Famous architectural monuments. Ideal Palace, France
Russia is big and beautiful country, rich in various architectural monuments that have a long history. In our article you can get acquainted with the most famous and beautiful architectural structures 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.
16th century
In the 16th century, urban planning was actively carried out in Russia, so this period can be safely called an “architectural upsurge”. Moscow expanded, new cities, cathedrals, temples were built. Let's take a look at the most famous monuments architecture built in the 16th century.
Ivan the Great belltower
The Ivan the Great Bell Tower is a white brick church located on Sobornaya Square of the Moscow Kremlin. The date of construction is 1500-1508. The project of its creation was carried out by the well-known at that time Italian architect on the estate of Bon Fryazin. The structure of the main ensemble of the bell tower includes 3 objects:
- tower of "Ivan the Great" (the head structure of the bell tower);
- belfry "Assumption";
- extension "Filaretovaya".
The belfry holds 34 bells of various sizes and sounds. The main ones are: "Uspensky" (67 tons), "Roaring" (33 tons) and "Lenten" (12 tons).
Ivan the Great belltowerCathedral of the Archangel
Arkhangelsk is a Christian Orthodox cathedral, which can be seen on Cathedral Square, located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin. This building has five domes, six towers, a necropolis (a place for the burial of the dead, and separate rooms are provided for men and women), a special inner choir tier. The cathedral is finished with white stone. There are paintings inside famous artists- Fedor Zubov, Stepan Ryazants, and Joseph Vladimirov.
Cathedral of the ArchangelChina town
Kitay-gorod is one of the historical districts of the capital, located on the territory of the Kitaygorod fortress wall, which was attached to the corner towers of the Kremlin in 1539. Kitai-Gorod stretches from Red Square to the Moskva River, borders on Okhotny Ryad, Theater Square, as well as Lubyanka. Currently on this direction there is a metro station of the same name.
China townSt. Basil's Cathedral
Perhaps one of the most famous temples Russia - this is St. Basil's Cathedral, which is located on Red Square. The date of its construction is 1556. The structure of the cathedral includes 10 annexes, each of which was erected in honor of a particular saint. The central part is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, the side buildings "belong" to the Holy Trinity, Nikola Velikoretsky, Alexander Svirsky, St. Basil the Blessed, as well as the Entrance of the Lord into Jerusalem.
St. Basil's CathedralNizhny Novgorod Kremlin
The Kremlin is the main historical fortress Nizhny Novgorod, which is located on the Volga-Oka Spit on the highest right bank. This building was erected in 1508 by order of Ivan the Terrible. The walls of the Kremlin are made of red brick. Their total length is about 2-3 km. The fortress also has 14 towers, 5 of which are rectangular and 9 are round. The “Stone City” (as the Kremlin is sometimes called) is surrounded by dry moats, which were created to protect against enemies.
Nizhny Novgorod KremlinNovodevichy Convent
Novodevichy is an Orthodox convent located on the territory of Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street in the very center of Moscow. The date of construction is 1525. Novodevichy Convent was built by order of the great Russian prince Basil III. This building has one belfry, two round observation towers, cells for the nuns, as well as free-standing churches where a daily prayer service took place.
Novodevichy ConventTula Kremlin
The Tula Kremlin is considered one of the oldest buildings in the city of Tula. It is located in the very central part. The date of construction is approximately 1514. The Tula Kremlin was built by order of Ivan the Terrible. The Kremlin walls are made of red brick. The structure includes several round as well as rectangular observation towers. There are 2 cathedrals on the territory: Assumption and Epiphany.
Tula Kremlin17th century
The 17th century is the era of architecture, during which a huge number of different significant events took place that greatly influenced the life of Russia, including its architecture. Most houses began to be built of brick or stone, but wooden structures still did not lose their former popularity. Let's look at the most famous architectural monuments of the 17th century.
Kolomna Palace
The Kolomna Palace is a royal estate located in the Moscow region in the village of Kolomenskoye. The approximate date of construction is 1667. This building is a whole complex of various wooden buildings, which are interconnected by endless passages and tunnels.
