Alexander Fadeev writer. The life and death of Alexander Fadeev

Soviet literature

Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev

Biography

FADEEV Alexander Alexandrovich (1901 - 1956), prose writer.

Born on December 11 (24 n.s.) in the city of Kirmy, Tver province, in a family of paramedics, professional revolutionaries. Early childhood spent in Vilna, then in Ufa. Most of childhood and youth is connected with the Far East, with the South Ussuri region, where his parents moved in 1908. Fadeev carried his love for this region through his whole life.

He studied in Vladivostok, at a commercial school, but left without finishing the eighth grade (1912 - 1919). Having become close to the Bolsheviks, he joined in revolutionary activity. He participated in the partisan movement against Kolchak and interventionist troops (1919 - 1920), after the defeat of Kolchak - in the ranks of the Red Army, in Transbaikalia - against Ataman Semenov in the winter of 1920 - 21. He was wounded.

In 1921 he came to Moscow as a delegate to the 10th All-Russian Party Congress, together with other delegates, while suppressing the Kronstadt rebellion, he was seriously wounded. He began to study at the Moscow Mining Academy, but from the second year he was transferred to party work. Already in 1921, Fadeev began to write, to participate in the work of young writers, who united around the magazines October and Young Guard. In "Young Guard" in 1923, Fadeev's first story "Against the Current" was published.

The novel "The Rout", which was published in 1927, brought the writer the recognition of readers and critics and introduced him to great literature. Life and historical events on Far East that he witnessed attracted him creative imagination. He devoted many years to the creation of the epic novel "The Last of Udege". Despite the incompleteness, the novel took its place not only in the work of A. Fadeev, but also in the historical and literary process of the 1920s and 50s. During the war years, he was one of the leaders of the Writers' Union, the author of a large number of journalistic articles and essays. He was on the Leningrad front, spent three months in the besieged city, which resulted in a book of essays "Leningrad in the days of the blockade" (1944).

In 1945, the novel "The Young Guard" was published, about the heroes of which Fadeev wrote "with great love, he gave the novel a lot of blood of the heart." The first edition of the novel enjoyed well-deserved success, but in 1947 the novel was sharply criticized in the Pravda newspaper for not showing the connection between the Krasnodon Komsomol members and the underground communists. In 1951, Fadeev revised the novel, the second edition of which was evaluated, for example, by Simonov as "a waste of time."

After the XX Congress of the CPSU, feeling the impossibility of continuing his life, A. Fadeev committed suicide on May 13, 1956. The medical commission then appointed by the government stated that this tragedy happened as a result of a disorder of the nervous system due to chronic alcoholism. Only in 1990 was Fadeev’s dying letter published: “I don’t see the possibility of living on, since the art to which I gave my life has been ruined by the self-confidently ignorant leadership of the party and can no longer be corrected. The best cadres of literature... are physically exterminated or died... the best people of literature died at a premature age... My life as a writer loses all meaning, and with great joy, as a deliverance from this vile existence, where meanness, lies and slander fell upon you, I leave this life."

Fadeev A.A. was born in 1901 in the Tver province in the city of Kimry in a family of revolutionaries. In 1908, Alexander moved with his family to the South Ussuri region, where he spent the years of his childhood and youth. In 1912, Fadeev went to study at the Commercial School in Vladivostok. However, in 1918 he decides not to continue this training and thinks about immersing himself in revolutionary activities. And, in the same year, he becomes a Bolshevik. p> From 1919 to 1921. Fadeev actively participates in the settlement of the Kronstadt uprising and fights against the Whites. Deciding to continue his education, in 1921 he entered the Moscow Mining Academy, from which he graduated in 1924. From 1924 to 1926. Alexander Alexandrovich is engaged in party activities in Rostov-on-Don and Krasnodar, but soon moves to Moscow. p> His publications, most of which are devoted to wartime, began to appear from 1923. Alexander Fadeev headed various writers' organizations for many years. p> In 1926 he became one of the leaders of the RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers) and worked there until 1932. In 1939 he was secretary of the Writers' Union of the USSR, and in 1946 he became general secretary, as well as chairman of the board of the Writers' Union of the USSR . And in 1950, Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev became vice-president of the members of the World Council. p> After the release of The Young Guard, Fadeev received a demand from the authorities to rework this work. harsh criticism the writer perceived it as a humiliation and oppression of his personal worldview. p> Fadeev Alexander Alexandrovich died in 1956 in Moscow, committing suicide. p>

Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev was born December 11 (NS 24), 1901 in the city of Kirma, Tver province, in a family of paramedics, professional revolutionaries. He spent his early childhood in Vilna, then in Ufa. Most of childhood and youth is connected with the Far East, with the South Ussuri Territory, where parents moved in 1908. Fadeev carried his love for this land through his whole life.

Studied in Vladivostok, at a commercial school, but left without finishing the eighth grade (1912-1919 ). Having become close to the Bolsheviks, he joined the revolutionary activities. Participated in the partisan movement against Kolchak and interventionist troops ( 1919-1920 ), after the defeat of Kolchak - in the ranks of the Red Army, in Transbaikalia - against Ataman Semenov winter 1920-1921. Was injured.

In 1921 came to Moscow as a delegate to the X All-Russian Party Congress, along with other delegates, suppressing the Kronstadt rebellion, was seriously injured. He began to study at the Moscow Mining Academy, but from the second year he was transferred to party work. Already in 1921 Fadeev began to write, to participate in the work of young writers, who united around the magazines "October" and "Young Guard". In "Young Guard" in 1923 Fadeev's first story "Against the Current" was published.

The novel "The Defeat", which saw the light in 1927, brought the writer the recognition of readers and critics and introduced him to great literature. Life and historical events in the Far East, which he witnessed, attracted his creative imagination. He devoted many years to the creation of the epic novel "The Last of Udege". Despite the incompleteness, the novel took its place not only in the work of A. Fadeev, but also in the historical and literary process 1920-50s. During the war years, he was one of the leaders of the Writers' Union, the author of a large number of journalistic articles and essays. He was on the Leningrad front, spent three months in a besieged city, which resulted in a book of essays "Leningrad in the days of the blockade" ( 1944 ).

In 1945 the novel "The Young Guard" was published, about the heroes of which Fadeev wrote "with great love, he gave the novel a lot of blood of the heart." The first edition of the novel enjoyed well-deserved success, but in 1947 in the Pravda newspaper, the novel was sharply criticized for the fact that the writer did not show the connection between the Krasnodon Komsomol members and the underground communists. In 1951 Fadeev revised the novel, the second edition of which was assessed, for example, by Simonov as "a waste of time."

After the XX Congress of the CPSU, feeling the impossibility of continuing his life, A. Fadeev May 13, 1956 of the year commits suicide.

The medical commission then appointed by the government stated that this tragedy happened as a result of a disorder of the nervous system due to chronic alcoholism. Only in 1990 was Fadeev’s dying letter published: “I don’t see the possibility of living on, since the art to which I gave my life has been ruined by the self-confidently ignorant leadership of the party and can no longer be corrected. The best cadres of literature... have been physically exterminated or perished... the best people of literature have died at a premature age... My life as a writer loses all meaning, and with great joy, as a deliverance from this vile existence, where meanness fell upon you, lies and slander, I'm leaving this life.

Alexander Aleksandrovich Fadeev was born on December 11 (24), 1901 in the shoal of Kimry (now a city in the Tver region). Russian

Fadeev's parents, paramedics by profession, were professional revolutionaries by way of life. Father - Alexander Ivanovich Fadeev (1862-1916), mother - Antonina Vladimirovna Kunz.

• Near four years, independently mastered the letter - watched from the side how sister Tanya was taught, and learned the entire alphabet. From the age of four, he began to read books, striking adults with an indefatigable imagination, writing the most extraordinary stories and fairy tales. His favorite writers since childhood were Jack London, Mine Reid, Fenimore Cooper. In 1908, his family moved to the South Ussuri Territory (now Primorsky), where Fadeev spent his childhood and youth. From 1912 to 1918, Fadeev studied at the Vladivostok Commercial School, but did not finish his studies, deciding to devote himself to revolutionary activities.
• While still studying at the Vladivostok Commercial School, he carried out the instructions of the underground committee of the Bolsheviks. In 1918 he joined the RCP(b) and took the nickname Bulyga. Became a party agitator. In 1919 he joined the Special Communist Detachment of Red Partisans.
• In 1919-1921 he took part in the fighting in the Far East, was wounded. Held posts: commissar of the 13th Amur Regiment and commissar of the 8th Amur Rifle Brigade. In 1921-1922 he studied at the Moscow Mining Academy. In 1921, as a delegate to the Tenth Congress of the RCP(b), he left for Petrograd. He took part in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, while receiving a second wound. After treatment and demobilization, Fadeev remained in Moscow.
• Alexander Fadeev wrote his first serious work - the story "Spill" in 1922-1923. In 1925-1926, while working on the novel Defeat, he decided to become a professional writer. The “rout” brought fame and recognition to the young writer, but after this work he could no longer pay attention to literature alone, becoming a prominent literary leader and public figure. One of the leaders of the RAPP.
• Action early works- The novels "The Rout" and "The Last of Udege" take place in the Ussuri region. The problematics of "The Defeat" refers to the issues of party leadership, the novel shows the class struggle, the formation of Soviet power. The main characters are red partisans, communists (for example, Levinson). The next novel by Fadeev, The Last of Udege, is also dedicated to the Civil War (parts 1-4, 1929-1941, not finished).
• Fadeev is also known for a number of essays and articles on the development of literature under socialist realism.
• The "writer's minister," as Fadeev was called, actually led literature in the USSR for almost two decades. For creativity, he almost did not have time and energy. The last novel "Black Metallurgy" remained unfinished. The writer planned to create a fundamental work of 50-60 author's sheets. As a result, for posthumous publication in Ogonyok, it was possible to collect 8 chapters on 3 printed sheets from drafts.
• Fadeev took the idea of ​​his book from the book by V. G. Lisyansky and M. Kotov "Hearts of the Brave", published in 1944. Immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War(1941-1945) Fadeev sits down to write a novel about the Krasnodon underground organization "Young Guard", which operated on the territory occupied by Nazi Germany, many of whose members were destroyed by the Nazis.
• The book was first published in 1946. Fadeev was sharply criticized for the fact that the "leading and guiding" role of the Communist Party was not clearly expressed in the novel and received harsh criticism in the newspaper Pravda, the organ of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in fact from Stalin himself.
• Nevertheless, the writer took into account the wishes, and in 1951 the second edition of the novel The Young Guard saw the light. In it, Fadeev, having seriously revised the book, paid more attention in the plot to the leadership of the underground organization by the CPSU (b).
• Fadeev joked bitterly at the time when he told his friends: “I am remaking the Young Guard to the old one ...”. The film "Young Guard" was shot according to the first edition, but completely reshooting the film (also subjected to certain edits) was much more difficult than rewriting the book.
• Until the end of the 1980s, the novel The Young Guard was perceived as the history of the organization ideologically approved by the party, and a different interpretation of events was impossible. The novel was part of the curriculum of the USSR and was well known to any schoolchild in the 1950s-1980s.
• For many years, Fadeev led writers' organizations at various levels. in 1926-1932 he was one of the organizers and ideologists of the RAPP.

