What to do with the image of Rakhmetov. Rakhmetov is the “special” hero of the novel “What is to be done?” Chernyshevsky

WHAT TO DO?

From stories about new people

(Novel, 1863)

Rakhmetov- one of the main characters. The chapter “A Special Person” is dedicated to him. From noble family, known since the 13th century. Among his ancestors are boyars, okolnichy, general-in-chief, etc. His father, at the age of forty, retired as a lieutenant general and settled on one of his estates; he was of a despotic character, intelligent, educated and ultra-conservative. The mother suffered from the difficult character of the father. The author mentions the hero’s rather significant income (three thousand a year, despite the fact that he spends only four hundred on himself) to emphasize his unpretentiousness and asceticism.

At the time of the novel's action he is 22 years old. He has been a student since the age of 16, studied at the Faculty of Science, but left the university for almost 3 years, took care of his estate, wandered around Russia - both by land and by water, had many adventures that he arranged for himself, took several people to Kazan and Moscow universities , making them their fellows. Returning to St. Petersburg, he entered the philological department. Friends call R. “rigorist” and Nikitushka Lomov (after the famous barge hauler) - for the outstanding physical strength that he developed in himself through exercise. After several months of studying at the university, R. made acquaintance with a special smart heads like Kirsanov and Lopukhov, I began to read books according to their instructions.

“Some time before he left the university and went to his estate, then to wander around Russia, he had already accepted original principles in material, moral, and mental life, and when he returned, they had already developed into a complete system, which he adhered to unswervingly. “I don’t drink a drop of wine. I don't touch a woman." And the nature was ebullient. “Why is this? Such an extreme is not necessary at all.” - “That’s necessary. We demand complete enjoyment of life for people - we must testify with our lives that we demand this not to satisfy our personal passions, not for ourselves personally, but for man in general, that we speak only on principle, and not on bias, on conviction, and not out of personal need.”

Therefore, R. leads the most severe, Spartan lifestyle, eating only beef to maintain physical strength, citing the fact that he should eat only what is available to the common people. Constantly tests willpower (the textbook episode of lying on nails). His only weakness is cigars. He manages to do an enormous amount because he has made it a rule to restrain himself and to manage his time, without wasting it either on reading unimportant books or on unimportant matters.

R. lives in general, not personal, is constantly in trouble, and is not at home much. There is a well-known episode of his love for a certain lady whom he saved by stopping a charabanc with a runaway horse. R. deliberately refuses love because it ties his hands. And in response to the author’s ridicule, he says: “Yes, feel sorry for me, you’re right, feel sorry: after all, I, too, am not an abstract idea, but a person who would like to live.” R. probably participates in the “disappearance” of Lopukhov, acts as his confidant, passing on his letter to Vera Pavlovna. During a visit to her, he explains to her in detail his view of her situation, reprimands her for transferring the workshop to other hands, and he speaks about the guilt of Lopukhov, who, in his words, “did not prevent this melodrama.”

The image of R. bears the stamp of mystery, which encrypts the revolutionary activity of the hero - the “hidden” plot of the novel. It also marks his chosenness. Despite the fact that the hero takes part in the novel’s conflict, his plot function is different - to represent the type of special, “ideal” person with whom all other characters are compared in one way or another. It is known that two years after the events described in the novel, he leaves St. Petersburg, believing that he has already done everything he could here, sells his estate, distributes part of the money to his fellows so that they can complete the course, then his traces are lost. The author calls people like R. “salt of salt”
land."

"What to do?" N. G. Chernyshevsky- a work about the newly minted, contemporary writer, people, about their unusual life for that society. They were an advanced, progressively minded intelligentsia, emerging from commoners. These were real men of action, trying to win happiness for people in the battle against existing undeserved social foundations. They loved to work, were passionate and devoted to science, their moral ideals noble and sublime. These people create personal relationships based on mutual trust and respect. The commoners have no doubts in the fight, do not shy away from difficulties, fight for the ideal of a clear and bright future, for best life. In their midst, the personality of the “special person” Rakhmetov clearly emerges. Surely, trying to convincingly prove to his readers that Lopukhov, Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna are in fact ordinary, ordinary people, Chernyshevsky introduces the character of the titanic hero Rakhmetov, whom he himself considers an outstanding and extraordinary personality and calls an unusual person. Rakhmetov does not participate in the action of the novel. There are extremely few such people: they are not satisfied with either science or family happiness; they love all of humanity, suffer from every injustice that occurs, feel great grief in their own souls - the deplorable vegetation of millions of people, and devote themselves to recovery from this illness with all their ardor.

