In what year was Beethoven born? Great musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven

introduction 3

Chapter I. Biography of Sun Yat-sen 5

Chapter II. Political views of the revolutionary 12

conclusion 17

bibliography 18

INTRODUCTION

The world learned about Sun Yat-sen (1866 - 1925) at the end of the last century. Coming from a peasant family, a doctor by training, he becomes a professional revolutionary. This is a man who has done an extraordinary amount for China, practically its liberator.

Since Sun Yat-sen was a revolutionary, it is natural that he was especially honored close attention Soviet historical science. However, everything he did was interpreted from the point of view of official ideology. Those of Sun Yat-sen who did not agree with her were declared petty-bourgeois, erroneous, utopian, and hopeless. It was believed that Sun Yat-sen did not see the essence of the revolution due to certain circumstances. Special attention focused on China's relations with the Soviet Union and the role of the October Revolution.

We must now approach this problem without ideological blinders. The importance of Sun Yat-sen for China should also not be underestimated. Thus, at present this problem is extremely relevant.

Hence the purpose of the work is to study the activities and political views of Sun Yat-sen.

1) consider key points his biography;

2) analyze the views of Sun Yat-sen.

Based on these tasks, the entire work, consisting of two chapters, is built on a problem principle. The chronological framework is the years of the life of Sun Yat-sen.

A number of books were used in the work, the most important of which was “Testament of a Chinese Revolutionary: Sun Yat-Sen: Life, Struggle, Evolution political views"Tikhvinsky S.L. It gives his biography and clearly traces the evolution of political views.

“Sun Yat-sen – Friend of the Soviet Union” by the same author - short summary monographs. Some information can be gleaned from B. Borodin’s article “Hercules of China” in “New Time” for 1984. And “Father of the Republic: The Tale of Sun Yat-sen” by G. S. Matveeva is fiction story, but built on rich factual material.

CHAPTER I. BIOGRAPHY OF SUN YAT-SEN

Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Zhong-Shan, Sun Wen) was born on December 12, 1866 in the village of Yiyiheng, Guangdong Province, into a peasant family. From childhood I faced hardships folk life, the arbitrariness of the Chinese landowners and Manchu-Chinese authorities.

Sun Yat-sen's wife, Song Qingling, wrote in 1927: “Sun Yat-sen came out of the people. He told me a lot about his younger years. He came from peasants. His father was a peasant, and all the neighbors in the area were peasants. His family, until he and his brother grew up, lived on, barely making ends meet.”

Until 1879, Sun Yat-sen helped his parents and learned to read and write from his uncle, then due to a serious illness financial situation family was sent to his brother Sun Mei, who emigrated to the Hawaiian Islands.

With the support of his older brother, Sun Yat-sen managed to obtain a medical degree. The brother made a fortune by engaging in agriculture, animal husbandry and small trade. Sun Mei sent his brother to an English missionary school in Honolulu, where education was conducted in English. In 1881, Sn Yat-sen graduated with honors and in 1883 returned to China.

In the same year he entered the English missionary college, and in 1884 he entered Queens College, where he studied until 1886. Then Sun Yat-sen entered the medical school maintained by the English mission, and in 1887 he entered the newly opened medical university in Xiagang. He graduated with honors and a diploma as the best student.

In the Manchu Qing dynasty, Sun Yat-sen saw the personification of all troubles and the main reason for the inequality and backwardness of China.

In 1894, the young patriot created the anti-Manchu revolutionary organization Xinzhonghui (Chinese Revival Union), which launched an armed uprising against the Qing authorities on October 25, 1895 in Guangzhou (Canton). But the performance ended in failure, and Sun Yat-sen was forced to emigrate to Japan, and then to the USA and European countries. There he actively developed plans for preparing new anti-Manchu uprisings in China.

In London, agents of the Qin government set a trap for Sun Yat-sen. In 1896, he was deceived into the Manchu legation building in London, from where they intended to smuggle him into China; It was only by chance that Sun Yat-sen managed to be freed from prison.

British well-wishers Sunya and local press took an active part in his rescue. The Qing diplomats were told: if Sun Yat-sen was not released, ten thousand people would gather at the mission walls, and then the representatives of Bogdykhan would have only themselves to blame. This was one of the first effective manifestations of the solidarity of the foreign public with the struggle of the Chinese revolutionaries. Sun Yat-sen was released from prison.

Having gained freedom, he wrote the book “Kidnapped in London”, which made him famous in Europe, including in Russia. Among the people with whom Sun Yat-sen maintained contacts while in exile were Russian populist revolutionaries, Socialist Revolutionaries, and Social Democrats. Later, through them, he became acquainted with the experience of the Russian revolution of 1905–1907.

