Reasoning-essay on the topic “man at war” based on literary works. Beautiful human qualities manifest themselves with particular force precisely at the moment of greatest danger.
The most difficult war in history that has happened in this world is the Great Patriotic War. She tested the strength and will of our people for more than a single year, but our ancestors passed this test with honor. Many writers described love for the Motherland in their works Soviet people and hatred of the enemy, they showed that nothing could be higher than the interests of humanity. But no one can describe what people experienced during the war itself in the center of events, like the soldiers themselves. Unfortunately, many of them are no longer alive. We can only imagine and guess.
The war lasted four years, filled with pain, horror, suffering and torment. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers, our grandfathers and great-grandfathers, died in that battle, leaving millions of children orphans and wives widows. But, at the cost of our lives, we still got Great Victory, faith in a bright future, happy Days and the opportunity to enjoy the bright sun on our native land.
The war crippled the lives and psyches of many people, tormented the souls, forcing not only men, but also women and children to fight. Their exact number is impossible to count, because archaeologists still find the remains of the bodies of those who died then and return them to relatives for the long-awaited burial.
For all of us, war is not an empty word, but an association with bombing, machine gun fire, exploding grenades, heaps of corpses and a river of blood. These merciless lessons have left their mark on the lives of all humanity, young and old. Old people teach youth, calling for peace, with their horror stories and stories.
Humanity did not know what happiness, justice, freedom were for four years until it achieved victory. These actions turned the world upside down, destroying hundreds of cities, villages, towns...
After that war, every person changed.
It is impossible to imagine how courageous, courageous and fearless the people who took the warpath were. With their breasts they blocked the path of the enemy and, thanks to their love for the Motherland, won freedom, peace and love.
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Peter - a little boy, who had to grow up early, but still his attitude towards war is not the same as that of adults. For him it is a game, but unfortunately he does not understand that it is a game with death.
War, like a powerful typhoon, spares nothing in its path. A prolonged extreme situation affects the behavior of people caught in it. It is impossible to predict in what direction it will change.
Sometimes a gloomy silent person becomes a leader and leads into battle, while a cheerful joker cowardly flees from the front line. How war changes people is eloquently shown in literary works. Writers subtly notice the versatility human nature during a period of difficult trials.
The work of former front-line soldier Vasily Bykov impressed me unforgettable impression. He realistically depicts military actions and reveals to the reader the inner qualities of the characters in his stories. Many of Bykov's stories are dedicated to partisan movement during the war, but one of the best is undoubtedly Sotnikov.
Using the example of two 26-year-old heroes, Bykov illuminates the problem of choice that arises in the face of death.
The partisans were tasked with obtaining provisions for the detachment. Fisherman is a strong guy, a former army sergeant major, Sotnikov is a teacher, strictly civilian. Unlike the intellectual, Rybak feels like a fish in water in war, but everything changes when his comrades are captured by the police.
For the sake of salvation own life The fisherman is ready to cooperate with the enemy. Sotnikov worries only about the fate of the people who find themselves hostages through their fault; he is not afraid of torture and death, he proudly accepts the torment. The author shows that strong-willed a person, even in a critical situation, does not deviate from his principles. And his recent comrade becomes his executioner...
Vasiliev in his works describes the emotional experiences of people. The story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” shows the feat of young anti-aircraft gunners who entered into an unequal battle with the Germans. Five girls and a foreman neutralized 16 saboteurs. It would seem that the fragile creatures were unable to compete with trained men, but not one retreated. Each of them had to go through difficult trials even before the war. In war, the age and gender of a fighter are not very important, the main thing is mental strength and motives, moving people. In a fight, hatred greatly adds strength.
War reveals the most hidden qualities of character: heroism and cowardice, loyalty and betrayal. I think a person’s behavior in a moment of danger depends precisely on internal forces. Do we have the right to judge someone for wanting to live? No matter how a fighter behaves, it will remain on his conscience.
Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) -
Having gone through war is a habit of violence. It is formed and clearly manifested during hostilities and continues to exist for a long time after their end, leaving an imprint on all aspects of life. IN extreme situations When a person is faced with death, he begins to look at himself completely differently and the world. Everything that filled his daily life suddenly becomes unimportant; a new, completely different meaning of his existence is revealed to the individual.
Many people develop such qualities as superstition and fatalism during war. If superstition does not manifest itself in all individuals, then fatalism is the main feature of the psychology of a military man. It consists of two opposite sensations. The first is the confidence that the person will not be killed anyway. The second is that sooner or later the bullet will find him. Both of these sensations form the soldier’s fatalism, which after the first battle is fixed in his psyche as a worldview. This fatalism and the superstitions associated with it become a defense against the stress that is every battle, dulling fear and unloading the psyche.
War, with its conditions of chronic danger of losing health or life every minute, with the conditions of not only impunity, but also encouraged destruction of other people, forms in a person new qualities necessary in war time. Such qualities cannot be formed in Peaceful time, and in combat conditions are revealed to the maximum short term. In battle, it is impossible to hide your fear or show feigned courage. Courage either completely leaves the fighter, or manifests itself in its entirety. So are the highest manifestations human spirit V Everyday life happen rarely, but during war they become a mass phenomenon.
In a combat situation, situations often arise that place too high demands on the human psyche, which can cause sudden pathological changes in the individual’s psyche. So, along with heroism, military brotherhood and mutual assistance in war, robberies, torture, cruelty towards prisoners are not uncommon, sexual violence to the population, robbery and looting on enemy land. To justify such actions, the formula “war will write off everything” is often used and responsibility for them in the minds of the individual is shifted from him to surrounding reality.
Strong influence features influence the human psyche front-line life: frost and heat, lack of sleep, malnutrition, lack of normal housing and comfort, constant overwork, lack of sanitary and hygienic conditions. Like combat operations themselves, extremely tangible inconveniences in life are extremely irritating great strength, forming the special psychology of a person who has gone through the war.
Beautiful human qualities manifest themselves with particular force precisely at the moment greatest danger. I. Panin
Of great interest is the work of the famous Belarusian writer Vasil Bykov. A large number of stories and stories were dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, the heroism and courage of our people. The writer's creativity flourished in the sixties and seventies. It was at that time that such large works author, such as “Sotnikov”, “Until Dawn”, “Wolf Pack” and others. The events of the Great Patriotic War do not lose their significance over time. It is no coincidence that writers and poets, publicists and playwrights return to this topic again and again. IN different periods in the history of our Fatherland it was revealed in different ways. Literary works of the first war years were characterized by the writers' desire for epic coverage and comprehension of reality. IN fiction post-war decades The themes of what was experienced during the war and rethinking the events of those years come to the fore. The work of V. Bykov dates back to this period. Despite the fact that most of his stories are devoted to the theme of war, they differ significantly from the works of other authors who wrote about this time. The writer is primarily interested not so much in the episodes of the war, but in the psychology of the heroes, as well as the motives that determine their actions. The moral problem in the work of V. Bykov serves as a kind of “second turn” of the key that opens the door to the work. “His first turn” allows us to enter the world of heroes and witness the events that happen to them in these tragic war days. Another distinctive feature works of V. Bykov is that the writer’s heroes, finding themselves in unusual situations, reveal themselves with complete unexpected side. Here’s what one of V. Bykov’s heroes said: “This is what conditions mean. Probably, in some conditions one part of the character is revealed, and in others - another. Therefore, each time has its own heroes.” This is most clearly manifested in the difficult conditions of war. In his story “Sotnikov,” the writer shows how a very physically strong and at first glance ideological guy, in fact, when he finds himself in a difficult situation, turns out to be a coward and a scoundrel, and Sotnikov, who is outwardly weak and soft in character, turns out to be