Ugrian tribes. A Brief History of the Finno-Ugric Peoples

1. Name

The Finno-Ugric peoples were an autochthonous population of the Oka-Volga interfluve, their tribes were Ests, all, Merya, Mordvins, Cheremis were part of the Gothic kingdom of Germanarich in the 4th century. The chronicler Nestor in the Ipatiev Chronicle indicates about twenty tribes of the Ural group (Ugrofiniv): Chud, Livs, waters, yam (Ӕm), all (even North of them on the White Lake sit Vѣt), Karelians, Yugra, caves, Samoyeds, Permians (Pѣrm), Cheremis, castings, winters Gola, Kors, Ner, Mordovians, measuring (and on Rostov ѣzerѣ Merѧ and on Kleshchin and ѣzer sidѧ mѣrzh same), murom (and Ѡtsѣ rѣtsѣ where to flow into the Volga ҕzyk Svoi Murom) and Meshchera. The Muscovites called all the local tribes Chud from the indigenous Chud, and accompanied this name with irony, explaining it through Moscow weird, weird, strange. Now these peoples are completely assimilated by Russians, they have disappeared from the ethnic map of modern Russia forever, having replenished the number of Russians and leaving only a wide range of their ethnic geographical names.

These are all the names of the rivers with ending-wa: Moscow, Protva, Kosva, Silva, Sosva, Izva, etc. The Kama River has about 20 tributaries whose names end with na-va, means "water" in Finnish. Muscovite tribes from the very beginning felt their superiority over the local Finno-Ugric peoples. However, Finno-Ugric toponyms are found not only where these peoples today make up a significant part of the population, form autonomous republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much larger, for example, Moscow.

According to archaeological data, the area of ​​settlement of the Chud tribes in Eastern Europe remained unchanged for 2 thousand years. Since the 9th century, the Finno-Ugric tribes of the European part present-day Russia gradually assimilated by Slavic colonists, immigrants from Kievan Rus. This process formed the basis for the formation of modern Russian nation.

The Finno-Ugric tribes belong to the Ural-Altai group and a thousand years ago they were close to the Pechenegs, Cumans and Khazars, but were at a much lower level than the rest community development, in fact, the ancestors of the Russians were the same Pechenegs, only forest ones. At that time, these were the primitive and culturally most backward tribes of Europe. Not only in the distant past, but even at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia, they were cannibals. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) called them androphagi (devourers of people), and Nestor the chronicler already in the period of the Russian state - Samoyeds (Samoyed) .

The Finno-Ugric tribes of a primitive gathering and hunting culture were the ancestors of the Russians. Scientists claim that the Muscovite people received the greatest admixture Mongoloid race through the assimilation of Finno-Ugric peoples who came to Europe from Asia and partially absorbed Caucasoid admixture even before the arrival of the Slavs. A mixture of Finno-Ugric, Mongolian and Tatar ethnic components led to the ethnogenesis of Russians, which was formed with the participation of the Slavic tribes Radimichi and Vyatichi. Due to ethnic mixing with the Finns, and later the Tatars and partly with the Mongols, the Russians have anthropological type, different from Kiev-Russian (Ukrainian). The Ukrainian diaspora jokes about this: "The eye is narrow, the nose is plush - completely Russian"Under the influence of the Finno-Ugric language environment, the formation of the phonetic system of Russians (akanye, gekanya, ticking) took place. Today, "Ural" features are inherent to one degree or another in all the peoples of Russia: average height, broad face, snub-nosed nose, sparse beard. The Mari and Udmurts often have eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus, they have very wide cheekbones, a liquid beard. But at the same time blond and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians and Karelians. Komi are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages as they mature, they are dark-haired and slanted, others are more like Scandinavians, but with a slightly wider face.

