The death of the human soul in Chekhov's stories. Human soul after death

In the stories of the 90s, Chekhov still explores life not in general phenomena, but in its particular expressions in the sphere of everyday life. At first glance, petty and unimportant topics lead to sociohistorical generalizations. Chekhov writes about intellectuals, their illusions and delusions, about the failure of their life programs. This was clearly manifested in his trilogy "The Man in the Case", "Gooseberry", "About Love". Its heroes are "connected by a hidden commonality": the gymnasium teacher Belikov, with his motto "no matter what happens," reduced his life to following instructions and decrees; the Chimsha-Himalayan official subordinated his life to the idea of acquiring property - an estate with gooseberries.

Alekhine, who loved, could not step over the usual ideas, and love itself perished. Each of the heroes subordinates life to a narrow program, encloses it in a case.

The image of the teacher Greek Belikov ("The Man in the Case") is designed grotesquely. "Case" defines everything that surrounds him: all the furniture in covers, himself in any weather in galoshes and with an umbrella, in dark glasses and with cotton wool in his ears. The case is a way to hide from life, to get away from making decisions. Belikov is weak, timid, lonely. He is pathologically fearful. Therefore, he teaches the dead ancient Greek language, therefore he follows decrees and instructions in everything. However, this "man in a case" in a strange way keeps the whole city in moral submission. His sinister appearance hovers over all the affairs and conversations of the townspeople. The death of Belikov is the acquisition of an eternal case, it is not for nothing that he "lay in a coffin almost happy." The image of a "man in a case" has become a symbol of the desire to hide from life. In the story, Chekhov gave a grotesque description of the behavior of the intelligentsia in the late 1990s.

In the story "The Gooseberry", the Chimsha-Himalayan official realized a fanatical dream of life - he bought a farmstead in which he wanted to breed gooseberries. A small official, a soldier's son, is reborn. Having become the owner, he talks about the need for corporal punishment for the peasants, turns into a stupid layman. Chekhov draws him grotesquely: he looks like a pig, his fat dog and fat cook look like pigs. A fanatical idea, to which a generally good person subordinated life, is also a case that fetters a free spirit.

The same case in the form of torn off real life conservative ideas about sin and virtue are destroyed by love in the story "About Love".

In trilogy main topic- these are misunderstood the meaning and purpose of life, which led to the vulgarization and moral degeneration of the heroes. Anatomy of Devastation and Doom human soul Chekhov showed especially brightly in the story "Ionych".

The hero goes through three stages in his life, each of which is characterized by repetitive but changing details.

Dmitry Ionych Startsev arrives as a doctor at the Zemstvo hospital with lofty ideals of serving the people. He is not devoid of a romantic perception of life, loves music, dreams, falls in love. He is able to feel the beauty moonlit night, acutely worry.

At first, he does not even take money from the poor for treatment. He himself is not rich - he goes to the city on foot. When Kotik refused Startsev, with all the seeming ardor and depth of love, he suffered for three days, and then he consoled himself and thought only that love brings unnecessary trouble.

Chekhov does not speak in detail about the years of Startsev's life, but sets out only the main milestones.

The hero, previously distinguished from the inhabitants of the city by lofty dreams and ardent feelings, gets used to the measured, half-asleep life of the townsfolk. They no longer annoy Startsev. They have not changed, but the hero himself is changing. He now takes money from all the sick, stops arguing, buys a pair of horses. He is too lazy to love, and he thinks: "It's good that I didn't get married then." They call him now Dmitry Ionych.

The moral devastation ends with the fact that Dr. Startsev turns into Ionych - a lazy, overweight, philistine without living thoughts. He now takes not only money, but everything that the sick bring; rides on a troika with bells and a coachman on a goat; in the evenings, he counts money, looks at houses that are up for sale. The circle of his interests now is only wealth, although he himself does not know why he alone needs so much money. Ionych no longer has any desires or dreams. The process of personality degradation is completed.

