Who is he - this "leavened patriot"? What does the expression "leavened patriotism" mean?
I am not a knowledgeable person. I decided to find out where this nickname came from.
I turned to Internet sources (where else do inquisitive minds turn to in our time?) And this is what I found:
According to Wikipedia, leavened patriot ism is “an expression meaning false, ostentatious Russophilism. Its introduction is attributed to Prince P.A. Vyazemsky, who ridiculed the Russophiles with this cliche, who tried to flaunt their special “Russianness” and dressed up in “originally Russian”, in their opinion, costumes, which is why they were often confused with the Persians. Belinsky wrote: “I can’t stand enthusiastic patriots who always leave on interjections or on kvass and porridge” (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasnoy_patriotizm).
Yeah, I thought. Here it is! Kvass patriot is an ostentatious Russophile. Yes, it's probably the same in other places! And, hoping for little luck, he climbed further. And what?
In the "Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary" we read: "Kvass PATRIOTISM- patriotism based on recognition traditional forms Russian way of life (clothes, customs, etc.) as unconditional values. I. I. Panaev considered the first leavened patriot S. N. Glinka, the editor of the Russky Vestnik magazine. One of the first to use this expression was A. N. Mukhanov ("Diary" for July 1832) "http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/rges/article/rg2/rg2-0637.htm?text=leavened patriotism).
Yes, I thought. What happens? Kvass patriot is not only an ostentatious Russophile. This, it turns out, is also a respectable supporter of the traditional forms of Russian life. Moreover, very intelligent people were honored with such a title.
In the "Ushakov's Dictionary" we find such a mention of leavened patriots - this is "a stubborn, stupid commitment to trifles national life[the expression came into use in the 20s of the 19th century].” (http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/ushakov/article/ushakov/11/us1134613.htm?text=leavened patriotism)
Well, here is the same as in the first definition. Not interested. What else do you have?
IN "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language"I discovered: “Leaven patriotism is a reverence for the backward forms of life and life of one’s country, falsely understood as love for the fatherland” (http://mega.km.ru/ojigov/encyclop.asp?TopicNumber=12165&search=leaven patriotism).
What is it, I cried?! Admiration for backward forms of life and way of life, or a respectable name for the behavior of individual intelligent people- this " leavened patriotism»?
But (finally!) referring to the article by Jerzy Lisowski helped me finally unravel the issue. Here it is (with minor edits):
“... We will talk about the “leavened patriots”.
This expression is used with an ironic connotation; this is the name given to people who have the most primitive judgment about true patriotism and seriously believe that, defending some insignificant national traditions they defend the fatherland. leavened patriotism , in essence, is one of the forms of xenophobia (intolerance to something alien, unfamiliar, foreign).
This expression appeared in early XIX century, after the start of the war with France. Its etymology is perhaps best described by A.S. Pushkin in historical novel"Roslavlev": " ... the living rooms were filled with patriots: who poured French tobacco out of a snuffbox and began to sniff Russian; who burned a dozen French pamphlets, who abandoned lafitte, and set to sour cabbage soup ... ". Sour cabbage soup was then called nothing more than effervescent kvass.
For the first time in the press, the phenomenon of “leavened patriotism” was mentioned by Prince P.A. Vyazemsky in his Letters from Paris, published in 1827. “Many recognize for patriotism the unconditional praise of everything that is their own. Turgot called it lackey patriotism, du patriotisme d "antichambre. We could call it leavened patriotism » (http://www.newslab.ru/blog/168588).
Well, thank God, I thought. Here is the end of misadventures. We can summarize:
kvass patriot - literary expression, first introduced P.A. Vyazemsky, and picked up by A.S. Pushkin; it means a person who:
-
loves (or pretends to love) his Fatherland;
-
showing his love in public;
- unnecessarily focuses the attention of society on his demonstrative patriotism;
in addition, this person usually:
-
educated, but not distinguished by special talents;
- devoted to the life and traditions of their ancestors.
This is the picture that emerges, believe it or not:
This expression was first used by Prince Vyazemsky in his Letters from Paris:
|
“Letters from Paris” were first published in 1827 in the Moscow Telegraph magazine, and some researchers mistakenly attribute the authorship of the expression to the editor of the magazine N. A. Polevoy.