According to the studies of the Meryanist Orest Tkachenko, "In the Russian people, on the maternal side associated with the Slavic ancestral home, the father was a Finn. On the paternal side, the Russians descended from the Finno-Ugric peoples." It should be noted that according to modern research In fact, the Y-chromosome halotype was the opposite - Slavic men married women of the local Finno-Ugric population. According to Mikhail Pokrovsky, the Russians are an ethnic mixture in which the Finns own 4/5, and the Slavs - 1/5. The remnants of the Finno-Ugric culture in Russian culture can be traced in such features that are not found among others Slavic peoples: women's kokoshnik and sundress, men's shirt-kosovorotka, bast shoes (bast shoes) in national costume, dumplings in dishes, the style of folk architecture (tent buildings, porch), Russian bath, sacred animal - bear, 5-tone scale of singing, a-touch and vowel reduction, pair words like stitches, paths, arms and legs, alive and well, such and such, turnover I have(instead of I, characteristic of other Slavs) a fabulous beginning "once upon a time", the absence of a mermaid cycle, carols, the cult of Perun, the presence of a cult of birch, not oak.

Not everyone knows that there is nothing Slavic in the surnames Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, but they come from the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Vedeno Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. So a significant part of the Finno-Ugric peoples was assimilated by the Slavs, and some, having adopted Islam, mixed with the Turks. Therefore, today ugrofins do not make up the majority of the population, even in the republics to which they gave their name. But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians (Rus. Russians), the Ugrofins have retained their anthropological type, which is now perceived as typically Russian (Rus. Russian ) .

According to the vast majority of historians, Finnish tribes had an extremely peaceful and meek disposition. By this, Muscovites themselves explain the peaceful nature of colonization, stating that there were no military clashes, because written sources they don't remember anything like that. However, as the same V.O. Klyuchevsky notes, "in the legends of Great Russia, some vague memories of the struggle that flared up in some places survived."

3. Toponymy

Toponyms of Meryan-Yerzyans origin in Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vologda, Tver, Vladimir, Moscow regions account for 70-80% (Vexa, Voksenga, Elenga, Kovonga, Koloksa, Kukoboy, lekht, Meleksa, Nadoksa, Nero (Inero), Nuks, Nuksha, Palenga, Peleng, Pelenda, Peksoma, Puzhbol, Pulokhta, Sarah, Seleksha, Sonohta, Tolgobol, otherwise, Sheksheboy, Shekhroma, Shileksha, Shoksha, Shopsha, Yakhren ha, Yahrobol(Yaroslavl region, 70-80%), Andoba, Vandoga, Vokhma, Vokhtoga, Voroksa, Lynger, Mezenda, Meremsha, Monza, Nerekhta (flicker), Neya, Notelga, Onga, Pechegda, Picherga, Poksha, Pong, Simonga, Sudolga, Toyehta, Urma, Shunga, Yakshanga(Kostroma region, 90-100%), Vazopol, Vichuga, Kineshma, Kistega, Kokhma, Ksty, Landeh, Nodoga, Paksh, Palekh, Scab, Pokshenga, Reshma, Sarokhta, Ukhtoma, Ukhtokhma, Shacha, Shizhegda, Shileksa, Shuya, Yukhma etc. (Ivanovsk region), Vokhtoga, Selma, Senga, Solokhta, Sot, Tolshmy, Shuya and others. (Vologda region), "" Valdai, Koi, Koksha, Koivushka, Lama, Maksatikha, Palenga, Palenka, Raida, Seliger, Siksha, Syshko, Talalga, Udomlya, Urdoma, Shomushka, Shosha, Yakhroma etc. (Tver region), Arsemaky, Velga, Voininga, Vorsha, Ineksha, Kirzhach, Klyazma, Koloksha, Mstera, Moloksha, Motra, Nerl, Peksha, Pichegino, Soima, Sudogda, Suzdal, Tumonga, Undol etc. (Vladimir region), Vereya, Vorya, Volgusha, Lama,

There is such a group of peoples - Finno-Ugric. my roots- from there (I am from Udmurtia, my father and his parents are from Komi), although I am considered Russian, and the nationality in the passport is Russian. Today I will tell you about my discoveries and research of these peoples.
It is customary to refer to the Finno-Ugric peoples:
1) Finns, Estonians, Hungarians.
2) In Russia - Udmurts, Komi, Mari, Mordovians and other Volga peoples.
How can all these peoples belong to the same group? Why do Hungarians and Finns and Udmurts have practically mutual language, although between them are completely alien peoples of other language groups- Poles, Lithuanians, Russians..?