Kolomna PalaceChurch of the Intercession in Fili
The Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Virgin is located in the Filevsky Park area, Moscow. modern building The temple was erected in 1690 with funds donated by the brother of Queen Natalia Naryshkina. The temple has five tiers, one bell tower, and 3 wide porches.
Church of the Intercession in FiliDormition Divine Church
The marvelous church is located in the city of Uglich. She is one of outstanding monuments ancient Russian architecture 17th century. The approximate date of construction is 1628. This temple has a different name - "Assumption". The building has a rather original appearance: three hipped domes forming a "trident" crown, a refectory adjoins the main part of the building, as well as a front porch, decorated with decorative elements of white stone.
Dormition Divine ChurchChurch of Elijah the Prophet
The Church of Elijah the Prophet is located on the central (Soviet) square of the city of Yaroslavl. This temple was built in 1647. According to legend, it was founded along with the city itself by Prince Yaroslav the Wise. The Church of Elijah the Prophet can be recognized by the snow-white stone walls and grassy green domes.
Church of Elijah the ProphetChurch of John the Baptist
The Church of John the Baptist is one of the main and ancient architectural monuments of Yaroslavl. This building was built in 1687 according to the design of Fyodor Ignatiev and Dmitry Plekhanov. For the construction of the temple, molded red bricks were used, as well as tiles. The church has 15 domes of various sizes.
Church of John the Baptist18 century
The 18th century is the time when Russia "breathed" in a new way, because it was then that new cities began to be built, objects that are still considered historical monuments architecture. The first half of the 18th century is closely associated with the name of the great Russian Emperor Peter I. It was he who brought many innovations and changes borrowed from European countries. Let's take a look at the most beautiful buildings and buildings of this era.
Winter Palace
Winter Palace is the main imperial building of St. Petersburg. The date of construction is 1754. The building was built in the style of the Elizabethan Baroque, decorated with rich monograms, columns covered with gold leaf. Currently, the Winter Palace houses a historical museum - the Hermitage.
Winter PalaceAdmiralty building
The Admiralty consists of a complex of buildings located on the banks of the Neva on the Admiralteysky Island. At the beginning this building played the role of a shipyard (place of construction, as well as repair of ships, ships, boats), but a little later it was somewhat modernized and given the title of the administrative center, which housed the command navy Russia. Date of construction - 1704.
Admiralty buildingPashkov House
One of the most famous buildings in Moscow, built in the style early classicism, is the Pashkov house. This building was designed in 1784 at the request of the captain of the Semenovsky regiment Peter Pashkov. This house has an impressive appearance, which is partly related to the place on which it stands - Vagankovsky Hill. The main facade of the building faces the sunny side.
Pashkov HouseAlexander Nevsky Lavra
Alexander Nevsky Lavra is monastery located at the end of Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg. It is considered the largest monastery northern capital. Date of construction - 1710. According to the assumptions of local historians and historians, this building was erected by order of Peter I. The emperor allocated almost 5,000 sq.m. for construction. On the territory of the Lavra there is a wooden Church of the Annunciation, the Trinity Cathedral, the Feodorovskaya Church, the Gate Church.
Alexander Nevsky LavraVolkov Theater
The Volkov Theater is one of the oldest drama stages in Russia. This institution was built in 1750 in the city of Yaroslavl. The theater got its name in honor of its founder Fyodor Grigoryevich Volkov, the son of a wealthy merchant. The young man very often arranged various theatrical performances with his friends, from which the idea arose to open his own place for their display.
Volkov Theater19th century
Architectural monuments Russia, built in the 19th century, are distinguished by a new unconventional style for our country - eclectic (a combination of incongruous, that is, a mixture of the most diverse and unimaginable trends). Eclectic "imitates" ancient Russian art, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism. Let's look at the most popular buildings of the 19th century, built in an eclectic style.