a spiritually strong and honest person. But the biggest problem moral choice reflected in V. Bykov's story "Obelisk", in which the author talks about the difficult, tragic fate ordinary rural teacher Ales Ivanovich Moroz. In the hearts of his fellow villagers, he will forever remain a true hero, although he was not officially recognized as such. And many years after the war, one of the young officials claims that the teacher’s act cannot be called a feat. For the first time, we learn about Ales Ivanovich from the story of Tkachuk, who was present at the funeral of his teacher, Pavel Miklashevich, who devoted his entire life to ensuring that Moroz’s act was nevertheless assessed as a feat, and his name was included in the list of heroes in whose memory a monument was erected in the village. obelisk. Ales Ivanovich gave his love and care to students who long years communication became like family to him. He accompanied some home late at night, protected others from the wrath of their parents, and took the blame for children who committed unseemly acts, believing that this was his oversight as a teacher. But most importantly, Moroz did not try to make his students “excellent students and obedient crammers,” first of all, he tried to help them become real people. And that's all further events confirmed the correctness of this choice. The story contains wonderful lines about rural teachers, and one cannot help but note how authentically the author talks about their enormous role in spiritual development people. “Moroz was one of them who did a lot for people, sometimes at his own peril and risk, despite difficulties and failures.” This was Ales Ivanovich in peacetime. When the war began, he did not leave his native place, did not rush to Minsk with the district committee members, but obtained permission from the German authorities to continue working at the school. Moroz believed that “he did not humanize these guys so that they would later be dehumanized.” Unlike those who underwent the transformation from an assistant prosecutor to a policeman, and from an economic collective farmer into a furious hater Soviet power, Ales Ivanovich remained himself, remained a teacher, helped the partisans. But truly severe trials fall to the lot of the guys who are selflessly devoted to their mentor. Trying to save Moroz from arrest, the guys find themselves captured by the Germans. But even under the Nazi torture that the guys are subjected to, none of them talk about Ales Ivanovich. Moroz's voluntary surrender to the Germans can be considered by different readers differently. I believe that this act of Ales Ivanovich was consistent not with abstract rules of behavior, but with the demands of his personal conscience, with his understanding of his human and teacher’s home: he could not betray his students, he could not leave them alone in their dying hour. And until the last moment, Moroz remained a noble man, not considering himself a hero. He tried to cheer up and calm the guys. Fortunately, before the execution, one of the boys managed to escape; he was seriously wounded, but was able to survive, and many years later he continued the work of his teacher. Ales Ivanovich Moroz met death with his children, like Janos Korczak, the Polish teacher who went to the gas chamber with his students. The author does not mention this name anywhere, but the analogy arises naturally. V. Bykov addresses eternal, “imperishable” themes. The idea of kindness and self-sacrifice has always troubled the minds and hearts of the most outstanding Russian writers. We find it in the thoughts of Bolkonsky and Bezukhov, Raskolnikov and Prince Myshkin about life and death, about human duty and humanism, in the debates of Yeshua and Pilate about true human values. Like many other works of the writer, the story “Obelisk” makes a great impression and makes you think about a lot. I suppose that noble man, even if he is physically weak (after all, Moroz was almost crippled), alone he is capable of performing a heroic act, making self-sacrifice for the sake of saving even weaker and defenseless people. Thus, telling in his story about life and heroic act his hero, V. Bykov tried to answer main question: how, amid the horrors of war, people manage to preserve within themselves what is truly human: kindness, love, compassion, willingness to accept death for their loved ones. And in this regard the main idea"Obelisk" goes far beyond the description of the events of the war and comes into contact with the best traditions Russian literature- the search for moral truths, which were constantly addressed in their works by such writers as L. Tolstoy, F. Dostoevsky, M. Bulgakov and many others. Obelisks... Obelisks... There are many of them in my native land. For me, they are a symbol of the greatness of the spirit of the fallen and the moral purity of the living. Decades pass, but the ideas of self-sacrifice for the sake of the Motherland live on. They are alive in those old people who went through the war when they were young, in the “children of the war” who raised a new generation with the ideals of devotion to the Fatherland.
