Folklore motifs in the story The Night Before Christmas. Lesson plan for a lesson in literature (grade 5) on the topic: Folklore motives of a fairy tale N

Nikolenko O. N., Nikolenko E. S. (Poltava, Ukraine), Ph.D. Sc., prof., head. Department of Foreign Literature of Poltava National Pedagogical University named after V. G. Korolenko / 2012

Since the 17th century, Ukraine has aroused great interest in Europe and Russia as a land of beautiful nature, original traditions and history. This interest has intensified in late XVIII — early XIX centuries in connection with the development of romanticism.

While in St. Petersburg, Gogol wrote in his letters to his mother and sisters asking them to send him Little Russian stories, folk beliefs, descriptions of Ukrainian costumes and rituals. He used all this in the collection “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka,” which was published during 1830-1832 and was very successful.

The connection between the cycle of “Evenings” and folk traditions has already been the subject of separate studies at the level of the characteristics of artistic consciousness, individual motives And literary devices(V. Zvinyatskovsky, P. Mikhed, etc.). Recently, serious works have appeared on this issue concerning archetypes (A. Goldenberg) and mythopoetics (L. Sofronova) of early Gogol. However, the connection between the writer’s work and Ukrainian folklore and folk mythology remains a rather complex issue in Gogol studies, requiring continued study of specific texts of the cycle.

Dikanka as a topos was a very significant place as a historical crossroads (of the destinies of Russia and Europe in the context of the Northern War), a sacred crossroads (in connection with ancient legends about miraculous icon), a romantic crossroads (in connection with the love story of Mazepa for Maria Kochubey). This place became a kind of crossroads of the destinies of people associated with the Gogol family (the architect of the Dikan Church M. Lvov and the writers G. Derzhavin, V. Kapnist were married to sisters, the Kochubeys occupied a prominent place in the capital). Thus, Dikanka in Gogol’s artistic consciousness united his homeland and capital, historical and sacred, real and mythological.

Dikanka’s topos is clearly outlined by Gogol in the preface to the first part of “Evenings”: “I think you’ve heard plenty about Dikanka. And then say that there house (meaning Kochubey's estate - author) cleaner than some Pasichnikov’s kuren. And about garden and there is nothing to say: in your St. Petersburg, you probably won’t find anything like this...” (I, p. 106) Foma Grigorievich, clerk of the Dikansky church, is one of the implicit characters in the cycle “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka.”

In his book, Gogol revealed to society a previously undiscovered Ukraine - not only as a part of Russian history and part of the Russian empire, but also as a region that has its own national identity, mythology, folklore, traditions and customs. Gogol thereby asserted not so much exoticism as the cultural uniqueness and originality of Ukraine, which, although it was part of Little Russia Russian Empire, but still had some differences.

In the list of words that are incomprehensible to readers, along with exoticisms and barbarisms - names of details of Ukrainian life and culture (bandura, batog, zhupan, kaganets, dumplings, hopak, makitra, plakhta, sopilka, etc.), Gogol included names indicating national identification. For example: “katsap - Russian a man with a beard", "Chumaks - "carriers going to the Crimea for salt and fish" (part 1), " Little Russians traveling for salt and fish, usually to the Crimea” (part 2). Descriptive interpretation Ukrainian words(girl, lad, Cossack, etc.) through the Russian language testifies, on the one hand, to the author’s feeling of involvement in the Russian world, but on the other hand, this also emphasizes the national originality of what Gogol created art world.

The preface to the first part of the collection contains an indication that “vechernitsy” (Ukrainian. evening girls) are similar to the capital’s balls, but not quite: “They, if you please, are similar to your balls; I just can’t say that at all. If you go to balls, it is precisely to twirl your legs and yawn in your hand; and here a crowd of girls will gather in one hut, not at all for a ball, with a spindle, with combs; and at first they seem to be busy: the spindles are noisy, songs are flowing, and each one does not even raise an eye to the side; but as soon as the couples with the violinist come into the hut, a scream will rise, a shawl will start, dancing will begin and such jokes will be made that it is impossible to tell. But it’s best when everyone huddles together in a tight group and starts asking riddles or just chatting. Oh my God! What they won’t tell you! Where antiquities won't be dug up! What fears will they not inflict!..” (I, p. 104).

The traditions of Ukrainian folklore, images, motifs and symbols of folk mythology influenced the artistic structure of the works collected in the collection “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, which was clearly manifested in the story “The Night Before Christmas”, which opens the second part of the cycle. Even in the preface to the first part, the author spoke about the plan of the second: “It’s better that when I live, God willing, until the new year and publish another book, then it will be possible to suffer people from the other world And divas what happened in the old days in Orthodox side ours” (I, p. 106).

The motifs of “the other world” and “diva” (“miracle”) are key in the story “The Night Before Christmas” and go back to the traditions of paganism and Christianity, which are clearly reflected in Ukrainian folklore, mythology and Ukrainian ritual culture.

The events in the story take place on “holy evening” (Ukr. Holy Supper, Rich Supper, Holy Supper). Twelve are prepared this evening Lenten dishes, the whole family gathers, reads prayers, remembers the dead, young people bring food to their godmothers and fathers. This evening everyone waits for the first star to break their fast. The central dish on the pre-Christmas table was kutya (in the story Vakula recalls “hungry kutya,” that is, fasting), prepared from the gifts of nature - a symbol of further well-being, prosperity and a talisman against evil forces.

It has long been believed that amazing and magical events, extraordinary transformations and even meetings with evil spirits, which must recede before the Christian holiday of Christmas. In the story “The Night Before Christmas” such extraordinary transformations are found everywhere (the witch turns into Solokha, the devil into a horse, etc.). Magical events also take place in the earthly world: the blacksmith Vakula saddled the devil himself, flew to St. Petersburg, and got slippers for the beautiful Oksana from the queen herself.

