State Museum of the History of Russian Literature named after. V.I

State Museum of the History of Russian Literature named after V.I. Dalia (State literary museum) was created on July 16, 1934 on the initiative of Vladimir Dmitrievich Bonch-Bruevich (1873-1955), who became its first director and chief collector of collections. Back in April 1931, a prominent political figure, an employee of the newspapers Iskra, Pravda and Forward, one of the founders of the first Leo Tolstoy Museum in St. Petersburg, Bonch-Bruevich proposed the creation of a Central Literary Museum, “which will have no equal not only in the USSR, but throughout the world.” It was expected that it would contain “scattered and scattered manuscripts of fictional works and biographical information”, and will also store “everything that is available in Moscow in various museums” on literary topics.

During the first seven years of the museum’s existence, more than three million items of storage were collected - manuscripts, books, documents, photographs, paintings, graphics, decorative and applied arts, and memorial items. It was then that many valuable collections appeared in the museum, a highly professional team was formed, and intensive scientific and publishing activities began.

However, by decision of the government in 1941, most of the manuscripts from the collection of the State Literary Museum were confiscated and transferred to the jurisdiction of the Main Archive Directorate of the NKVD. Despite this, thanks to extensive collecting work, the museum over time again became one of the largest repositories of materials on the history of Russian literature.

In April 2017, the State Literary Museum received a new official name: the State Museum of the History of Russian Literature named after V. I. Dal, which fully corresponds not only to the modern mission of the largest literary museum in the country, but also to the original concept of its creator, V. D. Bonch-Bruevich.

Today, the museum’s collection amounts to over half a million storage units, which made it possible to fill eleven memorial exhibitions, now known not only to Russians, but also far beyond the borders of our country: “Museum-Apartment of F. M. Dostoevsky” (as part of the State Museum of Art since 1940), “House-Museum of A.P. Chekhov” (1954), “Museum-Apartment of A.V. Lunacharsky” (1964), “House-Museum of A.I. Herzen” (1976), “House-Museum of M. Yu. Lermontov" (1981), "Museum-Apartment of A. N. Tolstoy" (1987), "House-Museum of M. M. Prishvin" in Dunin (1980), "House-Museum of B. L. Pasternak" in Peredelkino (1990 ), “House-Museum of K. I. Chukovsky” in Peredelkino (1995), “Museum Silver Age"(1999), "Information- cultural center“Museum of A.I. Solzhenitsyn" in Kislovodsk" (2014).

In addition, collections State Museum the history of Russian literature is presented in the permanent historical and literary exhibition “A. S. Pushkin and Russian literature of the Silver Age" (since 1999), as well as at numerous exhibitions, each of which could become the basis of a full-fledged literary museum. In the absence of the main building, in the spring of 2014, the museum opened the exhibition “Literary Museum: Memories of the Future” in 11 halls of the Grand Palace in the Tsaritsyno Museum-Reserve, where it was possible to present more than 1,200 rarities, allowing to show the potential diversity of topics related to the history of literature and book culture of the 11th - 21st centuries, coverage of which is possible on the basis of the rich collection of the museum. In December 2014, a building on Shelaputinsky Lane opened after restoration - a two-story mansion built in late XIX century for Savva Morozov. The building housed several museum collection departments, for a long time in need of a modern depository. At the end of 2014, the reconstruction of the memorial building “Gorina’s Mansion, where Solzhenitsyn visited” in Kislovodsk was also completed. Today the Information and Cultural Center “Museum of A. I. Solzhenitsyn” is located here.

All departments of the State Museum of the History of Russian Literature named after V.I. Dalia live multifaceted creative life. Almost every day, various meetings take place within their walls - literary and musical evenings, theatrical performances, scientific meetings and conferences, children's parties and Olympiads, interactive classes and lectures.

Since the 1960s, the museum has been a scientific and methodological center for the entire network of literary museums in Russia, with the direct participation of researchers The V.I. Dahl Museum of the History of Russian Literature has created concepts and permanent exhibitions for dozens of literary museums in different regions of Russia. The museum initiated the creation, within the framework of which will be implemented joint projects literary museums different regions Russia, as well as preparation, which will include more than two thousand dictionary entries on relevant topics.