Since ancient times, kvass has been the most widespread in Russia and was considered a "folk" drink. In the confrontation between Slavophiles and Westernizers that flared up in the 19th century, the expression "leavened patriotism" was quickly picked up by the latter for irony over opponents. The consistent Westernizer Belinsky called this Vyazemsky's "happy expression". In a letter to Kavelin (1847), Belinsky writes: “I can’t stand enthusiastic patriots who always leave on interjections or for kvass and porridge.”
So kvass became a “patriotic” drink and began to symbolize “indigenous”, “true” Slavs, love for the fatherland and enthusiastic patriotism. It was in this context that the lines in Turgenev’s story “Two Friends” were read: “He loved kvass, in his own words, like his own father, but he could not stand French wines, especially red ones, and called them sour”.
see also
Write a review on the article "Kvass patriotism"
Notes
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
An excerpt characterizing Kvass patriotism
Suddenly another picture appeared right in front of me...In the same small stone “cell”, where the bloody body of the Magdalene still lay on the floor, the Knights of her Temple knelt around her... All of them were unusually dressed in white - snow-white long clothes. They stood around the Magdalene with their proud heads bowed, and tears ran down their stern, petrified faces in streams... The first to rise was the Magus, whose friend John had once been. He carefully, as if afraid of hurting himself, dipped his fingers into the wound, and with a bloody hand drew something resembling a bloody cross on his chest... The second did the same. So they rose in turn, and reverently dipping their hands in holy blood, drew red crosses on their snow-white clothes... I felt my hair begin to stand on end. It was like some kind of eerie ritual, which I still could not understand...
“Why are they doing this, Sever?..” I asked quietly, as if afraid that they would hear me.
“It's an oath, Isidora. An oath of eternal revenge... They swore by the blood of Magdalene - the most holy blood for them - to avenge her death. It was from then on that the Knights of the Temple wore white cloaks with red crosses. Only almost none of the outsiders ever knew their true meaning ... And for some reason, everyone very quickly “forgot” that the Knights of the Temple before the death of Magdalene dressed in simple dark brown overalls, not “decorated” with any crosses. The Knights of the Temple, like the Cathars, hated the cross in the sense in which it "reveres" it. Christian church. They considered it a vile and evil instrument of murder, an instrument of death. And what they painted on their chests with the blood of the Magdalene had a completely different meaning. It’s just that the church completely “redrawn” the meaning of the Knights of the Temple to suit its needs, like everything else related to Radomir and Magdalena ....
In the same way, after her death, she publicly announced the deceased Magdalene as a street woman ...
- also denied the children of Christ and his marriage to Magdalene ...
- also destroyed them both "in the name of the faith of Christ", with which they both fought fiercely all their lives ...
- also destroyed Qatar, using the name of Christ... the name of the person whose Faith and Knowledge they taught...
- she also destroyed the Templars (Knights of the Temple), declaring them minions of the devil, slandering and slinging mud at their deeds, and vulgarizing the Master himself, who was a direct descendant of Radomir and Magdalene ...
Having got rid of everyone who could somehow point out the baseness and meanness of the "most holy" devils of Rome, the Christian church created a legend that it reliably confirmed " irrefutable evidence”, which for some reason no one ever checked, and it never occurred to anyone to even think about what was happening.
leavened patriotism
leavened patriotism
From the essay "Letters from Paris" (1827) by the poet Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky (1792-1878).
First published in the Moscow Telegraph magazine under the pseudonym G. R.-K. ", in order, as Vyazemsky wrote, "to confuse Moscow readers." Under this pseudonym, the poet meant his friend Grigory Rimsky-Korsakov, "known to everyone in Moscow."
In his “Letters from Paris,” Vyazemsky wrote: “Many recognize for patriotism the unconditional praise of everything that is theirs. Turgot called it servile patriotism, du patriotisme d\"antichambre (literally, "the patriotism of the hallway." The entrance hall, she is the lackey - the place where lackeys usually are. - Comp.). We could call it leavened patriotism. I believe that love for the fatherland should be blind in donations to it, but not in vain complacency; hatred can also enter into this love. What a patriot, no matter what people it belongs to, would not want to tear out a few pages from the history of the national and
did not seethe with indignation, seeing the prejudices and vices inherent in his fellow citizens? True love is jealous and demanding.”