Tsarskoye Selo
Tsarskoye Selo is a museum-reserve, which was established in 1811 in the city of Pushkin, Leningrad Region. This complex includes a palace and park ensemble, a country royal residence, Catherine's Park, the Hermitage Garden, the Grotto, the Alexander Garden, the Military Chamber and Chinese theater. At the moment, millions of tourists from all over the world come to this place of extraordinary beauty.
Tsarskoye SeloCathedral of Christ the Savior
The Cathedral of Christ the Savior is one of the main shrines of Russia, which was built in 1812. On the walls of the temple are depicted (sculpted from clay) Russian soldiers who laid down their lives for their homeland during Patriotic War 1812 with Napoleon Bonaparte. During the Stalinist reforms, the temple building was destroyed, but in 1994 it was rebuilt.
Cathedral of Christ the SaviorTriumphal Arch
The triumphal arch is an architectural monument built in 1829 in Moscow, which is a huge arch. More often triumphal arches are installed at the entrance to the city, at the end of major streets, avenues, bridges.
Triumphal ArchArena
Manege is a historical building located in the central part of Moscow. This building was built in 1817 by architect Augustine Betancourt. Currently, the arena is the main museum and exhibition site of the capital, but it was built for drill training of troops guarding the Kremlin and Moscow borders. A little later, balls and royal receptions began to be held here.
ArenaSaint Isaac's Cathedral
Cathedral of St. Isaac Dolmatsky - one of the largest temples Petersburg, built in 1858 according to the project famous architect Antonio Rinaldi. The main dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral is made of gold leaf, the facade is made of gray stone, and the columns of the main entrance are cast in bronze.
Saint Isaac's CathedralIn our article, you met the most famous and beautiful monuments Russian architecture. Temples, churches, palaces, reserves were described. Russian Federation- a country rich history, which is why here you can see unusual and unique structures that are not found anywhere else.
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Map Description
"Moscow. Architectural monuments". The scheme was compiled, designed and prepared for printing by the Scientific and Editorial Mapping Department of the GUGK in 1973. Editor: Smigelskaya S.V. Paper size 100x72. Circulation 47000. Price 30 kopecks.
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Scheme of architectural monuments of the center of Moscow
Accompanying text for the scheme
Among Russian cities, Moscow occupies a special place, both in terms of its significance. historical path, and unique originality architectural appearance. Having inherited a high artistic culture Ancient Rus', it has become the focus of the best creative forces people. Monuments of Moscow architecture reflected various stages of the city's history and entered the golden fund of world architecture.
In Moscow, the foundations were laid not only for the all-Russian statehood, but also for the all-Russian artistic culture, which absorbed all the best that was achieved in other cities in the era feudal fragmentation. Expressing the leading ideas of their time by means of architecture, Moscow architects introduced an amazing variety into the main types of structures characteristic of a particular era.
The core of the Kremlin ensemble - the historical and compositional center of the city - took shape at a time when Moscow became the capital of the Russian centralized state (in the 15th-17th centuries). Cathedral Square and the fortifications of the Kremlin, created by the Russians and by Italian masters and reflecting the idea of the greatness and power of the young state, amazed contemporaries with their scale and monumentality.
In the XVI century. was created new type constructions-triumphal pillar-shaped compositions, the so-called memorial churches, and among them a masterpiece of Russian architecture - the Pokrovsky Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral).
In the settlements and settlements surrounding the Kremlin, stone church and residential buildings appeared at that time, small in size, but interesting in their architectural forms. Widely deployed in the XVI century. and fortification: in the 30s, walls were built around the settlement (Kitai-gorod), in the 80-90s - around white city, and in early XVII V. Moscow received its last defensive belt - the Earthen Wall with oak walls and towers (Earth City). In addition, for centuries powerful fortresses - monasteries - were built around Moscow.
The Polish-Swedish intervention caused a temporary decline in construction in Moscow, but with mid-seventeenth V. starts new stage in the development of Moscow architecture.