Chekhov shows that the environment, surroundings, philistine mores have an impact on a person, but these are only aggravating factors. The main reason for the devastation of the hero is in himself, in his inability to resist, to confront. M. Bakhtin wrote that "man is either greater than his destiny, or less than his humanity." Chekhov's heroes do not grow up to themselves, they are unaccomplished people.

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In many of his stories, A.P. Chekhov addresses the problem of the rebirth of the personality, the spiritual degradation of man. One of these stories is "Ionych", in which, using the example of Dr. Startsev, the writer shows the fall of the human soul.

At the beginning of the story, Dr. Startsev is young, thinking, educated person who has not lost his individuality among the boring and empty residents provincial town. The doctor is not yet rich, he walks, because he does not have horses. But he is able to think, dream, understand people, love, finally. We observe how the power of love elevates the hero above the gray, monotonous reality. However, at the same time, we see something else, as it were reverse side the soul of Chekhov's hero, who "has some kind of cold, heavy piece in his head." This makes Startsev, along with lofty dreams and hopes, doubt whether “it suits him, a zemstvo doctor ... to sigh, receive notes ..., do stupid things?” The same "cold piece" in his head makes Startsev think about the bride's dowry at the moment when he makes a marriage proposal.

However, while love dominates the hero, this dark - mundane, cynical, pragmatic - part of his soul weakly manifests itself. But now his love is rejected, and what do we see?

Everything bright and young is replaced in the doctor's soul by petty, vain, insignificant: "Startsev's heart stopped beating." Already three days after the refusal, his life returns to its usual track, and the episode with the matchmaking is assessed by the hero with some irritation and even relief: “How much trouble, however!”

Meanwhile, the real "troubles" - worldly, ordinary, vulgar - capture Startsev precisely from the moment when love loses its power over him. And here we have Chekhov's hero four years later: his prudence and irritability intensify, frank hostility and undisguised arrogance towards people appear. He forever lost the freshness of thought, romanticism, gaiety, naturalness, but he got a trio of horses with a coachman and a big practice in the city.

The "heavy cold piece" in the hero's head grew to the size of a heart, filled Startsev's whole soul. Only the only time“a light lit up in the soul” - at a meeting with a former lover. Regret and pain arose for my empty life, which "passes dully, without impressions, without thoughts." However, remembering the money. Startsev again felt that this light in his soul had gone out ...

Thus, Dr. Startsev disappeared forever. Ionych remained, who “gave weight, got fat”, “became heavy, irritable”, whom “greed overcame”, who “played vint every evening with pleasure” and “loved to take out of his pockets pieces of paper obtained by practice”.

What made a hero like this? Wednesday? Indeed, the city was gray and boring, the people with whom Startsev communicated were mostly empty and limited. However, the hero in his youth opposed them, despising the townsfolk, rejecting worldly vulgarity, the spiritual worthlessness of existence. But after a few years, the doctor himself imperceptibly became like those over whom he secretly mocked in his soul, becoming an ordinary person, an inhabitant in spiritual sense this word.

Therefore, it can be argued that surrounding reality cannot change a person in the same way as his personality traits, temperament, inner spiritual attitude do. Gray environment, isolation in the world of everyday life. In my opinion, they only contributed to the degradation of the Chekhov hero, but were not the root cause of this. The instability of his convictions, the weakness of nature, the lack of an inner core - this is what did not allow him to keep everything bright and beautiful in his soul, to resist vulgarity, to destroy the "cold piece" of indifference in himself.

Continuous all-consuming, but emphatically not disinterested and not bringing true pleasure work and, as a result of it, money, fame, prosperity swallowed Dr. Startsev entirely, making him a banal boring Ionych.

Chekhov does not accuse his hero of striving to have good house, to live in prosperity, to indulge in entertainment - all these are natural and legitimate human desires. The terrible thing is that Startsev is losing interest in his work and what a doctor needs first of all - humanity, love for people. Thus, using the example of Ionych, the writer also proves the idea that any work is depreciated and vulgarized if a person does not put a piece of his soul into it.

So, Chekhov shows us how easily and imperceptibly a person can degrade spiritually; how a free, thinking nature can become worthless and ordinary. In the right opinion of the writer, nothing can be worse than death human soul!

