Conclusion of love between fathers and sons. The theme of love in the prose of I.S.
The problem of love in the novel “Fathers and Sons”
Turgenev's novel nihilism bazaars Kirsanov
“Only love holds and moves life.”
I.S. Turgenev
I.S. Turgenev in his works subjected heroes to two tests: the test of love and the test of death. Why did he choose these particular tests?
I think because love is the purest, highest and most beautiful feeling, the soul and personality of a person are revealed to it, showing their true qualities, and death is a great equalizer, one must be prepared for it as inevitable and be able to die with dignity .
In this work I want to show whether Evgeny Bazarov survived, main character novel by I.S. Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons”, the first test is a test of love.
At the beginning of the novel, the author introduces us to his hero as a nihilist, a man “who does not bow to any authority, who does not accept a single principle on faith,” for whom romanticism is nonsense and whim: “Bazarov recognizes only what can be felt hands, see with the eyes, put on the tongue, in a word, only what can be witnessed by one of the five senses.” Therefore, he considers mental suffering unworthy of a real man, high aspirations - far-fetched and absurd. Thus, “...disgust for everything detached from life and evaporating in sounds is the fundamental property” of Bazarov. And this man, who denies everything and everyone, falls in love with Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, a rich widow, smart and mysterious woman. At first, the main character drives away this romantic feeling, hiding behind crude cynicism. In a conversation with Arkady, he asks about Odintsova: “What kind of figure is this? She’s not like other women.” From the statement it is clear that she interested Bazarov, but he is trying in every possible way to discredit her in his eyes, comparing her with Kukshina, a vulgar person.
Odintsova invites both friends to visit her, they agree. Bazarov notices that Arkady likes Anna Sergeevna, but tries to be indifferent. He behaves very cheekily in her presence, then he becomes embarrassed, blushes, and Odintsova notices this. Throughout his entire stay as a guest, Arkady is surprised by Bazarov’s unnatural behavior, because he does not talk to Anna Sergeevna “about his beliefs and views,” but talks about medicine, botany, etc.
On his second visit to Odintsova’s estate, Bazarov is very worried, but tries to restrain himself. He increasingly understands that he has some kind of feeling for Anna Sergeevna, but this does not agree with his beliefs, because love for him is “nonsense, unforgivable nonsense,” a disease. Doubts and anger rage in Bazarov’s soul, his feelings for Odintsova torment and infuriate him, but still he dreams of reciprocal love. The hero indignantly recognizes the romance in himself. Anna Sergeevna tries to get him to talk about feelings, and he speaks about everything romantic with even greater contempt and indifference.
Before leaving, Odintsova invites Bazarov to her room, says that she has no purpose or meaning in life, and cunningly extracts a confession from him. The main character says that he loves her “stupidly, madly,” and from his appearance it is clear that he is ready to do anything for her and is not afraid of anything. But for Odintsova this is just a game, she likes Bazarov, but she does not love him. The main character in a hurry leaves Odintsova's estate and goes to his parents. There, while helping his father with medical research, Bazarov becomes infected with a serious illness. Realizing that he will soon die, he casts aside all doubts and beliefs and sends for Odintsova. Before his death, Bazarov forgives Anna Sergeevna and asks to take care of his parents.
In the novel “Fathers and Sons,” the main character passes the test of love, unlike the heroes of other works by I.S. Turgenev. Bazarov sacrifices everything for the sake of love: his beliefs and views - he is ready for this feeling and is not afraid of responsibility. But here nothing depends on him: he completely surrenders to the feeling that has gripped him, but receives nothing in return - Odintsova is not ready for love, so she pushes Bazarov away.
And then Bazarov’s hot and passionate nature swept away all his theories. He fell in love, like a boy, with a woman whom he valued highly. “In conversations with Anna Sergeevna, he expressed his indifferent contempt for everything romantic even more than before, and when left alone, he was indignantly aware of the romanticism in himself.” The hero is experiencing severe mental discord. “... Something... took possession of him, which he never allowed, which he always mocked, which outraged all his pride.” Anna Sergeevna Odintsova rejected him. But Bazarov found the strength to accept defeat with honor, without losing his dignity.
And Pavel Petrovich, who also loved deeply, could not leave with dignity when he became convinced of the woman’s indifference to him: “.. he spent four years in foreign lands, now chasing after her, now with the intention of losing sight of her... and I could no longer get into the right rut.” And in general the fact that he seriously fell in love with a frivolous and empty society lady, says a lot.
Bazarov is a strong character, this new person in Russian society. And the writer carefully considers this type of character. The last test he offers his hero is death.