In the summer of 1905, he created a new, more massive than Xingzhonghoi, revolutionary organization Tongmenghui (Union League) in Japan.

The program of the Union League was the “three principles of the people” developed by Sun Yat-sen:

During 1895–1911, revolutionary organizations led by Sun Yat-sen carried out ten armed uprisings against the Qin monarchy, until finally, on October 10, 1911, the Xinhai Revolution began, which broke out in the city of Wuchang and proclaimed the Republic of China.

During the successful uprising against Manchu rule in Wuchang on October 10, 1911, the Republic was proclaimed and the revolutionary government of Hubei Province was created, calling on the people of the entire country to overthrow the power of the Manchu monarchy. The uprising quickly spread to the southern and eastern provinces of China, and by December the power of the Qin dynasty remained in only three provinces: Zhali, Henan and Gansu.

Upon returning to China from exile in December 1911, Sun Yat-sen was elected the first provisional President of the Republic, and officially assumed office on January 1, 1912. On this day, a solemn ceremony took place in Nanjing (Nanjing) to inaugurate Sun Yat-sen as interim president. Republic of China. On February 12, Empress Dowager Lun Yu abdicated the throne on behalf of the last Manchu emperor, the child Pu Yi, and the entire Qing dynasty. But power was transferred to the “liberal” General Yuan Shi-kai, who became provisional president of the Republic of China on February 15, 1912.

During his short reign, Sun Yat-sen managed to pass a number of democratic laws and regulations aimed at protecting the freedom and property of citizens. A bourgeois-democratic constitution was adopted, all old acts on the purchase and sale of people, the abolition of corporal punishment were annulled, freedom of the press and assembly was proclaimed, the import of art objects abroad was prohibited, rice speculation was stopped, etc. He refused to approve his elder brother’s candidacy for prominent bureaucratic post, thus demonstrating his integrity.

However, the gains of the 1911 revolution could not be preserved. Among the objective factors that influenced the defeat of the republican revolutionaries is the weakness of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The feudal lords, compradors and militarists were still strong. As a result, their protege Yuan Shih-kan became president, and Sun Yat-sen was forced to resign.

In retirement, he began promoting his plans for China's economic development. But among his supporters there were strong conciliatory elements. They hoped to eliminate Yuan Shi-kai by parliamentary means.

During the period of the military dictatorship of Yuan Shih-kai, Sun Yat-sen created in exile (Japan, 1914) a new revolutionary organization, the Zhonghua Gemindan (Chinese Revolutionary Party). On June 21, 1916, Suan Yat-sen returned from exile. On September 18, 1917, the official opening of parliament took place in Guangzhou. It was decided to launch a military campaign against the militaristic North.

Sun Yat-sen became Generalissimo of South China. But he had no real power. The troops of the “Southern Federation” belonged to various provincial militaristic cliques. And when, at the beginning of May 1918, the leader of the Guangxi group, General Lu Yong-ting, demanded the removal supreme commander in chief, Sun Yat-sen had to resign and go to Shanghai. He decides to step away from active work for a while. revolutionary activities and completes the already partially written work “The Country Construction Program”, consisting of three independent books: “ Spiritual building"(The Teachings of Sun Wen), "Material Construction" ("Industrial Plan") and "Social Construction" ("The First Steps of Democracy"). He hoped to use foreign capital to create socialism in China.

Sun Yat-sen enthusiastically greeted the Great October Revolution. At his request, the Soviet government sent a group of military specialists to Guangzhou, the capital of the revolutionary government of South China.

In the fall of 1923, Sun Yat-sen invited the old Russian revolutionary M. M. Borodin to the post of his political adviser, with the help of whom the National Party was reorganized, becoming a coalition of all anti-feudal and anti-imperialist forces. Sun Yat-sen established close correspondence with Soviet diplomats.

IN Soviet Russia Sun Yat-sen saw a loyal and reliable ally of the fighters for freedom and independence of China. "Goals Chinese revolution, he emphasized, coincide with the goals of the Russian revolution, just as the goals of the Russian revolution coincide with the goals of the Chinese revolution. The Chinese and Russian revolutions follow the same path. Therefore, China and Russia not only have close relations, but in their revolutionary ties they truly constitute one family.”

In 1924, at the First Kuomintang Congress, Sun Yat-sen

proclaimed his three main political principles - an unbreakable alliance with Soviet Russia, an alliance with the Communist Party of China, and reliance on the worker-peasant masses.