In the Writers' Union of the USSR:

• In 1932, he was a member of the Organizing Committee for the creation of the SP of the USSR after the liquidation of the RAPP;
• 1934-1939 - Deputy Chairman of the Organizing Committee;
• 1939-1944 - secretary;
• 1946-1954 - General Secretary and Chairman of the Board;
• 1954-1956 - secretary of the board.

Vice President of the World Peace Council (since 1950). Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1939-1956); at the XX Congress of the CPSU (1956) he was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 2nd-4th convocation (since 1946) and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of the 3rd convocation.

In 1942-1944, Fadeev worked as the editor-in-chief of Literaturnaya Gazeta, was the organizer of the Oktyabr magazine and was a member of its editorial board.

During the Great Patriotic War, Fadeev was a war correspondent for the Pravda newspaper and the Soviet Information Bureau. In January 1942, the writer visited the Kalinin Front, collecting materials for reporting on the most dangerous sector. On January 14, 1942, Fadeev published in the Pravda newspaper an article entitled “Destroying Fiends and Creators”, where he described his impressions of what he saw in the war.

In the essay "Fighter" he described the feat of the Red Army soldier Ya.N. Paderin, who received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

Standing at the head of the Union of Writers of the USSR, Alexander Fadeev carried out the decisions of the party and government in relation to his colleagues: M.M. Zoshchenko, A.A. Akhmatova, A.P. Platonov. In 1946, after the historic decree of Zhdanov, which effectively destroyed Zoshchenko and Akhmatova as writers, Fadeev was among those who carried out this sentence. In 1949, Alexander Fadeev became one of the authors of a programmatic editorial in the organ of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the newspaper Pravda, entitled "On an anti-patriotic group theater critics". This article was the start of a campaign known as "The Fight Against Cosmopolitanism".

But in 1948, he was busy allocating a significant amount from the funds of the USSR Writers' Union for M.M. Zoshchenko, who was left without a penny. Fadeev showed sincere participation in the fate of many writers unloved by the authorities: B.L. Pasternak, N.A. Zabolotsky, L.N. Gumilyov, several times quietly transferred money for the treatment of A.P. Platonov to his wife.

Hardly experiencing such a split, he suffered from insomnia, fell into depression. In recent years, Fadeev became addicted to alcohol and fell into long bouts. He underwent a course of treatment in the sanatorium "Barvikha".

Fadeev did not accept the Khrushchev thaw. In 1956, from the rostrum of the XX Congress of the CPSU, the activities of the leader of Soviet writers were severely criticized by M.A. Sholokhov. Fadeev was not elected a member, but only a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Fadeev was directly called one of the perpetrators of repression among Soviet writers.

After the 20th Congress of the CPSU, Fadeev's conflict with his conscience escalated to the limit. He confessed to his old friend Yuri Libedinsky - Conscience hurts. It's hard to live, Yura, with bloody hands.

On May 13, 1956, Alexander Fadeev shot himself with a revolver at his dacha in Peredelkino. In the obituary official reason suicide was indicated alcoholism. In fact, two weeks before his suicide, A. A. Fadeev stopped drinking, “about a week before his suicide, he began to prepare for it, wrote letters to different people” (Vyacheslav Ivanov).

Contrary to the last will - to be buried next to his mother, Fadeev was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery

Fadeev's first wife was Valeria Anatolyevna Gerasimova, the second (since 1936) - Angelina Stepanova, People's Artist USSR, which raised two children with Fadeev: Alexander and Mikhail. In addition, in 1943, the common daughter of Fadeev and M.I. Aliger, Maria Aleksandrovna Fadeeva-Makarova-Enzensberger, was born

Lived on Tverskaya street (Tverskoy district of Moscow)

Brigadier Commissar (1941, since 1942 colonel). Laureate of the Stalin Prize of the first degree (1946). Member of the RCP(b) since 1918. In 1939, Fadeev became a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

• two orders of Lenin (1939, 1951)
• Order of the Red Banner
• Stalin Prize of the first degree (1946) - for the novel "The Young Guard"
• Lenin Komsomol Prize (1970 - posthumously) - for the novel "Young Guard"

Cavalier of two Orders of Lenin (1939, 1951)
Cavalier of the Order of the Red Banner
Laureate of the State Prize (1946, for the novel The Young Guard)
Laureate of the Lenin Komsomol Prize (1970, posthumously, for the novel The Young Guard)

On May 13, 1956, the village of Peredelkino writers near Moscow was full of cars - they arrived there ambulance, police and KGB officers. On this day, the author of the novels "Young Guard" and "Rout", one of the symbols of Soviet literature, Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev, shot himself. Soon all the national newspapers published an official obituary. It was brief, without the signatures of the first persons of the state, although it was about the death of a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a candidate member of the Central Committee, a laureate of the Stalin Prize of the first degree, an order bearer, vice-chairman of the Bureau of the World Peace Council, in the past secretary general of the writers' union. The obituary said: “In recent years, A.A. Fadeev suffered from a severe progressive illness - alcoholism, which led to a weakening of his creative activity… In a state of severe depression caused by another attack, Fadeev committed suicide. Such a conclusion at that time was completely unthinkable for Soviet official publications.

Nikita Khrushchev interpreted the writer's suicide in his own way in his memoirs: “... during the repressions, heading the Writers' Union of the USSR, Fadeev supported the line on repressions. And the heads of innocent writers were flying ... The tragedy of Fadeev as a man explains his suicide. Remaining an intelligent and subtle soul, after Stalin was exposed and shown that the thousands of victims were not criminals at all, he could not forgive himself for his apostasy from the truth ... He outlived himself and, moreover, was afraid to meet face to face with those writers whom he helped Stalin to drive into the camps, and some later returned home ... "

At that time, few people knew that Alexander Fadeev left a suicide letter. For many years, its contents were kept secret even from his wife, and the letter itself was kept in the archives of the Central Committee. And only in 1990, when it was published, did the reason for such silence become clear. Last words Fadeev sounded like a merciless sentence.

Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev was born on December 24, 1901 in the village of Kimry, Korchevsky district, Tver province.

His father Alexander Ivanovich was a man with interesting biography. He was born into a poor peasant family in the Tver province, worked hard to get an education and become a teacher, joined the organization " People's Will". He taught at a school in the village of Antonovsky, where he also created a People's Volunteer circle. For the notes found during the search, containing the phrase: “The men bear the yoke, and the rest of the estates vegetate” and the verses “Stenka Razin’s Rock”, Alexander Ivanovich was fired from school without the right to teach, after which the local authorities forced him to leave the village. Alexander Ivanovich went to St. Petersburg, on the way he blabbered on the Volga and Kama, was a laborer, and when he reached St. Petersburg, he began working as a paramedic in a barracks hospital. In 1894 he was arrested in the case of the Narodnaya Volya.

The writer's mother Antonina Vladimirovna Kunz was born in Astrakhan. Her father was a Russified German, titular adviser Vladimir Petrovich Kunz, and her mother was the daughter of a Caspian fisherman. She studied at the Astrakhan gymnasium, and then moved with her mother to St. Petersburg, where she entered the Christmas paramedic courses. During her studies, Antonina Vladimirovna became close to the Social Democrats. Soon she was instructed to visit a political prisoner who had no relatives in the city, find out about his needs and deliver a package. Antonina Vladimirovna pretended to be a bride. The “groom” was the Narodnaya Volya Alexander Ivanovich Fadeev. Over time, the "fake" bride became the real one. In 1896, Alexander Ivanovich was exiled for five years to the city of Shenkursk. Antonina Vladimirovna came to him, and in 1898 they got married. Since 1899, Antonina Vladimirovna Fadeeva worked as a paramedic in Putilovo, Shlisselburg district, where in 1900 her daughter Tatyana was born. After the release of Alexander Ivanovich, the family moved to Kimry near Tver, where their son Alexander was born. Then followed a move to Vilna, where another son, Vladimir, was born. Life together did not go well and in 1905 the couple divorced. Fadeev almost did not remember his father - his parents broke up when he was about four years old. Alexander Ivanovich Fadeev was later exiled again to Siberia and died in his homeland in 1916.

Tanya, Sasha Fadeev and their cousin Veronika.

Alexander Fadeev always spoke about his mother with great love and tenderness. After her death, he wrote: “She was not only a good mother, but in general a very outstanding person, a great personality ... Only now I fully understand what a huge moral force and support my mother was for me - not only in by virtue of her personal qualities, and even simply by virtue of her maternal existence. During her life, I always felt somehow younger, there was always the opportunity to hide behind someone, and this need happens even to more strong people than I (and at any age!) - and the very concern for the mother, the necessity and need for this care, evoked her best qualities in the soul, was a natural guarantee against hardening.

Alexander grew up as a capable child - he was about four years old when he independently learned to read. He watched how his sister Tanya was taught and thus learned the entire alphabet. In 1907, Antonina Vladimirovna remarried. Her husband was Gleb Vladislavovich Svitych, the son of the Polish revolutionary populist V.S. Svitych-Illich. According to the recollections of those who were closely acquainted with the family, Gleb Vladislavovich, who at the time of his marriage was only twenty-two years old, became a caring father and friend for his wife's three children. Fadeev later said that he honored his stepfather as own father. The marriage was happy and two more sons were born in it. Antonina Vladimirovna and Gleb Vladislavovich worked as paramedics at the Vilna railway hospital, but after getting married, they decided to start a life together in a new place. The elder sister of Antonina Vladimirovna Maria Vladimirovna Sibirtseva called them to her, and in 1908 the family moved to the Far East. Deciding on such a long journey was not easy. There were three children in the family, the youngest was only two years old - and the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bmoving seemed simply unthinkable. Difficulties began immediately - there were no jobs in Vladivostok. Therefore, the parents temporarily left the children with the Sibirtsevs, while they themselves went in search of work and housing. From Fadeev’s notebook: “For a year or two we lived in the village of Sarovka, 50 versts from the city of Iman, on the banks of the Iman River - I was 7-8 years old, but I remember this village well, I studied there in rural school. My father worked even higher up the Iman, in the village of Kotelnichi. These were already completely wild places: in winter, tigers stole calves. The places along Iman are exceptionally picturesque, rich in various vegetation. Floods are the scourge of these places, and Sarovka has remained in my memory with huts in the water, with a solid sea of ​​water that connected streets and wastelands into one element. Adults and we guys, with carelessness characteristic of our age, swam from hut to hut on boats, rafts or simply in troughs in which food was given to horses and cattle.