Anyone can pretend to be whoever they want. Some people do this their whole lives. But in any case, before death a person becomes what he really is. Everything pretentious disappears, and the time comes to think, perhaps for the first time and last time, about the meaning of life, about what good he did, whether they will remember or forget as soon as they are buried. And this is natural, because in the face of the unknown, a person discovers something that he may not have seen during his lifetime.
In the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev finds the hero he has been looking for for so long, a hero who has stood the test of love and death.
The problems formulated by Turgenev in the novel are relevant today.
It is known that I.S. Turgenev dedicated the novel to Belinsky and argued: “If the reader does not fall in love with Bazarov with all his rudeness, heartlessness, ruthless dryness and harshness, it is my fault that I did not achieve my goal. Bazarov is my favorite child.”
Turgenev wrote the novel “Fathers and Sons” in the last century, but the problems raised in it are still relevant in our time. What to choose: contemplation or action? How to relate to art, to love? Is the generation of fathers right? These issues have to be addressed by each new generation. And perhaps it is precisely the impossibility of solving them once and for all that drives life.
But let us remember that the most important law - the birth and death of all living things - was given to nature by the most important Father - God. In the light Orthodox tradition The meaning of the novel's title is enriched.
The problem of “fathers” and “children”, so clearly and boldly indicated by the writer in the title of the novel, is a problem for all times - because, first of all, it is connected with the most important issue of all earthly existence: with the question of the meaning of human life. It's a problem of rethinking life values generation preceding the generation coming to replace it, the problem of breaking established concepts and stereotypes. Not every generational change is accompanied by such rethinking and such disruption. But as soon as doubt arises in some of the deep fundamental principles, the problem of “fathers” and “sons” appears before society, sometimes taking on a more or less serious aspect, sometimes turning into its tragic side, leading to confrontation between generations.
The ideological conflict that arises in those rare moments when “children” develop a clear conscious program for themselves, outline a certain serious goal for life path, such a conflict, such a clash of generations cannot be resolved through reconciliation. Ideological confrontation leads to a complete break, to a disruption of the connection of times. Turgenev revealed the tragic nature of such a conflict in his novel and reflected it in its title.
Such a conflict is always tragic, because, first of all, it involves, either explicitly or implicitly, the rejection of the fatherland.
In the consciousness of the Russian person, the concepts of “Fatherland”, “father”, “son” are closely connected with the foundations of Christian doctrine. It follows that the problem of the relationship between generations, indicated in the title of the novel, needs religious understanding.
In "Fathers and Sons" Turgenev decided eternal problems: the problem of relationships between different generations, the problem of happiness, the problem of love. Love theme very widely deployed in the novel. This feeling tests their strength, exposes them true essence person. According to Turgenev, love plays a colossal role in life. This feeling is the meaning of life, without it life is meaningless. The ability of the heroes to experience love is for the writer one of the main qualities in a person and in his heroes. The main love line of the novel is connected with the images of Evgeny Bazarov and Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. The nihilist Bazarov denied love as a relationship of souls. He sincerely believed that love was an invention of romantics. Between people there is only habit, mutual sympathy and relationships between bodies. In my opinion, this attitude of the protagonist towards love is connected with his attitude towards women. All his life, Evgeniy Vasilyevich believed that a woman is a being of the second order. It is created for the entertainment of men. And although the hero preached, along with others, the ideas of female feminism, it seems to me that he still did not take women seriously.
Thus, Bazarov’s life was subordinated to reason and rationalism. But everything in his life changed in an instant. To test his hero and show the absurdity of his beliefs, Turgenev puts an obstacle on the hero’s life path - love. Bazarov, convinced of the strength of his nature, of his difference from others, suddenly... fell in love. He fell in love passionately and furiously, just as his nature was passionate and furious. As we see, Bazarov’s love is contradictory. She is mixed with anger at herself: she fell in love like a fool, like a simple little man! But the hero can’t help himself. He will carry his feelings for Odintsova to the end of his life and before his deathbed he will want to see Anna Sergeevna, dear to him. I wonder how he behaves when last meeting with Bazarov his beloved is Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. She is afraid of getting infected from Evgeniy Vasilyevich, and only a sense of decency forces her to come closer to him. Well, this woman didn’t love Bazarov? But it might seem that it was she who first began to show signs of attention to the hero. Yes, indeed, this is so. But first Odintsova became interested in Bazarov as an interesting and smart person. Then, feeling more than just sympathy for him, Anna Sergeevna got scared. She did not want to exchange her calmness and authority in society for strong, but unknown to her feelings. In her heart, Odintsova understands that she wants love, but her cold and dispassionate mind stops the heroine. That's why Odintsova is so unhappy. In the epilogue we learn that this heroine married again, but again out of convenience, and not out of love. Well, Odintsova made her choice in life.