Numerous popular uprisings shook the foundations of the official ideology and contributed to the penetration into architecture folk motives. Hence - the wealth of decorative decoration, colorful, picturesque composition in the buildings of that time. TO late XVII V. the desire for symmetry and balance is growing, a new type of tiered church buildings appears ("an octagon on a quadrangle"). This new period in architecture was called "Moscow" or "Naryshkin baroque".
The reforms of Peter the Great and the victory in the Great Northern War made Russia one of the leading European powers. Without breaking with national traditions, Russian masters creatively accepted the artistic culture of Western Europe. In the XVIII century. Two main stylistic trends were created - Russian Baroque and Russian Classicism.
Few baroque monuments were created in Moscow, since the development of the style coincided with the building of St. Petersburg, moreover, some of them died during the fire of 1812, but Moscow classicism brilliantly manifested itself in numerous buildings for various purposes. After the Patriotic War of 1812, classicism acquires features of great simplicity and rigor. WITH mid-nineteenth V. its decline begins and various stylistic trends come to replace it - the era of "all styles" is coming. Originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. style "modern" further increases the diversity of buildings. Capitalism puts forward the need to create new types of structures - tenement houses, hotels, railway stations, etc.
Construction technology is booming at this time, but artistic value buildings, with some exceptions, does not reach a high level.
Great October opened up unlimited opportunities for the development of all kinds of arts. Already in 1918, V.I. Lenin signs a decree on the protection and restoration of historical and cultural monuments. Restoration work has received a huge scale in our days.
The party and the government pay great attention to aesthetic education Soviet people, and the works of Russian architects play in this big role, causing admiration for the talent of the Russian people, fostering a sense of patriotism and pride in their country. Architectural monuments brought back to life by Soviet restorers occupy a place of honor in the ensembles of the new Moscow.
Soviet architecture in its development went through a number of stages. The twenties and early thirties are characterized by the search for new means of architectural expression, free from the eclecticism of the previous period. At that time great attention is given to the rational construction of building plans, the widespread use of new materials and structures, which made it possible to create a number of interesting and artistically valuable structures. However, the real possibilities of construction of that time did not allow many architectural ideas to be realized.
The development of the country's economy gave rise to a desire for majestic forms and splendor of decoration. The call to different styles, which subsequently led to excesses and unjustified embellishment. This direction was justly condemned by the government decree of 1955, which stated that "simplicity, rigor of forms and cost-effectiveness of solutions should be characteristic of Soviet architecture." At present, Soviet architects are persistently working on the creation of full-fledged works of art capable of reflecting the spirit of our time and the pathos of building communism. The enormous scope of construction in our country places before Soviet architecture the necessity of constructing complexes and ensembles capable of creating an integral image of the city. L.I. Brezhnev pointed out that "it is a matter of honor for each of us to turn Moscow into an exemplary communist city."
It is clear that it is impossible to present all the architectural wealth of Moscow in a booklet. Only the most valuable monuments are listed here. artistically or most characteristic of its time.
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Monuments of architecture - objects that were created, as a rule, in honor of significant event or important person. The age of some is calculated in tens of years, while others still remember the Egyptian pharaohs. This review contains the most famous architectural monuments about which you can write the history of mankind.
1. Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram)
The Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram) is a cube-shaped building located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is considered the most sacred place in Islam, as well as the oldest and most famous cultural monument in the world.
The Qur'an states that the Kaaba was built by Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic) and his son Ismail after the latter settled in Arabia. A mosque, the Masjid al-Haram, was built around this building. All Muslims around the world turn to face the Kaaba during prayers, no matter where they are.
One of the five basic laws of Islam requires every Muslim to make the Hajj - a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life. In this case, the Kaaba must be circumvented seven times counterclockwise (when viewed from above).
2. Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal ("Crown of Palaces") is a white marble mausoleum located in the city of Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely regarded as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the world's recognized masterpieces world heritage". The area of the Taj Mahal is about 221 hectares (38 hectares are occupied by the mausoleum itself and 183 hectares by the protected forest around it).
3. Egyptian pyramids
A total of 138 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. Most of them were built as tombs for pharaohs and their wives during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. These are one of the oldest famous cultural monuments.
