Roma nationality. Secrets of the Gypsies that everyone needs to know

Material from Wikipedia

Settlement: Albania:
from 1300 to 120,000
Argentina:
300 000
Belarus:
17 000
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
60,000
Brazil:
678 000
Canada:
80 000
Russia:
183,000 (2002 census)
Romania:
535,140 (see population of Romania)
Slovakia:
65,000 (officially)
USA:
1 million Handbook of Texas
Ukraine:
48,000 (2001 census)
Croatia:
9,463 to 14,000 (2001 Census)

Language: Gypsy, Domari, Lomavren

Religion: Christianity, Islam

Gypsies - collective name around 80 ethnic groups, united by common origin and recognition of the “Gypsy law”. There is no single self-name, although lately As such, the term Romanies is proposed, that is, “rum-like”.

The English traditionally called them Gypsies (from Egyptians - “Egyptians”), the Spaniards - Gitanos (also from Egiptanos - “Egyptians”), the French - Bohémiens (“Bohemians”, “Czechs”), Gitans (distorted Spanish Gitanos) or Tsiganes (borrowing from Greek - τσιγγάνοι, tsinganos), Germans - Zigeuner, Italians - Zingari, Dutch - Zigeuners, Armenians - Գնչուներ (gnchuner), Hungarians - Cigany or Pharao nerek (“Pharaoh’s tribe”), Georgians - ბოშე ბი (bosebi), Finns - mustalaiset (“black”), Turks - Çingeneler; Azerbaijanis - Qaraçı (Garachy, i.e. “black”); Jews - צוענים (tso’anim), from the name of the biblical province of Tsoan in Ancient Egypt; Bulgarians - Tsigani. Currently, ethnonyms from the self-name of a part of the gypsies, “Roma” (English Roma, Czech Romové, Finnish romanit, etc.) are becoming increasingly widespread in various languages.

Three types predominate in the traditional names of Gypsies:

The literal translation of one of the self-names of the Gypsies is Kale (Gypsies: black);
reflecting the ancient idea of them as immigrants from Egypt;
distorted versions of the Byzantine nickname “atsinganos” (meaning “fortune tellers, magicians”).

Now gypsies live in many countries of Europe, Western and South Asia, as well as in North Africa, North and South America and Australia. The number, according to various estimates, ranges from 2.5 to 8 million and even 10-12 million people. There were 175.3 thousand people in the USSR (1970 census). According to the 2002 census, about 183 thousand Roma lived in Russia.

National symbols

Gypsy flag

On April 8, 1971, the first World Gypsy Congress took place in London. The result of the congress was that the gypsies of the world recognized themselves as a single non-territorial nation and accepted national symbols: flag and anthem based on the folk song “Djelem, Djelem”. Lyricist: Jarko Jovanovic.

The peculiarity of the anthem is the absence of a clearly established melody; each performer arranges the folk tune in his own way. There are also several versions of the text, in which only the first verse and chorus are exactly the same. All options are recognized by gypsies.

Instead of a coat of arms, gypsies use a number of recognizable symbols: a wagon wheel, a horseshoe, a deck of cards.

Gypsy books, newspapers, magazines and websites are usually decorated with such symbols; one of these symbols is usually included in the logos of events dedicated to Gypsy culture.

In honor of the first World Gypsy Congress, April 8 is considered Roma Day. Some gypsies have a custom associated with it: in the evening, on certain time, carry a lit candle down the street.

History of the people

The most common self-name of the gypsies, which they brought from India, is “rum” or “roma” among the European gypsies, “home” among the gypsies of the Middle East and Asia Minor, and “lom” among the gypsies of Armenia. All these names go back to the Indo-Aryan "d"om" with the first cerebral sound. The cerebral sound, relatively speaking, is a cross between the sounds "r", "d" and "l". According to linguistic studies, the Roma of Europe and houses and crowbars Asia and the Caucasus were the three main "flows" of migrants from India under the name "d"om in various areas. modern India low-caste groups feature these days. Despite the fact that modern houses in India are difficult to directly relate to the gypsies, their name has a direct connection with them. The difficulty is to understand what the connection was in the past between the ancestors of the Gypsies and the Indian houses. The results of linguistic research conducted back in the 20s. XX century by the major Indologist-linguist R.L. Turner, and which is shared by modern scientists, in particular, the linguists-Romologists J. Matras and J. Hancock, show that the ancestors of the Gypsies lived in the central regions of India and several centuries before the exodus (approximately in the 3rd century BC) migrated to Northern Punjab.
A number of data indicate the settlement in the central and northwestern regions of India of a population with the self-name d"om / d"omba starting from the 5th-4th centuries. BC This population was originally tribal groups of common origin, possibly related to the Austroasiatics (one of the largest autochthonous strata of India). Subsequently, with the gradual development of the caste system, d"om / d"omba occupied the lower levels in the social hierarchy and began to be recognized as caste groups. At the same time, the integration of houses into caste system occurred primarily in the central parts of India, and the northwestern regions remained a “tribal” zone for a very long time. This tribal character of the areas of origin was supported by the constant penetration there of Iranian nomadic tribes, whose resettlement in the period before the migration of the ancestors of the Gypsies from India took on a massive scale. These circumstances determined the nature of the culture of the peoples of the Indus Valley zone (including the ancestors of the Gypsies), a culture that for centuries retained its nomadic and semi-nomadic type. Also, the very ecology of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat, the arid and infertile soils near the Indus River contributed to the development of a semi-pastoral, semi-trading mobile economic model for a number of local population groups. Russian authors believe that during the period of exodus the ancestors of the Gypsies represented a socially structured ethnic population of common origin (rather than a number of separate castes), engaged in commercial transportation and trade in transport animals, and also, if necessary, as auxiliary occupations - a number of crafts and other services that formed part of everyday skills. The authors explain the cultural and anthropological difference between the gypsies and the modern houses of India (which have more pronounced non-Aryan features than the gypsies) by the indicated strong Aryan influence (in particular, in its Iranian modification), characteristic of the northwestern regions of India, where the ancestors of the gypsies lived before the exodus . This interpretation of the ethno-social origin of the Indian ancestors of the Roma is supported by a number of foreign and Russian researchers.

Early history (VI-XV centuries)

According to linguistic and genetic research, the ancestors of the Gypsies left India in a group of about 1000 people. The time of migration of the ancestors of the Roma from India is not precisely established, as is the number of migration waves. Various researchers approximately determine the outcome of the so-called “proto-Gypsy” groups in the 6th-10th centuries AD. According to the most popular version, based on an analysis of loanwords in the languages of the Roma, the ancestors of modern Roma spent about 400 years in Persia before the Roma branch moved west into the territory of Byzantium.