Later, when Vyazemsky puts these “Letters from Paris” in his collected works, he will mark this passage with a footnote, where he will specifically note his authorship of the expression “leavened patriotism”: “Here for the first time this comic definition appeared, which was and is used so often afterwards” (Poly. sobr. soch. Vol. 1. St. Petersburg, 1878).
And in his Notebooks, he will specifically dwell on the varieties of pseudo-patriotism: “The expression of leavened patriotism was jokingly let in and kept. There is no big trouble in this patriotism. But there is also fuselage patriotism; this one is pernicious: God forbid from it! It darkens the mind, hardens the heart, leads to hard drinking, and hard drinking leads to delirium tremens. There is political and literary fuselage, and there is also political and literary delirium tremens.”
Allegorically: a falsely understood love for the motherland, a synonym for unreasoning jingoistic patriotism, when everything one's own is praised - because it is one's own, everything alien is rejected - because it is alien (disapproving, despised, ironic).
Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. - M.: "Lokid-Press". Vadim Serov. 2003 .
See what "Kvass patriotism" is in other dictionaries:
The expression of leavened patriotism aptly denotes a social phenomenon, the opposite of true patriotism: stubborn, stupid commitment to everyday trifles of national life (see Ushakov, 1, p. 1346). The image that formed the basis of this expression is ... ... The history of words
Kvass patriotism in the Russian language is an ironic definition of a stubborn adherence to the "original" Russian national life, cheers for patriotism. Contrasted with true patriotism. The history of the expression This expression was first used by the prince ... ... Wikipedia
Kvass, a (y), pl. Shy, ov, m. A sour drink infused with yeast on malt, as well as on rye bread, crackers. Rusk, bread k. Berry, fruit k. (on berries, fruits). To live from bread to k. (to live in poverty, in need; colloquial). hour ... ... Dictionary Ozhegov
leavened patriotism- (old glory - kvass) - a moral and ethical trait of a person, expressing excessive love for everything domestic, native. It manifests itself as an upholding of the superiority of something native, despite obvious shortcomings, as an exaltation ... ... Fundamentals of spiritual culture ( encyclopedic Dictionary teacher)
Kvass patriotism. Kvass patriots (inosk.) about excessive love for everything one’s own, even if it’s thin, and a peculiar understanding of true patriotism. Wed He often said: that's what newspapers are for, to interfere with fiction. In an article named ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
- (inosk.) about excessive love for everything one's own, dear, even if it's thin, and about a peculiar understanding of true patriotism Kvass patriots. Wed He often said: that's what newspapers are for, to interfere with fiction. His name was not in the article, but hints ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary
leavened patriotism- disapproved. falsely accepted love for the fatherland, indiscriminate praise of everything one's own and censure of someone else's. There are two versions of the origin of the turnover: 1. Originally Russian turnover. It was first used in “Letters from Paris” (1927) by P. A. Vyazemsky: “Many ... ... Phraseology Handbook
leavened patriotism- patriotism, fundamentals. on the recognition of tradition. Russian forms. life (clothes, customs, etc.) as unconditional values. I. I. Panaev considered the first leavened patriot S. N. Glinka, ed. and. Russian messenger. One of the first to use this expression was A.N. ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
Book. Unapproved Indiscriminate praise of all his own, domestic and censure of everything alien. BMS 1998, 433 ... Big Dictionary Russian sayings
leavened patriotism- Praise of everything one's own, even backward forms of life and way of life, and censure of everything alien ... Dictionary of many expressions
- a short, hitting right on target ironic definition for pseudo-patriots. We owe the appearance of this apt expression to a friend of A. S. Pushkin, the poet Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky, who wrote:
Many recognize unconditional praise for everything that is their own as patriotism. Turgot (French statesman XVIII century) called it lackey patriotism... We could call it leavened patriotism.
Yes indeed, kvass in Rus' it is a national drink and is on a par with such symbols of Russia as felt boots, vodka, matryoshka, ruble, Kremlin ... Kvass was widely distributed among the bulk Russian people- peasants, philistines, merchants and even landowners.
In the first chapter of "Eugene Onegin" we read a description of the life of the Larin family:
On Trinity Day, when people
Yawning, listening to a prayer,
Tenderly, on a beam of dawn,
They shed three tears;
They needed kvass like air,
And at the table they have guests
They carried dishes according to their ranks.