MBOU Erakhturskaya secondary comprehensive school

Methodical development open lesson on literature"The death of the human soul in the story "Ionych" by A.P. Chekhov"

using technology

"Developing critical thinking through reading and writing"

Buryakov Oleg Nikolaevich,

teacher of Russian language

and literature

The death of the human soul in the story "Ionych" by A.P. Chekhov

Methodical development of an open lesson on literature "The death of the human soul in the story "Ionych" by A.P. Chekhov" using the technology "Development of critical thinking through reading and writing"

Discipline: Literature

Number of hours: 2 hours

Lesson topic: The death of the human soul in the story "Ionych" by A.P. Chekhov.

Lesson type: combined lesson using the technology "Development of critical thinking through reading and writing".

Techniques used: “Letter in a circle”, “Mosaic”, “I know - I want to know - I found out”, “Double diary”, “Composition of syncwine”.

Goals: didactic (educational) - to acquaint with the stages of the life and work of the writer, to reveal artistic originality the story "Ionych", the tragedy of everyday life and the spiritual impoverishment of the personality in the story;

developing – continue developing the skills and abilities of analysis artwork, the development of a culture of oral and written speech, the development of the skill of characterization literary hero;

educational - moral education.

Method: commented reading in combination with the heuristic method, messages to schoolchildren, elements of linguistic analysis.

General competencies:

Ability to work with information flow;

the ability to ask questions;

the ability to solve a problem;

The ability to develop own opinion;

the ability to express one's thoughts;

the ability to argue one's point of view;

Ability to collaborate and work in a team

Intersubject communications: literature, Russian language, history.

Ensuring the lesson: visual aids, portrait of the writer A.P. Chekhov, text of the story "Ionych", presentation of the lesson, interactive board, photos documents

Handout: reference logic diagram for the story "Ionych", dictionary literary terms, illustrations for the story, felt-tip pens, pencils, notebooks, pens, drawings.

Literature: the text of the story "Ionych"; textbooks: E.S. Rogover "Russian literature XIX century", V.Yu. Lebedev "Russian literature of the XIX century", dictionaries, "Russian writers in Tomsk", according to A. Bychkov "The course of the Melikhovo life", etc.

Regulatory - technical documentation: KTP lesson plan.

Stages of the lesson:

Name of the stage of the lesson

Name of technology elements

Student activities

Teacher activity

Time

Orgmoment

Workplace preparation

Checking the children's readiness for work

2´

Motivation

Recording in notebooks the topic of the lesson, statements

introduction teacher

3´

Stage "Challenge"

Reception "I know - I want to know - I learned"

Group work

Activity correction

Stage "Implementation"

vocabulary work

Recording vocabulary words

Under the dictation of the teacher

Reception "Mosaic"

Answers to the questions

The teacher asks questions

"Letter in a circle"

Group work

Help for students

3´

Problem situation

Analysis of the situation

Conversation

Chapter I analysis

Analysis of Chapter II

Question answer

Reception "Thin and thick questions"

Analysis of Chapter IV

The teacher edits the work

Reception "Cluster"

Scheme

Help at work

Stage "Reflection"

Reception "Composition - Sinkwine"

Review of used literature

creative work(drawings)

Summarizing

Lesson Analysis

3´

Homework

The essay is a miniature.

Teacher's explanation

3´

Lesson scenario

Organizational moment.

Introductory speech of the teacher.

1. Message of the topic, the purpose of the lesson.

2. A few words about the author: The artistic talent of A.P. Chekhov was formed in the 80s, in the era of reassessment of spiritual values. All Chekhov's work is a call for spiritual liberation and emancipation of man. The writer does not preach, the author's voice in his works is open. He was able to grab big picture life down to its smallest details. His aphorism: "Brevity is the sister of talent." In his stories, the theme of the spiritual impoverishment of a person sounds, especially in the story "Ionych". We will try to verify this today. But first, let's talk about the author A.P. Chekhov and his work.