They concentrated for some time in the eastern region of Byzantium called Armeniak, where the Armenians were settled. One branch of the ancestors of modern Gypsies advanced from there to the region of modern Armenia (the Lom branch, or Bosha Gypsies). The rest moved further west. They were the ancestors of the European gypsies: Romov, Kale, Sinti, Manush. Some of the migrants remained in the Middle East (the ancestors of the houses). There is an opinion that another branch passed to Palestine and through it to Egypt.

As for the so-called Central Asian gypsies, or Lyuli, then they, as is sometimes figuratively said, are cousins or even second cousins of the European gypsies.

Thus, the Central Asian gypsy population, having absorbed various streams of migrants from Punjab (including Baloch groups) over the centuries, has historically been heterogeneous.

The Gypsies of Europe are descendants of the Gypsies who lived in Byzantium.

Documents indicate that the gypsies lived both in the center of the empire and on its outskirts, and there most of these gypsies converted to Christianity. In Byzantium, the gypsies quickly integrated into society. In a number of places, their leaders were given certain privileges. Written references to the Gypsies from this period are sparse, but they do not seem to suggest that the Gypsies attracted any special interest or were perceived as a marginal or criminal group. Gypsies are mentioned as metalworkers, horse harness makers, saddlers, fortune tellers (in Byzantium this was a common profession), trainers (in the earliest sources - snake charmers, and only in later sources - bear trainers). At the same time, the most common crafts, apparently, were still artistic and blacksmithing; entire villages of gypsy blacksmiths are mentioned.

With the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the gypsies began to migrate to Europe. The first to arrive in Europe, judging by written European sources, were marginal, adventurously minded representatives of the people who were engaged in begging, fortune telling and petty theft, which marked the beginning of a negative perception of the Gypsies as a people among Europeans. And only after some time, artists, trainers, artisans, and horse dealers began to arrive.

Gypsies in Western Europe (XV - early XX centuries)

First gypsy camps who came to Western Europe told the rulers European countries, that the Pope imposed a special punishment on them for temporary apostasy from the Christian faith: seven years of wandering. At first, the authorities provided them with protection: they gave them food, money and letters of protection. Over time, when the period of wandering had clearly expired, such indulgences stopped, and the gypsies began to be ignored.

Meanwhile, an economic and social crisis was brewing in Europe. Its result was the adoption of a number of cruel laws in Western European countries, directed, among other things, against representatives of itinerant professions, as well as simply vagabonds, the number of which greatly increased due to the crisis, which, apparently, created a criminogenic situation. Nomadic, semi-nomadic, or those who tried to settle down but became bankrupt, the gypsies also became victims of these laws. They were identified as a special group of vagabonds by issuing separate decrees, the first of which was issued in Spain in 1482.

In the book “History of the Gypsies. New look"(N. Bessonov, N. Demeter) examples of anti-Gypsy laws are given:

Sweden. A law from 1637 prescribed the hanging of male Gypsies.

Mainz. 1714 Death to all Gypsies captured within the state. Flogging and branding of women and children with hot irons.

England. According to the law of 1554 death penalty for men. According to an additional decree of Elizabeth I, the law was tightened. From now on, execution awaited “those who have or will have friendship or acquaintance with the Egyptians.” Already in 1577, seven Englishmen and one Englishwoman fell under this decree. They were all hanged at Aylesbury.
Historian Scott-McPhee counts 148 laws adopted in the German states from the 15th to the 18th centuries. They were all approximately the same, diversity is only evident in the details. Thus, in Moravia, gypsies had their left ears cut off, and in Bohemia, their right ears. In the Archduchy of Austria they preferred to brand, and so on.

Stigma used in Germany during the anti-Gypsy laws

Perhaps the most cruel was Frederick William of Prussia. In 1725, he ordered that all male and female gypsies over eighteen years of age be put to death.

As a result of persecution, the Gypsies of Western Europe, firstly, were heavily criminalized, since they did not have the opportunity to legally obtain food for themselves, and secondly, they were practically culturally conserved (to this day, the Gypsies of Western Europe are considered the most distrustful and committed to following the literal ancient traditions). They also had to lead a special way of life: moving at night, hiding in forests and caves, which increased the suspicion of the population, and also gave rise to rumors about cannibalism, Satanism, vampirism and werewolves of the gypsies, the consequence of these rumors was the emergence of related myths about kidnapping and especially children (for consumption or for satanic rituals) and about the ability to perform evil spells.

Picture from a French entertainment magazine showing gypsies cooking human meat

Some of the gypsies managed to avoid repression by enlisting in the army as soldiers or servants (blacksmiths, saddlers, grooms, etc.) in those countries where soldier recruitment was active (Sweden, Germany). Their families were thereby also taken out of harm's way. The ancestors of Russian gypsies came to Russia through Poland from Germany, where they mainly served in the army or with the army, so at first among other gypsies they bore the nickname, roughly translated as “army gypsies.”

The repeal of anti-Gypsy laws coincides with the beginning of the industrial revolution and Europe's recovery from the economic crisis. After the repeal of these laws, the process of integration of Roma into European society began. Thus, during the 19th century, gypsies in France, according to Jean-Pierre Lejoie, author of the article “Bohemiens et pouvoirs publics en France du XV-e au XIX-e siecle,” mastered professions thanks to which they were recognized and even began to be valued: they they sheared sheep, weaved baskets, traded, were hired as day laborers in seasonal agricultural work, and were dancers and musicians.

However, by that time, anti-Gypsy myths were already firmly rooted in the European consciousness. Now traces of them can be seen in fiction, linking gypsies with a passion for child abduction (the goals of which are becoming less and less clear over time), werewolves and service to vampires.

By that time, the abolition of anti-Gypsy laws had not occurred in all European countries. Thus, in Poland, on November 3, 1849, a decree was passed on the arrest of nomadic gypsies. For each Roma detained, the police were paid bonuses. As a result, the police seized not only nomadic, but also settled gypsies, recording those detained as vagrants, and children as adults (in order to receive more money). After Polish uprising In 1863, this law became invalid.

It can also be noted that, starting with the abolition of anti-Gypsy laws, gifted individuals in certain areas began to appear among the Gypsies, stand out and receive recognition in non-Gypsy society, which is another evidence of the prevailing situation, which is more or less favorable for the Gypsies. So, in Great Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries, these were preacher Rodney Smith, footballer Rabie Howell, radio journalist and writer George Bramwell Evens; in Spain - Franciscan Seferino Jimenez Mallya, Tocaor Ramon Montoya Salazar Sr.; in France - jazzmen brothers Ferret and Django Reinhardt; in Germany - boxer Johann Trollmann.

Gypsies in Eastern Europe (XV - early XX centuries)

Migration of Roma to Europe

At the beginning of the 15th century, a significant part of the Byzantine gypsies led a semi-sedentary lifestyle. Gypsies were known not only in the Greek regions of Byzantium, but also in Serbia, Albania, lands modern Romania and Hungary. They settled in villages or urban settlements, gathering compactly based on kinship and profession. The main crafts were working with iron and precious metals, carving household items from wood, weaving baskets. Lived in these areas and nomadic gypsies, who also engaged in crafts or circus performances using trained bears.