So, it would seem that there should be nothing shameful in such a comparison - kvass is a wonderful drink, there is no harm from it, sheer pleasure, all the people like it ... Where, then, does the note of neglect in the expression "kvass patriotism" come from?
The point, of course, is not in the kvass itself, but in the fact that it is not good to define the “self-determination” of the people, the state and love for the fatherland only according to a primitive rule: long live what we like, we, they say, are not like others, therefore we are the best, and the like.
Fine leavened patriotism Wikipedia interprets:
“Leaven patriotism is an excessive love for everything one’s own, dear, even if it’s bad, and about a peculiar understanding of true patriotism: a stubborn, stupid commitment to the little things of national life.”
Any country has things that are its symbols in the eyes of both its inhabitants and foreigners. Germany - beer and sausages. England - oatmeal and pudding. France - wine and women. Spain - bullfighting. Türkiye - Turkish baths. Finland - saunas. Russia is a Russian steam bath that has existed for as long as Russia itself has existed. The Russian bath, by the way, is much older than such introduced symbols of Russia as vodka(read V. Pokhlebkin History of vodka), harmonic- the middle of the last century, matryoshka(1890s...) Even a poor person could install a chopped bathhouse, and in general, it is simply impossible to imagine our country without bathhouses!
True patriotism does not consist in praising one's own and blaspheming someone else's. True patriot one who loves his fatherland and tries to work for its good and prosperity. At the same time, he may love kvass, or he may not love it. Fine drink kvass it won't hurt!
Other interesting expressions from Russian speech:
Incense is the common name for incense that smoked not only in front of the altars
An interesting expression scapegoat. The phrase is unsaid, but everything is fine
An interesting expression is to buy a pig in a poke. It can be classified as intuitive
The nightingale is the most pleasant songbird living in the vastness of Russia. Why of all
Kuzka's mother(or show Kuz'kin's mother) - set phrase indirect
Expression mutual responsibility is an expression of direct meaning, that is, it means that
Since ancient times, many peoples have believed that the crocodile cries when
Toughie- this expression is usually associated with the capture by Peter the Great of the Swedish
expression like a red thread has nothing to do with ideology. A is related
Great Chinese Wall - the largest architectural and construction work
Expression caesar-caesarean biblical origin, like many others
Don't be put off by this idiotic wording made especially for
Chinese ceremonies - we often use this phraseological unit in conversation. How
By expression pour bells it is absolutely impossible to guess what else the meaning
Verst- Russian measure of length, which existed in Russia before the introduction of the metric
Colossus with feet of clay is a kind of characteristic or evaluation of something
About the origin of the expression columbian egg different sources reported about
An interesting expression is to buy a pig in a poke. It can be classified as intuitive
If this expression release a red rooster read by a foreigner studying
Expression no bones to collect for our Russian ear is quite familiar. His
Since ancient times, even before the advent of geometry, people tied length measures to parts of their
It seemed like a well-known expression, you won't ride on a crooked goat . It means that
Orphan Kazan
Orphan Kazan - Very interesting expression. Orphan - understandable, but why exactly
It turns out that the emergence of this phraseological unit is directly related to religion, more precisely with
Got like chickens in cabbage soup they say when they suddenly find themselves in an extremely unpleasant
Like a goat's milk (get) - they talk about a person from whom there is no use,
King for a daytalk about leaders or bosses who are in power
Expression sink into flight familiar and understandable to all. It means to disappear from memory,
City-state name Carthage we know from the history books
Pull chestnuts out of the fire - this expression will take on complete clarity if added to
This expression - squaring the circle you must have seen it somewhere. And that's what it is
How to look into the water - an expression that is clear in meaning, but not immediately clear in
The expression in all Ivanovo, more precisely, yelling in all Ivanovo, is known very
An expression, or a phrase and there are spots on the sun, emphasizes that in the world
The expression even on an old woman is a hole speaks for itself. According to the dictionary
And you Brute! - an expression familiar to almost everyone educated person, even
Ivan, who does not remember kinship - purely Russian expression rooted in our
Word candles in Russian has several meanings: first of all, these are candles for
Expression to make mountains out of molehills completely clear, does not contain any
Register Izhitsa- an expression from the category of those who have left our everyday life in the past. But
on the letter G
KVASS PATRIOTISM
Expression leavened patriotism a social phenomenon that is opposite to true patriotism is aptly indicated: "stubborn, stupid adherence to the everyday trifles of national life" (see Ushakov, 1, p. 1346).