I did not plan to conduct such a study, it just happened. It all started with the fact that I went on a business trip to the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region Yugra. Feel the similarity of the name? Ugra - Finno-Ugric peoples.
Then I visited Kaluga region, there is a very large and long river Ugra - the main tributary of the Oka.
Then, quite by accident, I learned other things, until it all came together in my head into a single picture. I will present it to you now. Which of you is a historian - you can write their dissertation. I don’t need it, I already wrote and defended it at one time, though on a different topic and another subject, economics (I am a Ph.D. in economics). I will say right away that official versions this is not supported, and the peoples of Yugra are not classified as Finno-Ugric.

It was the 3rd-4th century AD. These centuries are usually called the Epoch of the great migration of peoples. The peoples went from the East (from Asia) to the West (Europe). Other peoples were ousted and driven out of their homes, and they were also forced to go to the West.
While V Western Siberia, at the confluence of the Ob and Irtysh rivers lived the people of Yugra. Then the peoples of Khanty and Mansi came to them from the East, forced them out of their lands, and the Yugra peoples had to go to the West in search of new lands. Part of the Yugra peoples, of course, remained. Until now, this district is called - Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra. However, in museums and among local historians of Khanty-Mansiysk, I heard a version that the peoples of Ugra are also not local, and before they were forced out by the Khanty and Mansi, they also came from somewhere in the East - from Siberia.
So, The people of Ugra crossed the Ural Mountains and came to the banks of the Kama River. Part went against the current to the North (this is how the Komi appeared), part crossed the river and remained in the area of ​​the Kama River (this is how the Udmurts, another name for Votyaki appeared), and most of boarded boats and sailed down the river. At that time, it was easiest for peoples to move along the rivers.
During the movement, first along the Kama, and then along the Volga (to the West), the peoples of Yugra settled on the banks. So all the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia today live along the banks of the Volga - these are the Mari, and the Mordvins and others. And now the people of Ugra reach the fork (marked on the map with the Red flag). This is the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers. (now it's a city Nizhny Novgorod).

Part of the people goes along the Volga to the North-West, where it reaches Finland and then Estonia, and settles there.
Part goes along the Oka to the South-West. Now in the Kaluga region there is a very large Ugra river (a tributary of the Oka) and evidence of the Vyatichi tribes (they are also Votyaks). The peoples of Ugra lived there for a little while and went general course from the East further, until they reached Hungary, where at last all the remnants of these peoples settled.

In the end, peoples from the East came to Europe, to Germany, where there were their own barbarians, there was an overabundance of peoples in Western Europe and all this spilled over into the fact that in search of free land, the most western peoples in this migration - barbarian Huns led by Attilla - invaded the Roman Empire, captured and burned Rome and Rome fell. Thus ended the 1200-year history of the Great Roman Empire and the Dark Ages began.
And the Finno-Ugric peoples also contributed to all this.
When everything settled down by the 5th century, it turned out that a tribe of Russians lives on the banks of the Dnieper, who founded the city of Kyiv and Kievan Rus. Where did these Russians come from - God knows them, they came from somewhere in the East, they followed the Huns. They definitely did not live in this place before, because several million people passed through modern Ukraine (toward Western Europe) - hundreds different peoples and tribes.
What was the reason, the impetus for the start of this Great Migration of Peoples, which lasted at least 2 centuries, scientists still do not know, they only build hypotheses and conjectures.

Origin and early history Finno-Ugric peoples to this day remain the subject of scientific discussions. Among researchers, the most common opinion is that in ancient times there was a single group of people who spoke a common Finno-Ugric proto-language. The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugric peoples until the end of the third millennium BC. e. maintained relative unity. They were settled in the Urals and the western Urals, and possibly also in some areas adjacent to them.