Evening (and night) in romanticism is a special time, a mysterious time, a time of meeting between the real and other worlds, God and the Devil, good and evil spirits. Gogol gives the romantic concepts of “evening” and “night” sacred meaning and the national color of Ukrainian culture.

As you know, Christian holidays begin the day before, so evening and night are included in their sacred time. In addition, night in the pagan tradition of the Slavs is considered a particularly magical and especially effective time, when all the evil spirits creep out from the dark corners and it is necessary to actively counteract it. Evening and night are a time of love sadness, grief over an unhappy fate. Popularly associated with evening and night a whole series beliefs (they don’t give back borrowed money at night, don’t throw out trash, don’t throw out water after bathing a child, etc.). The symbolic attribute of the night is a black horse (it is no coincidence that in Gogol the devil turns into a horse in St. Petersburg).

The folklore structure of “vechernitsy”, emphasized by the author in the preface to the first part, influenced the construction of works from Gogol’s collection. The story “The Night Before Christmas” is focused on the oral tradition, that is, on the telling of a certain story, which is interrupted by songs, jokes, scenes from folk life - quarrels (Ukr. welding), fights (Ukrainian) with trims), rumors (Ukrainian) sensitively). The story consists of separate short stories, each of which is based on a specific episode, but these short stories are internally interconnected, and the ending of each of them creates the effect of anticipation of a continuation, which is also characteristic of the folklore structure of Ukrainian “vechernitsy”.

Let us also note that “evening houses” in Ukrainian folklore are a kind of synthetic structure where word, music, dance, and theatrical performances are organically combined, where the everyday can coexist with the sacred, mystical, where the funny and the scary can be present at the same time. “Evening girls” are characterized by polyphony, stylistic diversity, and constant appeal to their interlocutors, or rather, to the participants in the action. This artistic syncretism is observed in the story “The Night Before Christmas”.

The structure of the story “The Night Before Christmas” was also influenced by the traditions of the Ukrainian nativity scene, where the performance was performed in different tiers - the upper (heavenly) and lower (earthly). In the upper tier they showed religious subjects, and in the lower one - funny scenes from Ukrainian folk life. The traditional characters of the Ukrainian nativity scene were the Mother of God, Jesus, Herod, Devil (in the upper tier), Baba, Moskal, Gypsy, Shinkar, Dyak (in the lower tier). The main and most popular hero of the nativity scene was Kozak (Zaporozhets) - the most dynamic character, he always emerged victorious in all scenes.

The story “The Night Before Christmas” presents the iconic characters of the Ukrainian nativity scene - the woman (Solokha, the weaver, Pereperchikha), the clerk, the Head, the Cossack, the blacksmith, the beauty (Oksana), the queen, the godfather. Characteristic traits are assigned to them: a cunning and grumpy woman, a brave and purposeful hero, a proud beauty, a fair and generous queen, an all-knowing and all-powerful Cossack, a stupid head, a drunken godfather, a lustful clerk, etc.

Upper and lower tiers in Gogol’s story “The Night Before Christmas” they turn out to be interpenetrating, forming an organic unity of the artistic world of the story. The majestic story of the birth of Christ is included in the earthly world with its everyday signs and real stories. The erasing of boundaries, movement from one world to another, the interpenetration of worlds is ensured by the wonderful transformations of characters and the freedom of oral storytelling (here the author-storyteller acts as the Creator, setting in motion the entire world he created).

IN art organization The story “The Night Before Christmas” also revealed the traditions of ritual Ukrainian folklore.

Carols - calendar- ritual songs, which have been performed in Ukraine since pagan times. The name is associated with Kolyada - the god who in paganism began a new Circle of the Sun (Svarog), that is, a new economic year. With the adoption of Christianity, Kolyada was associated with the great holiday of Christmas. The ritual of caroling consisted of carolers walking from house to house, singing praises to God and good wishes to people, and in return receiving donations into a common bag, then these donations were divided among all participants in the procession. Kolyada is a symbol of the renewal of the world, a symbol of holiness and purity, the victory of good over evil. The word “Kolyada” itself comes from “kolo” (hence Ukrainian. kolo, wheel, carols) - symbol of the Sun. The carols celebrated the birth of the Sun and the most important components of the Universe - Fire and Water, as well as the birth of Christ.

Here are the carols recorded by A. Afanasyev:

Behind the steep mountain,

Behind the river bistro

The forests remain dark,

Fires burn in these forests,

There are fires all around people stand,

People stand and sing carols.

Oh, Kolyada, Kolyada!

Ti buvaesh, Kolyada,

Before the Holidays.

Ikhala Kolyada

In a painted cart,

To the black horse!

I stopped by Vasil at the door.

Vasil, Vasil! Give Kolyada.

Kolyad, kolyad, kolyadnitsa,

“Honey and Palyanitsya” are traditional symbols of the Sun, “Ikhala Kolyada” is also the Sun, the turning of which people joyfully celebrate. Often, carolers changed their clothes or turned out their casing, depicting a wolf (to scare away evil spirits). Among the carolers there was one who pretended to be a devil; he put on a skin, smeared his face with soot, attached horns to his head, a snout to his nose, and took hot coal in his teeth. He was an active participant in the action (hotel scenes) during caroling.

In constructing the plot of the story “The Night Before Christmas,” Gogol relied on the ritual of caroling, which he often observed in his homeland. Carolers come to Oksana, among whom Odarka and her new little creatures attract her attention. Solokha hides those who came to her in bags, and Vakula puts them out on the street, which leads to new plot twists. The atmosphere of a cheerful folk festival and caroling reigns in the story.

The idea of ​​the unity of the people gathered to glorify Christ in carols is constantly heard in the work: “Songs and shouts were heard noisier and noisier through the streets. The crowds of jostling people were increased by those who came from neighboring villages. The boys were naughty and crazy to their heart's content. Often, between the carols, some kind of carol, which one of the young Cossacks immediately managed to fold” (I, p. 220). In joyful unity, the residents of Dikanka and surrounding villages awaited the celebration of the birth of Christ, and together they celebrate the holiday in the church. “The morning has come. The whole church was full of people even before the light...” (I, p. 240).