Sun Yat-sen's death on March 12, 1925 prevented him from completing the cause of national liberation in China. He died of stomach and liver cancer in Beijing, where, despite a serious illness, he came to achieve national unity, termination internecine wars and uniting all the forces of China to fight militarism and imperialism.

The day before his death, Sun Yat-sen drew up a Testament to the Chinese people and dictated a Message to the Soviet Union, whose texts are engraved on the white marble wall in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Pavilion on the territory of the ancient Biyunsi Temple in the northwestern suburbs of Beijing. Sun Yat-sen's clothes and headdress are walled up in the pagoda behind the pavilion. For a long time, the Sunyat-sen jacket - zhongshanzhuang - became the favorite clothing of many Chinese. Sun Yat-sen's ashes rest in a magnificent mausoleum in Nanjing, the city where he was elected the first president of the Republic of China.

CHAPTER II . POLITICAL VIEWS OF A REVOLUTIONARY

Soviet historiography blamed Sun Yat-sen for not understanding the class nature of social contradictions, the importance of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal tasks of the maturing revolution and reducing all existing contradictions to purely national conflicts between the Chinese and Manchus. Fearing open interference by Western powers in the course of a future revolution, he did not put forward any anti-imperialist slogans in his program. Moreover, he repeatedly assured the imperialist countries that the revolutionaries would strive to honor all previously concluded treaties and agreements if the Western powers maintained neutrality.

While Sun Yat-sen was in Japan, various kinds of chauvinistic theories about the superiority of the “peoples of the yellow race” over the “peoples of the white race” flourished there, including constituent element in the preparation for war. Appealing to public opinion. Sun Yat-sen reminded that China now expects active assistance from Japan in the fight against the Manchu dynasty, supported by foreign powers, representatives of the “peoples of the white race”, who mid-19th century centuries appeared on Far East as enslavers of the “yellow race”.

The period of Sun Yat-sen's stay in Japan included the emergence of his ideas of solidarity among Asian countries and the beginning of his personal participation in the national liberation struggle Asian peoples against the oppression of the colonialists. So, he helped the Philippine revolutionaries. In turn, the Philippine revolutionaries sympathized with Sun Yat-sen in his struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty and even provided material support to the Union for the Revival of China. However, this support was the support of the same revolutionaries, and there was nothing to expect help from the imperialist powers.

Sun Yat-sen's belief that revolutionaries could obtain effective assistance on the part of the imperialist powers was greatly shaken by the treacherous refusal of England and Japan to support the uprising in the South, the actions of foreign interventionists in Northern China and their collusion with the Manchurian court.

Sun Yat-sen's attitude towards foreign powers begins to change. If earlier he hoped for the possibility of supporting any of them, now he comes to understand that. that all powers collaborating with the Qing regime are interested in preserving the Manchu dynasty and cannot be allies of the revolutionaries.

As already mentioned, in the summer of 1905, Sun Yat-sen created a new revolutionary organization in Japan, Tongmenghui (Allied League). Its program was the “three popular principles” developed by Sun Yat-sen:

1) nationalism (overthrow of the foreign Manchu-Qing dynasty and restoration of the sovereignty of the Chinese (Han) nation;

2) democracy (establishment of a republic);

3) national welfare (equalization of land rights in the spirit of the ideas of the American bourgeois economist G. George).

Sun Yat-sen's political views were also reflected in his work “The State Building Program.” As mentioned above, it consisted of three independent parts - the books “Spiritual Construction (The Teachings of Sun Wen)”, “Material Construction (Industrial Plan)” and “Social Construction (The First Steps of Democracy)”.

Among the foreign policy provisions expressed by Sun Yat-sen on the pages of the book “The Teachings of Sun Wen”, it is necessary to note his call on his compatriots to follow the example of Japan, which achieved customs independence from foreigners and abolished the entire system of unequal treaties, almost at the same time as China, imposed on it by foreign powers. Sun Yat-sen repeatedly emphasized that Japan is the only state in Asia that has achieved independence from the capitalist powers and taken the path of industrial development. “China cannot yet be considered completely independent state; it can only be called a semi-independent country: on our territory there are still concessions from other powers, there is a right of extraterritoriality of foreigners, our customs are still in the hands of foreigners,” he wrote.

Scourged on the pages of his book the arbitrariness and lawlessness of the Chinese militarists, Sun Yat-sen opposed gloomy picture Chinese reality is an idealized description of the activities of bourgeois states in Europe and America, whose policies are supposedly aimed at protecting the interests of their people, encouraging scientists, stimulating agriculture, industry and trade.