Stage "Challenge"

Reception " I know - I want to know - I found out". Take a sheet of paper and write what you know what you want to know (work in groups, fill out table 1, 2 columns). So you know what? (students from each group say what they know about Chekhov). What do you want to know? (read out their notes from the 2nd column). And now I suggest you read the text, which contains biographical materials, as well as some information about the work of A.P. Chekhov (students get acquainted with the text, write down new information in column No. 3). The teacher at this time corrects this stage of work.

What did you learn new from Chekhov's biography, name his works that you have not heard about before, listen to the message "Chekhov in Tomsk"

In Tomsk passing. A.P. Chekhov.

Chekhov visited Tomsk during his trip to Sakhalin in 1890. The difficult and dangerous journey was undertaken in order to draw public attention to the "convict island". But there was another purpose. Chekhov felt the need for a qualitative update life experience enriching the idea of the world. Tomsk was originally featured in Chekhov's road plans. Tomichi also had an idea about him. The newspapers reported on the premiere of the play "Ivanov". The newspapers reported: “On the morning of May 16, the famous Russian writer A.P. Chekhov, the author of the drama Ivanov, arrived in Tomsk from Omsk. The meeting with Tomsk was not particularly joyful. The cold was terrible, it was frosty and it was snowing, so that the sheepskin coat and felt boots had to be removed only at the Rossiya Hotel. Here the writer was annoyed by the visits of representatives of the local intelligentsia. As a result, a very unflattering opinion about Tomsk residents has developed: “Tomsk is a boring city. Judging by those smart people, who came to my room to worship, then the people here are the most boring”, “In Tomsk, impenetrable dirt”. Chekhov's main occupation during his stay in Tomsk was the processing of travel records. In Tomsk, 7 out of 9 essays were written, which made up the cycle from Siberia. In general, Tomsk made a bleak impression on him: “Tomsk is a boring city, not sober, beautiful women not at all, Asian lawlessness. It is notable for the fact that governors die in it.” “Tomsk is not worth a penny. In a letter to his relatives, Chekhov writes: “My God, how rich Russia is good people! If it weren’t for the cold that robs Siberia of summer, then Siberia would be the richest and happiest land.”

Has there been an interest in the life and work of A.P. Chekhov? Deserves attention?

Stage "Implementation"

So let's move on to creativity, i.e. to the topic of our lesson and try to use the example of the analysis of the story "Ionych" to reveal moral issues works of an amazing writer.

Vocabulary work:

Moral - internal spiritual qualities that guide a person, ethical standards, rules of conduct determined by these qualities.

Degradation - gradual deterioration, decline of a person.

Reception "Mosaic" - knowledge of the text is checked.

Linguistic analysis the text of the story "Ionych" (each group works on the issues that are indicated in the presentation on the next slide).

Questions. (Based on the text read in advance).

What is central theme story? (Protest against vulgarity, philistinism, spiritual philistinism, self-degeneration of man).

What is the main idea(idea) work? (It consists in the call “Take care of the person in you!”)

3. Reception "Letter in a circle." (Each member of the group has a sheet of paper and a pen, each writes at least one sentence on given topic, then passes the sheet to the neighbor, who must continue his reflections).

Teacher's word.

It is necessary to analyze the first sentences with which the story begins, because. they carry the most weight in this paragraph. The talented and intelligent Turkin family is the decoration of the city of S. It would seem that this is so. But is it? Let's read the beginning of the text again. Parsing first offer.

(When in provincial city S. visitors complained of boredom and monotony of life), [then locals, as if justifying themselves, they said] (that, on the contrary, it is very good in S.), (that in S. there is a library, a theater, a club, there are balls), (that, finally, there are smart, interesting, pleasant families), (with whom you can make acquaintances). And they pointed to the Turkin family as the most educated and talented.

First the subordinate clauses, then the main. This construction is not accidental. It draws attention to the fact that life in the city of S. is boring and monotonous. This is how the locals think and "as if justifying themselves." (IN literary work ideologically - moral value represent even such seemingly insignificant artistic elements, as the positions of the main and subordinate clauses, word order, use of introductory sentences),

We are presented with the situation in which the young doctor Startsev found himself (Chekhov's surnames, as a rule, are “speaking”).