Even in the very construction of Gogol’s phrase, especially at the very beginning, one can feel the influence of carols, where traditional symbols are stars, a month, and also sounds of praise to Christ and an appeal to good people and to the whole world. “A clear winter night has arrived. The stars looked out. The moon majestically rose to the sky to shine good people and the whole world so that everyone can have fun caroling and praising Christ"(I, p. 201).

Due to folklore tradition caroling, Gogol's story includes the theme of the struggle between light and darkness, good and evil, a new turn in life and the unity of the people before evil spirits.

Along with carols, Gogol also mentions other ritual songs of Ukrainians - Shchedrovki (Ukrainian. Shchedrivka). The author resorts to direct quotation: “Then suddenly one of the crowd, instead of a carol, let out a shchedrovka and roared at the top of his lungs:

Shchedrik, bucket!

Give me a dumpling,

A breast of porridge,

Kіltse cowboys!

Laughter rewarded the entertainer” (I, p. 220).

Why did they laugh at the one who suddenly started singing the shchedrovka song?

“Generous Evening” (Ukrainian) Generous evening) is included in the cycle of New Year and Christmas holidays, but it does not coincide with the “Holy Evening”, but comes a week later. Shchedrovki (Ukrainian) Shchedrivka) - these are the magic words that should appease the generous God of the Savior and give a good harvest in the new year.

Carols and schedrovki, directly introduced by Gogol into the story “The Night Before Christmas,” give the work an atmosphere of lyricism, traditional folk culture and emphasize the eternal themes and motifs that unfold in the story: the turn to the new economic year, the struggle of light and darkness, good and evil, as well as the arrival of the great Orthodox holiday, for which Christians should unite.

The story “The Night Before Christmas” mentions another genre of Ukrainian folklore - duma (when Vakula thinks about Oksana). His monologue conveys doubt, but at the same time confidence in overcoming difficulties. Gogol also puts into Vakula’s mouth folk song“I don’t bother with my wife...” This is part folk song“Oh on, oh on the mountain that woman will reap...”, which sounds the theme of the Zaporozhye Sich, the campaigns of the Cossacks (Sagaidachny and Doroshenko are mentioned there). That is, in the image of the blacksmith Vakula, the features of a Cossack are also emphasized.

Vakula’s connection with the Ukrainian Cossacks is also confirmed by scenes in St. Petersburg, where he does not immediately go to the queen, but relies on friendly support Zaporozhye Cossacks who were passing through Dikanka. The motif of Cossack camaraderie will subsequently become central in the story “Taras Bulba”. The hero’s courage and straightforwardness when meeting the queen (which also corresponded to the code of the Ukrainian Cossack) helped him get the treasured item - golden slippers for Oksana.

The story “The Night Before Christmas” contains certain elements of a Ukrainian folk tale: at the level of images (a hero and a beauty, two godfathers, a wife and a deceived husband, a woman and her admirers, two grumpy women, wonderful transformations of characters, etc.), on level of plot structures (test of the hero by a beauty, womanly evasions, meeting of the hero with the devil, agreement between the devil and the man, etc.), at the level of the chronotope ( home world- capital, earthly - otherworldly, etc.), at the level of motives (the struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, hero and devil, testing the hero, searching for a treasured object necessary for happiness, etc.), at the level of style and language (promise (Ukrainian obitnytsia), repetitions, traditional epithets and metaphors, folk figures of speech, etc.).

At the end of the story “The Night Before Christmas”, the traditional motif of a folk tale - achieving happiness with the help of a treasured object obtained by the hero, as well as the transformation of the heroes (Oksana no longer needs slippers, because she realized that love is more important) is associated with the Christian motif of a “miracle” during the great holiday of Christmas.

The month is a traditional Slavic symbol along with the Sun. According to ancient beliefs, stars were born from the union of the Sun and the Moon. In ancient carols, the heavenly world appears very harmonious: the sky is called a temple (chamber), the Month is the ruler, the Sun is his wife, and the stars are their children. In Ukrainian legends, the month that shines at night awakens the seeds of life and gives them fertility. With the aging month, no crops were started. It was believed that if you sow bread “when the month is young,” the bread will grow faster. Carols, songs (sowing), and spells (Ukrainian prayer) were associated with the month. In order for the month to contribute to the well-being of the family, a sacrifice was made to it in the form of dumplings or dumplings, which are shaped like a month. We find echoes of all these folklore and mythological ideas in Gogol’s story “The Night Before Christmas.” The devil stole the month, and this threatened the whole world. Patsyuk eats dumplings and dumplings, which is associated with mythological ideas about magical power month.

Representatives of the “other world” - the witch and the devil - are shown in the home space; they acquire human traits and act alongside the human characters. The devil has the features of the “Yareskovsky head” and the “provincial solicitor”. And the witch turns into Solokha, who “bewitches” men. In the Ukrainian tradition, both the devil and the witch had a number of names, different in semantics (scary, euphemisms, comic, etc.). This is manifested in the story “The Night Before Christmas”: the devil is a damned German, an agile dandy with a tail and a goat’s beard, crafty, evil spirit, bald, lame, Satan, kaka etc.; witch - Solokha, mistress, devil-woman, etc.