In 1432, King Zsigmond of Hungary granted tax exemption to the gypsies because they began to play an important role in the defense of the region. The gypsies made cannonballs, edged weapons, horse harnesses and armor for warriors.

After the conquest of the Balkans by Muslims, most of the artisans remained in their jobs, since their work remained in demand. In Muslim sources, the gypsies are described as craftsmen who are capable of any delicate metal work, including the manufacture of guns. Christian Gypsies often obtained guarantees of security for themselves and their families by serving the Turkish army. A significant number of Gypsies came to Bulgaria precisely with Turkish troops (which became the reason for their rather cool relations with the local population).

Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror imposed a tax on the Gypsies, but exempted the gunsmiths from it, as well as those Gypsies who lived in the fortresses. Even then, some Roma began to convert to Islam. This process accelerated due to the subsequent policy of Islamization of the conquered lands by the Turks, which included increased taxes for the Christian population. As a result of this policy, the Roma of Eastern Europe were actually divided into Muslims and Christians. Under the Turks, Gypsies also began to be sold into slavery for the first time (for tax debts), but this was not widespread.

In the 16th century, the Turks made considerable efforts to census the Roma. Ottoman documents detail age, occupation, and other information necessary for tax purposes. Even nomadic groups were included in the register. The list of professions was very extensive: documents from the Balkan archives list blacksmiths, tinkers, butchers, painters, shoemakers, watchmen, wool beaters, walkers, tailors, shepherds, etc.

In general, Ottoman policy towards Roma can be called soft. This had both positive and negative consequences. on the one hand, the Roma have not become a criminalized group, as in Western Europe. On the other hand, the local population recorded them as the “favorites” of the Turkish authorities, as a result of which the attitude towards them was cold or even hostile. Thus, in the Moldavian and Volosh principalities, the gypsies were declared slaves “from birth”; Each gypsy belonged to the owner of the land on which the decree found him. There, for several centuries, Roma were subjected to the most severe punishments, torture for entertainment and mass executions. Trade in Gypsy serfs and torture of them were practiced until the mid-19th century. Here is an example of advertisements for sale: 1845

The sons and heirs of the deceased Serdar Nikolai Nico, in Bucharest, are selling 200 families of gypsies. Men mostly metalworkers, goldsmiths, shoemakers, musicians and farmers.

And 1852:

Monastery of St. Elijah offered for sale the first lot of gypsy slaves, May 8, 1852, consisting of 18 men, 10 boys, 7 women and 3 girls: in excellent condition

In 1829, the Russian Empire won the war with the Turks; Moldavia and Wallachia came under her control. Adjutant General Kiselyov was temporarily appointed ruler of the principalities. He insisted on amending the civil code of Moldova. Among other things, in 1833 the gypsies were recognized as individuals, which meant that their killing was prohibited. A paragraph was introduced according to which a gypsy woman forced to become her master’s concubine was freed after his death.

Under the influence of the progressive minds of Russia, the ideas of abolition of serfdom began to spread in Moldavian and Romanian society. Students studying abroad also contributed to their spread. In September 1848, a youth demonstration took place on the streets of Bucharest demanding the abolition of serfdom. Some of the landowners voluntarily freed their slaves. However, for the most part, slave owners resisted new ideas. In order not to cause their discontent, the governments of Moldavia and Wallachia acted in a roundabout way: they bought slaves from their owners and freed them. Finally, in 1864, slavery was outlawed by law.

After the abolition of slavery, active emigration of Kalderar gypsies from Wallachia to Russia, Hungary and other countries began. By the beginning of World War II, Kalderars could be found in almost all European countries.

Gypsies in Russia, Ukraine and the USSR ( end of XVII- beginning of the 20th century)

The earliest Russian official document mentioning gypsies dates back to 1733 - a decree of Anna Ioanovna on new taxes for the maintenance of the army.

The next mention in documents occurs a few months later and shows that the Roma came to Russia relatively shortly before the adoption of the tax decree and secured their right to live in Ingermanland. Before this, apparently, their status in Russia was not defined, but now they were allowed:

Live and trade horses; and since they showed themselves to be natives of the area, it was ordered that they be included in the capitation census wherever they wished to live, and placed in the regiment of the Horse Guards

From the phrase “they showed themselves to be natives here,” one can understand that there was at least a second generation of gypsies living in this area.

Even earlier, about a century, gypsies (serva groups) appeared on the territory of modern Ukraine.

2004 Modern gypsy servants in Ukraine.

As we can see, by the time the document was written they were already paying taxes, that is, they were living legally.

In Russia, new ethnic groups of Roma appeared as the territory expanded. So, when joining Russian Empire parts of Poland, Polish Roma appeared in Russia; Bessarabia - various Moldovan gypsies; Crimea - Crimean gypsies.

The decree of Catherine II of December 21, 1783 classified the Gypsies as a peasant class and ordered that taxes and taxes be collected from them in accordance with the class. However, Gypsies were also allowed, if they wished, to attribute themselves to other classes (except, of course, the noble, and with the appropriate lifestyle), and by the end of the 19th century there were already quite a few Russian Gypsies of the bourgeois and merchant classes (for the first time, Gypsies were mentioned as representatives of these classes, however , back in 1800). During the 19th century, there was a steady process of integration and settlement of Russian Gypsies, usually associated with an increase in the financial well-being of families. A layer of professional artists has emerged.

Gypsies from the city of Novy Oskol. Photography from the early 20th century.

IN late XIX centuries, not only settled gypsies, but also nomadic ones sent their children to schools (staying in the village in winter). In addition to the groups mentioned above, the population of the Russian Empire included the Asian Lyuli, Caucasian Karachi and Bosha, and at the beginning of the 20th century also the Lovari and Kelderar.

The revolution of 1917 hit the most educated part of the Gypsy population (since it was also the wealthiest) - representatives of the merchant class, as well as Gypsy artists, whose main source of income was performances in front of nobles and merchants. Many wealthy gypsy families abandoned their property and went into nomadism, since nomadic gypsies during the Civil War were automatically classified as poor. The Red Army did not touch the poor, and almost no one touched the nomadic gypsies. Some Roma families emigrated to European countries, China and the USA. Young gypsy boys could be found both in the Red Army and in the White Army, since the social stratification of Russian gypsies and serfs was already significant by the beginning of the 20th century.

After the Civil War, gypsies from among the former merchants who became nomads tried to limit their children’s contact with non-gypsies and did not allow them to go to school, in fear that the children would accidentally reveal their families’ non-poor origins. As a result, illiteracy became almost universal among the nomadic gypsies. In addition, the number of settled gypsies, whose core was merchants and artists before the revolution, has sharply decreased. By the end of the 20s, the problems of illiteracy and large quantity the nomadic gypsy population was noticed by the Soviet Government. The government, together with activists from among the Roma artists remaining in the cities, tried to take a number of measures to solve these problems.