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Even though it was not the capital of our state either in the “Golden” or in the “Silver” age of Russian literature, Moscow has always remained the home of many greats. Writers and poets worked in rented rooms in narrow alleys, got married in ancient churches, and dedicated their lines to the streets of the Mother See. Descendants make sure that authors who have already stood the test of time are known not only by humanities scholars, but also by the youngest residents of the current capital, its guests, who may be far from the world of literature. It is very important to be familiar with the works of Pushkin, Bulgakov, Tsvetaeva, but it is no less valuable to learn a little more about their lives. Perhaps the decoration and location of the apartment, favorite walking routes, places of meetings and circles will help to better understand certain of their ideas and thoughts. There are almost three dozen writers' museums in Moscow. Among them there are real houses of masters of the Russian word, there are memorial exhibitions, there are simply dedications based on creativity. We have chosen for this review the most significant and interesting ones, although there are others, we are sure that everyone will find something to learn for themselves.

The memorial office of Valery Bryusov was created by the widow after the death of the poet, critic and writer in the house where he lived for fifteen years. He remained here, in the old mansion at number 30 on Prospekt Mira, until the very last days. A few decades later, the building was restored, and in 1999, the Bryusov House Museum in Moscow, a museum of the “Silver Age,” opened there as a branch of the State Literary Museum.

It is not for nothing that the exhibition now bears such a general name, because it is unique: these are colossal funds of manuscripts, collections and visual documents. Their basis, of course, was Bryusov’s huge library. It contains priceless rare books literary contemporaries of the poet (with their personal autographs!), almanacs, files of magazines and newspapers from the beginning of that very “Silver Age”. The diaries and drafts of Valery Bryusov himself are also presented as exhibits. The widest exhibition is decorated with examples of paintings and graphics by Korovin, Polenov, Sudeikin, Burliuk. Here you can see theatrical sketches of Malevich, Mayakovsky, plaster busts of Tsvetaeva, Yesenin, Pasternak, photographs and cartoons of those years. At the Bryusov House-Museum in Moscow, one exhibition is entirely dedicated to the work of A.S. Pushkin: Valery Yakovlechich, like many prominent writers of the Silver Age, more than once turned to Pushkin theme. The historical interior of the owner's office was restored based on the memories of relatives and friends.

Life in this museum is in full swing, almost as it was then, during the development of many literary circles and associations: in addition to thematic excursions, they conduct unusual lectures, bright musical and poetry evenings.

per day centenary anniversary from the day of birth great poetess In 1992, the House-Museum of Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva was opened in Borisoglebsky Lane in Moscow. In a two-story building mid-19th century, the brightest representative of the “Silver Age” lived with her family from 1914 to 1922.

Unfortunately, and despite the colossal work of the museum staff and enthusiastic researchers of the poetess’s work, there are not many personal belongings of Tsvetaeva in the collection. Just to be able to survive in the terrible, poor and cold times in post-revolutionary Russia, Marina Ivanovna sold most of her valuables and rarities. It is known that an expensive piano was exchanged for a pound of black flour, and the stove was simply heated with antique furniture, chopped into chips. Thank God, Tsvetaeva’s descendants, collectors and caring people from all over the world try to replenish the exhibition from time to time. Among such gifts to the foundation are books of the 19th-20th centuries, family photographs, even personal letters, postcards with autographs and, what is especially valuable, manuscripts, lifetime collections of the poetess, postcards with her autographs. In the house-museum you can see a dressing table, an antique wall mirror, drawings and toys of children, numerous portraits of Tsvetaeva painted famous artists of that time - real everyday objects that surrounded the artist of the word. One of the exhibitions is dedicated to life path her husband - Sergei Efron and his family.

The strong spirit, excuse the pun, of a courageous woman and her finest poetry lives in this house, as does the atmosphere of that amazing literary and cultural era, which she was a part of. Moreover, the museum acts as a cultural and creative center.