Looking for a way out plight. Where China finds itself. Torn by the civil strife of the militarists, Sun Yat-sen proposed to take advantage of the “heaven-sent opportunity,” that is, to use the military industry created different countries Europe and America during World War I and which became unnecessary due to the end of the war, for the development of inexhaustible natural resources China.

Sun Yat-sen hoped for generous investment various countries into the Chinese economy, attracting foreign scientists on a large scale. But Sun Yat-sen, in the preface to Material Construction, clearly and clearly explained that when planning to attract foreign capital to the industrial development of China, he had one indispensable condition in mind - control over the implementation of these plans should be exercised by the Chinese government.

“My idea,” Sun Yat-sen wrote at the end of the book, “is the desire to use foreign capital to create socialism in China and harmoniously combine these two economic forces. Moving humanity forward, force them to act together and thereby accelerate the development of the future world civilization.”

The last, third of the books included in Sun Yat-sen’s “State Building Program” - “Social Construction (The First Steps of Democracy" - pursued, according to the author’s plan, the goal of popularizing the ideas of bourgeois democracy in China. In the conditions of feudal tyranny and lawlessness perpetrated Chinese militarists and imperialists in China. Sun Yat-sen's defense of the ideas of bourgeois democracy objectively had a positive meaning: he called on various sections of the people to unite and fight for democratic rights.

Dying, the revolutionary thought about the future of the country. In his Testament, Sun Yat-sen called on his comrades “to fight in alliance with the peoples of the world, building relations with us on the basis of equality.”

CONCLUSION

Sun Yat-sen. He is an outstanding figure in Chinese history. Coming from peasants, he managed to get higher education and devoted his entire life to serving the people.

Deep patriotism and love for the country and people distinguished Sun Yat-sen. He saw the fruits of the main work of his life - the overthrow of the Qing Manchu monarchy. But he also wanted to bring China out of crisis, to transform it. He outlined how to do this in the “State Building Program.”

The three books included in the “Nation Building Program” were, in essence, an attempt to systematically present Sun Yat-sen’s political and economic program under new conditions. Emerged after the end of the First World War. Sun Yat-sen's plans were connected with his illusions about the possibility of a peaceful post-war settlement of the imperialist contradictions between the participants in the First World War and with his hopes for the possibility of changing the policies of the powers towards China.

In the Soviet Union, most of Sun Yat-sen's views were considered utopian, erroneous and unpromising, since they did not correspond to the official ideology. Nevertheless, Sun Yat-sen became one of the most revered historical figures in Soviet historiography. Our task today is to objectively evaluate his contribution to world history.

REFERENCES

1. Borodin B. Hercules of China. // New time. 1984. No. 45. pp. 22 – 23.

2. Matveeva G.S. Father of the Republic. The Tale of Sun Yat-sen. M., 1975.

3. Tikhvinsky S. L. Testament of a Chinese revolutionary: Sun Yat-Sen: life, struggle, evolution of political views. M., 1986.

4. Tikhvinsky S. L. Sun Yat-sen is a friend of the Soviet Union. M., 1966.

Tikhvinsky S. L. Testament of a Chinese revolutionary: Sun Yat-Sen: life, struggle, evolution of political views. M., 1986.

Tikhvinsky S. L. Sun Yat-sen is a friend of the Soviet Union. M., 1966.

Borodin B. Hercules of China. // New time. 1984. No. 45. pp. 22 – 23.

Matveeva G.S. Father of the Republic. The Tale of Sun Yat-sen. M., 1975.

Tikhvinsky S. L. Testament of a Chinese revolutionary: Sun Yat-Sen: life, struggle, evolution of political views. M., 1986. P. 7.

Borodin B. Hercules of China. // New time. 1984. No. 45. P. 23.

Tikhvinsky S. L. Testament of a Chinese revolutionary: Sun Yat-Sen: life, struggle, evolution of political views. M., 1986. P. 129.

Tikhvinsky S. L. Testament of a Chinese revolutionary: Sun Yat-Sen: life, struggle, evolution of political views. M., 1986. P. 128.

Borodin B. Hercules of China // New Time. 1984. No. 45. P. 23.

He was born on December 16, 1770 in Bonn, Germany. His father and grandfather were professional singers and, despite financial difficulties, the family tried to give the child a comprehensive music education. He was taught to play the organ, violin and piano. Talent young talent showed up immediately, learning was easy, and at the age of 14 he was already enrolled in the court chapel.