The conflict between the blacksmith Vakula and the devil is a unique interpretation of the famous Ukrainian proverb “The devil is not so terrible as he paints his eyes.” In Ukrainian folklore, stories about various adventures of the devil in the earthly world, about the courtship (Ukrainian zalitsyanny) of the devil with a woman (widow, someone else's wife), about the theft of the devil of the month (sun, stars), about the agreement (contract) of the devil with a person are quite widespread. , about the hero's victory over the devil. The devil in folk mythology is capable of flying rapidly across the sky, scattering sparks, and (like the witch) flying in and out of a chimney. Therefore, the image of smoke goes back to ancient mythological ideas about evil spirits. Very often in Ukrainian folk tales the devil appears deceived - the hero forces him to act in his own interests. The devil, as a rule, must help the hero get married, get some treasured item, or complete an impossible task. This folklore motif can be traced in the story “The Night Before Christmas” by Gogol. IN in this case the motive of victory over the devil is consistent with the Christian idea of ​​Christmas.

The images of the devil and the blacksmith Vakula are closely connected in Gogol’s work. Even in pagan ideas, a blacksmith (Ukr. farrier) was endowed with special magical powers because he was the ruler of the element of fire. In addition, blacksmiths were considered in some way “priests”, since “kovati” (Ukr. kuwati) meant art in general, including magic. During Christian times, the blacksmith's craft became even more important because blacksmiths worked on the construction of churches. Blacksmith Vakula not only knows how to work with a hammer, but also knows how to draw (paint). He painted the Trinity Church with pictures of the Last Judgment, which led to his conflict with the devil, and the devil interfered with him not only while painting, but also in life (trying to quarrel with Chub, thereby preventing him from marrying Oksana).

The motif of “painting” appears more than once in the story. The blacksmith saw the Most Pure Virgin in the queen’s chambers with a baby in her arms, and this greatly excited him. At the end of the story, Oksana herself appears as the Most Pure Virgin with her child. Vakula and Oksana’s hut is “painted”. And the women showed the devil that Vakula drew in the church to the children and said: “He’s a big deal.” kaka daubed" (I, p. 243).

Thus, the action of “painting” had a sacred meaning; it goes back to the mythological ideas of the ancient Slavs that with the help of certain symbols, signs, and colors one can overcome evil forces. In the era of Christianity, “painting” became even more common in connection with iconography. In Ukrainian folk tradition they painted churches, huts, Easter eggs (pysanky), clothes (shirts, scaffolds, belts, etc. using embroidery), dishes, stoves, etc., which was considered a talisman against the devil.

In the story "The Night Before Christmas" it is used color symbolism, based on mythological ideas people. Red color ("all around red paint") - a symbol of Christ, his blood, as well as the color of youth and love (Oksana’s shirt was embroidered with red silk). Green is the color of nature, prosperity, family happiness. IN green the blacksmith Vakula painted the wing of the Trinity Church and decorated it with red flowers. This design is fully consistent with the traditions of Ukrainian Baroque. Gogol knew that the Trinity Church was built in the shape of a cross (that’s also why the devil looked bad there) in the late Baroque style. Therefore, all kinds of decorations were quite natural for her, although she had a single dome.

There is another Ukrainian proverb: “Baba is fierce for the devil.” She is artistically interpreted by the author in the image of Solokha. The witch is one of bright characters Ukrainian demonology. As you know, a witch comes from the word “to know,” that is, she had special knowledge and knew how to bewitch, enchant, and transform. It is very difficult to recognize a witch among people: she can be old and young, appear in different guises. In Gogol’s story “The Night Before Christmas,” Solokha is depicted as a very attractive witch; she does not harm the main characters, but in some way influences the course of events. Motifs of womanish evasions, pranks, enchantment and courtship are very common in Ukrainian folk tales. And the fact that Solokha the witch is the mother of the blacksmith Vakula (who is also endowed with a certain magic) is quite natural. In Ukrainian folklore, a fairly common motif is when the hero must pass a certain spiritual test and overcome the action of evil forces, cleanse himself and move on to a new life.

The night in folk tradition was divided into three parts: the first - from sunset to midnight; the second - before the roosters crow; the third - before sunrise. Gogol's story "The Night Before Christmas" reflects this three-part time structure. At the beginning of the story, events begin from the moment the moon appeared and stars poured out in the sky. The main events unfold before midnight and after. Vakula returned from St. Petersburg to his hut when the rooster crowed (in folk tradition - a symbol of the sun, light, fire, resurrection, male strength, a warrior against evil force; in Christianity - a symbol of resurrection, victory of the good spirit over the evil one, repentance), and then I slept through matins and mass.

In folklore, time and space are capable of changing their boundaries (up to their absence at all), shrinking, layering, interpenetrating, which is what happens in the story “The Night Before Christmas”, when so many events take place during one night - both everyday and fantastic , both funny and dramatic, but in the end everything is directed towards one point - to achieve the victory of goodness, light and love.

At the end the works are combined Christian motives resurrection (“Chub’s eyes bulged when the blacksmith came to him, and did not know what to marvel at: whether the blacksmith had resurrected, or the fact that the blacksmith dared to come to him, or the fact that he dressed up as such a dandy and Cossack” (I , p. 242)), returns prodigal son(Vakula prostrates himself before Chub and asks for forgiveness), repentance (Vakula repents of everything), the Trinity (Chub hits Vakula on the back three times) and folklore motifs of matchmaking (Vakula asks for Oksana’s hand in marriage), offering gifts (Vakula gives slippers to Oksana) and moral cleansing (Oksana says: “I don’t even have booties...”).

The motif of “glory” (“glorify”) loops the composition of the story. If at the beginning of the work we were talking about how much fun everyone had caroling and praising Christ, then at the end of the story the bishop, who was passing through Dikanka and saw the “painted” hut of the blacksmith Vakula, said: “Glorious! Nice work! The motive of glory in Gogol's story extends not only to the heavenly world, but also to the earthly world, including the creations of human hands, to his art of life. In the Ukrainian folk tradition, the word “glory” still has a special magical meaning (“Glory to Ukraine!” - “Glory to the Heroes” - this is how people greet each other on major Ukrainian holidays).