Unhappy in love is the antipode, and in many ways, Bazarov's double - Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. His whole life was ruined because of the unfortunate fatal love, which Kirsanov still cannot forget. Unrequited passion dried up the hero, turned him into a dead man, filling his life with “principles” and dogmas. Turgenev depicts in his novel not only men who are unhappy in love, but also women. If a man without love “dries up” and goes into social activities or science, then the woman becomes unhappy and funny. She lives her life in vain, not fulfilling her natural destiny.
The theme of love is one of the leading themes of the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". All the writer’s characters experience this feeling to one degree or another, in the way they can or are able to. It is love that becomes for them the criterion that reveals the true essence of the heroes, gives them the meaning of life or makes them unhappy.
There are also two stories in the novel of a completely different, calm, “homely” love - this is Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov’s love for Fenechka and Arkady’s love for Katya. Both of them are pictures of quiet family happiness, but of that genuine passion of which both Turgenev himself and central characters his works are not in these stories. That's why they don't call special interest neither the readers nor the author himself.
The theme of love becomes one of the leading ones in the novel “Fathers and Sons”. All his characters undergo the test of love. And the true essence and dignity of each person depends on how they managed to pass this test.
When analyzing a work of art, it is worth remembering that it is impossible to reveal the author’s intention with absolute accuracy due to the purely individual way of thinking of any person, but you can only get as close as possible to it, provided that you find the author’s “clues” in the text.
You will need
- Text of the work
Instructions
Refer to the title of the novel. Ideally, the title of a work of art largely determines it ideological content, we can even say that the title concentrates in a compressed form what will subsequently appear before the reader on the pages of the book. However, one should not reduce everything to the title due to the possible “game” of the author with the reader.
Identify the main character of the work. IN in this case this hero will be Bazarov (Arkady and Odintsova need to be included in this, although their role is not as strong as Bazarov’s, but the novel, and that is what Turgenev’s novel is, cannot be limited to just the main character). However, turning again to the title, it is clear that the generation of “fathers,” since it is listed in the title, plays an important role in the work. So to the list of main ones characters Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich also join. Since the main action will be tied to the indicated characters (main characters), then the ideological content of the work will be revealed through their participation in the plot.
Identify the main “opposition points” of the work. Because the works of art are built on the basis of contrasts and contradictions, then it is their discovery of their nature that will allow us to get closer to revealing author's intention. Of course, the “oppositionists” will be the heroes. Firstly, one of the oppositions is already stated in the title. To reveal its essence, it is necessary to turn to scenes (two) in the Kirsanovs’ house, namely to episodes of disputes between Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov about establishing their own life guidelines. Secondly, the conflict in the relationship between Bazarov and Odintsova presents the reader with the following opposition. There is a third opposition, which is not always obvious due to the fact that one of its sides is only Bazarov in the absence of the heroes who were recognized above as the main ones along with him. This is the line of the so-called imaginary nihilists, Sitnikov and Kukshina. It is they, as hangers-on of new ideological trends, who create a contrasting pair with Bazarov, the true exponent of the nihilistic concept (in the future, of course, it will turn out that this is a rather controversial Bazarov, but in this particular case it is necessary to understand it that way).
Roman I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" is a novel relevant for its time. He touched on issues that worried the Russian public in the 60s of the 19th century. Turgenev showed the advantages and disadvantages of the new movement that dominated the minds of young people of that time. But the novel of this great writer would not be included in the golden fund of the Russian classical literature, if I limited myself only to contemporary issues.
In “Fathers and Sons” Turgenev solved eternal problems: the problem of relationships between different generations, the problem of happiness, the problem of love.
The love theme is very widely developed in the novel. It is a measure of the vitality of heroes. This feeling tests them “for strength” and reveals the true essence of a person. According to Turgenev, love plays a colossal role in life. This feeling is the meaning of life, without it life is meaningless. The ability of heroes to experience love is for a writer one of the main qualities in a person and in his heroes.
The main love line of the novel is connected with the characters of Evgeny Bazarov and Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. The nihilist Bazarov denied love as a relationship of souls. He sincerely believed that love was an invention of romantics. Between people there is only habit, mutual sympathy and relationships between bodies. In my opinion, this attitude of the protagonist towards love is connected with his attitude towards women. All his life, Evgeniy Vasilyevich believed that a woman is a being of the second order. It is created for the entertainment of men. And although the hero preached, along with others, the ideas of female feminism, it seems to me that he still did not take women seriously.