His first acquaintance with the Austrian capital took place at the age of 17. Mozart listened to him and saw a future genius in the musician. However, plans to continue his studies in Vienna had to be abandoned. Ludwig's mother died and he immediately returned home. It was necessary to take care of the younger brothers, and with the death of the breadwinner-grandfather, the situation worsened even more. Due to lack of funds, Beethoven dropped out of school. However, it was educated person, who knew Latin, Italian and French languages, loved to read both the ancients and modern writers, and thanks to his music mentor Christian Nefe met immortal creations Mozart, Bach and other famous composers.

Only in 1792 did he manage to finally settle in Vienna. Here he gained fame as a virtuoso pianist and a brilliant improviser. He's serious about it instrumental music. He wrote his “Eroic” or “Third Symphony” while already suffering from inflammation of the middle ear. The most creatively successful period of his life was overshadowed by progressive hearing loss. Despite the impending deafness, he composed the “Fifth” and “Pastoral” (sixth) symphonies, several sonatas, violin and piano concertos and the only opera"Fidelio."

Having completely lost his hearing, he becomes gloomy and leads a secluded life. At the age of 57 German composer died in poverty and loneliness.

Beethoven's biography is the most important

The future composer was born in 1770, into a family of musicians, and music in the house was the main attribute. The boy showed great abilities, he especially liked the violin and organ. But his father turned all his undertakings into torture and bullying. He always wanted to make the boy a composer on the level of Mozart. And it was not praise that was used, but insults. The atmosphere in the house was depressing and unfavorable. Beethoven grew up as a reserved child, preferring to be alone. His main joy was music and books. He read a lot from Plato to Mozart.

But already at the age of seven he performed his first concert. During this period, he meets his mentor and friend Christian Nefe. Thanks to him, the young man gets acquainted with the work of such composers as Mozart, Handel and Haydn. And who would have thought that many years later, Beethoven would stand on a par with them. The boy was talented in everything. So already in adolescence he began working as an assistant organist at court.

1787 - thanks to his efforts, Beethoven travels to Vienna, where he meets Mozart. The famous composer was so amazed by the guest’s abilities that he considered it necessary to take him on as a student. However, fate presented Beethoven with a new test: his mother dies in his hometown. This was a great shock for Beethoven. He had no one closer and dearer to him. Mom was his support, protection and friend. The father sank to the very bottom, and could hardly help in any way, so in order to feed his family, he abandoned music and began attending lectures at the University of Bonn.

In 1792 he came to Vienna again. In search of a teacher, he meets the composer Haydn. But the creative tandem did not bring success; each side was dissatisfied with the other. The teacher considered Beethoven's piano playing to be mediocrity, a waste of time, although Vienna had never heard a more virtuosic pianist. Here he creates the most recognizable work for his contemporaries - “Moonlight Sonata”, “Sonata Pathétique”.

In search of a new mentor, fate brings him together with Antonio Salieri. The two composers met as creative people and as friends. As a result of beneficial collaboration during this period, Beethoven wrote more than thirty works. This was the “golden period” of his work.

For his waywardness and freedom of speech, the composer could have long ago fallen out of favor with the authorities, but either his universal popularity or his character protected him from attacks throughout his life.

Since 1796, difficult times have come for the composer. At this time he begins to lose his hearing. At first, the composer hid his new position, because among creative people such a state would simply not be accepted. He did not have a family; fans and muses of his work eventually found other chosen ones. I stopped communicating with friends. Having protected himself from the outside world, Beethoven stopped going out and refused to perform. He became withdrawn and gloomy. For a man who dedicated his life to music, this was a blow. For short-term communication with acquaintances, he preferred to write; each line of the notebooks contained such power and strength and at the same time weakness and loneliness.

Despite his serious illness, in some incredible way, it was during this period that he created the most romantic works. IN recent years During his life, Beethoven was very ill; his main source of joy was his nephew.

The composer died in 1827 after a serious and long illness. He left behind a collection of great works, numbering about a hundred creations.

Interesting facts and dates from life

Beethoven's music is known to all classical lovers. His name is considered iconic for those who dream of becoming a real musician. How did one of the most popular composers live and work?

Beethoven: childhood and youth of a little genius

The exact date of birth of Ludwig van Beethoven is not known for certain. The year of his birth is 1770. The day of baptism is December 17th. Ludwig was born in the German city of Bonn.

Beethoven's family had a direct connection to music. The boy's father was famous tenor. And his mother Maria Magdalene Keverich was the daughter of a chef.

The ambitious Johann Beethoven, being a strict father, wanted to make Ludwig a great composer. He dreamed that his son would become the second Mozart. He made considerable efforts to achieve the goal.