Thus, the traditions of Ukrainian folklore and folk mythology influenced the artistic structure of the story “The Night Before Christmas”, in particular the plot, figurative system, motivic organization, artistic time and space, as well as the genre content of the work, its stylistic originality and language. Folklore and mythological structures in Gogol's story contributed to the establishment of Christian ideas and the triumph of man's spiritual capabilities, his unity with God, nature and people. In addition, the use of elements of Ukrainian folklore and folk mythology contributed to the creation of a national image of the world in Gogol’s works.

Target:· identify the historical basis, folklore sources and motives of the story; form an idea of ​​the narrator’s image, determine the similarities and differences between the characters in the story and fairy tale characters; · to develop the ability to highlight the main thing in the message of the teacher and students, work with the textbook and illustrations; as well as skills expressive reading, role-playing, artistic retelling, lexical work; · cultivate interest in the personality and work of N.V. Gogol. Equipment: Multimedia presentation.

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON. I. Organizational moment. II. Repetition of what was learned in the previous lesson.. Folklore motives, historical background stories.

In the story “The Night Before Christmas” the author turns to a really familiar Ukrainian people's life and folklore. There is a lot in the story folk words and expressions. - Explain the lexical meanings of words and phrases: Chaise, volost, engage in painting, assessor, capelyukhi, cap, knish. Britzka – A light road vehicle, mostly without springs, sometimes with an open top.

Parish – Rural territory subordinate to the city. Engage in painting - Do drawing . Assessor – A person chosen to participate in the work of a government or judicial institution.

Kapelyukhi – Hat with ears. Cap – headdress with band and visor. Knysh - a small round pie with cottage cheese or other filling baked inside: jam, or onions with cracklings.

Name the features that unite the story with a fairy tale. (It is based on the most common of fairy tales: the hero's trip to the distant kingdom for a magic item necessary to win the beauty. This plot is joined by two more - also common ones: about a blacksmith who defeated the devil, and from everyday fairy tale– about lovers hidden in bags. As in a real fairy tale, good wins). III. Images of Oksana and Vakula in the story “The Night Before Christmas”. 1. Images of Oksana in the story. - When do the events in the story take place? 1.1. A story about Christmas Eve. On Christmas night, according to popular belief, all sorts of miracles happen.

It is believed that on this night the heavens “open” and all earthly waters and springs are endowed with magical powers. healing power. The wish you make this night will definitely come true. There is a custom at Christmas midnight to look at the sky: the eyes of people living a righteous life open heavenly heights unimaginable beauty.

On Christmas Eve in Rus', the custom of caroling was observed. Guys and girls got together and went from house to house, singing carols and begging the owners for treats and money.

The night before the holiday is a favorable time for the devil to act. This is a time of special freedom of behavior. The holiday and the beliefs associated with it take life out of its usual rut and make the impossible possible. 1.2. The narrator of the story. - From whose perspective is the story being told? - Make an oral portrait of the narrator. - How does the narrator perceive what is happening? What do the details of the characteristics that he gives to the heroes of the story indicate? 1.3. An expressive reading of a fragment of the story from the words “But behind him there was a real provincial attorney in uniform...” to the words “... to teach good people the sins.” (P.162) 1.4. An expressive reading of a fragment from the words “Wonderfully arranged in our world!

” to the words “Mug, as Foma Grigorievich says, is an abomination, an abomination, but he, too, makes love hens!” (P.164) 1.5.

Expressive reading of the fragment from the words “Perhaps these same cunning and cleverness were her fault...” to the words “... put Father Kondrat’s hat on her head and ran back.” (P.174) The narrator is his own person in the world he is talking about, and addresses the reader as “his own.” The text of the story is filled with references to mutual friends, rumors, and someone’s words. The narrator cannot help but gossip about mutual acquaintances, distracting himself from the story that occupies him, plunging into the details.- Name the heroes of the story. - Why are there so many heroes in the story? (This is a story about an entire country, about a “tribe”, and not just about a few people.)- What qualities of Oksana are manifested in the episodes: “Oksana in front of the mirror”; "Conversation with a blacksmith"; "Girlfriends Arrival"? 1.6.

Expressive reading by role from the words “Now let’s see what the beautiful daughter does when left alone...” to the words “... That’s all the best that could have been done then.” (P.167-169) 1.7. Artistic retelling students of the episode depicted in the illustration by M.

S. Rodionova. (P.169-172) 1.8. Expressive reading by role from the words “Heaps of girls with bags broke into Chub’s hut, surrounded Oksana...” to the words “The girls took the capricious beauty with them.” (P.178-179) - How does Oksana differ from the positive heroines of folk tales?

(The images of the heroines of folk tales are schematic. Oksana is a living person. Gogol does not idealize the heroine. However, there is nothing repulsive in her coquetry. She looks quite simple, and sometimes comical).- Is the test Oksana invented for Vakula similar to the test of a hero in folk tales? 1.9. Appeal to the illustration “Get your boots, I’ll get married!” Artist A.P. Bubnov. (P.185) 2.

The image of Vakula in the story. - How is the blacksmith Vakula depicted? Write it down keywords, which can tell about the character of the blacksmith Vakula. - How is Vakula similar to the hero of a fairy tale? (Vakula, like any positive hero of a fairy tale, is described extremely sparingly, his image is somewhat sketchy. He is a skilled blacksmith and talented artist. The hero is very strong, pious, devout. Descriptions of Vakula’s love experiences make it possible to understand that this is a person who knows how to feel subtly and sincerely love).- The fact that Vakula is an artist is very important for Gogol.

Gogol considered art, capable of resurrecting the soul of Russia, to be the most powerful means of fighting evil. But this faith was subject to constant doubt, and in his work the artist defeats the devil twice - in “The Night Before Christmas” and in the second part of the story “Portrait”. - What do we learn about Vakula the artist? - Expressive reading from the words “In his spare time, the blacksmith was busy painting...” to the words “... and from that time on the devil swore to take revenge on the blacksmith.” (P.163-164) - Expressive reading of the fragment from the words “Having already climbed the stairs, the Cossacks walked through the first hall” to the words “I think German blacksmiths did all this for the most expensive prices.”