Many books have been written about the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The War of 1812 - in L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”, World War I and Civil War- in the novel by M. Sholokhov “ Quiet Don" These two authors are characterized by a unique approach to the topic “man at war.” Usually the theme “man at war” implies the Great Patriotic War. One of the first works about World War II that comes to mind is the poem “Vasily Terkin” by A. T. Tvardovsky. The hero of the poem is a simple Russian soldier. His image is the embodiment of all soldiers, all their qualities and character traits. The poem is a series of sketches: Terkin in battle, Terkin in hand-to-hand combat with a German soldier, Terkin in the hospital, Terkin on vacation. All this adds up to a single picture of life at the front. Terkin, being " simple guy“Nevertheless, he performs feats, but not for the sake of glory and honors, but for the sake of fulfilling his duty. Endowing Terkin with many endearing features of the Russian national character, Tvardovsky emphasizes that this man is only a reflection of the people. It is not Terkin who performs feats, but the entire people. If Tvardovsky turns in front of us big picture war, then Yuri Bondarev, for example, in his stories (“Battalions Ask for Fire”, “Last Salvos”) is limited to describing one battle and a very short period of time. At the same time, the battle itself does not have much significance - it is just one of the countless battles for the next locality. The same Tvardovsky said about this: Let that fight not be mentioned in the golden list of glory. The day will come - People will still rise in living memory. It doesn't matter if the fight is local or general meaning. It is important how a person expresses himself in it. Yuri Bondarev writes about this. His heroes are young people, almost boys, who went to the front straight from school or from the student audience. But war makes a person more mature, it immediately ages him. It is unnatural to be so young and to have such powers: to control not only the actions, but also the destinies of people, their life and death. Bondarev himself said that a person in war finds himself in an unnatural position, since war itself is an unnatural way of resolving conflicts. But, nevertheless, being placed in such conditions, Bondarev’s heroes show the best human qualities: nobility, courage, determination, honesty, perseverance. Therefore, we feel pity when the hero of “The Last Salvos” Novikov dies, having just found love, having felt life. But the writer precisely seeks to affirm the idea that such sacrifices pay for victory. Many people laid down their lives so that Victory Day would come. And there are writers who have a completely different approach to the topic of war. For example, Valentin Rasputin. In the story “Live and Remember,” it is the war that drives the development of the plot. But it seems to pass by, only indirectly influencing the fate of the heroes. In the story “Live and Remember” we will not find a description of battles, like in Tvardovsky or Bondarev. Another topic is touched upon here - the topic of betrayal. Indeed, deserters existed during the Great Patriotic War, as in any other, and one cannot turn a blind eye to this. Andrei Guskov voluntarily leaves the front, thereby forever separating himself from the people, because he betrayed his people, his Motherland. Yes, he remains to live, but his life was bought at too high a price: he will never again be able to openly, with his head held high, enter the house of his parents. He cut off this path for himself. Moreover, he cut it off for his wife Nastena. She cannot rejoice in Victory Day with other residents of Atamanovka, because her husband is not a hero, not an honest soldier, but a deserter. This is what gnaws at Iasthena and tells her the last option - to rush into the Angara. A woman in war is even more unnatural than a man. A woman should be a mother, a wife, but not a soldier. But, unfortunately, many women during the Great Patriotic War had to wear military uniform and go into battle on an equal basis with men. This is stated in Boris Vasiliev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” Five girls who should be studying at the institute, flirting, and babysitting children find themselves face to face with the enemy. All five die, and not all five heroically, but, nevertheless, what they did all together is a feat. They died by laying down their young lives to bring victory a little closer. Should there be a woman in war? Probably yes, because if a woman feels that she is obliged to defend her home from the enemy on an equal basis with men, then it would be wrong to interfere with her. Such sacrifices are cruel, but necessary. In the end, it is not only a woman in war who is an unnatural phenomenon. In general, a person in war is unnatural. All authors who touched upon the topic of “man at war” have common feature: they strive to depict not the exploits of individual people, but a national feat. It is not the heroism of an individual that delights them, but the heroism of all Russian people who stood up to defend their Motherland.