At first, he himself taught the boy to play various instruments. Then he handed over the child’s training to his colleagues. Since childhood, Ludwig mastered two complex instruments: the organ and the violin.

When young Beethoven was just 10 years old, organist Christian Nefe arrived in his city. It was he who became the boy’s true mentor, as he saw in him enormous abilities for music.

Beethoven was taught classical music based on the works of Bach and Mozart. At 12 years old talented child began his career as an assistant organist. When a tragedy occurred in the family and Ludwig’s grandfather died, the finances of the venerable family were greatly reduced. Despite the fact that young Beethoven never completed his studies at school, he managed to master Latin, Italian and French. All his life Beethoven read a lot, was curious, intelligent and erudite. He easily understood any scientific treatises.

The youthful works of the future composer were subsequently reworked by him. The Marmot sonata has survived to this day unchanged.

In 1787, Mozart himself gave the boy an audition. Great contemporary Beethoven was pleased with his performance. He highly appreciated the young man's improvisation.

Ludwig wanted to study with Mozart himself, but fate decreed otherwise. Beethoven's mother died this year. He had to return to hometown to take care of the brothers. In order to earn money, he got a job in a local orchestra as a violist.

In 1789, Ludwig again began attending classes at the university. The revolution that broke out in the French state inspired him to create the “Song of a Free Man.”

In the autumn of 1792, another Beethoven idol was passing through Beethoven's native Bonn. composer Haydn. Then the young man decides to follow him to Vienna to continue his music studies.

Beethoven's mature years

The collaboration between Haydn and Beethoven in Vienna can hardly be called fruitful. The accomplished mentor considered his student’s creations beautiful, but too gloomy. Haydn later left for England. Then Ludwig van Beethoven himself found a new teacher. It turned out to be Antonio Salieri.

Thanks to virtuoso playing Beethoven created a piano style of playing where extreme registers, loud chords and the use of pedals on the instrument became the norm.

This style of playing is fully reflected in the composer’s popular “Moonlight Sonata”. In addition to innovation in music, Beethoven's lifestyle and character traits also deserved considerable attention. For your clothes and appearance the composer practically did not watch. If anyone in the audience dared to talk during his performance, Beethoven refused to play and went home.

Ludwig van Beethoven could be harsh with friends and relatives, but he never refused them the necessary help to their loved ones. During the first decade that the young composer worked in Vienna, he managed to write 20 sonatas for classical piano, 3 full piano concertos, many sonatas for other instruments, one oratorio for religious theme, as well as a full-fledged ballet.

Beethoven's tragedy and his later years

The fateful year of 1796 for Beethoven becomes the most difficult in his life. The famous composer begins to experience hearing loss. Doctors diagnose him with chronic inflammation of the inner ear canal.

Ludwig van Beethoven suffered greatly from his illness. In addition to the pain, he was haunted by ringing in his ears. On the advice of doctors, he goes to live in the small and quiet town of Heiligenstadt. But the situation with his illness is not changing for the better.

Over the years, Beethoven increasingly despised the power of emperors and princes. He believed that equal rights people are the ideal good. For this reason, Beethoven decided against dedicating one of his works to Napoleon, calling the Third Symphony simply “Eroic”.

During the period of hearing loss, the composer withdraws into himself, but continues to work. He writes the opera Fidelio. Then creates a loop musical works entitled "To a Distant Beloved".

Progressive deafness did not become an obstacle to Beethoven's sincere interest in what was happening in the world. After the defeat and exile of Napoleon, a strict police regime was introduced in the Austrian lands, but Beethoven, as before, continued to criticize the government. Perhaps he guessed that they would not dare touch him and throw him in prison, because his fame had become truly grandiose.

ABOUT personal life Little is known about Ludwig van Beethoven. There were rumors that he wanted to marry one of his students, Countess Giulietta Guicciardi. For some time the girl reciprocated the composer’s feelings, but then she preferred someone else. His next student, Teresa Brunswik, was devoted friend Beethoven until his death, but the true context of their relationship is shrouded in mystery and is not known for certain.

When the composer's younger brother died, he took custody of his son. Beethoven tried to instill in the young man a love of art and science, but the guy was a gambler and a reveler. Once he lost, he tried to commit suicide. This upset Beethoven very much. Due to nervousness, he developed liver disease.

In 1827 great composer passed away. The funeral procession included more than 20 thousand people. Famous musician was only 57 years old when he passed away and was buried in the Vienna cemetery.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist (his years of life were 1770 – 1827).
Ludwig van Beethoven was baptized on December 17, 1770 in Bonn. exact date his birth is not known.