In 1910, the family moved to the village of Chuguevka at the foot of the picturesque Sikhote-Alin Mountains, and Alexander entered the senior preparatory class Vladivostok Commercial School. At that time it was one of the best educational institutions in the Far East. Vladivostok struck the imagination of Alexander. Later, in the novel The Last of the Udege, he described it: “From the mountain, there was a view of the hulls and pipes of the military port, of Peter the Great Bay, of a smoky bay lined with ships, of the green wooded Churkin Cape. Behind the cape stretched the turquoise Sea of ​​Japan, rocky, forested blue islands were visible. On this side of the bay crowded the houses colored by the sun: they climbed the mountain, molding themselves; one could see the meandering, swarming ribbon of the main street and the crossed side streets flowing into it. Sloboda stretched left and right over the mountains and valleys in a haze from plywood factories and mills - Rabochaya, Sassy, ​​Sailor, Korean, Pigeon Pad, Cooper Pad, Egersheld, Rotten Corner. Green groves began at the rear foot of the Eagle's Nest, behind the groves - long cholera barracks, behind the barracks - a lonely, heavy, dark red brick prison building. The vast sky covered everything. And, propping up the sky like majestic blue mammoths, the spurs of the Sikhote-Alin Range stood in the distance ... The wharf smelled of fish, fuel oil, oranges, algae, and opium. The bay was filled with commercial, military, sailing, steam ships. Boats, Chinese shampoos, scows scurried between them. Vessels came from all over the world, adorned with variegated multi-colored flags.

During their studies, the Fadeev children lived with relatives of the Sibirtsevs. Maria Vladimirovna was the director of the progymnasium, which she herself created, and her husband Mikhail Yakovlevich, the grandson of the Decembrist, taught at male gymnasium and led the drama club. In his youth, he was a member of the Narodnaya Volya circle, and this almost prevented him from graduating from St. Petersburg University. Fadeev found himself in an unusual atmosphere. In his family, children were obliged to unquestioningly fulfill the will of their parents, not only was it impossible to disobey, but even arguing with their mother was unthinkable. Everything was different with the Sibirtsevs. It seemed unbelievable to Fadeev that parents gave their children freedom of choice, cultivating will and self-discipline in them by their own example. Subsequently, he wrote: "I was brought up in this family no less than in my own family."

The Sibirtsevs had a huge library. Alexander's favorite writers were Jack London, Mine Reid and Fenimore Cooper. He became interested in the world of book adventures and soon wrote his first adventure story "Apaches and Kumachi" about boys who fled to America. Her first enthusiastic readers were her elder sister Tatyana, and then her friends, who did not even suspect that the author was a first-grade student of a commercial school. Alexander studied easily, after the fourth grade he received an award sheet. He wrote poems, essays and stories, published them in the student's handwritten magazine "General extracurricular work". As a capable student, young Fadeev received a scholarship, and at the age of 13 he began to engage in tutoring, as he wanted to earn a living on his own and help his parents. Here is how his teacher-mentor S.G. Pashkovsky described it in notebooks: “Fadeev is a fragile figure of a boy who has not yet taken shape. Pale, with light, flaxen hair, this boy is touchingly gentle. He lives some kind of inner life. Eagerly and attentively listens to every word of the teacher. From time to time, some kind of shadow visits the face - a wrinkle lies between the eyebrows, and the face becomes stern. In front of him sit Nerezov and Borodkin on the desk. The latter, inclined to play pranks, makes grimaces at Fadeev, trying to make him laugh, but the boy casts a reproachful glance at him, shifting a wrinkle between his eyebrows. A black jacket with a stand-up collar and "Mercuries" does not fit the boy very well: it was not made by a tailor (obviously home-made). However, the boy is not embarrassed by the fact that he is dressed poorer than others: he holds himself proudly and independently ... The boy's verbal means were not particularly rich, but the bright colors were amazing. Colorfulness, truthfulness, sincerity - these are the qualities that distinguish Fadeev's written works.

The most joyful events were vacation trips home to Chuguevka. This village was one of the most remote and abandoned in the district - at a distance of 120 miles from railway. Life there was harsh, for months there was no connection with the outside world. Mother and stepfather were paramedics, went to the sick throughout the parish. They were respected - there were no such active, attentive and responsive paramedics in Chuguevka before. Fadeev proudly wrote: “My mother, an ordinary paramedic, more than once sacrificed herself to save others. To her, hundreds of miles away, peasants went to consult not only about medical, but also about their life and social affairs; even the Old Believers, who did not recognize medicine and were not treated by their mother, went to her for advice when she was already working in the city, for which they had to travel one hundred and twenty miles on horseback and two hundred miles by train.

Parents taught children to work. Mother believed that they should have been able to do all the housework themselves. Here is how Alexander Fadeev himself later wrote about this in a letter to his son: “When I was a boy, my mother, now such a weak grandmother Nina, taught me, and sister Tanya, and brother Volodya, to all types of domestic and agricultural labor: we ourselves they sewed on torn-off buttons for themselves, put patches on and patched holes in clothes, washed dishes and floors in the house, made beds themselves, and besides, they mowed, reaped, knitted sheaves, weeded, looked after vegetables in the garden. I had carpentry tools, and I, and especially my brother Volodya, always made something. We always sawed and chopped wood and stoked the stoves ourselves. Since childhood, I knew how to harness a horse myself, saddle it and ride it. All this not only develops physically, but also disciplines a person very much. But this is not just discipline. Everything, absolutely everything, even the smallest types of such labor was necessary for me and my sister Tanya, and brother Volodya in adult life - both in the war, and in domestic life, and in communicating with people at work, when I had to work in a village or work environment and lead by example.”

Young people often gathered in the house of the Sibirtsevs - friends of Fadeev's cousins ​​- Vsevolod and Igor. Many of the guests held revolutionary views. Fadeev often witnessed lively discussions about the future fate of Russia. In 1917, he joined the Commune, a group of democratically minded youth at a commercial school. Then he began to publish articles in the newspaper "Tribune of Youth".

As usual, after spending the summer of 1918 with his parents in distant Chuguevka, Fadeev returned to Vladivostok for the new school year. But it was already a completely different city, with a different power, with a different life. Then Fadeev recalled this time: “There was a bloody battle in which the whole people was drawn, the world split, in front of each young man it was no longer figurative, but vital ... the question arose:“ In which camp to fight? However, Fadeev did not doubt his choice - in the same month he and his three best friend Zhenya Khomyakov, Grisha Bilimenko and Petya Nerezov joined the communist party. Thus began the fighting everyday life of the sixteen-year-old Fadeev and his friends, who were jokingly called "The Three Musketeers and D'Artagnan" back at the school - they carried out propaganda work, put up leaflets, and worked as messengers. Many years later, Alexander Fadeev wrote this about his friends: “I am forever grateful to fate that I had three such friends during the fighting years! We loved each other so selflessly, we were ready to give our lives for everyone and for everyone! We tried so hard not to drop ourselves before each other and so concerned about preserving each other's honor that we ourselves did not notice how we gradually brought up courage, courage, will in each other ... In general, we were completely desperate guys - we were loved in the company and in the squad. Pyotr was one year older than Grisha and Sanya, and two years older than me, he was a very firm man, not talkative, self-possessed and brave, and perhaps it was thanks to these qualities that we did not die in the very first months: in such we there were alterations due to our desperate youthful reckless courage ... War is a big and harsh educator. By this time, we had already experienced a lot of hard, cruel ... Much of the past seemed already childishly naive, required revision. Some of our former comrades, we now, without flinching, would have shot if he fell into our hands, we despised others, we regretted others that our paths had gone apart.

In the spring of 1919, Alexander Fadeev was sent to a partisan detachment. He was provided with forged documents, according to which he was listed as Alexander Bulyga. It was in the detachment that Fadeev began to keep a diary, which later helped him in his work on his first works. “Fadeev carried several thick notebooks in his field bag, in which he made detailed notes ... They served us well more than once. It just so happened that when it was necessary to obtain detailed information about some village and its people, Lazo and I called Sasha Fadeev from the detachment and asked him to read the corresponding notes from his notebooks. I remember that it was a very valuable material,” recalled M. Gubelman.

In April 1919, Fadeev was wounded during one of the battles near Spassk. He could have died if his comrade, risking his life, had not carried him out of the encirclement waist-deep in icy water. After treatment, Fadeev took part in the export of weapons and ammunition from Primorye to the Amur Region along the Ussuri River. After the fighting, this time seemed to him almost peaceful. He later wrote about this: “Flights along the Ussuri in 1920 are one of the happiest memories of my youth. I was 18 years old. I was recovering from the wound I received near Spassk, I was still limping, but it was already clear that everything would be fine. The weather was clear and sunny all the time, we caught a lot of fish with a net, and, due to weakness, I was the cook. Never in my life have I eaten such greasy burbot and catfish soup. Constant tension, dangers, our sometimes bloody fights with deserters from the army, who more than once tried to take possession of the steamer in order to escape the Amur - all this only invigorated the soul.

However, already in the autumn of 1920, Fadeev was again sent to the front. Years later, Fadeev recalled: “I was considered some kind of a short time instructor of the political department of our division. But I was actually not at the political department of the division, but at its commissar ... I even lived with him in a saloon car. I slept on the floor in the dining room, spreading our short fur coats of that time - jackets that we wore with white fur on the outside ... He read me as a regimental commissar if someone died or someone needed to be replaced. And before such an opportunity, he promised to send to units that are facing serious operations or that are in a difficult situation - as a representative of the political department, to reinforce the commissars of the units. He gave me this role for obvious reasons: despite my youth, 19 years old, I already went to school partisan struggle in Primorye, fighting the Japanese after April 4-5, he was wounded, had commissar experience behind him, had a secondary education, was relatively politically literate and was already known to him as a good mass agitator. But it looks like I'm bragging." Fadeev did not boast, rather the opposite - after all, he was not yet nineteen years old at that time. The characteristics of Fadeev of those years have been preserved. It had only two words: "Good, great."

A. Fadeev. 1921

In February 1921, Alexander Fadeev was elected a delegate with a decisive vote to X All-Russian Congress RKP. The country was going through a crisis - economic, political and social. Strikes and rallies with political and economic demands took place in Petrograd. Martial law was introduced in the city. These events served as an impetus for the uprising of the Kronstadt garrison. The delegates of the 10th Congress were sent to put down the uprising. During the assault on the Kronstadt fortress, Fadeev was seriously wounded in the leg. He lay unconscious for several hours on the ice of the Gulf of Finland, lost a lot of blood, but the doctors managed to save his life. For five months he was treated in a Petrograd hospital, but Fadeev was an incredible optimist and later, recalling this time, he spoke not about wounds and pains, but about pleasant moments: “I spent several months in the hospital. Never read so much in my life. Here you have utopian socialists, and Lenin, and Milton, and Blok ... I didn’t read something ... The doctor was kind, like doctors in general. My sister was beautiful, like my sisters in general... And the trees in the garden were beautiful... I kept looking at them from the ward... After all, they were completely different from what we have in the Far East... Walks in the evenings were also good. And Neva was good. AND Summer garden… In short, I fell in love.”