Thus, Bazarov’s life was subordinated to reason and rationalism. But everything in his life changed in an instant. To test his hero and show the absurdity of his beliefs, Turgenev puts an obstacle on the hero’s life path - love. Bazarov, convinced of the strength of his nature, of his difference from others, suddenly... fell in love. He fell in love passionately and furiously, as passionate and furious was his nature: “Odintsova extended both hands forward, and Bazarov rested his forehead against the glass of the window. He was out of breath; his whole body was apparently trembling. But it was not the trembling of youthful timidity, it was not the sweet horror of the first confession that took possession of him: it was passion that beat within him, strong and heavy - a passion similar to anger and, perhaps, akin to it...”
As we see, Bazarov’s love is contradictory. She is mixed with anger at herself: she fell in love like a fool, like a simple little man! But the hero can’t help himself. He will carry his feeling for Madame Odintsova until the end of his life, and before his deathbed he will want to see Anna Sergeevna, dear to him: “Farewell,” he said with sudden force, and his eyes flashed with a final sparkle. “Goodbye... Listen... I didn’t kiss you then... Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out...”
I wonder how his beloved Anna Sergeevna Odintsova behaves at the last meeting with Bazarov. She is afraid of getting infected from Evgeniy Vasilyevich, and only a sense of decency forces her to come closer to him. Well, this woman didn’t love Bazarov? But it might seem that it was she who first began to show signs of attention to the hero. Yes, indeed, this is so. But at first Odintsova became interested in Bazarov as an interesting and intelligent person. Then, feeling more than just sympathy for him, Anna Sergeevna got scared. She did not want to exchange her calmness and authority in society for strong, but unknown to her feelings. In her heart, Odintsova understands that she wants love, but her cold and dispassionate mind stops the heroine. That's why Odintsova is so unhappy. In the epilogue we learn that this heroine married again, but again out of convenience, and not out of love. Well, Odintsova made her choice in life.
Unhappy in love is the antipode, and in many ways, Bazarov's double - Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. His whole life went to pieces because of an unhappy, fatal love, which Kirsanov cannot forget. Unrequited passion dried up the hero, turned him into a dead man, filling his life with “principles” and dogmas.
Another type of relationship is represented in the novel by the couple Arkady - Katya. Arkady, as a “student of Bazarov” and a “nihilist,” should also deny love. But his nature and upbringing take their toll. Arkady is a simple man who sees his ideal in his family, children, and household. He is a bit soft and easily influenced. From under one firm hand (Bazarov) Arkady falls into others (Katya). But the hero is happy, as is his wife. The scene of their declaration of love is beautiful. Turgenev wants to tell us: these are the moments for which life is worth living. And woe to those who have never experienced them: “He grabbed her big ones, beautiful hands and, gasping with delight, pressed them to his heart. He could barely stand on his feet and just kept repeating: “Katya, Katya...”, and she somehow innocently began to cry, quietly laughing at her own tears. Anyone who has not seen such tears in the eyes of a beloved being has not yet experienced to what extent, completely frozen with gratitude and shame, a person can be happy on earth.”
Happy in family life and Arkady's father, Nikolai Petrovich. He adored his first wife, and after her death he met Fenechka and fell in love with the girl with all his soul. Turgenev shows that real love above all prejudices. Despite the fact that Fenechka is a commoner and much younger than Nikolai Petrovich, these heroes are happy together. And there is direct evidence of this - their son Mitenka.
Turgenev depicts in his novel not only men who are unhappy in love, but also women. If a man without love “dries up” and goes into social activities or science, then the woman becomes unhappy and funny. She lives her life in vain, not fulfilling her natural destiny. An example of this is the image of the feminist Kukshina in the novel. This ugly and ridiculous woman was abandoned by her husband. She “shines” with her progressive views, but in reality she is looking for love, which she so lacks.
The theme of love is one of the leading themes of the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". All the writer’s characters experience this feeling to one degree or another, in the way they can or are able to. It is love that becomes for them the criterion that reveals the true essence of the heroes, gives them the meaning of life or makes them unhappy.
The lessons of love led to grave consequences in the fate of Bazarov. They led to a crisis in his one-sided, vulgar materialistic views on life. Two abysses opened before the hero: one is the mystery of his own soul, the other is the mystery of the world that surrounds him. From the microscope the hero was drawn to the telescope, from the ciliates - to the starry sky above his head.