In that era, called the Finno-Ugric, their tribes were in contact with the Indo-Iranians, which was reflected in myths and languages. Between the third and second millennium BC. e. separated from each other Ugric And Finno-Permian branches. Among the peoples of the latter, settled in westbound, gradually stood out and separated independent subgroups of languages:

• Baltic-Finnish,
• Volga-Finnish,
• Permian.

As a result of the transition of the population of the Far North to one of the Finno-Ugric dialects, the Sami were formed. Ugric group languages ​​fell apart by the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. The separation of the Baltic-Finnish occurred at the beginning of our era. Perm existed a little longer - until the eighth century.

The contacts of the Finno-Ugric tribes with the Baltic, Iranian, Slavic, Turkic, and Germanic peoples played an important role in the course of the separate development of these languages.

Territory of settlement

Finno-Ugric peoples today mainly live in North-Western Europe. Geographically, they are settled on a vast territory from Scandinavia to the Urals, the Volga-Kama, the lower and middle Tobol region.

Hungarians - the only people Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group, who formed his own state away from other related tribes - in the Carpatho-Danube region.

The total number of peoples speaking the Uralic languages ​​(these include Finno-Ugric along with Samoyed) is 23-24 million people. The most numerous representatives are Hungarians. There are more than 15 million of them in the world. They are followed by Finns and Estonians (5 and 1 million people, respectively). Most of the other Finno-Ugric ethnic groups live in modern Russia.

Finno-Ugric ethnic groups in Russia

Russian settlers massively rushed to the lands of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the 16th-18th centuries. Most often, the process of their settlement in these parts took place peacefully, however, some indigenous peoples (for example, the Mari) long and fiercely resisted the annexation of their region to the Russian state.

Christian religion, writing, urban culture, introduced by the Russians, over time began to displace local beliefs and dialects. People moved to the cities, moved to the Siberian and Altai lands - where the main and common language was Russian. However, he (especially his northern dialect) absorbed a lot of Finno-Ugric words - this is most noticeable in the field of toponyms and names of natural phenomena.

In places, the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia mixed with the Turks, adopting Islam. However, a significant part of them were still assimilated by the Russians. Therefore, these peoples do not constitute a majority anywhere - even in those republics that bear their name. However, according to the 2002 census, there are very significant Finno-Ugric groups in Russia.

• Mordva (843 thousand people),
• Udmurts (almost 637 thousand),
• Mari (604 thousand),
• Komi-Zyrians (293 thousand),
• Komi-Permyaks (125 thousand),
• Karelians (93 thousand).

The number of some peoples does not exceed thirty thousand people: Khanty, Mansi, Veps. The Izhors number 327 people, and the Vod people - only 73 people. Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, Saami also live in Russia.

Development of Finno-Ugric culture in Russia

In total, sixteen Finno-Ugric peoples live in Russia. Five of them have their own national-state formations, and two - national-territorial. Others are dispersed throughout the country. Programs are being developed at the national and local levels, with the support of which the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples, their customs and dialects are studied. So, Sami, Khanty, Mansi are taught in primary school, and Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian languages ​​- in secondary schools of those regions where they live large groups respective ethnic groups.

There are special laws on culture, on languages ​​(Mari El, Komi). Thus, in the Republic of Karelia, there is a law on education, which establishes the right of Veps and Karelians to study in their own language. mother tongue. Development Priority cultural traditions These peoples are defined by the Law on Culture. Also in the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug there are their own concepts and programs national development. The Foundation for the Development of the Cultures of the Finno-Ugric Peoples (on the territory of the Republic of Mari El) has been created and is operating.

Finno-Ugric peoples: appearance

The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugric peoples occurred as a result of a mixture of Paleo-European and Paleo-Asiatic tribes. Therefore, in the appearance of all the peoples of this group, there are both Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. Some scientists even put forward a theory about the existence of an independent race - the Urals, which is "intermediate" between Europeans and Asians, but this version has few supporters.