Students of the Moscow Mining Academy. 1921-1924 (on the right is A. Fadeev)

For health reasons, Fadeev was released from further military service. In the summer he came to Moscow and began to prepare for admission to the Mining Academy. "Listen! - Fadeev wrote to his friend Isai Dolnikov, - you would believe it, damn it! If someone told you that Sashka ... passed algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics and arithmetic in one month and passed the exam at the Mining Academy? No, you would send that person to hell... But it's true! Carramba! This rigmarole ended only yesterday, and here I am from the military brigade to the students!

Fadeev studied at the Faculty of Geology. He wrote in May 1922: “I live very fully and widely social life, I am interested in all issues of our time ... I am disposed to the perception (albeit in an amateurish way) of universal knowledge. While studying at the academy, Alexander Fadeev wrote his first story, Spill, the plot of which was based on the events that took place in 1917 in the village of Chuguevka, which became his native. The then well-known writer Yuri Libedinsky was the first to read it, who later recalled: “While reading, I kept looking out the window, streaming with raindrops, I saw Kuntsevo’s rather stunted country nature there. And the manuscript depicted extraordinary nature - with tall cedars, mountains, fells, valleys, and a violent river, the crushing flood of which was described in this short story. And the people that the author talked about were a match for nature: strong and courageous, passionate and truthful ... ".

In May 1923, the story "Spill" was completed and Fadeev began work on the story "Against the Current", which was published at the end of the year in the magazine "Young Guard". A few months later saw the light and "Razliv". After the publication of the first works, Alexander Fadeev was convinced of the correctness of the chosen path. He wrote: “Obviously, I have not only a great desire, but also the ability for this business.” Already in 1923, he began to proudly sign his letters “Writer Al. Bulyga-Fadeev. Having become interested in science at the beginning of his studies, over time he began to understand that he was unlikely to succeed as a mining engineer - literary work began to take more and more strength.

Fadeev did not become a mining engineer. In March 1924, a sharp turn took place in his life - at that time, by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, party cadres were sent to the country's regions. After studying at the Mining Academy for two courses, he left it and went to Krasnodar. Fadeev rejoiced at his departure - studies no longer attracted him so much, and in order to write, new impressions were needed. In Krasnodar, he worked as an instructor and then as secretary of the district committee. In his free time, the active and energetic Fadeev led the choir, was the captain of the football team, but literary field continued to tempt him. In Krasnodar, entries appeared in his diary, which were writer's sketches of events, observations, heard phrases. They were like preparations for future, as yet unwritten books. It was in Krasnodar that he began work on his first major work, the novel Defeat, based on his own memories and impressions. Literary creativity captured him so strongly that for the first time he began to think about leaving party work and devoting himself entirely to writing. Finally, he made a decision - and in September 1924 he turned to the leadership with a request to transfer him to journalistic work.

In the fall of 1924, Fadeev moved to Rostov-on-Don and began working for the regional newspaper Sovetsky Yug. Later, he wrote in one of his letters: “I was then still very young and unusually cheerful. I worked for a regional newspaper in Rostov-on-Don, lived in a small room on the fourth floor overlooking the Don and the steppe. And by the nature of my work, I traveled a lot. I lived alone, but I had no idea what loneliness was. New places, people, cities, landscapes, events - I perceived everything with extraordinary greed. In Rostov, coming home from work late at night, tired, I could spend hours looking at the lights of Bataysk in the steppe beyond the Don, at the reflection of these lights and stars in the Don, at the sky, at the black bridge, similar to Brooklyn, at the chimneys of steamers that came from Black and Azov seas and reminded that the world is very spacious. This greed of life has remained in me even now. The following fact speaks of the active character of Alexander Alexandrovich. Once the editor-in-chief, leaving on a business trip, left Fadeev in his place. When he returned, he found a square hole in the floor connecting the production editor's room and the printing house, which made the transfer of manuscripts and galleys more convenient and faster - there were no stairs and long corridors to go. Another result of Fadeev's short leadership was the permission for employees to change seats - depending on personal sympathies. The editor-in-chief was surprised at the changes, but did not object, exclaiming only: “Boy!”.

In those years, Fadeev's life changed dramatically. He not only changed jobs and got the opportunity to work literary creativity, but there have been changes in his personal life. While still studying in Moscow, he met a student at Moscow University, a young writer Valeria Gerasimova (Fadeev called her Valya). Here is how she later recalled this meeting: “It cannot be said that this tall man in a tunic seemed handsome to me. But in the whole structure of this tall, flexible figure, as if woven from muscles, there was something that struck me. It was a warehouse in those years of not yet fully expressed, not fully minted amazing masculinity. I was also struck by the sharpness of the look of bright, sharply gleaming eyes. All this was not only not "cooperator", but something directly opposite to everything urban, room, service. This figure exuded not only a truly masculine or athletic, but most likely a hunting grip. For several years they lived in different cities: she is in Moscow, he is in Krasnodar, then in Rostov-on-Don. Short meetings were again replaced by a long, painful and painful separation for Fadeev.

Valeria Gerasimova recalled: “At the time when our relationship was just taking shape and were such that Sasha, with all the passion of his nature, loved me, and I most likely allowed myself to be loved (although internally, perhaps, something deeper was hidden under this) , a terrible misfortune befell me. It was all the more terrible and unfair because I was so young and, as they said, beautiful ... The misfortune that struck me so absurdly was the upcoming difficult operation. I could become permanently disabled. I was smitten, humiliated, I thought: how will this person behave? A man from a completely different (as I then, and also largely erroneous, it seemed) world. But the firm, truly courageous hand of Sasha invariably supported me. There was not a shadow of hesitation in him, not a second of desire to "go into the bushes." He treated me not like a lover, but like an old, smart, good friend. At the same time, there is not a shadow of a game of generosity, not a grain of sentimentality, but a courageous, serious stamina. The operation went well, and I remember how, after waking up from anesthesia and recovering a day later, I was suffocating with happiness, with the joy of life returned to me and with the fact that I had such a friend found in suffering as Fadeev.

In 1967, an interesting incident occurred - in the journal "Youth" was published earlier unknown story Alexander Fadeev called "About Love". The magazine wrote about him as one of the first creative experiences of the writer, written in the manner of Alexander Grin. It was a mistake. In fact, the publication was a letter from Fadeev to Valeria Gerasimova, written by him from Rostov-on-Don on May 8, 1925 on behalf of Old Pim: “... Since childhood, I have been distinguished by great curiosity and an inexhaustible love of life. Most of all I loved - in general - people, even more - in particular, girls ... You know Old Pym for a kind materialist, but the latter was always combined in him with a romantic. It has also happened: I love a girl, but I am drawn to the guys - to fish, to ski, to go to Sydney - and she cannot do this with me and asks me to stay. It immediately became painful for me, it seemed that life closed in a narrow circle - my love for her disappeared, I threw this one too. But I loved life as before; she gave me her bounty, and I was a fun 23-year-old Pim, and the girls fell on me, because the one who loves less is always stronger. Once I met a certain Valya from Boston. She liked me. I told her this and also told her who I was, and with peace of mind I went to Sydney, taking her curly image with me. It began as usual, but how strangely I began to miss her! We corresponded, she came to me, and I to her. Her love was very uneven ... I fell in love with Valya from Boston the way girls used to love me. I still went to Sydney and skied, but I did it out of habit, not desire. To put it another way, I didn't want to fish without Vali from Boston, I didn't want to go to Sydney without Vali from Boston and I wasn't interested in the girls walking down the street because I was only interested in Valya from Boston... I thought: "I'll be a fun Pim , I will thank life and Valya from Boston - both for my love for her, and for her letters that I kissed as a boy, and for the suffering that my love for her brings me, for all this is life, and life is beautiful and life death always wins! When I came to this conclusion, it was already night, sirens were screaming on the river, the window smelled of spring, beyond the river crept in fog - dark as night - epic vast steppes. I decided to write to her about it - let her know what the cheerful 23-year-old Pim went through. I wrote her the following: “I can’t forget you, Valya from Boston, I love you all, without a trace - thank you for that. But I will not “cry” anymore, I will go to Sydney, fish, ski, I will be patient and wise, like an old taiga wolf, I will kiss your letters and remember you everywhere, love every word and even the memory of you if you don't love me. And one of two things will happen: either this will happen (that is, you will stop loving me), then I will “fall from a height”, but I will not break, - because I am a cheerful 23-year-old Pim! - I will only hit hard and will be sick for a long time, but I will recover and go to Sydney, and from Sydney to Singapore - after all, the world is huge! Or you will love me deeply, and then you will want to go with me to Sydney, fish, ski, and I will gladly do a lot that you want, but you will still be Valya from Boston, and I will be cheerful cheerful Pim, for the world is huge, for the price of that love that encroaches on the freedom of a beloved being is worthless ... ".

Valya agreed to become Fadeev's wife and move to him in Rostov. However, the unexpected happened - Fadeeva was seconded to the disposal of the Central Committee to work on the Board of the RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers). Fadeev had already become famous by that time - work on "The Rout" was completed, and this work was published in separate chapters in the magazine "October". It was a strong novel and unusual for that time in terms of plot. It has been translated into English, German, French, Spanish and Chinese. Ilya Ehrenburg wrote: “It happens like this: a person experienced something significant, wanted to talk about it, he turned out to have a talent, and now new writer. Fadeev told me that during the years of the Civil War he did not even think that he would be carried away by literature; “The rout” was for him the most unexpected result of what he experienced.” And Fadeev himself admitted that he owes his birth as a writer to that time. “I learned the best side of the people from which I came,” he wrote. “For three years, with him, I walked thousands of kilometers of roads, slept under the same overcoat and ate from the same soldier’s bowler hat.”

In Moscow, the Fadeevs settled away from the noisy streets in Sokolniki. They had a tiny room with a minimum of furniture - a camp bed, a table and a chair. For a long time Fadeev wore what he came to Moscow in - a black Caucasian shirt with a narrow leather belt with a silver notch, military boots. They lived modestly, but it was a rare time in the writer's life when he could devote himself entirely to creativity. Writer Yuri Libedinsky recalled: “Having received a room, Sasha immediately called his mother, Antonina Vasilievna, from the Far East, then her sister Tatyana Alexandrovna with her little daughter. Sasha had already talked a lot about his family and especially about his mother. He dearly loved, was proud of her ... That first summer, when we settled in Sokolniki, was for Sasha a time of especially hard work. Sometimes he wrote at our dacha, which we rented nearby ... He worked on every phrase, on every paragraph, honing them to the utmost expressiveness, to full-voiced sound. He put all his strength into this work. After sitting at the table for eight to ten hours, having a snack and sleeping, he again sat down to work, and again for many hours. This went on for two or three weeks. By the end of such work, he almost reached exhaustion, to general weakness ... In the process of this work, he mastered the text so much that he could read entire pages by heart. In 1927, Fadeev began writing the novel The Last of the Udege. Six parts were conceived. By 1929 the first two were completed.