Thus, in 1927, the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine adopted a resolution on assistance to nomadic gypsies in the transition to a “working sedentary lifestyle.”

At the end of the 20s, Roma pedagogical technical schools were opened, literature and press were published in the Roma language, and Roma boarding schools operated.

Gypsies and World War II

During World War II, according to recent research, about 150,000-200,000 Roma in Central and Eastern Europe were exterminated by the Nazis and their allies (see Roma Genocide). Of these, 30,000 were citizens of the USSR.

On the Soviet side, during the Second World War from Crimea, along with Crimean Tatars, their co-religionists, the Crimean Gypsies (Kyrymitika Roma), were deported.

The gypsies were not only passive victims. Gypsies of the USSR participated in military operations as privates, tank crews, drivers, pilots, artillerymen, medical workers and partisans; were members of the Roma Resistance in France, Belgium, Slovakia, Balkan countries, as well as the gypsies from Romania and Hungary who were there during the war.

Gypsies in Europe and the USSR/Russia (second half of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century)

Ukrainian gypsies, Lviv

Ukrainian gypsies.

After World War II, the Gypsies of Europe and the USSR were conventionally divided into several cultural groups: the Gypsies of the USSR, socialist countries, Spain and Portugal, Scandinavia, Great Britain and Western Europe. Within these cultural groups, the cultures of different Roma ethnic groups moved closer together, while the cultural groups themselves moved away from each other. The cultural rapprochement of the gypsies of the USSR took place on the basis of the culture of the Russian gypsies, as the largest gypsy ethnic group.

In the republics of the USSR there was intensive assimilation and integration of Roma into society. On the one hand, the persecution of Roma by the authorities, which took place shortly before the war, did not resume. On the other side, original culture, in addition to music, was suppressed, propaganda was carried out on the theme of the liberation of the Gypsies from universal poverty by the revolution, a stereotype was formed of the poverty of the Gypsy culture itself before influence Soviet power(see Culture of the Gypsies, Inga Andronikova), the cultural achievements of the Gypsies were declared achievements primarily of the Soviet government (for example, the Romen Theater was universally called the first and only Gypsy theater, the appearance of which was attributed to the merit of the Soviet government), the Gypsies of the USSR were cut off from the information space of European gypsies (with which some contact was maintained before the revolution), which also cut off Soviet gypsies from cultural achievements European tribesmen. However, assistance from the Soviet government in the development artistic culture, in increasing the level of education of the Roma population of the USSR was high.

On October 5, 1956, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the introduction to work of gypsies engaged in vagrancy” was issued, equating nomadic gypsies to parasites and prohibiting nomadic image life. The reaction to the decree was twofold, both from local authorities and from the Roma. Local authorities carried out this decree, either by providing housing to the gypsies and encouraging or forcing them to take official employment instead of handicrafts and fortune-telling, or by simply driving the gypsies out of the sites and subjecting the nomadic gypsies to discrimination at the everyday level. The gypsies either rejoiced at their new housing and quite easily transitioned to new living conditions (often these were gypsies who had gypsy friends or settled relatives in their new place of residence who helped them with advice in establishing a new life), or they considered the decree the beginning of an attempt to assimilate, to dissolve the Gypsies as an ethnic group and avoided its implementation in every possible way. Those gypsies who initially accepted the decree neutrally, but did not have informational and moral support, soon perceived the transition to settled life as a misfortune. As a result of the decree, more than 90% of the Roma of the USSR settled.

In modern Eastern Europe, less often in Western Europe, Roma often become the object of discrimination in society.

At the end of XX - beginning of XXI century, Europe and Russia were swept by a wave of gypsy migrations. Impoverished or marginalized Roma from Romania, western Ukraine and the former Yugoslavia - former social. countries in which economic and social difficulties arose after the collapse of the USSR - went to work in European Union and Russia. Nowadays they can be seen literally at any crossroads in the world; the women of these gypsies have returned en masse to the ancient traditional occupation- begging.

In Russia, there is also a slower but noticeable impoverishment, marginalization and criminalization of the Roma population. The average educational level has decreased. The problem of drug use among teenagers has become acute. Quite often, gypsies began to be mentioned in criminal chronicles in connection with drug trafficking and fraud. The popularity of the gypsy language has noticeably decreased musical art. At the same time, the Gypsy press and Gypsy literature were revived.

In Europe and Russia there is active cultural borrowing between gypsies different nationalities, a common gypsy music and dance culture is emerging, which is strongly influenced by the culture of Russian gypsies.

- Bohemiens(“Bohemians”, “Czechs”), Gitans(garbled Spanish Gitanos) or Tsiganes(borrowing from Greek - τσιγγάνοι, Tsingani), Germans - Zigeuner, Italians - Zingari, the Dutch - Zigeuners, Hungarians - Cigany or Faraok nepe(“Pharaoh’s tribe”), Georgians - ბოშები (boshebi), Finns - mustalaiset(“black”), Kazakhs - sygandar, Lezgins - karachiyar(“hypocrites, pretenders”); Basque - Ijitoak; Albanians - Jevgjit(“Egyptians”); Jews - צוענים (tso'anim), from the name of the biblical province of Tsoan in Ancient Egypt; Persians - کولی (koli); Lithuanians - Čigonai; Bulgarians - Tsigani; Estonians - “mustlased” (from “Must” - black). Currently, ethnonyms from the self-name of a part of the gypsies, “Roma” (English) are becoming increasingly widespread in various languages. Roma, Czech Romové, Finnish romanit, etc.).

Thus, in the names of the gypsy population that are “external” in origin, three predominate:

reflecting early ideas about them as immigrants from Egypt;
distorted versions of the Byzantine nickname “atsinganos” (meaning “fortune tellers, magicians”);
designations of “blackness” as a distinctive feature of appearance, made on different languages(which is typical, one of the self-names of the gypsies is also translated as “black”)

Gypsies live in many countries in Europe, as well as in North Africa, the Americas and Australia. Groups related to European gypsies also live in the countries of Western Asia. The number of European gypsies, according to various estimates, ranges from 8 million to 10-12 million people. There were officially 175.3 thousand people in the USSR (census). According to the 2010 census, about 220 thousand Roma live in Russia.

National symbols

In honor of the first World Gypsy Congress, April 8 is considered Gypsy day. Some gypsies have a custom associated with it: in the evening, at a certain time, they carry a lighted candle along the street.