The earliest known Egyptian pyramids were found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. And the oldest of them is the Pyramid of Djoser, built in 2630-2611 BC. e., during the third dynasty. This pyramid and the complex surrounding it were designed by the architect Imhotep and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures made of bricks with facings.
4. Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, rammed earth, wood, and other materials built along China's historic northern borders to protect the country from invasion by various warlike peoples.
Several walls were built as early as the 7th century BC, and later they were completed, combining them into what is today known as Great Wall. Particularly famous is the part of the wall built between 220-206 BC. the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (very little remains of her).
By the way, there are many more in China
5. Angkor Thom (Greater Angkor)
Angkor Thom is a 3 square kilometer walled royal city that was the last capital Khmer Empire. After Jayavarman VII retook Yashodharapura (the previous capital) from the invaders from Champa in 1181, he built a new imperial capital on the site of the ruined city. He started with existing surviving structures such as Bapuon and Fimeanakas and built a majestic walled city around them, adding an outer wall with a moat and some of the the greatest temples Angkor. There are five entrances (gates) to the city, one for each cardinal direction and the Gate of Victory leading to the area of the Royal Palace. Each gate is crowned with four gigantic faces.
The Acropolis of Athens, also called "Kekropia" in Athens, is the most important site of the city and one of the most recognizable monuments in the world. This is the main guide ancient Greek culture, as well as the symbol of the city of Athens itself, since it represents the apogee artistic development in the 5th century BC.
7. Chiang Kai-shek National Memorial Hall
National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall famous monument and a local landmark erected in memory of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, former president Republic of China. It is located in the Chinese city of Taipei. The monument, surrounded by a park, was built in the eastern part of Memorial Square. To the north of it is National Theater, and from the south is the National concert hall.
The Potala Palace is located in the city of Lhasa in Tibet. It is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of Chenrezig or Avalokiteshvara. The Potala Palace was the main residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India, during the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1959.
Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, the fifth Grand Dalai Lama, began construction of the Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisors, Konchog Chopel, noted that the location between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa was ideal for the seat of government. The Potala was eventually built on the remains of an earlier fortress, called the White or Red Palace, built by King Songtsen Gampo of Tibet in 637. Today the Potala Palace is a museum.
The architectural monuments of Russia, ranging from majestic palaces and cathedrals with a thousand-year history to modern buildings, amaze tourists with their originality and brightness. A rare city in the Russian Federation cannot boast of a rich castle, a fancy house or an unusual bridge. However, there are masterpieces that you simply cannot help but admire!
Intercession Cathedral
The ancient architectural monuments of Russia are, first of all, luxurious temples. The Intercession Cathedral has managed to become famous all over the world due to its uniqueness and unusualness. The building looks like an ensemble formed by nine pillar-shaped churches (independent). All of them are located on the same basement (base), united by internal and external galleries.
The cathedral, included in the list of the largest Russian historical and architectural museums, is located in the "heart" of the capital - on the territory of Red Square. The majestic church was erected by order of Ivan the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century, today it is known as St. Basil's Cathedral. The richness of the appearance was the result of the game of the creators with two materials: white stone and brick. The variety of decor, which distinguishes many famous architectural monuments in Russia, has been achieved thanks to several types of brick processing profiles used in different combinations.
Saint Isaac's Cathedral
Even guests of St. Petersburg who find themselves on the territory of the "second capital" on their way should definitely visit St. Isaac's Cathedral. The grand building in its current form was erected in 1818-1858, based on the project developed by the architect Auguste Montferrand. However, like many other Russian architectural monuments of the 19th century, the cathedral has a longer history, which begins with a small church founded in the early 18th century. The temple is one of the largest domed buildings on the planet, the diameter of the dome is 21.8 meters, over 100 kg of gold was spent on its creation.