The image that formed the basis of this expression, the inner form of this phrase, are revealed in the following verses by the poet Myatlev, the author of “Sensations and remarks of Mrs. Kurdyukova”:
We have a different patriot
Will scream: " duquas, duquas,
du cucumber pickle,
Drinks and frowns hearty;
Sour, salty, move,
Me se Ryus, e wu save:
You gotta love your family
Say, even this
Alluding to the same etymology of expressions , V. G. Belinsky wrote to K. D. Kavelin (November 22, 1847): “I can’t stand enthusiastic patriots who always leave on interjections or on kvass yes porridge” (Belinsky 1914, 3, p. 300; cf. the words of Grot-Shakhmatov, 1909, vol. 4, issue 3, p. 710).
Wed in "Eugene Onegin" by Pushkin:
Them kvass how the air was needed.
The need for an ironic "catchword" to designate a false, ostentatious official and at the same time petty "Russophilism" - in contrast to the deeply felt popular patriotism - was especially acute at the beginning of the 19th century. during Patriotic War with the French and the political movements that followed it among the revolutionary-minded Russian intelligentsia.
In Roslavlev, Pushkin characterizes the newly-appeared high-society patriots of this time as follows: “... the living rooms were filled with patriots: who poured French tobacco out of a snuffbox and began to sniff Russian; who burned a dozen French pamphlets, who abandoned lafitte, and set about sour cabbage soup. Everyone repented to speak French.” The same outward, pharisaical patriotism is also ridiculed by Pushkin in the Russian noble life of the 20-30s of the 19th century: “Some people ... consider themselves patriots because they love botvinya and that their children run around in a red shirt” (Pushkin, “Fragments from letters, thoughts and remarks”, 1949, vol. 11, p. 56).
P. A. Vyazemsky also fought against hypocritical, fashionable, blind admiration for everything national, Russian (see Moscow Telegraph, 1826, part 7, p. 185; cf. also Moscow Telegraph, 1829, part 25, p. 129).
Wed V. A. Zhukovsky in the epigram:
Having eaten cabbage soup, drunk kvass,
They were dismantled by patriotism ...
(Soloviev N., 2, p. 64).
Here, to characterize such ritual patriotism and such formalists of national deanery, appeared in the Moscow Telegraph in the second half of the 20s and entered wide literary circulation in the 30s of the expression leavened patriotism, leavened patriot. They then expanded and deepened their meaning and application, becoming a sharp, contemptuously ironic nickname for both the official, bureaucratic patriotism of the supporters of the policy of the Uvarovs and Benckendorffs, based on the slogan "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality", and the reactionary populism of the Slavophiles.
Question about the author, the inventor of the expression leavened patriotism is still controversial. However, the question of the authorship of this expression is more and more leaning towards P. A. Vyazemsky, although for his competitor, N. A. Polevoy, there are also good chances for primary invention in this phraseological circle. M. I. Mikhelson in his collections of "walking and well-aimed words" was not interested in the time of birth and the situation of the spread of the word. About the expression leavened patriotism, leavened patriot he only noted cases of their use in P. D. Boborykin’s novel Kitay-Gorod, in N. Makarov’s Memoirs, a well-known compiler of French-Russian and Russian-French dictionaries, in I. S. Turgenev’s Literary and Everyday Memoirs, and in Myatlev’s Sensations of Ms. Kurdyukova (Mikhelson, Own and Alien, 1912, p. 331). Thus, the earliest chronological boundary established by this material from the history of the use of expressions leavened patriotism, leavened patriot, refers to the 40s of the XIX century.
Zaimovsky in his book Winged word” (p. 179) accompanies the explanation of the expression leavened patriotism such chronological information about its origin: “For the first time the word leavened patriotism was used, it seems, by A. N. Mukhanov in July 1832, in his “Diary”. Turgenev first used it in 1852, according to Avdotya Panaeva. These remarks are without any foundation. Since the expression leavened patriotism already in the 30s and 40s deeply entered the language of Belinsky and Gogol, then it was, of course, common for the language of the young Turgenev. Avdotya Panaeva tells in her memoirs about such a conversation between Turgenev and Nekrasov. Turgenev extols Europeanism. "I... leavened patriotism I don't understand. At the first opportunity, I will run away from here without looking back, and you will not see the tip of my nose! Nekrasov: “In turn, you indulge in childish illusions. You will live in Europe, and you will be so drawn to your native fields and there will be such an unquenchable thirst to drink sour, peasant kvass that you will leave the flowering fields and return back, and at the sight of your native birch, tears will come out of your eyes with joy ”(Panaeva, 1928, p. 282).