History of the people

Indian period

The most common self-name of the gypsies, which they brought from India, is “rum” or “roma” among European gypsies, “home” among the gypsies of the Middle East and Asia Minor. All these names go back to the Indo-Aryan “d’om” with the first cerebral sound. The cerebral sound, relatively speaking, is a cross between the sounds “r”, “d” and “l”. According to linguistic studies, the Roma of Europe and the Roma of Asia and the Caucasus were the three main "streams" of migrants from India. Under the name d'om, low-caste groups appear in various areas of modern India today. Despite the fact that modern houses in India are difficult to directly relate to the gypsies, their name has a direct connection with them. The difficulty is to understand what the connection was in the past between the ancestors of the Gypsies and the Indian houses. The results of linguistic research conducted back in the 20s. 20th century by the prominent Indologist-linguist R.L. Turner, and which is shared by modern scientists, in particular, linguists-Romologists J. Matras and J. Hancock, show that the ancestors of the Gypsies lived in the central regions of India and several centuries before the exodus (approximately in the 3rd century BC) migrated to Northern Punjab.

As for the so-called Central Asian gypsies, or Lyuli, they are, as is sometimes figuratively said, cousins or even second cousins of the European gypsies. Thus, the Central Asian gypsy population, over the centuries absorbing various streams of migrants from Punjab (including Baloch groups), has historically been heterogeneous (see, for example, an early description of the Central Asian gypsies: Vilkins A.I. Central Asian bohemia // Anthropological exhibition . T. III. M., 1878-1882).

In the book “History of the Gypsies. A New Look" (N. Bessonov, N. Demeter) provides examples of anti-Gypsy laws:

Sweden. A law from 1637 prescribed the hanging of male Gypsies. Mainz. 1714 Death to all Gypsies captured within the state. Flogging and branding of women and children with hot irons. England. According to the law of 1554, the death penalty was for men. According to an additional decree of Elizabeth I, the law was tightened. From now on, execution awaited “those who have or will have friendship or acquaintance with the Egyptians.” Already in 1577, seven Englishmen and one Englishwoman fell under this decree. They were all hanged at Aylesbury. Historian Scott-McPhee counts 148 laws adopted in the German states from the 15th to the 18th centuries. They were all approximately the same, diversity is only evident in the details. Thus, in Moravia, gypsies had their left ears cut off, and in Bohemia, their right ears. In the Archduchy of Austria they preferred to brand and so on. Perhaps the most cruel was Frederick William of Prussia. In 1725, he ordered that all male and female gypsies over eighteen years of age be put to death.

Picture from a French entertainment magazine showing gypsies cooking human meat

As a result of persecution, the Gypsies of Western Europe, firstly, were heavily criminalized, since they did not have the opportunity to legally obtain food for themselves, and secondly, they were practically culturally conserved (to this day, the Gypsies of Western Europe are considered the most distrustful and committed to literal adherence to ancient traditions). They also had to lead a special way of life: move at night, hide in forests and caves, which increased the suspicion of the population, and also gave rise to rumors about cannibalism, Satanism, vampirism and werewolves of the gypsies, the consequence of these rumors was the emergence of associated myths about kidnapping and especially children (for consumption or for satanic rites) and about the ability to perform evil spells.

The repeal of anti-Gypsy laws coincides with the beginning of the industrial revolution and Europe's recovery from the economic crisis. After the repeal of these laws, the process of integration of Roma into European society began. Thus, during the 19th century, gypsies in France, according to Jean-Pierre Lejoie, author of the article “Bohemiens et pouvoirs publics en France du XV-e au XIX-e siecle”, mastered professions thanks to which they were recognized and even began to be valued: they they sheared sheep, weaved baskets, traded, were hired as day laborers in seasonal agricultural work, and were dancers and musicians.

By that time, the abolition of anti-Gypsy laws had not occurred in all European countries. Thus, in Poland, on November 3, 1849, a decree was passed on the arrest of nomadic gypsies. For each Roma detained, the police were paid bonuses. As a result, the police captured not only nomadic, but also sedentary gypsies, recording those detained as vagrants and children as adults (to get more money). After the Polish Uprising of 1863, this law became invalid.

It can also be noted that, starting with the abolition of anti-Gypsy laws, gifted individuals in certain areas began to appear among the Gypsies, stand out and receive recognition in non-Gypsy society, which is another evidence of the prevailing situation, which is more or less favorable for the Gypsies. So, in Great Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries, these were preacher Rodney Smith, footballer Rabie Howell, radio journalist and writer George Bramwell Evens; in Spain - Franciscan Ceferino Jimenez Mallya, Tocaor Ramon Montoya Salazar Sr.; in France - jazzmen brothers Ferret and Django Reinhardt; in Germany - boxer Johann Trollmann.

Gypsies in Eastern Europe (XV - early XX centuries)

Migration of Roma to Europe

At the beginning of the 15th century, a significant part of the Byzantine gypsies led a semi-sedentary lifestyle. Gypsies were known not only in the Greek regions of Byzantium, but also in Serbia, Albania, the lands of modern Romania (see slavery in Romania) and Hungary. They settled in villages or urban settlements, gathering compactly based on kinship and profession. The main crafts were working with iron and precious metals, carving household items from wood, and weaving baskets. Nomadic gypsies also lived in these areas, who also engaged in crafts or circus performances using trained bears.

The sons and heirs of the deceased Serdar Nikolai Nico, in Bucharest, are selling 200 families of gypsies. Men are mostly metalworkers, goldsmiths, shoemakers, musicians and farmers.

Monastery of St. Elijah offered for sale the first lot of gypsy slaves, May 8, 1852, consisting of 18 men, 10 boys, 7 women and 3 girls: in excellent condition.

Gypsies in Europe and the USSR/Russia (second half of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century)

In modern Eastern Europe, less often in Western Europe, Roma are often the target of discrimination in society, especially from right-wing extremist parties; in 2009, attacks on Romanian Roma in Northern Ireland were reported

At the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, Europe and Russia were swept by a wave of Roma migrations. Impoverished or marginalized Roma from Romania, western Ukraine and the former Yugoslavia - former socialist countries that experienced economic and social difficulties after the collapse of the USSR - went to work in the European Union and Russia. Nowadays, they can be seen literally at any crossroads in the world; the women of these gypsies have returned en masse to the ancient traditional occupation of begging; drug trafficking and petty theft are also common.

In Russia, there is also a slower but noticeable impoverishment, marginalization and criminalization of the Roma population. The average educational level has decreased. The problem of drug use among teenagers has become acute. Quite often, gypsies began to be mentioned in crime chronicles in connection with drug trafficking and fraud. The popularity of gypsy musical art has noticeably decreased. At the same time, the Gypsy press and Gypsy literature were revived.

In Europe and Russia, there is active cultural borrowing between gypsies of different nationalities, a common gypsy music and dance culture is emerging, which is strongly influenced by the culture of Russian gypsies.