Tourists are attracted not only by the intricate dome painting depicting biblical scenes, but also by the rich interior decoration of the cathedral - valuable types of marble, malachite, lapis lazuli, and gilding. The high colonnade is one of the main reasons for the popularity of the temple. Using the narrow one, you can find yourself at a height of 43 meters and enjoy the unique views of St. Petersburg.
Unusual bridges
The architectural monuments of Russia include original bridges built not only in past centuries, but also today. The whole world knows about the existence in Volgograd. The building earned its nickname in 2010, when swaying occurred as a result of a wind load. Despite the significant (about a meter) road surface and supports, they retained their integrity. The safety of the bridge was achieved with the help of special shock absorbers.
You can admire the Krasnoyarsk Communal Bridge, which is one of the symbols of Siberia, not only when visiting the city, but also looking at a banknote (10 rubles). The building was erected during the reign of Khrushchev, for a long period it was considered the longest Asian bridge, the length is 2300 meters. interesting unique technology, which the builders resorted to: the rejection of safety supports.
Manezhnaya Square
Manezhnaya Square, which cannot be ignored when listing the architectural monuments of Russia, is considered the first bright masterpiece of the famous Tsereteli in Moscow, located near Historical Museum and the Manege, erected in 1817, until the 30s of the last century was "framed" by the city dense building. The square was liberated in 1932 in connection with the construction of the subway.
Grandiose construction on the square began only in the early 90s. Okhotny Ryad was created, which became the first Moscow shopping complex located underground. Also, under the leadership of Tsereteli, a dazzling cascade of fountains with huge horses, lighting and cozy benches saw the light. Since then, Manezhnaya Square has been perceived as a continuation of the Alexander Garden.
Winter Palace
The Hermitage is rightly considered one of the most magnificent colorful examples of the dawn of the magnificent baroque; many noteworthy architectural monuments of Russia of those times belong to this direction. The palace building, which left other buildings of the northern capital far behind due to its beauty and size, was created by the architect Rastrelli and was planned as the residence of the Russian tsars.
The building, which overshadowed other architectural monuments of Russia of the 18th century, occupies a huge area, in currently includes Hermitage Theater, Old, New, Small Hermitage. In fact, construction continued from 1764 to 1852. Each facade is unlike the others, as the creators took into account the peculiarities of the area. The Winter Palace has the shape of a rectangle, has an inner (front) courtyard, corner ledges.
Kolomna Palace
Many architectural monuments of Russia of the 17th century not only survived the reconstruction, but were also restored almost from scratch. This list also includes the Kolomna Palace, which looked like an intricate system of wooden cages (rooms), united by passages. Its creators were Russian architects Petrov and Mikhailov, who attracted the most outstanding masters of the capital of that time to work.
The building, thanks to its luxurious exotic decor (gilded leather, biblical ceiling and wall paintings, wood carvings) delighted foreign guests, stood for a century and was destroyed in 1767. The surviving layout made it possible to restore a chic building in Moscow.
Novodvinsk fortress
In the era of Peter the Great, many interesting monuments Russian architecture. The list includes the pride of Russian soldiers, which instilled fear in foreigners. Having survived many bloody battles, the building was partially preserved.
In the northern zone of Russia, this is the first building to become a bastion-type fortress. Architectural style- Dutch, examples of such structures are found in Europe and America. The fortress has the appearance of a square structure, includes four bastions, the distance between which is approximately 120 meters.
Annunciation Cathedral
One of the most interesting buildings in Voronezh - Blagoveshchensky Cathedral, created by the architect Shevelev. The temple belongs to the Russian-Byzantine direction, its history is connected with the year the city was founded - 1586. Initially, the building was wooden, it was rebuilt many times. The destruction of the cathedral happened during the Great Patriotic War.
Like other architectural monuments of Russia, photos of which are given above, the church was restored (in 1998). Now the cathedral is located in a different place, belongs to a slightly different style, the interior decoration has been modified. As before, the temple fascinates with its dimensions, not getting lost even against the backdrop of gigantic modern skyscrapers. Its height is 85 meters.
Of course, these are far from all the bright architectural monuments of Russia that are worth visiting at least once.