(P.202-203) - Expressive reading of a fragment from the words “Whose painted hut is this?” to the words “And the child, holding back his tears, glanced sideways at the picture and huddled close to his mother’s chest.” (P.212) (Vakula paints fences, paints bowls, huts and chests, but at the same time he can draw a picture and appreciate it European painting the time when he sees her in the palace in St. Petersburg. Vakula is an artist; he shames the devil not only with a cross, but also with art, painting him in a shameful form.) - The story contains several expressive descriptions of Vakula's art. Are there details and halftones in Vakula’s paintings? What does this indicate?

(In Vakula’s paintings there are no halftones and no bright details. Color contrasts sharp and bold. This speaks of the directness of character and the sincerity of the artist.)- How is the winter night depicted in the story? Expressive reading of episodes.

This work reflects necessary requirements Federal State Educational Standard. In development is a group project activities students in a literature lesson. The lesson introduces students to the features of celebrating Christmas and presents the story of the birth of Jesus Christ. Students also get the opportunity to get acquainted with the peculiarities of life of Ukrainians in the 19th century and some Ukrainian words. The lesson is practically taught by the children's mothers, and the teacher only guides the children.

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Literature lesson for 5th grade on the topic: “Folklore motives of N.V. Gogol’s fairy tale “The Night Before Christmas.”

(students’ project activities)

The purpose of the lesson: to introduce to students the folklore motifs of N.V. Gogol’s story “The Night Before Christmas.”

Lesson objectives:

• Introduce students to the features of the celebration of the Nativity of Christ, present the story of the birth of Jesus Christ;
• Provide students with information about folk beliefs;
• Introduce students to the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language;
• Development of students' skills in theatrical acting and expressive reading, vocal performance of folklore genres;
• Formation of students’ skills in analyzing an episode, identifying means of artistic expression, skills in identifying a problem, and the author’s position in the text;
• Development of students' skills in group work;
• Formation of communicative competencies of students through the entry of students into dialogue with each other, the teacher, when implementing a monologue statement.

Planned results:

Personal:

- the formation of ideas about creativity as an existential value of humanism; desire for harmony human soul, to the ideal;

Formation of moral ideas about good and evil;

Metasubject:

- education of a qualified reader with a formed aesthetic taste; developing the ability to perceive, analyze and critically evaluate what you read;

Using students’ practical skills acquired in technology lessons in literature lessons, fine arts and music: making Christmas tree decorations, singing carols, creating drawings.

Subject:

To develop the ability to distinguish the real from the fantastic, to know the main features of a fairy tale; knowledge of literary terms “positive hero”, “hero of the story”, “belief”, “epithet”, “personification”.

Equipment: multimedia projector, m/m presentation for the lesson “The Real and the Fantastic in N. V. Gogol’s fairy tale “The Night Before Christmas”, masks, Christmas costumes, drawings, minus a children’s song “ Winter's Tale", tables with reflection, drawings on the theme "The Birth of Jesus Christ", blackboard.

1. Organizational moment. Greetings.
2. Formulation of the lesson topic, psychological setting.

The image “Snowy Village” is displayed on the screen through the projector. Slide 1.

Teacher: Guys, today we have unusual lesson, rather fabulous. Even the weather outside the window is conducive to a fairy tale: the earth is dressed in a white fur coat, there is snow everywhere. It's time for fairy tales, secrets and unusual adventures. Now I will read a poem to you, and you must finish its last line. This line will let you know what we will talk about and what the topic of our lesson is.

Teacher reads a poem to the class to the minus of the song “Winter's Tale”:

Under cover of soft, snowy

The Russian village is dozing.

All roads, all paths

Covered in white snow.

The snow is silver in the sun,

A light light flows over him

And the words sound:

“Hello, holiday!

Light, clear,

Blessed and beautiful...

Teacher: Finish the sentence!!!

Children: Christmas holiday!!!

Teacher: Well done! What will the lesson be about?

Children's answers.

Teacher: Which work talks about Christmas?

Children: In the fairy tale story “The Night Before Christmas” by N.V. Gogol.

Teacher: That's right, guys. And what fairy-tale heroes did we meet on the pages of the work?

Children: Damn, witch Solokha, pot-bellied Patsyuk.

Teacher: Right. So what is the topic of our lesson, since we have determined that we will talk about Christmas and fairy-tale characters?

Children formulate a topic, which is written on the board by the teacher.

1. Work on the topic of the lesson.

Teacher: New Year, Christmas... A magical time. Have you ever thought about where this holiday came to us from? Let's find out about this from the performance of the district theater.

The remaining participants stand one after another, according to the numbers of the illustrations. The performance “The Birth of Jesus” is shown.

Each participant has an illustration with a passage of text, the participants with drawings change with the flow of the story. This is the meaning of the theater-district.

The story of the birth of Jesus Christ.

IN small town Nazareth, in the “north of Israel, there lived a girl named Mary. She loved the Lord and had pure heart. One day, Angel Gabriel, sent by the Lord, appeared to her and said: “Rejoice, full of grace! The Lord is with You; Blessed are You among women." Mary, seeing Him, was embarrassed. But the Angel said to her: “Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with the Lord; You will give birth to a Son, and you will call His name Jesus. He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High.

Mary was not married at the time, but was betrothed to a godly believer named Joseph. Having learned that Mary was expecting a child, Joseph wanted to let her go, but the Angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said: “Joseph, son of David! Do not be afraid to accept Mary your wife; for that which is born in Her is of the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a Son, and you will call His name Jesus; for He will save His people from their sins.”