Gypsies outside Europe

Gypsies in Israel

Gypsy house. Israel and neighboring countries are home to a community of gypsies known as the Dom people. By religion, the house is Muslim and speaks one of the dialects of the Gypsy language (the so-called Domari language). Until 1948 in ancient city Jaffa, near Tel Aviv, there was an Arabic-speaking house community whose members took part in street theater and circus performances. They became the subject of the play "The Gypsies of Jaffa" (Hebrew: הצוענים של יפו‎), the last of which was written by Nissim Aloni, the famous Israeli playwright. The play has come to be considered a classic of Israeli theater. Like many Jaffa Arabs, most of the members of this community left the city at the call of neighboring Arab countries. The descendants of the community are believed [ Who?], now live in the Gaza Strip, and it is unknown to what extent they still maintain a separate Domari identity. Another Dom community is known to exist in East Jerusalem, whose members hold Jordanian citizenship; in Israel they have the status of permanent residents, their nationality is defined as “Arabs”. In total, the community house in Israel numbers about two hundred families, most of them from the Bab al Huta area, in East Jerusalem near the Lion Gate. Members of the community live in very poor conditions: most of them are unemployed and live only on benefits from Israeli social security, they have no education, and some of them cannot read or write. The Domari's birth rate is high; they marry in early age and only on members of their community, including relatives (in an effort to avoid assimilation and dissolution), therefore some children suffer from hereditary diseases, defects or are disabled. In October 1999, Amun Slim founded non-profit organization"Domari: The Gypsy Society of Jerusalem" to protect the name of the community. ,

In October 2012, the head of the Roma quarter of East Jerusalem appealed to the mayor of the capital, Nir Barkat, with a request for assistance in obtaining Israeli citizenship for his compatriots. According to him, the Roma are much closer in their views to Jews than to Arabs: they love Israel, and their children would like to serve in the IDF. According to a community leader, Israeli Roma have practically forgotten their language and speak Arabic, while Palestinians and Israeli Arabs consider the Roma to be “second-class” people.

Gypsies in North Africa

North Africa is home to the Kale Gypsies, also known as the Andalusian Gypsies, and Dom. Film director Tony Gatlif is a Kale originally from Algeria. Calais North Africa In the gypsy world they have the nickname “Moors” and often use it themselves (for example, both Tony Gatlif and Joaquin Cortes, whose father is from North Africa, call themselves “Moor” or “half-Moor”).

Gypsies in Canada and the USA

Gypsies in Latin America

The first documented mention of the presence of gypsies (Kale) in Latin America (in the Caribbean) dates back to 1539. The first gypsies were exiled there against their will, but subsequently Spanish Calais and Portuguese Calons (groups related to each other) began to move in small groups to Latin America in search of a better life.

The largest wave of resettlement of European gypsies to Latin America occurred in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The most noticeable part of the settlers were the Kelderars, among the remaining gypsies we can mention the Lovars, Ludars, as well as groups of Balkan gypsies known collectively as Khorakhane. Both Kale and Calons continued to move to America.

Among all the gypsies of Latin America, running a small business selling cars is very popular.

Gypsies in the Caucasus countries

For gypsies different countries characterized by uneven development of areas of high culture. Thus, the majority of gypsy artists are natives of Hungary, the most developed musical culture is among the gypsies of Russia, Hungary, Romania, Spain, the Balkan countries, gypsy literature is currently more developed in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine and Russia. acting art- in Russia, Ukraine, Slovakia. Circus art- in the countries of South America.

With all the diversity of gypsy culture among different ethnic groups, one can note a similar system of values and perception of the world.

Gypsy "large" ethnic groups

There are six main branches of gypsies. Three Western:

Roma, main area of residence - countries former USSR, Western and East Europe. These include Russian gypsies (self-name Russian Roma).
Sinti, living primarily in German-speaking and French-speaking countries in Europe.
Iberian (Gypsies), living mainly in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries.

And three eastern ones:

Lyuli, main territory of residence - Central Asia, Pakistan, Afghanistan.
Scrap (known mainly as bosha or posha), living in the Caucasus and northern Turkey.
House living in Arabic-speaking countries and Israel.

There are also “small” gypsy groups that are difficult to attribute to any specific branch of the gypsies, such as the British Kales and Romanichels, the Scandinavian Kales, the Balkan Horakhanes, and the Arkhangelsk Tsygobites.

In Europe, there are a number of ethnic groups similar in lifestyle to the Gypsies, but of a different origin - in particular, Irish Travelers, Central European Yenish. Local authorities tend to view them as a subset of Roma, rather than as a separate ethnic group.

The image of gypsies in world artistic culture

Gypsies in world literature

Notre Dame Cathedral - novel by V. Hugo France
Ice House - novel by A. Lazhechnikov Russia
The Living Corpse - play by L. N. Tolstoy Russia
The Enchanted Wanderer - a novel by Nikolai Leskov Russia
Olesya - story, Alexander Kuprin Russia
Pharaoh's tribe - essay, Alexander Kuprin Russia
Cactus - story by Afanasy Fet Russia
Nedopyuskin and Tchertopkhanov - I. Turgenev Russia
Carmen - short story by Prosper Merimee France
The Stars of Eger - a novel by Geza Gordoni Hungary
Makar Chudra, Old Woman Izergil - stories by M. Gorky Russia
Gypsy Aza - play by A. Staritsky Ukraine
Gypsy - M. Cervantes Spain
Gypsy Romancero - collection of poems by Federico Garcia Lorca Spain
The Pipe - a story by Yuri Nagibin USSR
Gypsy - story, novel by Anatoly Kalinin USSR
Gypsy Lady - novel by S. Busby USA
Losing Weight - novel by S. King USA

Many famous poets also devoted cycles of poems and individual works: G. Derzhavin, A. Apukhtin, A. Blok, Apollon Grigoriev, N. M. Yazykov, E. Asadov and many others.

Songs about gypsies

Slavich Moroz: “Gypsy Love” ( Video , video)
Vysotsky: “Gypsy with maps - road distant.." ( Video)
“Fortune Teller” - song from the movie “Ah, vaudeville, vaudeville...”
“Gypsy Choir” - Alla Pugacheva
“Valenki” - Lidia Ruslanova
“Gypsy Wedding” - Tamara Gverdtsiteli ( Video)
“Shaggy Bumblebee” - song from the movie “Cruel Romance” based on poems by R. Kipling
"The Gipsy" and "A Gipsy's Kiss" - Deep Purple
"Gypsy" - Mercyful Fate
"Hijo de la luna" - Mecano
"Gypsy" - Black Sabbath
"Gypsy" - Dio
"Cry Of The Gypsy" - Dokken
"Zigeunerpack" - Landser
"Gypsy In Me" - Stratovarius
"Gitano Soy" - Gipsy Kings
"Ocean Gypsy" - Blackmore's Night
"Electro Gypsy" - Savlonic
"Gypsy/Gitana" - Shakira
"Gypsy" - Uriah Heep
"Gypsy Boots" - Aerosmith
"Gypsy Road" - Cinderella
"Gypsy Nazi" - S.E.X. Department
"Gypsy" - Ektomorf
"Cigany" - Ektomorf
"Gipsy King" - Patrick Wolf
"Hometown Gypsy" - Red Hot Chili Peppers
"Gypsy Blues" - Night Snipers
"The camp goes into the sky" - Calvados