The opening of the Sergei Yesenin Museum was timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the poet’s birth. In 1995, enthusiastic researchers donated the first collected collection city. The Yesenin Museum in Moscow acquired official status already in 1996. The poet’s father, who then worked in butcher shop merchant Krylov. Alexander Yesenin met young Sergei in 1911, straight from Ryazan here. Here the future great Russian poet was to live for seven years. And this house is the only official place of residence and registration in the capital.

The central “exhibit” of Yesenin’s house in Moscow was an unusually decorated memorial room. It was placed behind a glass wall as a kind of voluminous and informative museum value. For visitors we visualized life and creative path poet. A special exhibition “Yesenin as part of world culture” was also created here. It is interesting that during the excursions, videos are shown, they use the rarest chronicles of the beginning of the last century.

Imagine the beginning of the 19th century and a noisy bachelor party of young Russian nobles, with sparkling punch, creaking boots and clinking glasses, with epigrams and cartoons that made you blush, with fervent laughter. Let's move our “bachelor party” to house No. 53 on Arbat. Why here? And if you place a stocky man at the center of the entertainment young man with curly hair reading his poetry? Yes, here in an old two-story mansion in 1831 there was a rented apartment for Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, and here he was incredibly happy. The very next day after the party we described, the house found its hospitable owner: in the Church of the Great Ascension, Pushkin married Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova. Their wedding dinner and first family ball took place here on Arbat. The poet’s particular calm and happiness during this Moscow period was witnessed by his contemporaries who visited him. Their portraits now decorate the memorial museum-apartment of A.S. Pushkin

But this memorable place was not immediately open to the public. For a very long time, communal apartments were occupied at this address, as at most other Moscow ones. Only a sign on the facade, installed in 1937, reminded residents that Pushkin lived here. Only in 1986 was the house on Arbat restored to officially open the museum-apartment - the memorial department of the State Museum of A.S. Pushkin.

Over the years and events, almost no exact data has been preserved about what the decoration was like in Pushkin’s apartment in Moscow. Creative researchers decided not to “artificially” recreate the interior, but to limit themselves to some common decorative elements characteristic of the era - chandeliers and lamps in the Empire style, cornices and curtains. The surviving personal belongings of the poet are here: Pushkin’s desk, Goncharova’s table, lifetime portraits spouses. On the ground floor of the museum there is an exhibition “Pushkin and Moscow” about the difficult, but at the same time very warm relationship between the “Sun of Russian Poetry” and the capital.

It doesn’t often happen that you can actually visit a cult place from your favorite book. It’s enough just to come, for example, to house number 10 on Bolshaya Sadovaya Street. Here, in apartment 50, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov lived for several years. Here he wrote his first stories, the image of this setting froze in his memory for for many years. In the “bad apartment” No. 50, shrouded, according to the writer’s recollections, in a mystical atmosphere, heroes live, meet and disappear famous novel"The Master and Margarita".

Bulgakov's apartment museum was officially opened recently - in 2007. Before this, from the beginning of the 90s in memorial place The Foundation was located. Bulgakov. The museum's collection consists of Mikhail Afanasyevich's personal furniture, household items, books, manuscripts, photographs, paintings and records, preserved and donated by the writer's relatives and friends. The exhibition is presented very interestingly. Eight halls introduce us to the era of the 20s–40s, the personality of the author and his literary heroes. Not only is Bulgakov’s room recreated here, but there is also a “Communal Kitchen”, the “Editorial office of the newspaper “Gudok””, where the writer worked, is presented, “The Blue Office” conveys the atmosphere of the writer’s last home in Nashchokinsky Lane.

In the “Bad Apartment” you can listen to a guide who will tell you in detail about the house, its inhabitants and, of course, the great writer of the 20th century. The museum premises are also used as the stage of the Komediant Theater; concerts and poetry evenings, forums on creative heritage Bulgakov and photo exhibitions. The museum-apartment is located on the 4th floor. Do not confuse the memorial with the private cultural center “Bulgakov House” on the first one.