Problem situation: What makes you think about the name of this hero?

What are the views, character of this person?

To solve this problem, refer to text analysis.

Analysis of the first chapter.

So, what is known about Startsev so far is that he was recently appointed a zemstvo doctor.

Vocabulary work:

Zemsky - this means the district form of medical care for the population in pre-revolutionary Russia.

In the city of S., he was considered an intelligent and hardworking person. Pay attention to the artistic detail (reading the last sentence of paragraph 3 of the story). “He walked, slowly (his

he didn’t have horses yet), and he sang all the time. What do you think our hero is? (The hero is healthy, walking gives him pleasure and causes good mood. He is full of energy, cheerful). Does the introductory sentence, i.e. artistic detail: “He didn’t have his own horses”? This remark is especially for you, the readers, and what will happen next.

Startsev, at the invitation of Ivan Petrovich Turkin, meets his family.

What novels does Vera Iosifovna Turkina write? (“When Vera Iosifovna closed her notebook, they were silent for about five minutes and listened to “Luchinushka”, which the choir sang, and this song conveyed something that was not in the novel and what happens in life”). And how is Ekaterina Ivanovna's playing on the piano presented in the story? What was special about you? ("Ekaterina Ivanovna sat down and struck the keys with both hands; and then immediately struck again with all her might, and again, and again").

What are examples of Russian words that Ivan Petrovich distorts in his speech. What is he famous for? (“Bolshinsky, not bad, humiliated you, thank you”).

He tells jokes, makes jokes, offers guests, including Startsev, funny tasks. What is the conclusion? (We see through artistic details that in the city of S. a boring, monotonous life. In the most "pleasant" family - mediocre, untalented people, no different from the rest of the inhabitants. Vera Iosifovna writes novels about what does not happen in life. Ekaterina Ivanovna does not invest a drop in her game true feeling, Ivan Petrovich uses a long-learned set of words).And what about Startsev? (and he is pleased with the evening spent at the Turkins, everything was "not bad").

Chapter 2 analysis.

More than a year has passed.What has changed this year? (Startsev was in labor and loneliness. And here he is again with the Turkins, where he fell in love with Ekaterina Ivanovna).

Depict graphically: What kind of love it was.

Reckless Fake Frivolous

Fake It's Not Love Ridiculous

Conclusion: “thanks” to such love, the heroes part. Kotik leaves for Moscow, and Startsev already "has a pair of horses and his coachman Panteleimon in a velvet waistcoat."

Chapter 4 analysis.

Reception "Thick and thin questions."

Each group in a chain asks questions, Thin questions - a one-word answer, thick questions require reflection. Sample questions:

How many years have passed? (4 years)

What changes have occurred in the Turkin family?

Has Dmitry Ionych's attitude towards them changed?

Continue the thought: “If the most talented people in the whole city are mediocre ... then what a city should be!

Conclude chapter 4. (cut off last way to love. Nothing delays degradation ( dictionary word), the loss of the human personality, moral (dictionary word) values.

Chapter 5 analysis.

Reception "Double Diary"

The hero at the beginning of the story

Hero at the end of the story

Startsev loved to talk about the hospital, there was a noble goal - to help the sufferers, he served the people as an ideal, exalted, humanity moves forward, abolishes the death penalty, you need to work, treated for free, kind to the sick, attentive, Dr. Startsev.

Like everyone else, just Ionych, not a trace of love, life-long dying of a person, spiritually and morally devastated, moral decline, stout, mellow, takes the sick in a hurry, suffered from shortness of breath, a troika with bells, counts yellow and green pieces of paper in the evenings rub. puts on the account for 70, chubby, red, has an estate, two houses, greed has overcome, his throat has swollen with fat, his character is irritable, his voice is unpleasant, he is lonely, he is not interested in anything.

Creative work: draw Dr. Startsev and Ionych. Drawing protection.

