).

In order to work on the form more consciously, we resort to the technique of an imaginary "cut" of this form. On a plaster head, this imaginary "cut" can be replaced by a specially drawn line. The figure (Fig. 1) of the plaster head drawing lesson shows this technique.

The drawing of the head with shoulder girdle and neck will be separated into a separate drawing lesson from our art school New Art Intention.

The best way to see the structure of the neck is when the head, with a slight turn, is somewhat thrown back. With appropriate lighting, we emphasize the constructive connection between the depicted forms. So, one can imagine that the shoulder girdle, bounded in front by the collarbones, and behind by the visible upper edges of the hood (trapezius) muscle, forms a platform into which the cylindrical shape of the neck is, as it were, inserted.

First of all, you should determine the location of the head, linking it to the collarbones. To do this, from the jugular fossa, located between the clavicles (indicated as the base of the figure), in the direction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the position of the ear is determined. A transverse auxiliary line drawn from it to the orbits and a profile line (going from the jugular fossa through the thyroid cartilage, hyoid bone and through the middle of the lower jaw up the profile), intersecting, form a cross, with which the head is built in the usual way.

With this position of the head, the other sternocleidomastoid muscle is contracted and, also starting from the jugular fossa, goes in the direction of the second ear hidden from our view.

So, the placement of the drawing on the sheet, the choice of movement (turn and tilt) of the head, a sketch of its initial characteristic form determination of the proportions of its main parts, their three-dimensional designation by conventional chiaroscuro (Fig. 9) - all this can be attributed to the beginning of the drawing, which prepares the transition to learning to draw details.

Training in the lessons on drawing the details of the human head we will continue in the next drawing classes for beginners in art school New Art Intentions.