Much earlier than others in Moscow - in 1954 - the house-museum of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was opened. Now it is a branch of the State Literary Museum. On Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Street, in a two-story stone outbuilding built in 1874, Chekhov lived for almost four years. That period became a time of incredible inspiration and creative growth. In the house on Sadovaya he wrote almost a hundred stories and plays.

Based on the memoirs and sketches of contemporaries, the museum has almost thoroughly restored the environment in which the writer worked. Today you can see how he lived: his office, bedroom, sister and brother’s rooms. Here are the playwright's books translated into different languages world, the walls are decorated with photographs and graphics with views of Chekhov’s beloved Moscow at the end of the century before last. Many of Anton Pavlovich’s personal belongings have a whole history. For example, on the desk of a doctor-writer there is a bronze inkwell with the figure of a horse. It was given to him by a poor patient, with whom Chekhov not only did not demand money for consultations, but also gave money for further treatment. A photograph of his favorite composer Tchaikovsky, with a personal autograph, was very dear to his heart.

Chekhov's family donated manuscripts and documents to the state, which formed the basis of the exhibition housed in three halls of the museum. One of the rooms is entirely dedicated to the writer’s trip to Sakhalin. And the main hall of the Chekhov House-Museum in Moscow is not only an exhibition hall, but also a concert hall. The Chekhov Theater troupe plays here. You can see the rarest posters for performances of that time, postcards with outstanding actors, acting in plays based on Chekhov's works, programs, photographs of Chekhov in the acting environment, reviews of his contemporaries on his dramaturgy.

An architectural monument of Russian classicism, created by I.D. Gilardi, based on the drawings of D. Quarenghi, - the building of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor - a place of pilgrimage not only for connoisseurs of the art of construction. The wing of the hospital was used, among other things, for the resettlement of its workers. The two-room apartment on the ground floor was occupied by the family of the doctor Dostoevsky. His son Fedor, born in the wing opposite, lived with his father and mother from 1823 to 1837. At the age of less than 16, he left Moscow for the then capital - St. Petersburg.

What’s surprising is that the apartment where I absorbed images and impressions from childhood great artist words, has never been rebuilt. The museum on Bozhedomka was opened back in 1928. Today, the street on which this house No. 2 stands is named after the author of The Brothers Karamazov. The collection is based on the most valuable items and documents carefully preserved by Dostoevsky’s wife, Anna Grigorievna. The interior of the rooms was restored according to the memoirs of the writer’s brother. The exhibition includes family furniture, decorative items, such as bronze candelabra, lifetime portraits of F.M.’s parents and relatives. Dostoevsky and even little Fedya’s very first book - “One Hundred and Four Selected Stories of the Old and New Testaments.”

Already outside the walls of the memorial apartment, but in the building of the former hospital, which became the Dostoevsky Museum in Moscow, the Society of Amateurs Russian literature At Moscow State University and professional historians, the exhibition “The World of Dostoevsky” was assembled, introducing visitors to how Fyodor Mikhailovich lived and worked. There is also a lecture hall here.

The memorial setting of Korney Chukovsky's dacha has been almost completely left in the form it had during his lifetime. Two-story house on Serafimovich Street in Peredelkino keeps the secrets of creating many works for adults and children, because Korney Ivanovich lived here for almost thirty years. The museum collection includes household items of the writer, translator and literary critic, large library books and documents, including autographs of Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn, Gagarin and Raikin, a collection of toys - gifts from children admired by his fairy tales. The house-museum was opened in 1996 in the writers' village.

The museum in Peredelkino is artistically filled with interesting exhibits and illustrations of the storyteller’s work: here is a miracle tree with shoes, and here is an old black telephone, which was probably used by an elephant. After looking in the mirror of the magic box, you need to make a wish. Here you can also see the cartoon “Telephone”, voiced by Korney Ivanovich himself.

In Zamoskvorechye, that rare area of ​​our metropolis, where up to today By some miracle, the original appearance and charm of the ancient streets was preserved; in 1984, the A.N. Ostrovsky. It was here that the great Russian playwright was born. This is not even a house, but rather a two-story wooden manor early XIX century, around which a marvelous garden blooms from the first days of spring until almost mid-autumn.