The reason why Mary and Joseph, who were then living in Nazareth, went to Bethlehem was the census. According to the decree of Emperor Augustus, every resident of the Roman Empire had to come “to his city” to facilitate the census. Since Joseph was a descendant of David, he headed to Bethlehem. The road was long and difficult, they walked through mountainous terrain, and when they reached Bethlehem and began to look for a place to stay for the night, it turned out that all the inns were full.

There was no free space for them in the hotels. And they had to settle in a cave (nativity scene), where the shepherds drove their cattle during bad weather.

That same night, Maria felt that it was time to give birth. It was there, in the cave, that Mary gave birth to her son, swaddled him and put him in a manger. The fact of the birth of the holy baby was announced by the star of Bethlehem that lit up in the sky.

After the birth of Jesus, the first of the people to come to worship him were the shepherds, notified of this event by the appearance of an angel. And a shining angel descended to them from heaven: “Do not be afraid, I proclaim to you great joy that will be to all people, for today a Savior has been born in the city of David, who is Christ the Lord, and this is a sign for you: you will find a baby lying in swaddling clothes in manger." When the angel disappeared, the shepherds decided to go into the cave and see for themselves what was said - and they actually saw a baby sleeping in a cattle feeder.

Teacher: Interesting story! Guys, find the magical moments in it.

Children: Appearance in the sky nova with the birth of Jesus, the appearance of an Angel.

Teacher: Do you know how Christmas is celebrated?

Student Message 1 “Celebrating Christmas.”

Teacher: Find episodes in the fairy tale “The Night Before Christmas” that talk about celebrating Christmas.

Students read out the episodes.

Teacher: What about Christmas celebrations interested you the most?

Children: Carols. Slide 2.

Teacher: Let's try to reconstruct the events and sing a little carol.

Mini-project 2 “Carols. The ritual of caroling. Christmas costume." 6 people.

Students dressed in costumes and masks (costumes and masks are made at home, especially for the lesson) go to the center of the class and sing carols.

Teacher: How did you guys feel when singing carols? (Children share their impressions).

Which of the characters in the story was “crazy” about carols? (Blacksmith Vakula)

Did you like the costumes of the carolers? What exactly?

Student message 2 “Christmas Russian costume.”

Physical education minute:

Teacher: Guys, it's time to relax. Repeat after me.

Students repeat the movements after the teacher.

How Kolyada rode out on a wide sled (we raise our legs high)

She came to us like tall logs (we raise our hands up)

Kolyada, Kolyada (turn your head to the right, left) don’t break the gate (tilt left and right)

Open the chest, take out the patch (spread your arms to the sides)

We present Kolyada, for Christmas, for Christmas!!! (we sit down).

Teacher: What a Christmaswithout a decorated Christmas tree? And for our Christmas tree to become beautiful, we need to show how well we know fairy tale N.V. Gogol “The Night Before Christmas”. You all created Christmas decorations with tasks at home. In order for the toy to get on the Christmas tree, we need to guess the hero or episode of the work.

All students stand up.

Mini-project 3 “Decorate the Christmas tree.”

Students read excerpts from the text to their classmates, and they must guess what character or event it is about. we're talking about. If the answer is correct, the toy goes to the Christmas tree.

Teacher: Which hero tried to ruin the holiday? For what reason? (Crap) Slide 3.

What happened to the devil at the end of the story? How is this event related to Christmas celebrations?

Student message 3. About the witch and the devil.

Teacher: What problem is addressed in the story? Why does the devil run away and not a word is said about the witch? (The problem of the struggle between good and evil. Good always waits, this is the essence of magic).

1. Working with text.

Teacher: Read the episode “Description of Christmas Night.” By what means visual expressiveness N.V. Gogol presents the reader with this fabulous and at the same time solemn event. Slide 4.

Reading the episode from the words: “The last day before Christmas has passed... and to the words: “Here smoke came out of one hut in clouds...”

Epithets: “good people, majestic month, clear night, creaky snow”;

Personifications: the moon rose, the stars looked out, the moon peeked into the windows furtively;

Impersonal verbs and words of the state category: frozen, it was fun caroling;

Teacher:

What role does the landscape play? (a hint to the fantastic events of the story).

What role does personification play in landscape sketching? (The author, using this trope, indicates to the reader that nature is an independent character).

5. Vocabulary work:

Teacher: Where does the story take place? (In Ukraine). At home you determined the meaning of Ukrainian words (Ukrainianisms).

Words are written in a column on the board, and students determine their meaning:

Parubok - guy

Chereviki – women's shoes

Tattoo - father

Shinok - drinking establishment

Magarych - gift, offering

Oseledets – a tuft of hair on the back of a Cossack’s head

Kavun - watermelon

Plakhta – women's outerwear

Cradle - tube

Skrynya - chest

Rushnik – embroidered towel.

Teacher: What role do Ukrainianisms play in the text?

1. Conclusion from the lesson:

Teacher:

What did we talk about in class?

What moment in the lesson was most memorable?

What else would you like to know about?

7. Reflection: tables with symbols are placed on students’ tables at the beginning of the lesson.

Children put a “+” sign on the desired symbol in the table. 3-4 students explain their solution.

8. Homework:

The action in the story unfolds as in a den, a folk theater.

Think about which scene of the story you would call the most theatrical.

Which role would you choose for yourself? Answer the question in writing.

The name of the young writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol became widely known in 1831-1832 after the publication of two parts of his book “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”. The eight stories that made up both parts are a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature.

From the pages of these stories the breath of real folk life breathed. They are based on Ukrainian folk art - fairy tales, songs, folk beliefs, as well as the writer’s personal impressions of Ukraine. This work amazed the reader with its romantic brightness and freshness artistic paints, excellent pictures of Ukrainian nature, amazing knowledge of life and customs ordinary people, wonderfully subtle humor.