In RAPP, Fadeev took the post of organizing secretary. In the history of literature of that period, the RAPP is known for the persecution of writers who, according to the RAPP, did not correspond to the title of a Soviet writer. One of the organizers and ideologists of the RAPP, Fadeev, publicly condemned Boris Pilnyak, Yevgeny Zamyatin and Andrey Platonov, but he himself was very self-critical about his RAPP activities. In the spring of 1931, he wrote to Serafimovich: “You see, for many weeks now I myself have been thinking about leaving the RAPP, ... but I was thinking about leaving the Secretariat, because I have no opportunity to work there, and I have to be responsible for its affairs ... The point is in our system of work, which is not adapted in any way to working with a writer. We are the least engaged in the writer and literature, however ridiculous it may seem, and to fix this, a whole revolution is needed. Of course, Fadeev was unable to accomplish a revolution in the work of the RAPP. Ilya Ehrenburg wrote about Fadeev: "Fadeev was a brave but disciplined soldier, he never forgot about the prerogatives of the commander in chief." And Stalin was always the commander-in-chief for Fadeev. “I am afraid of two people - my mother and Stalin, I am afraid and I love ...”, the writer admitted to his friends.

The vigorous social activity of Fadeev practically did not leave him time for either creativity or personal life. He practically stopped writing, work on the novel "The Last of the Udege" progressed slowly. It began to be noticed. In 1932, Maxim Gorky wrote: “Having stopped in his development, he apparently experiences this as a drama, which, however, does not interfere with his desire to play the role of a literary leader, although it would be better for him and literature if he studied.” In 1929, his marriage to Valeria Gerasimova broke up (they officially divorced in 1932). Later, she explained the reasons for the breakup in this way: “My sadness, and sometimes direct malaise, sometimes clouded my life. And one more thing: I did not like the so-called "society", pseudo (for me, pseudo) fun, various parties and gatherings. My communication with people was selective. Another thing is Sasha, still a young man with then inescapable strength, with the skills of a different, “sociable” life, with organic cheerfulness ... ”They maintained good friendly relations for life, although they saw each other quite rarely. Four years after the divorce, Fadeev confessed to his mother in a letter: “Valya promised to come, but something delayed her. I greatly regret this, because Valya is the only woman in the world whom I truly loved and continue to love. Of course, what is broken is unlikely to be restored, and this, in fact, is the main source of suffering in my last years.

A. Fadeev, V. Mayakovsky, V. Stavsky. At the exhibition of VV Mayakovsky "20 years of work". 1930

In 1932, the RAPP was liquidated, and an organizing committee was formed to create a single union of Soviet writers. At the end of August, Fadeev left Moscow. He went to Bashkiria, then to Southern Urals and, finally, to the places of his youth - the Far East. During these wanderings, he continued to work on the novel The Last of the Udege. From Khabarovsk, he wrote: “I have big plans. I feel that I have already entered the time when wind-running is the end. It is necessary to finish the novel, write several stories for Pravda, sit down thoroughly on theory and science, and at first master at least two languages ​​- German and English. I'll sit down near Vladivostok, and for a year and a half, two years, let them not wait for me in Moscow ... I feel great - in the local severity, in the local pace and scale. At first - "meeting with friends!" - we drank something (two times I even cut myself thoroughly), but now I forgot to think - not before (I really want to work). Recalling the last two years, I can’t sometimes get rid of a feeling of great sadness - lived not as it should be, with little success and, in essence, without joy. I would like to have a friend of the heart in the coming life, yes, it seems that I will have to be alone. During his life, he must have held at least thirty “diamonds of these” in his hands - and from them true love he didn’t make money from anyone, and he himself didn’t completely surrender to anyone - now, apparently, it’s too late to hope. Many years later, he described his condition during this period as follows: “All these years - from 1930 to 1936 - wandered around the world and finally, as it seemed to me, could not love anyone. It was somehow especially difficult for me to live (in the sense of my personal life) in these thirties, the years of my greatest loneliness. A fully mature person, I thought a lot about this side of my life and compared it with the lives of others. And I understood (and just saw in the lives of others) that the happiest and most stable, standing the test of time, are marriages that naturally (in the course of life itself) have developed from youthful friendship, friendship that either has a romantic character from the very beginning, or turns into into a romantic after some time, but friendship is not accidental, but more or less long-term, already conscious, when convictions begin to take shape, characters and true feelings begin to form. The extraordinary purity and originality of such a feeling, its healthy romanticism, which naturally develops into true love, where young people for the first time reveal a man and a woman in each other and form each other in a spiritual and physical sense, the birth of the first child - all this is such a noble foundation for all subsequent life. !

A. Fadeev. 1933

In the Far East, Fadeev completed the third part of The Last of the Udege, and continued work on the fourth in Moscow. In the summer of 1935, Fadeev returned to the capital and soon became one of the leaders of the Writers' Union. He was given a separate apartment, but settled life did not work out. In autumn he visited Czechoslovakia with a delegation of writers, then went on vacation to Sukhumi. In 1936, Fadeev, as part of a literary delegation, went to Spain, where a civil war was going on, then lived in the capital of France for a month. In those days, the Moscow Art Theater was touring there. academic theater. The writer met the beautiful and intelligent actress of the Moscow Art Theater Angelina Stepanova. Fadeev was fascinated, upon returning to Moscow, he proposed and they soon got married. Fadeev adopted Stepanova's son Alexander, and a few years later they had a common child, Mikhail.

Angelina Stepanova and Alexander Fadeev with their sons.

Later, Fadeev wrote: “But, of course, life nevertheless took its toll, and in 1936 I got married - married for love ... We have children, whom I was so unfairly and cruelly deprived of in my younger years and about whom I dreamed. My wife is an actress of the Moscow Art Theater Angelina Osipovna Stepanova, a very talented actress who devotes her entire spiritual life to this beloved work. In everyday life, she bears little resemblance to an actress in the usual sense, she is a big family man, passionately loves children, just dresses, darns her husband's socks and saws him if he drinks an extra glass of vodka.

V. Stanitsyn, A. Fadeev, A. Stepanova, O. Androvskaya. While on tour
Moscow Art Theater in Paris. 1937

Since 1938, the post of the first head of the Writers' Union became known as the "general secretary" and Alexander Fadeev was elected to this position. And again, as before, innumerable bureaucratic affairs did not leave him time and energy for literature. From his pen in those years nothing came out except small essays. Ilya Ehrenburg wrote about this: “They also said that Fadeev writes little because he drinks a lot. However, Faulkner drank even more and wrote dozens of novels. Apparently, Fadeev had other brakes.

Inspiration to Fadeev returned with the beginning of the war. From its first days, he became a correspondent for the Soviet Information Bureau. He flew twice - and for a long time - in besieged Leningrad as a war correspondent for Pravda. Basically, he had to visit various directions front. But he spent a lot of time in the city itself. After the first three-month stay there, Fadeev wrote a book of essays "Leningrad in the days of the blockade." In January 1942, he made sure that he was sent to the most dangerous sector of the Kalinin Front. According to B. Polevoy, Fadeev considered himself “not entitled to write from the front unless he sees everything with his own eyes.”

Alexander Fadeev and Mikhail Sholokhov, 1941.

In mid-February 1943, after the liberation of Krasnodon, he was offered to write a book about the Young Guard. Fadeev has long dreamed of creating a major, serious work. He readily agreed. His first response was the publication of the article "Immortality" in the Pravda newspaper. The work completely captured him. He seemed to plunge into his fighting youth again. In a conversation with a friend, Fadeev admitted: “When I started working on The Young Guard, it seemed to me that I was not writing about the underground organization of Krasnodon during the Second World War, but about the Vladivostok Bolshevik underground, and those young heroes who were the first guardsmen in those long-gone days of fierce struggle, in which we then took part with you in Primorye ... ". Fadeev was sure of the main thing - the documentary accuracy of the material. He himself went to Krasnodon, met with relatives and friends of the victims, looked at photographs, diaries. He said: “If I hadn’t gone, then all the huge and impressive material that was handed to me would still not be enough, because on the spot I saw a lot of things that, even if you were even seven spans in your forehead, and how would you no matter how talented, it is impossible to invent it or conjecture it.

In 1945, the publication of chapters of the novel began in the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper and the Znamya magazine. A separate book soon saw the light of day. By the end of the war, the novel was ready, in 1946 Fadeev received the Stalin Prize of the first degree for it. He did not consider the first edition of the novel to be final. In 1947, the writer said in one of his speeches: “For me, this is a piece of metal that has not yet cooled down at all, which you still cannot touch with your hand, I still don’t see much. I need some more time so that I can look at everything with an objective eye, and then, over the years, some things will have to be gradually corrected, supplemented, deleted. But the thunder still struck: in December 1947, an editorial was published in the Pravda newspaper containing several serious accusations. One of them was the insufficient portrayal of the role of the party in the leadership of the Komsomol underground organization. Reworking, and in fact writing anew an already finished novel, was not easy for Fadeev - it took three years. "I'm still converting the young guard into the old one," he bitterly sneered at the time. In 1951, the novel "The Young Guard" was published in a new edition. Stalin was pleased with the content, and Fadeev was awarded the Order of Lenin.

However, there was another serious accusation - worse than the first. Fadeev wrote a book based on the materials of the investigation. No one then suspected that the investigation was on the wrong track - one of the policemen slandered Tretyakevich, a member of the headquarters of the Young Guards. And although in the novel Fadeev brought him under a fictitious name, nevertheless, those who were aware of the events in Krasnodon guessed who he was talking about. There were other inaccuracies in the book.

In 1946, Fadeev again became the secretary of the Writers' Union. During the years of leadership of the writers' organization, he participated in all companies directed against objectionable writers. Fadeev sincerely considered their works to be inconsistent with the ideas of communism. With his participation, Anna Akhmatova and Mikhail Zoshchenko were expelled from the Writers' Union, and other writers were persecuted and persecuted. But he was an unusual persecutor. Participating in the persecution of Akhmatova, he at the same time tried to help in the release of her son Lev Gumilyov from prison and fussed about housing and a pension for her. Akhmatova later said: "I have no right to judge Fadeeva." Speaking at the board of the Writers' Union with accusations against Boris Pasternak of the "idealism alien to Soviet society" of his poetry, he still loved his poems. Ilya Ehrenburg recalled that once in a cafe, having ordered cognac, Fadeev asked him “Ilya Grigorievich, do you want to listen to real poetry? ..” He began to read Pasternak’s poems from memory, could not stop, interrupted reading only to ask: ? Boris Pasternak once said: “Fadeev personally treated me well, but if he is ordered to quarter me, he will do it in good faith and cheerfully report about it, although later, when he gets drunk again, he will say that he is sorry for me and that I was very good.” man. There is an expression "a man with a double soul." We have many of them. About Fadeev, I would say differently. His soul is divided into many impenetrable compartments, like a submarine. Only alcohol mixes everything, all bulkheads rise ... ” Such a painful split was unbearable for Fadeev.