Biography of Ludwig van Beethoven - early years.
It was no coincidence that Ludwig van Beethoven became a composer - his father Johann Van Beethoven and grandfather Ludwig were directly related to music. My father was a singer, he sang in the court chapel, and my grandfather first also sang in the court chapel, and then was a bandmaster. Ludwig's mother, Mary Magdalene, was from the common people and had no interest in music - she worked as an ordinary cook. Ludwig Beethovin's father, Johann, dreamed that his son would be the second Mozart and with early childhood taught his son to play the harpsichord and violin. At the age of eight, Ludwig van Beethoven made his first public appearance. It was in Cologne. But the father saw that nothing special came of introducing the child to music, and then Johann Van Beethoven instructed his colleagues to study music with his son, some of them taught Ludwig to play the organ, some to play the violin. When Ludwig was eight years old, the composer and organist Christian Gottlieb Nefe came to Bonn, who recognized little Ludwig as Beethoven. musical talent. Thanks to studying music with Nefe, the first work of the future famous composer was published - variations on a theme of Dressler's march. Beethoven had just turned twelve years old. But at this time, Ludwig Beethoven was already working as an assistant to the court organist.
Like many great people, Beethoven, due to his difficult financial situation, was forced to leave school. This happened after the death of my grandfather. But, nevertheless, the biography of Beethoven remains as the biography of a highly educated person. He knew Latin and several foreign languages, including Italian and French. Beethoven devoted a lot of time to reading books. His favorite authors were Homer, Plutach, Goethe, Schiller, Shakespeare. At this time, the future composer began to compose music, but many of his works remained unpublished, and after many years they were revised by him. One of Beethoven's early works is the "Marmot" sonata. Once Ludwig van Beethoven visited Vienna, then he was sixteen years old, Mozart, after listening to him, amazed those around him with the following phrase: “He will make everyone talk about himself!” Beethoven by family circumstances(his mother became seriously ill and subsequently died, and he was forced to take care of his brothers) was unable to take lessons from Mozart and returned to Bonn. At the age of 17, Beethoven joined the orchestra as a violist. He especially liked the operas of Mozart and Gluck.
In 1789, Beethoven decided to listen to lectures at the university. At this time, the revolution began in France, and Ludwig Beethoven wrote music based on poems by one of the university professors praising the revolution. At this time Beethoven noticed famous composer Haydn, and Ludwig van Beethoven decided to take lessons from him, and in 1792 Beethoven headed to Vienna. Lessons with Haydn quickly disappointed Beethoven. And Haydn lost interest in Beethoven. Beethoven’s music and spiritual mood were not understood by Haydn: too gloomy, too bold reasoning and views for those times. Then Beethoven's biography developed as follows: Haydn was forced to leave for England, and I. B. Schenk, I. G. Albrechtsberger, A. Salieri began to study with Beethoven. Ludwig van Beethoven became one of the most fashionable pianists in Vienna, a true virtuoso of his craft. His debut as a pianist took place in 1795. By 1802, Beethoven was known as the creator of 20 piano sonatas, including "Pathetique" (1798), "Moonlight" (No. 2 of two "fantasy sonatas" 1801), six 6 string quartets, eight violin sonatas and piano, many chamber ensemble works.
But at the end of the 1790s, Ludwig Beethoven began to develop a terrible illness for a musician - deafness. At this time, Beethoven was overcome by pessimism, and he even sent his brothers a document known in his biography as the “Heiligenstadt Testament.” But, being collected and strong man, Beethoven overcame the crisis in his soul and continued his work.

Biography of Ludwig van Beethoven - mature years.
Creative biography Beethoven between 1803 and 1812 is known as the new middle period professional blossoming of the composer. This period is marked by heroic notes in Beethoven's music. For example, the author’s subtitle of the Third Symphony is “Eroic” (1803), the piano sonata “Appassionata” (1805), the cycle of 32 variations in C minor for piano in 1806, Symphony No. Five (1808) with its famous “motif of fate” ", the opera "Fidelio", the overture "Coriolanus" (1807), in 1810 - "Egmont". Also filled with heroism, dynamism, tempo are Symphony No. 4 (1806), symphonies No. 6 “Pastoral”, No. 7 and No. 8, Piano Concertos No. 4, Violin Concerto and many other musical works. In the mid-1800s, Beethoven achieved universal respect and recognition. Due to hearing problems, in 1808 Beethoven gave his last concert. By 1814, Beethoven became completely deaf.
In 1813-1814, Beethoven suffered from apathy, which, of course, affected his work; he composed very little. In 1815, Beethoven took upon himself the care of the son of his deceased brother. The nephew also had a complex character.
Started in 1815 new stage in the biography of the composer, or as it is also called the late period of creativity. During this period, eleven works by the great composer were published, among them: sonatas for piano and cello, piano Variations on a Waltz by Diabelli, Ninth Symphony, Solemn Mass, string quartets.
Beethoven's work late period distinguished by contrasts, his music of those times called for extreme action, emotional experience and lyricism.
Ludwig van Beethoven died on March 26, 1827 in Vienna, Austria. Say goodbye to famous composer about twenty thousand people came