Rakhmetov became a true example of a comprehensively developed person who broke with his class and found in life common people, in the struggle for his happiness, his ideal, his goal. Critics wrote: "Even in the early student years the rigorism of a special person was formed, that is, habits were developed for stern, unyielding adherence to original principles in material, moral, and mental life." The path of an ordinary, good, kind and honest young student began with reading books, with the development of a new view for a living. He went through a school of political education with the raznochinets student Kirsanov. Rakhmetov took books for reading recommended by Kirsanov to bookstores. After reading such books, he became stronger in his thoughts about the need for a speedy improvement of material and moral life the most numerous and poorest class.

Rakhmetov studies and works in his homeland, and not abroad. He learns from Russian people engaged in everyday work. He needs, first of all, to know how financially constrained their lives are compared to his. own life. From the age of seventeen he became familiar with the harsh lifestyle of the common people. In his youth, he worked several hours a day as a laborer: he carried water, carried firewood, dug the earth, and forged iron. Rakhmetov finally gained the respect and love of ordinary people during his three-year wanderings around Russia, after he passed the entire Volga as a barge hauler. His comrades affectionately dubbed him Nikitushka Lomov.

Rakhmetov, through his harsh lifestyle, cultivated the physical endurance and spiritual fortitude necessary for future trials. Confidence in the rightness of oneself political ideals, the joy of fighting for the happiness of the people strengthened the spirit and strength of a fighter in him. Rakhmetov understood that the struggle for new world it will be life or death, and therefore he prepared himself for it in advance. It seems to me that it does not require much effort or special imagination to understand general character Rakhmetov’s activities: he was constantly involved in other people’s affairs, he simply had no personal affairs, everyone knew that. Rakhmetov was involved in the affairs of other people, he seriously worked for society. He generally had a lot distinctive features. For example, outside his circle, he only met people who had influence on others and had authority. And it was difficult to dismiss Rakhmetov if he decided to meet someone for the sake of business. And with unnecessary people he behaved simply rudely.

Rakhmetov performed unimaginable experiments on his body and scared to death his landlady Agrafena Antonovna, who rented out a room to him. He did not recognize love, suppressed this feeling in himself, not wanting to allow love to tie him hand and foot. Rakhmetov abandoned love in the name of a great cause.

"Yes, funny people, even funny ones... There are few of them, but with them the life of everyone around them blossoms; without them it would have stalled, gone sour; There are few of them, but they give all people the opportunity to breathe, without them people would suffocate."

The democratic writer Chernyshevsky, in the image of Rakhmetov, portrayed a revolutionary leader, a special person. The author wrote about such people: “This is the color the best people, these are the engines of the engines, they are the salt of the earth.”

However, time has revealed the inconsistency of socialist ideas. And in currently It becomes clear to us why the leaders of the October Revolution chose Rakhmetov as their ideal. They forged such qualities of character with which it was favorable for them to commit inhumane acts: they did not spare either themselves, much less others, carried out orders with the chilling, blind precision of an unshakable engine, looked at dissenters like superhumans at subhumans. As a result, Russia was drowned in blood, and the world community was shocked by the savagery of revolutionary acts.

Modern Russia is again on the path to a civilized future. And we can only dream that in this future of ours there will be fewer “special” people, and more ordinary and simple ones: kind-hearted, smiling, cheerful, living their own life. personal life. I would like this to be reflected in reality.