The Finno-Ugric peoples are anthropologically heterogeneous. However, any representative of the Finno-Ugric people possesses characteristic "Ural" features to one degree or another. This is usually average height, very light color hair, "snub-nosed" nose, broad face, sparse beard. But these features manifest themselves in different ways.

So, Mordvins-Erzya are tall, owners blonde hair And blue eyes. Mordvins-moksha - on the contrary, shorter, broad-cheeked, with more dark hair. The Udmurts and Mari often have characteristic "Mongolian" eyes with a special fold at the inner corner of the eye - the epicanthus, very wide faces, and a thin beard. But at the same time, their hair, as a rule, is light and red, and their eyes are blue or gray, which is typical for Europeans, but not Mongoloids. The “Mongolian fold” is also found among the Izhors, Vodi, Karelians and even Estonians. Komi look different. Where there are mixed marriages with the Nenets, the representatives of this people are slanted and black-haired. Other Komi, on the contrary, are more like Scandinavians, but more broad-faced.

Religion and language

The Finno-Ugric peoples living in the European part of Russia are predominantly Orthodox Christians. However, the Udmurts and Mari in some places managed to preserve the ancient (animistic) religion, and the Samoyed peoples and inhabitants of Siberia - shamanism.

The Finno-Ugric languages ​​are related to modern Finnish and Hungarian. The peoples who speak them make up the Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group. Their origin, territory of settlement, commonality and difference in external features, culture, religion and traditions - the subjects of global research in the field of history, anthropology, geography, linguistics and a number of other sciences. This review article will briefly cover this topic.

The peoples included in the Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group

Based on the degree of proximity of languages, researchers divide the Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups. the basis of the first, Baltic-Finnish, are Finns and Estonians - peoples with their own states. They also live in Russia. Setu - a small group of Estonians - settled in the Pskov region. The most numerous of the Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia are the Karelians. In everyday life they use three autochthonous dialects, while Finnish is considered their literary language. In addition, the same subgroup includes Veps and Izhors - small peoples who have retained their languages, as well as Vods (there are less than a hundred of them left, their own language has been lost) and Livs.

Second- Sami (or Lappish) subgroup. The main part of the peoples who gave it its name is settled in Scandinavia. In Russia, the Saami live on Kola Peninsula. Researchers suggest that in ancient times these peoples occupied a larger territory, but were subsequently pushed back to the north. At the same time, their own language was replaced by one of the Finnish dialects.

Third the subgroup that makes up the Finno-Ugric peoples - the Volga-Finnish - includes the Mari and Mordovians. The Mari are the main part of the population of the Republic of Mari El, they also live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia and a number of others. Russian regions. They have two literary languages(with which, however, not all researchers agree). Mordva - the autochthonous population of the Republic of Mordovia; at the same time, a significant part of the Mordvins settled throughout Russia. This nation consists of two ethnographic groups, each with its own literary written language.

4th the subgroup is called the Permian. It includes Komi, Komi-Permyaks, as well as Udmurts. Even before October 1917, in terms of literacy (albeit in Russian), the Komi were approaching the most educated peoples of Russia - Jews and Russian Germans. As for the Udmurts, their dialect has been preserved for the most part in the villages Udmurt Republic. Residents of cities, as a rule, forget both the indigenous language and customs.

TO fifth, Ugric, a subgroup includes Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi. Although the lower reaches of the Ob and northern Ural separates many kilometers from the Hungarian state on the Danube, these peoples are actually the closest relatives. Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North.

Disappeared Finno-Ugric tribes

The Finno-Ugric peoples also included tribes, the mention of which is currently preserved only in the annals. So, Merya people lived in the interfluve of the Volga and Oka in the first millennium of our era - there is a theory that he subsequently merged with the Eastern Slavs.