The home environment that existed during the writer’s lifetime has been restored almost completely. There is a pleasant atmosphere of measured life. On the ground floor of the house Ostrovsky's belongings are collected: pieces of furniture (including rare collection his father), books, family portraits. In addition, many items in the museum collection allow the visitor to learn the history of Moscow at that time, the customs and tastes of its inhabitants, and through this, perhaps, better understand the work of Alexander Ostrovsky. On the second floor, unique items related to stage productions of the playwright's works are exhibited. These are manuscripts, old posters, photographs of actors, sketches of scenery. As many as two halls are reserved specifically for the iconic plays “Dowry” and “The Thunderstorm”.

The Museum of the writer Leo Tolstoy in Moscow is located on Prechistenka. With him in Museum Academy for children preschool age“Ant Brothers” conducts developmental classes on an ongoing basis, as well as theatrical clubs for school students different ages. It has its own lecture hall and cinema hall, library, second-hand bookstore, connected, of course, with the life and work of Lev Nikolaevich. Also, in order to unite literary scholars and writers, and professionals from other museums, art connoisseurs, the literary club “Lewin” was created at the museum.

Today the main thematic excursions of the museum are “ Father's house. The Youth of a Genius,” “Legends and the Giving of the Tolstoy Family,” “Pages of Life,” “Earth and Heaven,” “War and Peace.”

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In 1934 a merger took place Central Museum fiction, criticism and journalism and the Literary Museum at the Lenin Library to the State Literary Museum. Now it contains personal archives donated to the state by many figures of Russian culture from the 18th to the 20th centuries. The rarest ones are also on display here. vintage engravings with views of the capitals of the Russian Federation and Russian Empire, miniatures and picturesque portraits statesmen who left their mark on history.

A huge part of the state exposition includes the first printed and handwritten church books, the first secular publications from the times of Peter the Great, rare specimens with autographs, manuscripts written by people who have forever entered the history of Russia: Derzhavin G., Fonvizin D., Karamzin N., Radishchev A., Griboyedov A., Lermontov Y. and other no less worthy representatives of literature. In total, the exhibition contains more than a million valuable specimens of this kind.

Today state collection The literary museum includes eleven branches located in different places and known even in remote countries. These are house-museums and apartment-museums of people who left a bright mark on the history of Russia of all times:

• Fyodor Dostoevsky (Moscow, Dostoevsky St., 2);
• Ilya Ostroukhov (Moscow, Trubnikovsky Lane, 17);
• Anton Chekhov (Moscow, Sadovaya Kudrinskaya St., 6);
• Anatoly Lunacharsky (Moscow, Denezhny lane 9/5, apt. 1, closed for reconstruction);
• Alexandra Herzen (Moscow, Sivtsev Vrazhek lane, 27);
• Mikhail Lermontov (Moscow, Malaya Molchanovka St., 2);
• Alexey Tolstoy (Moscow, Spiridonovka str., 2/6);
• Mikhail Prishvin (Moscow region, Odintsovo district, Dunino village, 2);
• Boris Pasternak (Moscow, Vnukovskoye settlement, Peredelkino village, Pavlenko street, 3);
• Korney Chukovsky (Moscow, Vnukovskoye village, DSK Michurinets village, Serafimovicha str., 3);
• Museum of the Silver Age (Moscow, Prospekt Mira, 30).

To this museum complex This includes the Silver Age Museum, opened in 1999. Each literary exhibition is so complete and deep in its content that in itself it can serve as the basis for opening another full-fledged and sought-after museum. More recently, at the end of 2014, an ancient two-story mansion of the 19th century, which belonged to the famous Russian philanthropist Savva Morozov, was restored and transferred to this institution. In the same year, the reconstruction of the memorial building-mansion in Kislovodsk, where Solzhenitsyn visited, was completed - this is also one of the branches, which is intended to be used not only as a museum site, but also as a cultural center where meetings with writers will constantly take place.