Fadeev was in the Kremlin hospital, getting out of binges and treating depression - and again broke down. He recalled: “I took a sip of moonshine at the age of 16, when I was in a partisan detachment in the Far East. At first, I did not want to lag behind the adult men in the detachment. I could drink a lot then. Then I got used to it. I had to. When people climb very high, it is cold there and you need to drink.” And he spoke about the onset of depression back in 1929 in a letter to R. Zemlyachka: “Neurasthenia in a very acute form drove me to the rest home. It is explained by the ever-growing and more and more tormenting contradiction between the desire, the organic need to write, the consciousness that this is my duty, and that literary and social burden that does not make it possible to write and from which it is impossible to get rid of. And later he wrote: “God gave me a soul capable of seeing, understanding, feeling good, happiness, life, but constantly carried away by the waves of life, unable to limit myself, obey the dictates of reason, I, instead of conveying to people this vital and good, in my own life - spontaneous, vain - I bring this vital and good to its opposite and, easily vulnerable, with the conscience of a publican, weak especially when I feel guilty, in the end I only suffer, and repent, and lose my last peace of mind ... ".

In March 1951, Fadeev for the first time cautiously complained in a letter to Stalin that he could not carry out many plans for new stories, novels, stories, because he did not have time. “They fill me up and die in me unfulfilled,” wrote Fadeev. “I can only tell these topics and stories to my friends, having turned from a writer into an akyn or ashug.” Stalin did not leave the letter without attention - after all, Alexander Fadeev had never asked for himself before. He was allowed to temporarily disconnect from the leadership of the writers' union and devote himself entirely to literary work. In an office on Staraya Square, Fadeev was even offered the idea of ​​a new novel. The basis of the plot was to be a grandiose discovery in metallurgy. This was presented as the most important task of the party. Fadeev was not embarrassed that he was metallurgy - a completely unfamiliar area for him. With the enthusiasm characteristic of him from his youth, he undertook to study new things - he went to Magnitogorsk to collect material. What he had wished for so long had come true: new places always attracted him, new knowledge attracted him, meeting new people was interesting. The legendary Magnitogorsk struck him. Fadeev plunged headlong into work. But, even while on sabbatical, he continued to do business. In April 1953, he wrote: “I can’t make a report at the plenum, I can’t work either in the Writers’ Union or in any other body before they let me finish my new novel“Ferrous Metallurgy” is a novel that I consider the best work of my life ... I was given a “vacation” for 1 year. What was this "vacation"? Six times during this year I was sent abroad. I was mercilessly dragged out of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Dnepropetrovsk for another two weeks before the trip abroad, in order to participate in the preparation of documents that could have been perfectly prepared without me, moreover, about the same time was spent on the trip, then a week to report back. It took 2 months to work in the Committee on Stalin Prizes, in holding the All-Union Conference of Peace Supporters in 1951. Under the conditions of this so-called "vacation" I had half as much time for my creative work as for everything else... Not letting me finish this novel now is the same as forcibly delaying the birth, preventing it. But then I will simply die as a person and as a writer, as a woman in labor would die under similar conditions ... ”.

The first eight chapters of the new novel were published in 1953 in the Ogonyok magazine. Fadeev planned in 1954 to publish the novel in parts in one of the thick magazines, and to complete its writing by the end of the year. However, these plans did not materialize. 1954 was a difficult year for Fadeev. He lost his mother - she died at the age of 81 - and could not come to the funeral, because he was again in the hospital. From the hospital, he wrote a letter to his deputy. The letter was written with the expectation that it would reach the Central Committee. And Fadeev's calculation was justified - the deputy really handed him over to the Central Committee. Fadeev wrote: “In terms of its ideological and artistic quality, and especially in terms of skill, Soviet literature has not only not grown over the past 3-4 years, but has catastrophically rolled down ... And all this happens because people who are able to give this, at least relative, a sample, overloaded to the ears with anything, but not creative work, although most of them for decades have earned their literary experience and skill literally by the hump, and without an example, no talents and geniuses from the youth can spontaneously arise, just as Pushkin could not have been without Derzhavin, Lomonosov, Griboyedov, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov. Until it is understood by absolutely everyone that the main occupation of a writer (and especially a good writer, for without good writer there can be no good literature and there is nothing for young people to learn from) ... - this is his work, and everything else is additional and secondary, it is impossible to do without such an understanding of good literature.

The content of the letter was seen as an attempt at rebellion. The authorities did not forgive Fadeev for his harsh tone. He was gradually removed from all leadership positions. Fadeev took it calmly. In addition, he believed that there would now be enough time for creativity. However, the novel "Black Metallurgy" did not work out. The idea proposed to Fadeev initially turned out to be wrong: the materials he was supplied with were fake, and those who were asked to be portrayed as “pests” in the novel turned out to be right in fact.

After Stalin's death, fellow writers began to return from the camps. Some of them could not forgive Fadeev for their arrest. There were cases when accusations were publicly thrown in his face. In February 1956, the 20th Party Congress broke out. Criticism of the personality cult made a deep impression on Fadeev. But at this congress a blow was dealt to him as well. Mikhail Sholokhov spoke: “We decided to create a collective leadership in the Writers' Union, headed by Comrade. Fadeev, but nothing good came of it. In the meantime, the Writers' Union gradually turned from a creative organization, as it should have been, into an administrative organization, and although the secretariat, sections of prose, poetry, drama and criticism were regularly meeting, protocols were written, the technical apparatus was working at full capacity and couriers were driving around, there were no books. A few good books a year for a country like ours is extremely little ... Fadeev turned out to be a rather power-hungry general secretary and did not want to reckon with the principle of collegiality in his work. It became impossible for the rest of the secretaries to work with him. This bagpipe dragged on for 15 years. By common and friendly efforts, we stole 15 of the best from Fadeev creative years his life, and as a result we have neither a general secretary nor a writer…”.

But, in spite of everything, he made creative plans. He completely stopped drinking and wrote in March 1956: “Sometimes it’s sad to realize, but age already makes me soberly assess the situation, I’m more and more convinced that I won’t be able to go home soon: not earlier than in three or four years, when the novel (in the new version of it) will be completely finished. Apparently, this will be my last novel on modern material (I strive to finish the first book by the beginning of 57). Then I will finish Udege. And then I'll go! I will go for a long time, knowing that, as a writer approaching 60, it is just the right time for me to deal with topics related to my past. They can also be equipped with modern material, but already more autobiographically colored. These themes always live latently in me and ask to come out. In fact, I have written so little in my life! ”... “Now about the mood, experiences, difficulties ... I have them neither more nor less than all people, especially when people are no longer young! But my character does not change, and I still love life, and know how to enjoy it. But troubles and even difficulties often arise, alternating, however, with good things ... And then, after all, we are all not mechanical citizens, about whom Gorky wrote in his time and of which there are still many: we experience and deeply and sometimes painfully experience everything that connected with the difficulties and shortcomings in the life of the people, the state, as well as in our spheres of activity, where everything takes place in struggle, in clashes between the new and the old. However, after all, my whole life was spent in the struggle, and I got used to it, and without it, life would have seemed poor to me.

A. Fadeev fishing.

For several months before his departure, Fadeev led a secluded life. He completely abandoned alcohol and was again busy with work - he compiled a collection of his best literary critical articles “For thirty years”. News reached him that a wave of indignation and struggle for the restoration of the good name of Viktor Tretyakevich was rising in Krasnodon. Shortly before his death, Fadeev, in a moment of frankness, confessed to his old friend, writer Yuri Libedinsky: “Conscience torments. It's hard to live, Yura, with bloody hands." In early May, according to K.L. Zelinsky, he was already “in some kind of unquenchable anxiety” and told him: “We, Cornelius, are all in shit now,” and showed his hand to the very lips. “No one now, after what happened, will be able to truly write - neither Sholokhov, nor I, none of the people of our generation ... We are warped.”

"In the Central Committee of the CPSU

Peredelkino

I see no possibility of continuing to live, because the art to which I gave my life has been ruined by the self-confidently ignorant leadership of the Party, and now it cannot be corrected. The best cadres of literature - including those that the tsar's satraps never even dreamed of - were physically exterminated, or died thanks to the criminal connivance of those in power; the best men of literature died at a premature age; everything else, more or less valuable, capable of creating true values, died before reaching 40-50 years.

Literature - this holy of holies - has been handed over to be torn to pieces by bureaucrats and the most backward elements of the people, from the most "high" tribunes - such as the Moscow Conference or the 20th Party Congress, - new slogan"Atu her!" The way in which they are going to "correct" the situation arouses indignation: a group of ignoramuses has been assembled, with the exception of a few honest people who are in a state of the same persecution and therefore cannot tell the truth - and the conclusions are deeply anti-Leninist, for they proceed from bureaucratic habits, accompanied by a threat all the same "baton".

With what a feeling of freedom and openness of the world my generation entered literature under Lenin, what boundless forces were in the soul, and what beautiful works we created and could still create! After Lenin's death, we were reduced to the status of boys, destroyed, ideologically frightened and called it "party". And now, when everything could be corrected, the primitiveness, ignorance - with an outrageous dose of self-confidence - of those who should have corrected all this has affected. Literature has been given over to untalented, petty, vindictive people. The units of those who have kept the sacred fire in their souls are in the position of pariahs - by their age they will soon die. And there is no longer any incentive in the soul to create.

Built for great creativity in the name of communism, from the age of sixteen associated with the party, with the workers, with the peasants, endowed by God with an outstanding talent, I was full of the highest thoughts and feelings that the life of the people, united with the beautiful ideals of communism, can give rise to.

But I was turned into a draft horse, all my life I trudged under a load of incompetent, unjustified, innumerable bureaucratic affairs that could be performed by any person. And even now, when you sum up your life, it is unbearable to remember all that number of shouts, suggestions, teachings and simply ideological vices that fell upon me - whom our wonderful people would have the right to be proud of because of the authenticity and modesty of my inner deep communist talent. Literature, the highest fruit of the new system, has been destroyed, persecuted, ruined. The complacency of the nouveaux riches from the great Leninist teaching, even when they swear by it, by this teaching, has led to complete distrust of them on my part, for one can expect even worse from them than from the satrap Stalin. He was at least educated, but these were ignoramuses.