The same thing happened with muromoi. This is even more ancient people Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group that once inhabited the Oka basin. Long-disappeared Finnish tribes that lived along the Onega and Northern Dvina rivers are called miracle(according to one hypothesis, they were the ancestors of modern Estonians).

Commonality of languages ​​and culture

By declaring the Finno-Ugric languages ​​as a single group, the researchers emphasize this commonality as the main factor that unites the peoples who speak them. However, the Uralic ethnic groups, despite the similarity in the structure of their languages, still do not always understand each other. So, a Finn, of course, will be able to communicate with an Estonian, an Erzya resident with a Moksha resident, and an Udmurt with a Komi. However, the peoples of this group, geographically distant from each other, must make quite a lot of effort to identify in their languages common features to help them carry on the conversation.

The linguistic relationship of the Finno-Ugric peoples is primarily traced in the similarity of linguistic structures. This significantly affects the formation of thinking and worldview of peoples. Despite the difference in cultures, this circumstance contributes to the emergence of mutual understanding between these ethnic groups. At the same time, a peculiar psychology, conditioned by the thought process in these languages, enriches the universal culture with their unique vision of the world.

So, unlike the Indo-European, the representative of the Finno-Ugric people is inclined to treat nature with exceptional respect. The Finno-Ugric culture in many ways also contributed to the desire of these peoples to peacefully adapt to their neighbors - as a rule, they preferred not to fight, but to migrate, preserving their identity. Also characteristic peoples of this group - openness to ethno-cultural interchange. Looking for ways to strengthen relationships with kindred peoples they maintain cultural contacts with all those around them.

Basically, the Finno-Ugric peoples managed to preserve their languages, the main cultural elements. Communication with ethnic traditions in this area can be traced in them in national songs, dancing, music, traditional dishes, clothes. Also, many elements of their ancient rituals have survived to this day: wedding, funeral, memorial.

), mordov-sky (mord-va - er-zya and mok-sha), mari-sky (ma-ri-tsy), perm-sky (ud-mur-you, ko-mi, ko-mi-per-mya-ki), ugr-sky (ug-ry - hung-ry, khan-ty and man-si). The number of len-ness approx. 24 million people (2016, est.).

Pra-ro-di-na F.-u., in-vi-di-mo-mu, on-ho-di-las in the zone of forests Zap. C-bi-ri, Ura-la and Pre-du-ra-lya (from the Middle Ob to the Lower Ka-we) in the 4th - ser. 3rd millennium BC e. Their ancient-shi-mi for-nya-tiya-mi would have been hunting, river fishing and co-bi-ra-tel-st-vo. According to lin-gwis-ti-ki, F.-y. did you have a con-so-you are on the east-ke with sa-mo-di-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi And tun-gu-so-man-chur-ski-mi on-ro-da-mi, in the south as mi-ni-mum from the beginning. 3rd millennium - from In-to-Iran. on-ro-da-mi (aria-mi), on the za-pa-de - from pa-leo-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi (from their languages ​​\u200b\u200bthere were sub-stratum traces in western Finno-Ugric languages), from the 2nd floor. 3rd millennium - with na-ro-da-mi, close-ki-mi to the ancestors of the Germans, Bal-tov and Slav-Vyan (before-hundred-vi-te-la-mi shnu-ro-howl ke-ra-mi-ki cul-tour-no-is-to-ri-che-community). From the 1st floor. 2nd thousand in the course of con-tact with the arias in the south and from the center-european-rop. in-do-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi on the pas-de F.-y. know-to-myat-sya with cattle-water-st-vom and then with earth-le-de-li-eat. In the 2-1st thousand pro-is-ho-di-lo races-pro-countries of the Finno-Ugric languages ​​​​to the west - to the North-East. Pri-bal-ti-ki, Sev. and Center. Scan-di-na-vie (see. Set-cha-toy ke-ra-mi-ki cul-tu-ra , Anan-in-skaya kul-tu-ra) and you-de-le-nie p-Bal-Ty-Sko-Finnish languages And Sami languages. From the 2nd floor. 1st millennium BC e. in CB-ri and from the 2nd floor. 1st millennium AD e. in the Vol-go-Ura-lie on-chi-on-yut-sya con-so-you with tyur-ka-mi. To ancient letters. upo-mi-na-ni-yam F.-y. ot-no-syat Fenni in Ta-tsi-ta's "Ger-ma-nii" (AD 98). From con. 1st thousand on the development of a number of Finno-Ugric peoples of the eye-for-lo su-st-ven-noe influence of their inclusion in the composition of the Middle Ages. state ( Bul-ga-ria Volzh-sko-Kam-skaya, Ancient Rus', Sweden). According to the given middle-century. letters. is-toch-no-kov and then-po-no-mii, F.-y. still at the beginning 2nd millennium AD e. with-stav-la-whether basic. on-se-le-nie se-ve-ra forest-noy and tun-d-ro-howl zone Vost. Ev-ro-py and Scan-di-on-wii, but would it mean for that. me-re as-si-mi-li-ro-va-ny german-man-tsa-mi, glory-vya-na-mi (pre-zh-de of all me-rya; perhaps, mu-ro-ma, me-sche-ra, for-vo-loch-skaja, etc.) and tyur-ka-mi.