The main positive image of Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” - Rakhmetov (Nikitushka Lomov). He is the focus of a certain positive program of Chernyshevsky, the embodiment of the author’s ethical and aesthetic ideals. But, of course, the content of this image is not exhausted by either this program or these ideals. Chernyshevsky understood that the people themselves, the peasantry itself, did not have the conditions for developing revolutionary consciousness. And, from this point of view, the image of Rakhmetov is an attempt to artistically resolve the issue that worried Chernyshevsky all his life. It is in the affirmation of the desire for unity with the people that the meaning and content of this image lie. The image of Rakhmetov is bright and original. What is striking is the simplicity and naturalness of this hero emphasized by the author, his complete indifference to wealth (despite his noble origin), the absence of everything gentlemanly and lordly in him, his constant attention to ordinary people. It is Rakhmetov who comes to Vera Pavlovna to help in her great grief. Rakhmetov lives only for the people, in the name of the people: “...he had an abyss of affairs, and all the matters that did not concern him personally, he had no personal affairs...” Trying to show the closeness and unity of Rakhmetov with the people, Chernyshevsky connects in this character there are two images: the image of an advanced person with a “truly modern” way of thinking and the image of a “man of the people” - Nikitushka Lomov. We see how this hero does not feel sorry for himself. He has superhuman strength and endurance, and, together with barge haulers, carries heavy barges on his shoulders. Therefore, it is close and understandable to the people. Comparison with Pushkin's Pugachev, Gogol's Taras Bulba and other similar heroes speaks of the novelty of this type for Russian literature. Chernyshevsky very persistently and consistently emphasizes precisely those new features in the moral character of his hero, which precisely bring him closer to the people. When Rakhmetov is asked what is the reason for his “oddities” and “eccentricities” (he develops himself physically, dresses very simply, eats “simple food”), he replies: “This is necessary... it gives respect and love from ordinary people. “This is useful,” the revolutionary adds, “it may come in handy.” Rakhmetov - extraordinary person. But in whose eyes? “...Everyone was a little afraid of Rakhmetov,” notes Chernyshevsky, “even Lopukhov, and Kirsanov, and everyone who was not afraid of anyone or anything, felt at times a certain cowardice in front of him.” And “he was very distant from Vera Pavlovna.” Only among ordinary people is Rakhmetov “an insider”: he is “the favorite of Masha,” Vera Pavlovna’s servant and everyone “who equaled or surpassed her in the simplicity of soul and dress. Rakhmetov himself was proud of his closeness to the people. This hero considers the most terrible, most unforgivable crime to be a crime against the interests of the people. Reproaching Vera Pavlovna for the fact that during a severe mental shock she forgot about her workshops for a minute, Rakhmetov says that because of this, the business could suffer, a matter ultimately needed by the people. “This, Vera Pavlovna,” Rakhmetov continues, “is what in church language is called a sin against the Holy Spirit, a sin about which it is said that every other sin can be forgiven to a person, but this one - in no way, never.” In the scene of the conversation with Vera Pavlovna, Rakhmetov performs a double “mission”, Vera Pavlovna is calmed down, everything begins to fall within the framework of “ordinary” life, but the hero is concerned about the condition of her servant Masha: - Are you calm now, Vera Pavlovna? - Yeah almost. - Fine. Do you think Masha is sleeping? Do you need her for anything now? - Of course not. - But you have already calmed down; therefore, you could already remember that you need to tell her to sleep, it’s already the first hour, but she gets up early in the morning.” It is interesting that Vera Pavlovna’s scene is the only place in the novel where Rakhmetov appears and acts. Chernyshevsky introduces into this scene the motive of caring for the common man. All the conventions of an “educated society” do not exist for Rakhmetov. The thought of the people permeates the entire image of the revolutionary Rakhmetov. This is no coincidence. For Chernyshevsky, caring about the welfare of the people, about the fate of ordinary people, meant being a revolutionary. The image of Rakhmetov embodies the spirit of the era itself, the writer’s cherished dream. It is impossible not to note the romantic features in it. The author raised the hero above the crowd, embodied in him the hope for the awakening of revolutionary consciousness among the people, their emancipation and happiness. It is no coincidence that Rakhmetov appears again at the end of the novel, accompanied by the mysterious “woman in pink,” symbolizing the revolution.

It’s no secret that at one time Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” caused a real stir in public circles. A novel about “new people” - this is usually what this work is called, which had a colossal influence on the minds Russian youth 60s of the XIX century. But who are these “new people”?

One of them is Rakhmetov, a character who plays a special role in this novel. “A special person” is what the author calls him. Rakhmetov is collectively people of the highest “breed” of that time. What is he like?

Rakhmetov is a revolutionary democrat, a nobleman by birth. As a young man, he entered the university, where he became close to Kirsanov. He greatly influenced Rakhmetov’s views, after which the young man began to study revolutionary literature. However, he did not read everything: he declared that he read only “original” things. Rakhmetov believed that every science has its own textbook sources, and only they are truly worthy of attention. Accordingly, he studied only the most original works, primary sources, because they freed him from the need to study hundreds of similar books.

Some characters call Rakhmetov a rigorist - a man who unswervingly followed his principles and internal guidelines. And indeed it is. Being an aristocrat by birth, Rakhmetov did not allow himself to live in grand style: apart from beef, he ate only the most cheap products, slept on felt. “I have no right to spend money on a whim that I can do without,” he declared. Moreover, Rakhmetov for a long time worked hard in order to experience first-hand all the hardships, difficulties and deprivations that befall poor people. This is the essence of his asceticism: he believed that he could not live differently from the way the common people lived.