Reception "Cluster"

To understand how the death of the human soul occurs, place the main milestones on the life path of Startsev

Draw a graphically logical connection between the main stages of life.

life career evolution of tastes development and finale of his romance with Ekaterina Ivanovna life path those people who surround Startsev, the path from Startsev to Ionych.

Conclusion: Is the image of Startsev typical? Is this topic topical - the degradation of a person's personality? What happened to the hero? (the moral fall of a person. It all started with the hero’s minor shortcomings: the desire for profit, lack of sensitivity to people, laziness and unwillingness to fight vulgarity)

The soulless life to which Startsev doomed himself excluded him from the number of living people, deprived him of the ability to think and feel. If a person is not capable of resistance, the human soul becomes dead - the most terrible retribution. Protection from active life turns into a disaster for Startsev, he is equal to Turkin, immoral and soulless people.

The personal responsibility of a person for his life, we must fight the mud environment, to resist vulgarity, laziness, philistinism, selfishness.

Stage "Reflection".

Summary of the lesson. ("Reflection"). Reception "Composition of Sinkwine" (Sinkwine is a white verse, consisting of 5 lines in which students express their attitude).

line I

One keyword, offer.

II line

Adjectives characterizing the first line.

III line

Verbs, actions.

IV line

Students express their attitude to the information received in the lesson.

V string

Expressing your feelings and thoughts.

Review of the literature used in the lesson.

Homework:

Write an essay - a miniature "Take care of the person in yourself."

Literature

E.S. Rogover. Russian literature of the 19th century. Moscow, 2008

Yu.V. Lebedev. Russian literature of the 19th century. Moscow 2009

Russian literature of the 19th century. Ed. G.N. Ionina. Moscow 2003

M.P. Gromov. Chekhov. Moscow, 1993 (Series ZhZL)

G.A. White. Chekhov and Russian realism. Leningrad, 1999

Death of the human soul

The story of N. V. Gogol "Portrait" tells us about the life and fate of two talented artists. Chartkov Andrey Petrovich can be considered the main character, since his only author gave a name. His creative way described in the first part of the work, and the fate of the second artist, described in the second part, sheds light on the circumstances associated with the portrait of one Usurer, both during his lifetime and after bringing people some troubles.

In that small work the author used his favorite elements of mysticism, and also revealed the theme of the difficult life choice that gets in everyone's way. A. P. Chartkov was a talented but poor artist who could hardly make ends meet. Sometimes he did not have enough money for an extra candle, so as not to sit in the dark in the evening, and working conditions left much to be desired. In addition, Chartkov had to pay the rent to the owner, which further complicated his situation.

It so happened that one day for the last two kopecks he bought unusual portrait one old Asian man who looked

from the canvas as if alive. The portrait was unfinished, but unusually well painted. In the frame, the main character found a bag of money, on which was the inscription "1000 chervonets". This circumstance made him happy, as he was able to pay off his debts to the owner and move into luxurious apartments. Chartkov first of all bought brushes, paints, canvases and decent clothes in order to look appropriate.

Soon he began to be recognized in secular circles. The artist earned good money with a minimum of effort. The former talent was fading before our eyes, because he no longer needed it. And, as you know, for a creative person, the loss of mastery is equated to the death of the soul. Therefore, Chartkov's character became bad and envious. We will learn about the reasons for such drastic changes and unexpected profits that fell on the main character from the second part.

The case takes place after the death of Chartkov. During one of the St. Petersburg auctions, Unknown artist who wants to buy a portrait of the same pawnbroker. At the same time, he claims that he was personally acquainted with the master who painted the portrait and with the usurer, from whom those around him had only troubles. As it turned out, all the people to whom the usurer lent money during his lifetime lost their human qualities and became envious, callous, jealous, angry. Many, unable to endure this fate, committed suicide.

When the usurer asked the artist's Father to paint his portrait, he wanted to live in it forever and continue to harm others. Upon learning of this, the master left the portrait unfinished and went to the monastery to atone for his sin. Unfortunately, the portrait of the usurer was never found and destroyed. According to the plot, he continued to pass from hand to hand, bringing people first material well-being and then the death of the soul.

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The death of the human soul in Chekhov's stories. Human soul after death

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