Look all portraits

“Music is higher than all the revelations of wisdom and philosophy,” said Ludwig van Beethoven. This belief helped the composer to overcome all the misfortunes that befell him, and at the same time make a tremendous contribution to the history of music.

Beethoven was born in Bonn into the family of a court musician. The future composer grew up in poverty. The father drank away his meager salary; he taught his son to play the violin and piano in the hope that he would become the new Mozart and provide for his family. Over time, the father's salary was increased in anticipation of the future of his gifted and hardworking son. The father was very strict with little Ludwig, who “was often in tears at the instrument.”

Where big role The court organist Christian Gottlob Nefe played a role in the formation of the future great composer. He became a second father to Ludwig and not only mentored him in music, but was also his friend.

It was Nefe who saw the potential young musician. It was he who helped Beethoven in 1787 (at the age of 17) go to Vienna to see Mozart.

It is not known whether they actually met, but legend attributes to Mozart the words spoken to the young Beethoven: “Pay attention to him, he will make everyone talk about himself.” This was probably the first rise in Ludwig's biography. The maestro's praise opened up serious prospects, but Beethoven was never destined to become Mozart's student. Soon he was forced to return back to Bonn due to his mother's illness. Soon she died, and Beethoven was forced to take care of the family.

In 1792, after the death of his father, Beethoven again went to “storm” Vienna, the capital classical music. He studied here with Haydn, Albrechtsberger and Salieri - Beethoven's last and most valued Viennese teacher.

Beethoven's first performance in Vienna took place on March 30, 1795. It was a charity event for the benefit of widows and orphans of musicians. Beethoven's recognition as a composer soon came. His creativity develops rapidly and rapidly. In seven years he created 15 piano sonatas, 10 cycles of variations, 2 piano concertos. In Vienna he gained fame and popularity as a brilliant performer and improviser. He became a music teacher in some of the houses of Viennese nobles, and this gave him the means to live.

However, the rapid rise ended in a sad fall. At the age of 26, Ludwig van Beethoven began to lose his hearing, which meant the end of his career for the musician. The treatment did not provide relief, and Beethoven began to think about suicide. But with the help of will and love for music, he still overcame despair.

In the so-called “Heiligenstadt Testament”, written at that time to his brothers, he says: “... a little more - and I would have committed suicide, only one thing held me back - art. Ah, it seemed impossible to me to leave the world before I had accomplished everything to which I felt called.” In another letter to his friend, he wrote: “... I want to grab fate by the throat.”

And he succeeded. During this period, he wrote the most significant works, in particular almost all the symphonies, starting with the third, “Eroica”, wrote the overtures “Egmont”, “Coriolanus”, the opera “Fidelio”, many sonatas, including the sonata “Appassionata”.

After graduation Napoleonic wars life throughout Europe is changing. A period of political reaction begins. A difficult Metternich regime is established in Austria. These events, to which were added difficult personal experiences - the death of his brother and illness - led Beethoven to a difficult mental state. He actually stopped his creative activity.

In 1818, Beethoven felt, despite his increasing deafness, a new upsurge of strength and enthusiastically devoted himself to creativity, writing a whole series major works, among which a special place is occupied by the Ninth Symphony with choir, “Solemn Mass” and the last quartets and piano sonatas.

The Ninth Symphony was unlike any other symphony created before. In it, he wanted to glorify the wealth of millions, the brotherhood of all the people of the world, united in a single impulse of joy and freedom. The first performance of the Ninth Symphony in Vienna on May 7, 1824 turned into greatest triumph composer. But the composer did not hear the applause and enthusiastic screams of the audience. When one of the singers turned him to face the audience, he, seeing universal admiration listeners, lost consciousness from excitement. By that time, Ludwig van Beethoven had completely lost his hearing.

In recent years, Beethoven struggled with a serious liver disease, effectively stopping his creative activity. On March 26, 1827, at five o'clock in the afternoon, the great composer died. The funeral took place on March 29. Huge crowds of people gathered to bid farewell to the great man; no emperor was buried with such respect.