The use of monuments of historical and cultural heritage of the Vinnitsa region as a prerequisite for the development of cultural and educational (architectural) tourism in the region. Crimea and its treasures

At present, the importance of historical and cultural monuments in shaping the worldview, national identity and collective and individual identity is constantly increasing. This phenomenon resists the pressure of globalization and internationalization, the dominance of electronic, including social, networks and telecommunications. The accessibility, mass character and soullessness of these phenomena lead to the leveling of the consciousness of individuals and, ultimately, find their expression in social explosions on the basis of nationalism, religious extremism and social inequality. Cultural heritage in this situation is the object of a sharp ideological, religious, political and economic struggle, often capturing huge masses of society, heterogeneous in their social status, origin, upbringing and position.

In this regard, a fair question arises about how a specific type of cultural property is nominated to give them the status of monuments of history and culture.

The regulatory framework for the current period is as follows. According to the Law of the Russian Federation of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ “On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as the law on OKN), decisions “on the inclusion of a cultural heritage object of federal significance in the unified state register of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, on the exclusion of a cultural heritage object from this register, on the movement of a cultural heritage object or on changing its internal or appearance, about changing the category of historical cultural significance of a cultural heritage site of federal significance or on the restoration of a lost cultural heritage site of federal significance” are adopted by the authorities of the Russian Federation, in some cases - with the participation of authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. In addition, the powers of the authorities of the Russian Federation include the following: "referring objects of cultural heritage to especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation"; "formation of a list of objects of cultural heritage that are not subject to alienation, which are in federal ownership"; "Attributing objects of cultural heritage to historical and cultural reserves of federal significance" . “The federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation authorized in the field of protection of cultural heritage objects carry out work to identify and account for objects that are of value in terms of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture(hereinafter referred to as objects of historical and cultural value) and recommended for inclusion in the register. These works are carried out in accordance with state targeted programs for the protection of cultural heritage, as well as on the basis of recommendations from individuals and legal entities. “Objects that are of historical and cultural value and in respect of which the conclusion of the state historical and cultural expertise (hereinafter referred to as the historical and cultural expertise) has been issued on their inclusion in the register as objects of cultural heritage, belong to the identified objects of cultural heritage.” “The register may include identified objects of cultural heritage, from the moment of creation of which or from the moment of historical events associated with which at least forty years have passed, with the exception of memorial apartments and memorial houses that are associated with the life and work of outstanding personalities who have special merits to Russia, and which are considered to be identified objects of cultural heritage immediately after death specified persons» . With regard to objects of cultural heritage that are of outstanding universal historical, archaeological, architectural, artistic, scientific, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological value, based on the conclusion of the historical and cultural expertise, proposals can be formed on the inclusion of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance in the World Heritage List. To make a decision on the inclusion of a cultural heritage object in the register, a number of documents are submitted to the Government of the Russian Federation or to a public authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, including: the conclusion of a historical and cultural expertise; information about the category of historical and cultural significance of the object; description of the features of the object that served as the basis for its inclusion in the register and subject to mandatory preservation (hereinafter referred to as the subject of protection). The subject of protection of a historical and cultural monument, along with other registry data, is included in the "passport of a cultural heritage object", which is the main document that records its condition at the time of inclusion in the registry. Similarly, on the basis of the conclusion of the historical and cultural expertise, in accordance with the law on OKN, the Government of the Russian Federation is changing the category of historical and cultural significance of a cultural heritage object. Exclusion from the register of a monument of history and culture is also carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation on the basis of the conclusion of a historical and cultural expertise. Thus, historical and cultural expertise is carried out in order to: justify the inclusion of a cultural heritage object in the register; determining the category and justifying the change in the category of its historical and cultural significance; exclusion of a cultural heritage object from the register; attributing the object of cultural heritage to the most valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation or to the objects of the world cultural heritage. The OKN Law formulates only the most general principles conducting historical and cultural expertise, including: scientific validity, objectivity and legality; the presumption of safety of the cultural heritage object under any planned economic activity(hereinafter - the principle of presumption); compliance with safety requirements for a cultural heritage object; the reliability and completeness of the information provided by the interested person for the historical and cultural expertise; independence of experts; publicity. Of these principles, the only essential one is the principle of presumption. Other principles are either obvious or declarative, such as transparency or independence of experts. Of interest is the provision of the law on cultural heritage, which refers to the objects of historical and cultural expertise not only the monuments of history and culture (more precisely, "objects that have the characteristics of a cultural heritage object" and "land plots subject to economic development"), but also documents justifying: the inclusion of cultural heritage objects in the register and their exclusion from the register; changing the category of historical and cultural significance of a monument of history and culture; attributing an object of cultural heritage to historical and cultural reserves, especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation or objects of world cultural and natural heritage. This provision means that documents of this kind are not the result of the historical and cultural expertise itself, but can be created by some third parties and will be its objects instead of historical and cultural monuments as such. Further, the law on OKN does not establish by whom the historical and cultural expertise is carried out, but only determines those who organize its conduct at the federal and regional levels. And finally, paragraph 2 of Art. 32 establishes that the conclusion of the historical and cultural expertise is the basis for a decision by the relevant body for the protection of cultural heritage objects. In case of disagreement with the conclusion, the relevant body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, on its own initiative or at the request of an interested person, has the right to appoint a re-examination.