In addition, there are strong facts that decisively refute the hypothesis about the participation of Mukhanov in the creation of the expression leavened patriotism. The most serious contenders for copyright in relation to this witty saying are N. A. Polevoy and Prince. P. A. Vyazemsky. V. N. Orlov in his article “Nikolai Polevoy - a writer of the thirties” writes: “Apparently, Polevoy has the honor of inventing the winged word leavened patriotism; in any case, it came out of the editorial board of the Moscow Telegraph and had in mind precisely that official patriotism of the Uvarovs and Benkendorfs, which found its expression in the famous triad: “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality” ”(Polevoi N., Materials, p. 33). Indeed, N. A. Polevoy used this expression more than once in the Moscow Telegraph, and in the preface to his famous novel"The Oath at the Holy Sepulcher" (1832), he uses it as his own property. Here, as a preface, an imaginary “Conversation between the Writer of Russian true stories and fables (i.e., Polevoy. - V. V.) and the Reader. And the reader, reproaching the writer of prejudice against everything Russian, ascribes to him the expression leavened patriotism: “... you can’t stand anything Russian, you don’t understand, or don’t want to understand - even love for the Fatherland, and you call it - leavened patriotism! (p. 8). The writer, without denying his rights to this expression, answers: “ leavened patriotism I definitely can’t stand it, but I know Rus', I love Rus', and - even more, let me add to this - Rus' knows and loves me ”(p. 9) .
It is curious that even before the publication of the novel "The Oath at the Holy Sepulcher" the expression leavened patriotism figured in ironic notes about N. A. Polev with a clear allusion to him as an author. Phrases: leavened patriotism, leavened patriot were closely associated in the 30s with the Moscow Telegraph and, probably, with Polev as their inventor. So, in "Molva" (1831, No. 48, p. 343) Korablinsky's note "Curious News" was printed, containing a malicious denunciation of the liberalism of N. A. Polevoy, of the rebellious spirit of his writings: "If you are still in Russia leavened patriots who, in defiance of Napoleon, regard Lafayette as a rebellious and crafty man, then let them look into No. 16 of the Moscow Telegraph (on page 464) and be convinced that “Lafayette is the most honest, the most thorough man in the French kingdom, the purest of patriots, the noblest of citizens, although, together with Mirabeau, Cies, Barras, Barrere and many others, he was one of the main engines of the revolution “; let these leavened patriots they will see their error and stop slandering virtue with despicable slander! .
The opinion that N. A. Polevoy invented the expression leavened patriotism, held firmly in some circles of the Russian intelligentsia of the 40s. N. V. Savelyev-Rostislavich in the “Slavonic Collection” (St. Petersburg, 1845, p. LXXXV) sneered at Polevoy in this way: “A quick-witted journalist, for the amusement of the most respectable public, especially from the half-educated merchant sons, came up with a special name leavened patriotism and regaled them with all those who disagreed with the Rhine ideas, transferred entirely to the “History of the Russian people”.
However, N. A. Polevoy himself nowhere openly and directly declared himself the “creator” of the expression leavened patriotism. Meanwhile, there are authoritative, unobjectionable testimonies of people of the 20s - 30s and 40s and that the honor of the witty discovery of this new word belongs to the book. P. A. Vyazemsky. For example, V. G. Belinsky repeatedly emphasized that Vyazemsky, and not Polevoy, invented the expression leavened patriotism. So, in a review of Savelyev-Rostislavich's "Slavic Collection" Belinsky wrote: "We understand that the title leavened patriotism, By known reasons, Mr. Savelyev-Rostislavich must strongly dislike; but, nevertheless, this witty name, which many fear more than the plague, was invented not by Mr. Polevoy, but by Prince Vyazemsky - and, in our opinion, to invent a name leavened patriotism there is more merit than writing an absurd, albeit scholarly, book of 700 pages. We remember that Mr. Polevoi, who had not yet written leavened dramas, comedies and vaudevilles, very cleverly and successfully knew how to use witty expression Prince Vyazemsky ... against all those unrecognized and self-proclaimed patriots who, with imaginary patriotism, cover up their narrow-mindedness and their ignorance and rebel against any success of thought and knowledge. On the part of Mr. Polevoy, this is a merit that does him credit” (Belinsky 1875, 9, p. 425).