For the spiritual culture of F.-y. would-whether ha-rak-ter-ny cul-you du-hov-ho-zya-ev nature. Possibly, the fore-was representing the supreme not-devil-god-st-ve. The question of whether there are elements of sha-ma-niz-ma dis-kus-sio-nen. From the beginning 2nd thousand. Ev-ro-py in christ-en-st-vo (Hungarians in 1001, Ka-re-ly and Finns in the 12-14 centuries, which in the late 14th century) and the development of writing-men-no-stay in Finno-Ugric languages. At the same time, a number of Finno-Ugric groups (especially ben-but among the Mari-tsev and Ud-mur-tov of Bash-ki-rii and Tatar-stan) until the 21st century. preserves its communal religion, although it is under the influence of christianity. Acceptance of is-la-ma F.-y. in the Volga region and C-bi-ri would-st-ro with-in-di-lo to their as-si-mi-la-tion ta-ta-ra-mi, in this way mu-sulm. communities among F.-at. Hardly ever.

In the 19th century for-mi-ru-et-sya me-zh-du-nar. Fin-no-Ugric movement, in some rum pro-yav-la-yut-sya pan-fin-no-ug-riz-ma.

Lit .: Os-no-you of the Fin-no-Ugric language-to-knowledge: In-pro-sy about-is-ho-zh-de-niya and the development of Fin-no-Ugric languages. M., 1974; Hai-du P. Ural languages ​​and languages. M., 1985; Na-pol-skih V.V. Introduction to the is-ri-che-hurray-li-sti-ku. Izhevsk, 1997.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples (Finno-Ugric) is a linguistic community of peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages ​​living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

In the third quarter of the 1st millennium AD. the Slavic population, settled in the Upper Dnieper and mixed with the local East Baltic groups, with its further promotion to the north and east it reached the border of the regions that belonged to the Finno-Ugric tribes since ancient times. These were Estonians, Vods and Izhoras in the South-Eastern Baltic, all on the White Lake and the tributaries of the Volga - Sheksna and Mologa, measuring in the eastern part of the Volga-Oka interfluve, Mordvins and Muroms on the Middle and Lower Oka. If the Eastern Balts were neighbors of the Finno-Ugric peoples from ancient times, then the Slavic