In “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” Gogol did not follow the path of a naturalistic or crudely comic depiction of negative traits peasant life, nor along the path of its sentimental idealization. Gogol poeticized rural life and the common man. This work of the writer is closely connected with the turn of Russian literature towards nationality. Nationality was manifested not only in the ethnographically accurate reproduction of the customs and life of the peasantry, but also in the truthful depiction of the features national character people, in penetrating the essence of the people's spirit.

The heroes of “The Night Before Christmas” sing carols under the windows on the eve of Christmas - songs glorifying the owners of the house and wishing them health and a good life, songs about the Nativity of Christ. The owners, in response to the songs, are obliged to treat those who sing with something edible or money, whoever is rich in what.

Reflected in the story and folk beliefs- the devil and witches who plot intrigues and interfere with good people. The devil, in order to take revenge on the blacksmith, stole a month from the sky, and an impenetrable darkness hung over the entire village. But Vakula managed to deceive the devil and force him to carry out his orders, so the blacksmith managed in one day to get slippers for his beloved Oksana, which the queen herself wore. As always in folk tales and beliefs, good triumphs over evil.

And there were a great many different rumors about Solokha: that they saw “her tail, no larger than a woman’s spindle; that the Thursday before last she crossed the road like a black cat; that a pig once ran up to the priest, crowed like a rooster, put Father Kondrat’s hat on his head and ran away.”

On the morning after Christmas, all the villagers were sure to go to church services. Everyone had festive mood. Everyone was dressed in their best holiday outfits: “elderly women in white mittens, in white cloth scrolls”, “noblewomen in yellow and green jackets, and others even in blue kuntushas with golden mustaches”, young girls “had a whole shop of ribbons wrapped around their heads, and a monist around their necks” , crosses and ducats."

The subject of the image in the story “The Night Before Christmas” is everyday folk life with its joys and sorrows, home life, fairs, evening parties, festivities of young women and bright-eyed beauties. The author skillfully recreated the appearance of the people, their naive beliefs, fullness of feelings, worldly wisdom, the purity of the people's soul, poetic ideas.

UKRAINIAN FOLKLORE IN N. V. GOGOL’S STORY “THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS”

1 option

I really like N.V. Gogol’s story “The Night Before Christmas” because it miraculously combines reality and fantasy. Characters from Ukrainian folklore coexist alongside ordinary villagers; everyday life is intertwined with magic.

We witness how stories come to life on the pages folk legends and beliefs, for example, that on Christmas night evil spirits become especially active and anything can happen.

Most a prominent representative petty evil spirits are the devil who tries to plot intrigues and harm good people in every possible way. He steals the month, creates a blizzard in the clear winter night To make Chub and his godfather go astray, he tries to take possession of Vakula’s soul in exchange for slippers for Oksana. But the pious and savvy blacksmith eventually manages to ridicule and punish the devil.

The magnificent Solokha turns out to be a witch. She flies across the sky on a broomstick, hides stars in her sleeve, and can turn into animals. Some of the residents of Dikanka saw her tail from behind, others recognized her in the form of a black cat and a pig.

The respected healer Patsyuk “is akin to the devil.” He does not fast and on the evening of hungry kutya eats dumplings with sour cream, and easily sees evil spirits. The revived characters of Ukrainian folklore make the story more fun, interesting, more fabulous, and help the author convey the richness and originality of folk mythology.

Option 2

The name of the young writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol became widely known in 1831-1832 after the publication of two parts of his book “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”. The eight stories that made up both parts are a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature.

From the pages of these stories the breath of real folk life breathed. They are based on Ukrainian folk art - fairy tales, songs, folk beliefs, as well as the writer’s personal impressions of Ukraine. This work amazed the reader with its romantic brightness and freshness of artistic colors, excellent pictures of Ukrainian nature, amazing knowledge of the life and customs of ordinary people, and remarkably subtle humor.

In “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka,” Gogol did not follow the path of a naturalistic or crudely comic depiction of the negative features of peasant life, nor the path of its sentimental idealization. Gogol poeticized rural life and the common man. This work of the writer is closely connected with the turn of Russian literature towards nationality. Nationality was manifested not only in an ethnographically accurate reproduction of the customs and life of the peasantry, but also in a truthful depiction of the features of the national character of the people, in insight into the essence of the national spirit.

The heroes of “The Night Before Christmas” sing carols under the windows on the eve of Christmas - songs glorifying the owners of the house and wishing them health and a good life, songs about the Nativity of Christ. The owners, in response to the songs, are obliged to treat those who sing with something edible or money, whoever is rich in what.

Popular beliefs are also reflected in the story - in the devil and witches, who plot intrigues and interfere with good people. The devil, in order to take revenge on the blacksmith, stole a month from the sky, and an impenetrable darkness hung over the entire village. But Vakula managed to deceive the devil and force him to carry out his orders, so the blacksmith managed in one day to get slippers for his beloved Oksana, which the queen herself wore. As always in folk tales and beliefs, good triumphs over evil.

And there were a great many different rumors about Solokha: that they saw “her tail no larger than a woman’s spindle; that the Thursday before last she crossed the road like a black cat; that a pig once came running to the priest, crowed like a rooster, put Father Kondrat’s hat on his head and ran away.”

On the morning after Christmas, all the villagers were sure to go to church services. Everyone was in a festive mood. Everyone was dressed in the best holiday outfits: “elderly women in white mittens, in white cloth scrolls”, “noblewomen in yellow and green jackets, and others even in blue kuntushas with golden mustaches”, young girls “were wrapped on their heads” a whole shop of ribbons, and on the neck there is a monist, crosses and ducats.”

The subject of the image in the story “The Night Before Christmas” is everyday folk life with its joys and sorrows, home life, fairs, evening parties, festivities of young boys and bright-eyed beauties. The author skillfully recreated the appearance of the people, their naive beliefs, fullness of feelings, worldly wisdom, the purity of the people's soul, and poetic ideas.

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