Films about gypsies

"Guardian Angel", Yugoslavia (1986), director Goran Paskaljevic
"Run, gypsy!"
"Snatch" directed by Guy Ritchie
“Time of the Gypsies”, Yugoslavia, director Emir Kusturica
“Gadzho (film)”, 1992, Director: Dmitry Svetozarov Russia
“Sinful Apostles of Love” (1995), director Dufunya Vishnevsky Russia
“Drama in a camp of gypsies near Moscow” - Khanzhonkov’s workshop 1908, director Vladimir Siversen Russia
“Yesenia”, (Spanish: Yesenia; Mexico, 1971) directed by Alfred B. Crevenna
“Hare over the Abyss” 2006, director Tigran Keosayan Russia
“Carmelita” 2005, directors Rauf Kubaev, Yuri Popovich Russia
“Cassandra”, Genre: TV series, melodrama Production: Venezuela, R.C.T.V. Year of release: 1992 Screenplay: Delia Fiallo
“King of the Gypsies” - directed by Frank Pearson (1978) USA
“Lăutari”, director Emil Loteanu USSR
“The Last Camp”, (1935) Directors: Evgeny Shneider, Moses Goldblat, USSR
“On My Own” (gym. Korkoro, 2009) - drama film directed by Tony Gatlif.
“Feather Buyers”, 1967, Yugoslavia, (Serbian: Skupljaci perja), director Alexander Petrovich
“Strange Stranger” (1997) Gadjo Dilo Gadjo Dilo, directed by Tony Gatlif
“The camp goes to heaven”, director Emil Loteanu USSR
“Difficult Happiness” - Director Alexander Stolper. 1958

Why are gypsies called Romals?

From Old Russian and Sanskrit Ro (Ra) and Ma (Me)

Ro-Ra - Vedic ancient Indian and ancient Slavic - initial energy, aka the Sun, aka God - since then and now we understand that it is the Sun that feeds our system with energy - as Dersu Uzala used to say, the Sun is the main person.

Male - Man(s) - a person of a certain clan-genus - Man-Manu - also one of the hypostases of the supreme deity - the progenitor of all people - both masculine and feminine life.

The ending -man can be found in many names and surnames, and it just shows belonging to one or another family, clan, faith, or even the master.

Remained in German and English languages- actually man and man - man-man.

In Russian and related languages it is more compound word m-u-f - I won’t decipher it, it turns out indecent if taken literally.

Well, the letter e is more attractive than our e - from the ancient times - there is - it is dumb. ist english is.

From here we get Ro-Mal-e - Solar Man Is - that is, a man of God or a man of the sun.

Gypsies - from the merger of tse - old Russian tse-eto - are still in Ukrainian in this meaning, and ga-go - movement Ga or Go - a symbol of movement - road leg GA-t step-step-t G-lagol - all like that or otherwise shows movement.

And it turns out that a gypsy - tse-ga-n - is a traveler, a tramp.

romale - freedom-loving people... the gypsies call themselves that... besides, they use this kind of address in everyday life. It’s like, hey romale

The most common and characteristic self-names of gypsies (exactly what they call themselves), taken from India, are rum or roma among the gypsies of Europe, house or lom among the gypsies of Asia Minor and the Middle East. these names come from the Indo-Aryan dom, with the cerebral sound d, which is pronounced as a cross between the sounds p, d and l. From the linguistic studies carried out, it follows that the Roma of Europe and the home and/or land of Asia and the Caucasus are the three main streams of migrants from India. Until today in India there are groups classified as low castes called dom. according to Indo-Aryan sources of late antiquity and early Middle Ages The tribes with the self-name dom inhabiting the central and northwestern regions of India for centuries led and maintained their nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle and type of culture.

the chain is as follows: Roma - the self-name of the people, gypsies; Roma - representative of the people, gypsies (separate); romale is a vocative form, an address to a representative of the people.

Romale translated into Russian is gypsies; their language contains many Indian words and adverbs distorted by time. Romale is one of them, ro is qi, male is gane, qi means the beginning, and gane is persecution from oneself. An interesting and unstudied people are the Gypsies, why they went around the world. Each gypsy has his own world, unlike the others, he is both cunning and wise, evil and good, always in the path of his thoughts, like his life.

© Wiki:
"Roma is one of the western branches of the gypsies (singular - Roma)."
"In studies devoted to the religion of the Gypsies, the fact of the spread among them of a religion characteristic of the country of residence (the corresponding directions of Christianity or Islam) is most often noted. However, along with the official religion, elements of magical and animistic ideas are also preserved in the beliefs of the Gypsies. There are specific names for god (devel 'devel' from the Indian Deva - deity) and the devil (beng 'bang'), coinciding in different Gypsy dialects. There is a belief in various nature spirits. Some researchers have suggested the influence of Zoroastrianism with its dualistic opposition between Ahura-Mazda and Ahriman on the beliefs of the gypsies.
!!! The Hungarian gypsy scholar Jozsef Vekerdi declared the strict monotheism of the gypsies, believing that the remnants of Hinduism in their ideas are limited to a couple of words (false). Soviet ethnographer Lexa Manush believed that in the Gypsy vocabulary and beliefs one can find much more signs indicating a connection with Hinduism and especially Shaivism. For example, to denote a cross in many Romani dialects in Europe, the word trusul (trusil, truxul, trixul) is used, which Manush considers to come from the trishula attribute of Shiva."
And this shows the main activity of the Roma, prescribed in literature - fortune telling, magic, for which all Shivay women have innate abilities.

That is why the Inquisition tried to burn the “gypsies” along with the “witches”, for which the Inquisition paid with people. For every inquisitor and the entire church + inquisition are cursed with the sacred dying curse of the murdered...
From 2005 to 2015, suddenly money was allocated for socialization with the Roma from the Soros fund and other money... but things didn’t really work out - the Roma didn’t need those goodies! You can't buy Roma. This is why governments are afraid of them...