Even earlier (in 1840), in an article about Lermontov's poems, Belinsky also used the expression leavened patriotism with reference to the author - Vyazemsky: “Love for the fatherland should come out of love for humanity, as the particular from the general. To love one's homeland means to ardently desire to see in it the realization of the ideal of mankind and, to the best of one's ability, to promote this. Otherwise, patriotism will be Sinicism, which loves its own only because it is its own, and hates everything that is alien only because it is alien, and does not rejoice at its own ugliness and ugliness. The novel of the Englishman Maurier "Hadji Baba" is an excellent and true picture of such leavened(according to the happy expression of Prince Vyazemsky) patriotism"(Belinsky, 1874, 4, p. 266). Wed also in Belinsky's review of the “Works of Prince. V. F. Odoevsky” (1844): “The witty and energetic pen of Prince Odoevsky would have been given a lot of materials by the so-called “Slav-lovers” and “ leavened patriots“who in every living, modern human thought see the invasion of the evil, rotting West” (Belinsky, 1875, 9, p. 66). Wed also the testimony of M. P. Pogodin in the footnote to the article by I. Kulzhinsky “Field and Belinsky” (newspaper “Russian”, 1868, No. 114, p. 4).
It is significant that Vyazemsky himself, very proud, vain and scrupulous in the matter of a patent for a pun or witticism, openly declared his authorship in relation to the expression leavened patriotism. He indicated exactly the time, occasion and conditions for the occurrence of this expression. It appeared in 1827. It was suggested to Vyazemsky not only by Russian life, but also by French wit. In “Letters from Paris” (3, 1827), published in the “Moscow Telegraph” for 1872 regarding M. Ancelot’s book about Russia, Vyazemsky indulges in the following discussion about patriotism: “Many recognize for patriotism unconditional praise of everything that is their own. Turgot called it lackey patriotism, du patriotisme d "antichambre. We could call it leavened patriotism"(Vyazemsky 1878, 1, p. 244). And a note is made to this expression: “Here for the first time this comic definition appeared, which has been and is used so often afterwards.”
In the "Old Notebook" Vyazemsky wrote, clearly implying his authorship in relation to leavened patriotism and unsuccessfully trying to outline new variations of "drinking" epithets when defining varieties false patriotism: "Expression leavened patriotism jokingly it was set in motion and kept. There is no big trouble in this patriotism. But there is also fusel patriotism; this one is pernicious: God forbid from it! It darkens the mind, hardens the heart, leads to hard drinking, and hard drinking leads to delirium tremens. There is political and literary fuselage, there is also political and literary delirium tremens” (Vyazemsky 1878–1896, 8, pp. 138–139; cf. Staraya Notebook, 1929, p. 109).
Started in the literary circulation of the book. P. A. Vyazemsky on the pages of the Moscow Telegraph, the expression leavened patriotism, of course, many readers were attributed to the editor of this journal - N. A. Polevoy. Moreover, N. A. Polevoy himself quickly adopted this expression from his authoritative collaborator, whose language, style and wit were so highly valued in Russian literature of the 1920s and 1930s.
N. Nadezhdin wrote in his testimony in the case of “ Philosophical letters P. Ya. Chaadaeva: “I led then (in 1831 and 1832. - V. V.) newspaper controversy with the Moscow Telegraph and leavened patriotism, favorite expression this journal, was a particular subject of my attacks” (cited in: Lemke, Essays, p. 433).
The actor N. Dyur noted in a letter to P. A. Karatygin (dated July 14, 1836): “... I went out on the Moscow stage for the first time in The Inspector General: they met perfectly ... But in the continuation of the comedy, hissing appeared in some places and I now saw leavened patriotism Muscovites; despite this, ours took and snout in the blood! (Karatygin, 1, p. 438).