the Russian population came close to them for the first time. The subsequent colonization of certain Finno-Ugric lands and the assimilation of their indigenous population represented a special chapter in the history of the formation of the ancient Russian people. The economy of the Finno-Ugric tribes was complex. Agriculture was relatively poorly developed; big role cattle breeding played in the economy; he was accompanied by hunting, fishing and forestry. Various Finno-Ugric groups had their own characteristics, differed from each other in terms of socio-economic development and the nature of culture. The most advanced among them were the Chud tribes of the South-Eastern Baltic - Ests, Vod and Izhora. By the end of the 1st millennium AD the ancient Estonian tribes stood on the threshold of feudalism, crafts developed among them, the first urban-type settlements arose, maritime trade connected the ancient Estonian tribes with each other and with their neighbors, contributing to the development of the economy, culture and social inequality. Tribal associations were replaced at that time by unions of territorial communities. Local features that distinguished in the past separate groups of ancient Estonians began to gradually fade away, indicating the beginning of the formation of the Estonian nationality. The cattle-breeding appearance of the economy to one degree or another was preserved among the Finno-Ugric population of the Volga region and in the period of Ancient Russia. woman suit. The technical equipment of home crafts at that time did not differ much from the equipment of a professional artisan - these were the same casting molds, lyacs, crucibles, etc.

Findings of these things during archaeological excavations, as a rule, do not allow us to determine whether there was a domestic or specialized craft, a product of the social division of labor. In the first half of the first millennium A.D. e. notable development the Finno-Ugric tribes who lived in the basins of the Oka and Kama are also experiencing. In ancient authors, the Finno-Ugric tribes are mentioned under the name of the Fens (Tacitus) or Finns (Ptolemy), and possibly the Aestii (Tacitus), although the name "Aestii" could at that time also refer to the Baltic tribes. The first mention of individual Finno-Ugric tribes of Eastern Europe is found in the Gothic historian Jordanes, who ascribes to the “King of the Goths” Germanaric the victory over the Mordovians (“Mordens”), Merei (“Merens”) and other tribes. early stages their development. So, they show that in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. among the Finno-Ugric tribes, iron finally replaced bronze, from which only jewelry- buckles, breastplates, brooches, bracelets, pendants, necklaces, characteristic women's headdresses with rims and bell-shaped pendants, earrings ending in a spiral. Weapons, of which spears, darts, axes and similar to Roman swords were most common, were made of iron or supplied with iron parts: tips, etc. At the same time, many objects, in particular arrows, were still made from bone. As before, hunting for fur-bearing animals played an important role, the fur of which was exported.

By the end of the first half of the 1st millennium, the trade relations of the Kama tribes with Iran and the Eastern Roman Empire were intensifying. In the Kama region, especially in the region of Solikamsk and Kungur, late antique and Sasanian silver dishes decorated with highly artistic images are often found, which came here in exchange for furs and, apparently, were used for the needs of the cult. The role of horse breeding continues to grow in the Oka basin. In the graves of men, and sometimes women, horse harness is found, from which it can be concluded that horses were now also used for riding. At the same time, the remains of woolen fabrics preserved in the graves indicate the development of sheep breeding, and the remains of linen fabrics, finds of sickles and hoes - that farming was also familiar to the Finno-Ugric tribes. The wealth inequality was already quite significant. Along with poor graves, where only knives were found or no things were found at all, there are rich burials with big amount jewelry, weapons, etc. Especially a lot of jewelry is found in female graves. However, property inequality, apparently, has not yet led to the decomposition of the tribal system, since only personal items accumulated in the hands of individuals. The similarity of the Finno-Ugric settlements of the first centuries of our era with earlier ones testifies to the long-term preservation of the former forms of life. Thus, the Pyanobor culture on the Kama, which replaced the Ananyino culture, differs from it only in the style of bronze items and the predominance of iron. Religious monuments and works of art are of considerable interest. The latter is characterized by bronze relief pendants depicting deer, eagles with a human face on their chests, lizards, seven-headed elks, people, as well as small bronze and lead idols in the form of birds, animals and people. About 2 thousand of these figurines were found 20 km from the city of Molotov, down the Kama, where, apparently, there was a sanctuary of the god to whom they were sacrificed. A huge number of bones of various sacrificial animals, about 2 thousand bone and iron arrowheads and about 15 thousand gilded glass beads were also found there. Another monument of the cult is a cave on the Chusovaya River, where several thousand bone and iron arrowheads were found. Archaeologists believe that archery competitions took place in this place in connection with some religious rites.