****
AND NOW THE TRUTH.
* The Roma are the true inhabitants of the Roman Empire (Rome in Italian Rome), who were expelled from the remaining lands of the empire after the flood for DISOBEDIENCE to the newly arrived necrophiliac religion - Christians.
* The Roma who survived the flood knew and remembered history, so they chose to become nomadic “camps” - families, and thanks to this they were saved during the flood and after it.
* The Roma, as in the traditions of the Roma Empire, have a strict set of rules, the Baron is responsible, they live by the rules all the time and few people dare or want to dare to break them.
* The Roma were persecuted by Christians and BECAUSE they have a lot of gold on themselves and in accumulation, they are ready to break loose at any moment and will be to some extent provided for anywhere. A lot of skirts on every woman is a tradition not from bad taste or greed - it’s more convenient, it’s convenient for quickly getting ready in case of persecution of Roma.
* Roma people are forced to choose professions that will give them a lot of money and are not tied to the locality. THEY WERE FORCED to have this way of life by persecution by Christians and the Inquisition.
* The Roma keep their traditions and secrets better than the “ancient books” in the underground Vatican. Because there is no publicly available information from them about who they are and who their enemies are. The Roma also know that the Christian world is not 2000 years old, but 400 years old, but they are silent. Apparently there is an agreement with the Vatican, but which of the “popes” did this - there is no information.
******
It is also clear that the “popes” seized power for themselves immediately after the flood and the split due to natural phenomena of the Roma Empire, turned all the information upside down, hid “extra” evidence in underground caches, wrote what was beneficial to themselves and BEGAN TO PARASITATE their system.

The buildings of the Roma Empire were not temples for prayers and priests sitting there... each building had a use, but Christians could not understand the purpose of the houses, columns, 15-meter ceilings)))) and decided to make them their “temples”, which NEVER used for their intended purpose!
Not a single cathedral is working! And the relics brought into them distort the energy of everything around them. Because true Roma cannot be believing Christians! They know where the power is and it is not in the breadcrumbs of their people.
The involution of the whole world occurred precisely then... the flood washed away a lot, but only a new one helped such a large-scale degradation of peoples christian religion. It was easy for SHE to wedge herself into THAT MOMENT - after the flood, normal people were interested in survival and improvement, and not in power and religion - they simply did not take corpse eaters and necromancers seriously. And the necromancers took advantage of the moment... like any parasite, it is ready to breed in response to a weakened immune system.. But our World has already accepted the anti-parasitic...))) we are waiting for an immune response!

***
© Vicki: " Antigypsyism - hostility and/or hatred towards the Roma, their language and culture. This type of xenophobia/racism is traditionally most widely represented in European countries, where Gypsies began arriving in the 13th century."
In the same place: “Currently, European countries are experiencing a new surge of anti-Gypsyism. In many European countries, Gypsies have become the only ethnic group, the number and proportion of which are steadily increasing.
Similar situation observed in Latvia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria over the past 20 years. Almost the same situation is observed in the Czech Republic and Slovakia... On last elections in the country, the extreme nationalist Jobbik party, which called for the collection of Roma into concentration camps, received 17% of the votes and took 3rd place. After new countries joined the European Union, Eastern European Roma began to move more actively throughout Europe. A significant number of Gypsies settled in Northern France, where many of them set up camps in the hope of moving to Britain."
***********
HERE.. The Pope carried out a campaign to incite all the Euro-nations against the Roma - like they steal Christian children (although many of them regularly give birth to their children at home to this day, get married from the age of 13-15 and everything is fine with their children )... fortune-telling witches, not reliable, etc. - Anti-advertising and persecution of the Roma have tried to break them for centuries, but this turned out to be impossible for Christians.
***
The Roma keep the secrets of their empire, some technology, some rules... a strict hierarchy.
Have you changed your attitude towards Roma-Gypsies yet???))) We have changed stereotypes to interest, we want to know the Roma.
Information came from the Spirit today . I convey what has arrived and do whatever you want with the information! :-)))
Short form of the name Roman. Roma, Romasya, Romulya, Romanka, Romakha, Romasha, Romanya, Roro, Ro.
Synonyms for the name Roman. Romanus, Romano, Raman.
Nationality. The name Roman is Russian, Orthodox, Catholic.

Origin and meaning of the name Roman. The name Roman comes from the Latin word “romanus”, which means “Roman”, “Roman”, “from Rome”. The name of the city of Rome was originally given from the names of the brothers Romulus and Remus. The name Roman is a derivative, a variant pronunciation of the name Romulus. Pairs female name- Romana. Another female name, Romina, will also be close in meaning.

Character and destiny. Romans love everything new, but it is difficult for them to complete everything. Everything distracts me - either illness or new hobbies. Every time he eagerly rushes to implement his idea, but he requires enormous patience and endurance to achieve results. But if this succeeds, the result will be impressive!

Roman is a little reckless, frivolous, he will not look for a way out difficult situation, but would prefer to let everything take its course, give up on what didn’t work out and take on something else, not regretting the missed opportunities at all. Roman is an optimist by nature and tries to see the good in everything; he will try to look at any bad event in his life with humor.

A novel will always help you find a way out of a situation, as it is not subject to thinking stereotypes. Roman is a wonderful pioneer; no journey would be complete without him. Even a banal shopping trip can turn into a memorable event. The novel is proud and witty. He will not try to be a leader, achieve records, or show his best side.

Roman is a very active boy, patience is not his thing, he needs to get everything at once. But main reason the fact that his thoughts run ahead of his capabilities, he is constantly distracted, quickly switches his attention. Too much strict upbringing and strict boundaries will only encourage Roman to lie creatively. At Roma's good memory, he quickly grasps everything on the fly, he will not have problems with his studies if his parents do not try to make him a diligent student.

Roman has a pronounced talent for art, he likes what happened before, but accepts modern trends with great difficulty. Roman values freedom above all else. He does not like change, but is sometimes ready to do things completely unimaginable for him. For example, just pick up and move to another country, or suddenly change your preferences.

Roman applies his enormous energy to his work. The owner of this name prefers professions related to communicating with people. Often men with this name can be found among actors, directors, sales and advertising managers.

Roman never experiences problems with colleagues or communication difficulties; he makes contact very easily and quickly finds general topics for conversation even in a completely new and unfamiliar company. The owner of this name is a very sociable person. Roma loves to talk, so she might accidentally reveal someone’s secret.

It’s quite difficult for Roman to find the one, but having found her, he protects her more than his eyes. After all, it is she who will help Roman be faithful to his ideas to the end and help bring them to life. Novels are most often monogamous and value family values.

Popularity. The name Roman is quite popular. For more than 15 years now, the name Roman has not left the top 30 most popular names in Russia. For last year the level of attention to this name even increased slightly, reaching a maximum in November 2016.

Roman's birthday

Roman celebrates his name day on January 18, February 11, February 16, March 2, March 29, May 15, June 5, June 13, August 1, August 6, August 11, August 15, August 23, September 24, October 8, October 14 , November 13, December 1, December 10.

Famous people named Roman

Roman Viktyuk (theater director)
Roman Klein ((1858 - 1924) Russian architect)
Roman Vreden ((1867 – 1934) founder of Russian surgical orthopedics)
Roman Kartsev (pop, theater and film artist)
Roman Balayan ((born 1941) film director)
Roman Girshman ((1895 – 1979) French archaeologist)
Roman Ivanychuk ((born 1929) Ukrainian writer)
Roman Yakobson ((1896 – 1982) Russian and American linguist, literary critic)
Roman Polanski (one of the greatest post-war filmmakers)
Roman Kostomarov (Russian figure skater)

Other