A new, witty definition figuratively shaped an idea that had long been looking for expression. The new phrase was quickly mastered educated society and entered the combat verbal fund of the journalistic language. Belinsky and Gogol, the great writers who played a leading role in the history of the literary Russian language from the mid-thirties to the fifties, widely used this expression. So in the article “On the lyricism of our poets” (1846), Gogol wrote about the poet’s lyrical, inspired attitude to his homeland, to Russia: “This is something more than an ordinary love for the fatherland. to the fatherland would respond with feigned boasting. Proof of this are our so-called leavened patriots. After their praises, however, quite sincere ones, one can only spit on Russia” (Gogol 1896, 4, p. 50). And in the same article: “Due to all sorts of cold newspaper exclamations, written in the style of lipstick ads, and all kinds of angry, slovenly, passionate antics produced by all sorts of leavened And unleavened patriots, have ceased to believe in Rus' the sincerity of all printed outpourings ... ”(ibid.).
In another article, “What, finally, is the essence of Russian poetry and what is its peculiarity?” Gogol also contrasted genuine Russia with imaginary Russia in the representation leavened patriots: “Poetry ... will call us our Russia, our Russian Russia, not the one that some crudely show us leavened patriots”(ibid., p. 212). Thus, by the 50s of expression leavened patriotism, leavened patriot deeply entered the semantic system of the Russian literary language (cf. their use in the language of Turgenev, Dobrolyubov, Pomyalovsky and others; see examples in the words of Grot - Shakhmatov 1909, vol. 4, issue 3, pp. 7–10). It is clear that due to the spread of this catchphrase the very word leavened, rethought on the basis of the phrase leavened patriotism, expanded its meanings. It could easily acquire a new semantic connotation in individual use: "falsely patriotic" - or even in general: "hypocritical, ostentatious in the manifestation of one's civil, political convictions." So, in Belinsky there are such phrases: “... Polevoi, who had not yet written leavened dramas, comedies and vaudevilles...” (Belinsky, 1875, 9, p. 425).
In Pomyalovsky’s novel Molotov, the artist Cherevanin characterizes the bourgeois “youths without any content”, with their “rotten nature”, playing liberalism and nihilism: “Their ideals are bookish, and ideals float over nature like oil on water. Nothing will come of them. Fucking liberals..."(Pomyalovsky 1868, 1, p. 223).
There is such a use of the word leavened and in modern journalistic language. For example, in the article “Turgenev the memoirist” by A. Beskina and L. Tsyrlin (preface to “Literary and everyday memories” by I. S. Turgenev, L., 1934): “Turgenev managed to capture the features of that ideology official nationality, that government leavened Slavophilism, which then only took shape” (p. 9); “... from the refined “Westernism” of Turgenev to leavened Slavophilism Konstantin Leontiev” (p. 23).
In Russian literary language from the second half of XIX V. more and more, the trend of synonymous replacement of literary phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun with colloquial neoplasms from the stems of the corresponding adjectives (such as: canteen, treasury and so on.; loser, serf, selfish and so on.). Therefore, in familiar speech, the expression leavened patriot generates the word fermenter, acquiring an even sharper connotation of neglect. The use of this contemptuous nickname in the circles of the Western-minded liberal intelligentsia is attested by F. M. Dostoevsky. In “A Writer’s Diary” (1876, June, ch. 2, “My Paradox”): “But how curious is the phenomenon that those Russians who most consider themselves Europeans are called “Westerners” among us, who are conceited and proud of this nickname and still tease the other half of Russians fermenters And zipuniki, - how not curious, I say, that those are the most likely to join the deniers of civilization, the destroyers of it ... ".
Published in Uch. app. Moscow ped. defectol. in-ta (1941, vol. 1) together with the history of words and expressions soar, flicker, burning, topical, rub glasses under common name"Lexicological Notes". In addition to the printed text, a typewritten text has been preserved with later author's corrections and the addition of quotations, as well as several extracts made by the author on separate sheets. It is published here according to the typewritten text with the additions made by the author, checked and corrected according to the print. The archive also preserved the following extract made by V. V. Vinogradov: “At Apol. Grigoriev in “My literary and moral wanderings”: “After all, only a little later, and even then artificially, Polevoy reached that kvass acid and moral sweetness that prevails in Zagoskin's novels in general" (Grigoriev Ap., Memoirs, p. 108)." - E. K.