Rakhmetov devoted himself entirely to the cause for the good of the people: he never wasted time, studied relevant literature, and even spent no more time communicating with people than was necessary. This reflects one of the main traits of his character - rationality. Sometimes his rationality went to the extreme: he once fell in love with a woman, but Serious relationships didn’t start with her - according to him, it could have “tied his hands.” He meant that love would be an obstacle for him revolutionary activities. Therefore, he left his beloved; For several months after the breakup, I tried to suppress the feeling of love in myself; I walked around depressed and gloomy. And this is just one of the cases of his self-restraint and self-sacrifice.

It is obvious that Rakhmetov is a character to look up to. Unwavering will, firm adherence to principles, rationality, honesty - these are the qualities that each of us should strive to acquire.

Option 2

Rakhmetov appears before us in the chapter “A Special Person,” but it is felt that he was the most important in the work.

We see that the hero began to be reborn as a young man. His household were serfs, and therefore, noticing and experiencing the morals of serfdom, our character began to think about the truth. Rakhmetov differed from Lopukhov and Kirsanov, first of all, strong will and strong character, manifested in the process of preparatory actions in the revolutionary struggle. When he dreamed of a revolution, he began to have more and more thoughts about how to act. He actively sought rapprochement with ordinary people. This is noticeable from his trips around his native expanses, activities physical labor, restrictions in personal life.

People called Rakhmetov Nikitushka Lomov, thereby showing sympathy for him. He believes that peasants and workers need to be respected and tries to understand the difficulties that they bear on their shoulders. The author awarded the main character with severity towards himself and an inconspicuous appearance. Vera Pavlovna at first considers him a gloomy person, but after getting to know him better, she began to claim that he exudes kindness and tenderness.

Rakhmetov never deviates from accepted norms of behavior. His preparation of himself for the revolutionary struggle is felt both from the moral and physical side. After spending the whole night on nails, he decided to test himself whether he could do this or not. Coming from a noble family, the hero sells his inheritance because he does not want to accept the interests of aristocratic society. Possessing great courage, he refuses happiness and love. It was precisely such a person that Chernyshevsky saw as the leader of the revolutionaries. His image influenced subsequent generations of people with new and progressive views in Russia and the West.

The image of Rakhmetov is close and interesting to me, because he has those qualities that Bazarov did not have. I especially admire his independence, stability and, of course, the fact that he knew how to subordinate his life to his chosen ideal.

Rakhmetov's essay in the novel What to do?

The image of Rakhmetov is in some sense truly unique and amazing. It was the highest pure nature, which embodied the features of the era. Chernyshevsky admires the character of his character, he is deeply sympathetic to him. Rakhmetov is endowed with incredible character traits.

This man was an aristocrat by origin, his ideas and thoughts were of a democratic nature. Chernyshevsky himself says about his hero that there are very few such people left.

It is worth noting that Chernyshevsky’s character was not immediately endowed with all of the above traits. When he first arrived in St. Petersburg, he was an ordinary young man without any special bright ideas, plans for the future, dreams, but then Rakhmetov meets Kirsanov. It was he who introduced our character to the teachings of the utopian socialists. This teaching literally turned Rakhmetov’s entire worldview upside down, and it made him a special person. The teachings of Feuerbach, who also impressed him with his ideas, also played an important role.

Rakhmetov incredibly quickly masters and remembers what he is told, he amazes Kirsanov with his abilities. He has an inquisitive mind, he is observant, Rakhmetov works in a wide variety of fields, he does not shy away from any work. The barge haulers even nicknamed Rakhmetov after the Volga hero, he was so close to the people.

He limits himself in many things, deliberately forces himself to endure physical suffering. In secret, Rakhmetov was preparing for the revolution; he even had several people who were interested in revolutionary activities. For the sake of the revolution, he was even able to abandon the woman he loved. He believed that his direct responsibility was work and activity, and he could not afford to associate himself with a woman. His most important task was to fight for the well-being and happiness of the people. And, it’s worth noting, he did it very well. Many people drew strength from Rakhmetov, admired him, and he served as an example for them. He himself was incredibly interested in exploring their lives, observing, studying their lives.

Perhaps in certain period In our country there have always been people who were distinguished by their intelligence, ability to foresee certain circumstances, and perspicacity. Unfortunately, we cannot say that there are many such people, but you need to listen to them, think about every word, and be extremely attentive.

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IMAGE
RAKHMETOV IN THE NOVEL N.G. CHERNYSHEVSKY “WHAT
DO?"