The love story of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is much more ambiguous. For the sake of love, Pavel Petrovich gave up everything, crossed out his entire career, which led him to spiritual death. His love for Princess R. is a painful and humiliating feeling. The story about Pavel Petrovich's love for Princess R. It is not introduced as an inserted episode. He appears in the novel as a warning to the arrogant Bazarov.
Love for Odintsova is the beginning of tragic retribution for the arrogant Bazarov, who considers love to be romantic nonsense: it splits his soul into two halves. From now on, two people live and act in it. One of them is a convinced opponent of romantic feelings, a denier of the spiritual nature of love. Another - passionately and spiritually loving person, faced with the true mystery of this high feeling. The “natural scientific” beliefs dear to his mind turn into a principle, which he, a denier of all kinds of principles, now serves, secretly feeling that his service is blind, that life turned out to be more complicated than what “physiologists” know about it. Refuting the hero of the novel’s views on love, the writer makes him experience what Bazarov himself rejected. Difficult internal process of cognition true love makes Bazarov feel nature in a new way.
In his feelings for Odintsova, he reveals himself as a strong, passionate and deep nature. And here his superiority over the people around him is manifested: his feeling is unlike love relationship other characters. Bazarov saw in Odintsova an intelligent, outstanding person, singling her out from the circle of provincial ladies: “She’s not like other women.” Odintsova is worthy of him in many ways, and this circumstance also elevates Bazarov. If he fell in love with an empty woman, his feeling would not evoke respect.
Bazarov's cheeky behavior is his own embarrassment and timidity. Odintsova understood this and was flattered. She is royally beautiful, restrained and majestic, demanding special attention and respect. Bazarov wants to love Odintsova, but cannot do this, so he runs away from his love due to nihilism. Usually the origins of tragedy Bazarov's love they are looking for in the character of Odintsova, a pampered lady, an aristocrat, unable to respond to Bazarov’s feelings, timid and giving in to him. But Odintsova wants and cannot love Bazarov, not only because this democrat, having fallen in love, does not want love and runs away from it. “An incomprehensible fear” that separates Bazarov’s declaration of love from hatred towards the woman he loves? The element of a cruelly suppressed feeling finally broke through in him, but with a destructive force in relation to this feeling. Bazarov willingly shares his thoughts with Odintsova, and from their conversations she understands that for the sake of nihilism he will not make concessions.
From Turgenev's point of view, love is mysterious and omnipotent, and its denial leads to tragedy. Unhappy love leads Bazarov to a mental crisis and a terrible tragedy. There is something similar in the love of Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov. But Bazarov fights, he did not become limp and did not humiliate himself, like Pavel Petrovich. Turgenev showed that Bazarov was superior in love to the district aristocrats, including the intelligent, but cold and selfish Odintsova. “Both sides are right to a certain extent,” this is the principle of construction ancient tragedy runs through the entire novel, and in love story ends with Turgenev bringing together the aristocrat Kirsanov and the democrat Bazarov in his heartfelt attraction to Fenechka and with her simplicity and folk instinct he verifies both heroes.
Pavel Petrovich is attracted to Fenichka by simplicity and spontaneity, but his love for Fenichka is too transcendental and ethereal. Bazarov, on the contrary, instinctively seeks in Fenechka vital confirmation of his view of love as a simple and clear sensual attraction. But this simplicity turns out to be worse than theft: it deeply offends Fenechka, and a moral reproach, sincere, genuine, is heard from her lips. Bazarov explained the failure with Odintsova to himself by the lordly effeminacy of the heroine, but in relation to Fenechka, what kind of “lordship” can we talk about? Obviously, in feminine nature itself (it doesn’t matter whether it’s peasant or noble) there lies the spirituality and moral beauty rejected by the hero.
In the novel "Fathers and Sons" Turgenev depicted several love lines, thanks to which the character traits of the main character are fully revealed, giving the reader the opportunity to look into the most hidden corners of his soul. At the same time, Bazarov’s love story becomes brighter the more ironically the relationships of the other characters in the novel are described. Let's take, for example, Nikolai Petrovich's love for Dunyasha. This is the calmest, most ordinary version of love, in which we do not observe either raging passions or any strong and passionate emotions. Or Arkady’s love for Odintsova: before us is an unrequited feeling, a slight youthful infatuation, while for Katya he already experiences a pure and tender feeling. However, both in friendship and in love, the younger Kirsanov is subject to the will of a stronger nature than himself.