My life as a writer loses all meaning, and with great joy, as a deliverance from this vile existence, where meanness, lies and slander fall upon you, I am leaving this life. The last hope was to at least say this to the people who rule the state, but for the past 3 years, despite my requests, they can’t even accept me.

Please bury me next to my mother.

Al. Fadeev"

The last request of the writer was not fulfilled. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Korney Chukovsky responded in his diary to the death of Alexander Fadeev: “I am very sorry for dear A.A. - in him - under all the layers - one could feel a Russian nugget, a big man, but God, what kind of layers were those! All bullshit Stalin era, all her idiotic atrocities, all her terrible bureaucracy, all her corruption and officialdom found their obedient tool in him. He - essentially kind, humane, loving literature "to tears of tenderness", had to lead the entire literary ship in the most disastrous and shameful way - and tried to combine humanity with genocide. Hence the zigzags of his behavior, hence his tormented CONSCIENCE in recent years. He was not made for failure, he was so accustomed to the role of leader, the decider of writers' destinies - that the position of a retired literary marshal for him was a fierce torment.

Boris Pasternak wrote in his essay “People and Positions”: “Coming to the idea of ​​suicide, they put an end to themselves, turn away from the past, declare themselves bankrupt, and their memories invalid. These memories can no longer reach a person, save and support him. The continuity of the inner existence is broken, the personality is over. Maybe in conclusion they kill themselves not out of loyalty decision, but from the intolerance of this longing, belonging to no one knows whom, this suffering in the absence of the suffering, this empty expectation, not filled with a continuing life ... And it seems to me that Fadeev, with that guilty smile that he managed to carry through all the intricacies of politics, in last minute before the shot, he could say goodbye to himself with such, perhaps, words: “Well, it's all over. Farewell, Sasha."

Nikolai Svanidze about Alexander Fadeev was prepared TV Broadcast from the cycle "Historical Chronicles".

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The text was prepared by Elena Pobegailo

Used materials:

Ivan Zhukov, "Alexander Fadeev"
Fedor Razzakov, "Star Tragedies"
Natalia Ivanova, "Alexander Fadeev's Personal File"
Ovsyankin E.I., "The parents of the writer Alexander Fadeev got married in Shenkursk"
Bolshakov L.N., "Alexander Fadeev: Chronicle of combat youth"
B.Pastenak, "People and positions"
Site materials www.litrossia.ru
Site materials www.kg.riacenter.ru
Site materials www.remeny.ru
Site materials www.hrono.ru
Site materials www.chaskor.ru
Site materials www.molodguard.ru
Site materials www.zn.ua
Site materials www.sakharov-center.ru
Site materials www.sovsekretno.ru
Site materials www.peredelkino-land.ru
Site materials www.flb.ru

“My life as a writer loses all meaning, and with great joy, as a deliverance from this vile existence, where meanness, lies and slander fall upon you, I leave this life ...” Fadeev wrote to the Central Committee of the CPSU, before committing suicide .

“... Created for great creativity in the name of communism, from the age of sixteen associated with the party, with workers and peasants, endowed by God with an outstanding talent, I was full of the highest thoughts and feelings that the life of the people can give rise to, combined with the wonderful ideas of communism.

But they turned me into a draft horse, all my life I trudged under a load of mediocre, unjustified, innumerable bureaucratic affairs that could be performed by any person. And even now, when you sum up your life, it is unbearable to remember all the shouts, suggestions, teachings and simply ideological vices that fell upon me - whom our wonderful people would have the right to be proud of because of the authenticity and modesty of my deep inner communist talent.

... My life as a writer loses all meaning, and with great joy, as a deliverance from this vile existence, where meanness, lies and slander fall upon you, I leave this life ... "

May 1, 1917. Vladivostok. The May Day demonstration has just ended, and the headquarters of the united Social Democratic Party is packed with people. A group of young guys enter the room, in front of a young man in the form of a student of a commercial school.

M.N. Gubelman: “He was of medium height, all fit, slender, with an open neck, a large head; his curly hair was naughty, he tried to smooth it with his hands, but it did not give in and was scattered in different sides. It was Sasha Fadeev."

“Their conversation began with an unexpected reproach expressed by the youth: the Social Democrats, they say, do not pay enough attention to the fact that the youth are not yet organized and they need help to understand the events that are taking place.

Gubelman, at that time one of the leaders of the Far Eastern Bolshevik Organization, objects, but Fadeev insists: “No, Comrade Vladimir, this is not the case. We ourselves cannot figure everything out correctly ... ”(L. Bolshakov).

Alyosha Karamazov quotes from Dostoevsky “one foreign German”: “Show a Russian schoolboy a map of the starry sky, about which he had no idea until then, and tomorrow he will return this map corrected to you.”

A graduate of a commercial school, 16-year-old Sasha Fadeev firmly knows that "he himself cannot figure everything out correctly," and urgently demands party leadership for himself.

"Uncle Volodya" (Gubelman) enjoyed unquestioned authority with Alexander. Behind long years their views did not differ even once and on a single issue ”(L. Bolshakov).

Spring - summer 1919. A member of the RCP (b) A. Fadeev - an ordinary fighter of the Suchansky partisan detachment. “Fadeev carried several thick notebooks in his field bag, in which he made detailed notes ... They served us well more than once. It just so happened that when it was necessary to obtain detailed information about some village and its people, Lazo and I called Sasha Fadeev from the detachment and asked him to read the corresponding notes from his notebooks. I remember that it was a very valuable material ”(M. Gubelman).

November 1919 Fadeev is already in the position of adjutant under I.M. Pevzner, commander of the Special Communist Detachment. “Together with Iosif Maksimovich, Sasha ... blew up railway bridges, attacked enemy garrisons, mercilessly exterminated traitors and provocateurs” (N. Ilyukhov). In exposing traitors and provocateurs, Fadeev's "notebooks" apparently play an important role.

December 1920 “For a short time I was considered an instructor in the political department of our division,” Fadeev recalled years later. - But I was actually not at the political department of the division, but at its commissar ... I even lived with him in a saloon car. He slept on the floor in the dining room, laying out our then cropped fur coats - jackets that we wore with white fur outside ... He read me as a regimental commissar if someone died or someone needed to be replaced.

Fadeev is only nineteen, but he is already an instructor in the political department and is ready, if necessary, to help anyone "get it right."

December 28, 1920. Fadeev is a participant in the conference of military commissars and secretaries of party cells in the city of Nerchinsk. “The next day he (Fadeev) got to the evening of the fighters of the People's Revolutionary Army. I accidentally got in, as a guest, but the young commissar quickly mastered any situation ... and now he resolutely got up, boldly rushed to the podium ”(L. Bolshakov).

“Members of the army headquarters were sitting in the front row: Velekhov, Postyshev, Seryshev ... and a boyishly sonorous and very beautiful speech of a young political worker dressed in an army uniform rushed from the stage. It was Sasha Fadeev who figuratively painted two worlds: the world of the idle and depraved bourgeoisie, raising in their well-groomed hand not a glass of wine, but a glass filled with the blood of workers; on the other hand, the world of workers, whose hands create wealth and beauty for the inhabitants of the palaces. The creators of these riches live in shacks and spit blood” (T. Golovina).

The party characterization of Fadeev has been preserved - short, in two words: "Good, magnificent."

March 1920. From the questionnaire of the delegate of the IV Far Eastern Conference of Bolsheviks Fadeev A.A.:

“What type of party activity does he have a penchant for: For agitational and editorial-publishing work, but my desire is always to be directly with the masses, in which I am ready to do any kind of work, since I know the masses well and know how to deal with them.”

February 12, 1921. “This is given to Comrade. Fadeev Alexander that ... he was indeed elected a delegate with a decisive vote to the X All-Russian Congress of the RCP, convened on March 10 of this year. in Moscow".

“To see off Sasha, who is going to Moscow for the party congress, I came to the Chitinsky railway station. There was a crackling Transbaikal frost. Sasha at that time was with joy, as they say, in seventh heaven. Seeing me among the other people seeing me off, he came up to me, shook my hand warmly and said: “If only you knew, my friend, how happy I am that I’m going to Moscow. Just think, I'm going to Moscow for a party congress. After all, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin will speak at the congress, and I will see and hear him ”(T. Vetrov - Marchenko).

Lenin was impressed. Theremin himself was no less impressed. He later recalled the meeting with Ilyich all his long life, extremely, it must be said, full of events and meetings with wonderful people. But although Theremin knew many great men on both sides of the ocean, it was his acquaintance with Lenin that he considered the most important and decisive for himself. “One and a half to two hours, which I was happy to spend near Vladimir Ilyich, seemed to rediscover his great charm, warmth, goodwill, everything that you especially realize when you meet in person,” he said. Since then, he has been devoted to the revolution and the party always and in spite of everything.

The country is in an economic, social and political crisis. Here and there peasant uprisings break out. Crop failure, lack of fodder, loss of livestock and ... total requisitioning. Enterprises are standing due to lack of fuel. Unemployment. The workers grumble.

February 28 in Kronstadt general meetings battleship personnel, and on March 1, at a city-wide rally, resolutions were adopted demanding the freedom of activity of the left socialist parties, freedom of trade and re-election of Soviets, the abolition and elimination of commissars. In fact, it was about the overthrow of the power of the RCP (b).

On March 2, a Provisional Revolutionary Committee was established in the city, the first action of which was the arrest of communists. The Defense Headquarters takes control of the main base of the Baltic Fleet.

A state of siege is introduced in Petrograd, bridges are raised and the Neva is opened up with icebreakers in order to cut off the workers' quarters from the leading center. The Central Committee of the RCP (b) decides to restore the 7th Army under the command of M. Tukhachevsky.

A. Fadeev: "... I was so close to Lenin that I could not resist and furtively touched his jacket with my hand."

In the army of Tukhachevsky, fermentation, the soldiers refuse to advance, and the gunners to shoot at the rebels. The first assault on Kronstadt ends in failure. At the suggestion of Lenin, some of the congress delegates are given "the broadest powers" and sent as political fighters to Tukhachevsky's army. Agitprop legend that the congress delegates took Kronstadt. Yes, they take part in the assault (and in the massacre of the rebellious sailors), but their function is exclusively supervisory - to make sure that the soldiers do not turn their bayonets on their commissars.

Fadeev falls into the Sestroretsk group, into the infantry. During the assault, "he was wounded in the leg, crawled almost two kilometers across the ice to the rear units and was evacuated to the hospital."

The rebellion was brutally suppressed. But the RCP(b) was forced to move from war communism to a new economic policy, replace the surplus tax with a tax in kind.

After being discharged from the hospital, Fadeev returned to Moscow and, “as a delegate sent to the Kronstadt Front,” the first thing he did was go to the Central Committee: to report on the implementation, to receive new instructions.

A conversation with the secretary of the Central Committee, a “comradely advice” from a senior to a young one, a party ticket to study at the Mining Academy. Only those sent by the Central Committee are accepted there. And the Central Committee itself monitors the training: studying here is considered a party duty. Among the students are recent commissars of regiments and divisions, secretaries of provincial committees and ukoms, chairmen of executive committees.

Fadeev was never interested in geology, in technical disciplines he is a complete zero, but he is a communist, a soldier of the party.

"I worked out like a lion or like Akaki Akakievich - 15 hours a day."

“I constantly saw him reading special literature, studying the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism. With enthusiasm he outlined Lenin's work Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. The work of Ilyich aroused admiration in him ”(T. Golovina).

On October 26, just a month after entering the Mining Academy, A. Fadeev was elected a delegate to the VII Moscow Provincial Conference of the RCP (b). Elected students, consisting entirely of commissars and party secretaries.

“In a tunic of dark gray cloth and the same riding breeches, tucked into well-polished boots, he was incredibly neat. Accuracy also affected the accuracy of the presentation of what was heard. This precision is by no means impassivity. He could not talk about Lenin without emotional excitement ”(L. Bolshakov).

The party cell of the academy is included in the Zamoskvoretsky regional organization, and Fadeev becomes a non-staff, but very active instructor in the district committee of the RCP (b). The leader of the Zamoskvoretsky communists is comrade. Countrywoman. “This modest woman with dark hair slicked back and eternal pince-nez ... Always in a black dress with a tightly starched white collar, always taut and collected, this forty-five-year-old party girl attracted young people, in whom she saw the future of party affairs” (L. Bolshakov).

She was the first of the women to receive the Order of the Red Banner: “Awarded with the Order of the Red Banner Comrade. Samoilova-Zemlyachka Rozalia Samoilovna for the fact that ... with tireless, selfless and energetic organizational and political work she laid a solid foundation for the combat effectiveness of the red units and contributed to the final victory of the Red Army.

How exactly R.S. The countrywoman "contributed to the final victory of the Red Army", now you can briefly read it in any encyclopedic dictionary. In short, because her true biography is still waiting for her researcher. Fortunately, the evidence of contemporaries has been preserved. And among them - "The Sun of the Dead" by I.S. Shmeleva, one of the most tragic books dedicated to the Civil War.

Sasha Fadeev will become her devoted friend and "beloved student". Until his death, he will carefully keep and reread her letters. Did Fadeev know who Zemlyachka was? Of course he did. I don’t want to write here about his pathologically cruel mother and the “revolutionary father” who abandoned his family. But (for lovers of psychoanalytic biographies) here is a quote: “One of Sasha's brothers was late for morning tea (!). From fear, he sat down in a tub and sank into a well ... ”(I. Zhukov).

In March 1924, Fadeev was finally mobilized for party work. He leaves for the North Caucasus, where he becomes an instructor of the Kuban-Black Sea regional committee of the RCP (b). On July 5 of the same year, he was elected secretary of the district committee in Krasnodar.

From a letter from R.S. Zemlyachka: “This satisfies me, the area is familiar and interesting to me, and, in addition, obviously, there will be time for literary studies. In any case, I eagerly set about new job- now I went to the edge to establish contact with the masses.

A brilliant career, a bright party future ... One thing. In this letter unexpectedly pop up " literary pursuits».

“... While still in Moscow, I wrote the story “Against the Current” from the time of the revolution in the Far East. I read it in the Young Guard group of flight writers, and it was received very favorably. Then it was published in No. 10 of Molodaya Gvardiya, 1923, and some time later was noted (on the good side) by our party criticism. I must say that I wrote it in fits and starts, with great difficulty, due to lack of time, which, as you know, was occupied with studies and party work. In 1922, the story "Spill" was basically written ... published in the almanac "Young Guard". An indicator of the success of both works is that the Young Guard publishing house immediately bought them for publication as a separate book in the amount of 5-8000 copies.

And the conclusion: "... obviously, I have not only a great desire, but also the ability to do this."

Dangerous conclusion. It is this thought that "I also have the ability" that will eventually destroy Fadeev. Will lead to alcoholism and suicide in the prime of life and the zenith of a career.

1926 "Destruction" comes out. Main character, Sword, embodies everything that Fadeev hates and despises. In itself. The ending is also interesting - with a suicide attempt.

"Defeat" becomes a "bestseller". Fadeev as host Soviet writer, holds leading positions in the All-Russian Association of Proletarian Writers.

Begins the novel "The Last of the Udege". About how "backward peoples" come to revolution. The novel remains unfinished.

1932 M. Gorky in a letter to I. Stalin: “He (Fadeev), having stopped in his development, apparently experiences this as a drama, which, however, does not interfere with his desire to play the role of a literary leader, although literature would be better for him, for him to learn."

Fadeev will become the Secretary General of the Writers' Union, a deputy of the Supreme Light, a member of the Central Committee, "by sweat and blood" will earn a high place in the party hierarchy. But all his life "great Russian literature" will loom before him: Tolstoy, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Andrey Platonov, who worked next door as a janitor. He, Fadeev, is rightfully in this row. There are abilities. And so little has been done. Do they not understand? A fighter on the ideological front, sitting on the presidiums and resolving issues, should not suffer for wasted time. Fadeev suffered.

March 1951 A. Fadeev cannot stand it and cautiously complains in a letter to I. Stalin that, having "many plans for new stories, novels and short stories", he does not have time at all to implement them. They “fill me up and die in me unfulfilled. I can only tell these topics and plots to my friends, having turned from a writer into an akyn or ashug.”

In anticipation of the promised vacation, he literally rejoices: “For a whole year, feel free from extraneous affairs, a professional writer! After all, this is such happiness!

But again, the routine, the struggle against "rootless cosmopolitanism" and "ballast" in the writers' ranks, and everyday alcoholism ... In general, it's impossible to go on a creative vacation.

But then Stalin dies. Fadeev, who has become adept at hardware games, is well aware that the chair under him is staggering. We urgently need to take some steps to save a career. Or leave. And write: Pushkin, Turgenev, Batyushkov, Zoshchenko (they say he works as a shoemaker). As at the age of 16, Fadeev "cannot figure everything out right himself." He needs the opinion of the Central Committee.

May 1953 Only two months after Stalin's death. Fadeev from the hospital (damned alcoholism) writes a letter. No, not to the Central Committee, but to his deputy, Surkov, but with the expectation that Surkov would hand him over to the Central Committee. Surkov reports with the following note: “I deeply apologize for the amateurish typing. I made a copy (for the purpose of conspiracy in the apparatus) myself, and I am not a very qualified typist.

Fadeev writes: “... Soviet literature, in terms of its ideological and artistic quality, and especially in terms of skill, has not only not grown over the past 3-4 years, but has catastrophically rolled down ... And all this happens because people who are able to give this , even a relative one, are overloaded to the ears with anything, but not with creative work, although most of them have been earning their literary experience and skill literally by the hump for decades, and without an example, no talents and geniuses from young people can spontaneously arise, as there could not have been Pushkin without Derzhavin, Lomonosov, Griboyedov, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov.

Until it is understood by absolutely everyone that the main occupation of a writer (and especially a good writer, because without a good writer there can be no good literature and there is nothing for young people to learn from) ... is his work, and everything else is additional and secondary , without such an understanding of good literature, it is impossible to do.

This is a riot. An attempt to shift the blame for his literary failure to the party leadership. Secretary of the Central Committee Pospelov in a brief note reports to Khrushchev about the state of emergency in the Writers' Union. Fadeev begins to quietly merge from leadership positions.

“The Writers' Union condemned Fadeev's panic mood. It is impossible, in one fell swoop, to cross out the work of several thousand writers. We propose to strengthen the leadership, strengthen the influence of the writers' secretariat on creative process. Start preparing for the writers' congress. Signatures: A. Surkov, K. Simonov, N. Tikhonov.

“He was not created for failure, he was so accustomed to the role of leader, decider of writers' destinies - that the position of a retired literary marshal was a fierce torment for him. He did not have a single friend - who would tell him that his "Metallurgy" was worthless, that such articles as he wrote in Lately, - cowardly, muddy, claiming leadership significance, only drop it in the eyes of readers, that it is shameful to reshape the Young Guard to please the authorities, - he is conscientious, talented, sensitive - floundered in liquid, fetid mud, pouring wine over his conscience "(K . Chukovsky).

For three years, from 1953 to 1956, he will try to break through to N. Khrushchev and G. Malenkov, but will not be accepted by them.

In late February - early March 1956, the 20th Congress of the CPSU will be held. At a closed meeting, N.S. Khrushchev will make a report "On the cult of personality and its consequences."

At the morning meeting on February 20, M.A. Sholokhov: “... What did we do after Gorky's death? We went to create a collective leadership in the Writers' Union, headed by Comrade. Fadeev, but nothing good came of it ... Fadeev turned out to be a rather power-hungry general secretary and did not want to reckon with the principle of collegiality in his work. It became impossible for the rest of the secretaries to work with him. This bagpipe dragged on for fifteen years... Through common and friendly efforts, we stole fifteen of the best creative years of his life from Fadeev, and as a result we have neither a general secretary nor a writer. But was it really impossible to say to Fadeev at one time: “Love of power in writing is a worthless thing. The Union of Writers is not a military unit, and certainly not a penal battalion, and none of the writers will stand at attention in front of you, Comrade Fadeev. You are a smart and talented writer, you gravitate towards working topics, sit down and go for three or four years to Magnitogorsk, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk or Zaporozhye and write a good novel about the working class ... "

Mikhail Sholokhov at the age of 23 wrote one of the greatest Russian novels of the 20th century, a masterpiece of Russian literature - a novel about the fate of the Cossacks during the civil war "Quiet Don". During his lifetime, he became a legend. But there was another legend that poisoned his life and, responding with lung cancer, brought him to the grave.

And then, practically word for word, Fadeev's letter to the Central Committee. Only the accents have been shifted, there is no need, they say, to shift from a sick head to a healthy one. Not everyone is taken to a brighter future, comrade Fadeev, someone who, but you must understand this.

Fadeev understands and writes to Surkov (the new first secretary of the Writers' Union): “I need an absolute and complete release from all duties ... I am ill not so much with the liver ... as mentally. I'm completely unemployable right now."

“At night he could not sleep, took almost ten Nembutals, said that he would not have breakfast, let him be called to dinner, and for the time being he would doze off. It's time for dinner: "Misha, call dad!" Misha went upstairs, returned with the news: "Dad shot himself." Before shooting himself, Fadeev took off his shirt, shot directly into the left nipple ”(K. Chukovsky).

“... In recent years, A.A. Fadeev suffered from a severe progressive illness - alcoholism, which led to a weakening of his creative activity. Various medical measures taken over several years did not give positive results. In a state of severe mental depression caused by another bout of illness, A.A. Fadeev committed suicide.

A tragic death snatched from our ranks a faithful son Soviet people, talented artist, a patriot of our socialist Motherland".