Out of consideration regulatory framework it follows that the fact of granting the status of an object of cultural heritage is: for a monument of history and culture - inclusion in the register, for a particularly valuable object of cultural heritage - inclusion in the code, for an identified monument of history and culture or an object of archaeological heritage - inclusion in the list. That is, not the very existence of a monument as a material object and carrier of cultural tradition, but an entry in the register confirms that this or that object is a monument of history and culture. If an object of cultural heritage no longer exists due to its complete destruction, but is included in the register, it will still be considered as existing until the historical and cultural expertise is carried out and appropriate decisions are made to remove it from the register. And a real-life monument that is not included in the register, or at least in the list of identified objects of cultural heritage, is not even formally a cultural value. As a result, the object itself is not a monument, but only the entry in the register makes it a monument. This situation seems absurd, but such is the modern practice, and only the act of inclusion in the register is a confirmation that the object is a cultural value. This provision is valid for all objects of cultural heritage, and even archeological monuments, which, according to the law on cultural heritage, are, of course, objects of cultural heritage of federal significance, before being entered into the register are considered only identified objects of cultural heritage, although from the day they were discovered. And even they become revealed only after being included in the list.

In this regard, it is important to understand how the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation is formed and who nominates an object for the status of a monument of history and culture. As stated above, formally it is a federal body and bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as individuals and legal entities recommends that objects that have signs of historical and cultural monuments be recognized as objects of cultural heritage. However, in fact, the main and decisive factor in the nomination of a monument for recognition as an object of cultural heritage of one or another historical and cultural significance is the conclusion of the state historical and cultural expertise. It also plays a major role in the exclusion of a cultural heritage object from the register. At the same time, "the exclusion of a cultural heritage object from the register is carried out in the event of a complete physical loss of a cultural heritage object or its loss of historical and cultural significance" . In the first case, such a decision is objective evidence of the disappearance of a cultural heritage object, which is really possible with the complete destruction of a wooden monument in a fire or other fairly rare cases of complete loss of an object of cultural significance (avalanche, mudflow, explosion, etc.). Since usually only a partial loss occurs, this cannot be a reason for deleting a historical and cultural monument from the register. The second condition can be both a real reflection of the situation that has developed due to the misuse of the monument, and a field for all kinds of machinations of an ideological, economic, political or social nature. monument history culture value

A striking example of the violation of the principle of presumption and the objectivity of the historical and cultural expertise can be the change in the status of such a unique structure as the stadium. CM. Kirov in St. Petersburg, when its status was first changed from a federal monument to a regional one, and as a result of the next examination, it generally lost the status of a historical and cultural monument due to accidents and the loss of historical and cultural significance. Then the monument was simply demolished (officially - dismantled). Obviously, in a short period of time, which is about one or two years, nothing extraordinary happened to the monument. But a political decision was made to build a new stadium, and they did not look for another place for construction. It was easier to destroy the existing monument without even thinking about how it would be possible to deliver visitors to the new stadium in a short time in the amount of tens of thousands of people and how to maintain public order on a vast territory. It is well known that even in the central parts of large cities, for example, around the Luzhniki stadium in Moscow or the Petrovsky stadium in St. Petersburg, post-match acts of vandalism and hooliganism periodically occur, despite the fact that entire regiments of OMON and police are drawn to these objects.

Based on the above, we can conclude that historical and cultural expertise is the most important reality that determines whether an object is a monument of history and culture or not, and, in fact, determines the status of a monument. What can this mysterious and all-powerful state historical and cultural expertise represent? According to the Regulations on State Historical and Cultural Expertise (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations), it is carried out at the initiative of the interested state authority, local government body, legal entity or individual (hereinafter referred to as the customer) on the basis of an agreement between the customer and the expert, and when conducting an examination by several experts, the customer concludes an agreement with each of them. The meaning of concluding contracts with each of the experts is unclear. Apparently, the treaty should have an anti-corruption character, which is so fashionable in the legislation of a corrupt society. And who are the judges? Experts can be: a) individuals with higher and (or) postgraduate professional education in the direction of expert activity (in exceptional cases - specialized secondary vocational or additional education) and experience practical work profile for at least 10 years; possessing the scientific and practical knowledge necessary for the examination, as well as knowledge of international acts and legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of conservation, use, popularization and state protection objects of cultural heritage; who are able to conduct the necessary research and draw up relevant documents and expert opinions based on their results; b) legal entities with labor relations of at least three experts - individuals. At the same time, a number of anti-corruption restrictions are imposed on the experts selected for the examination, such as the absence, with the customer, his official or employee of family ties (but there are no restrictions on an unregistered marriage), labor relations, mutual property obligations, securities, shares, shares of participation and shares in authorized (share) capitals), interest in the results of research or a decision arising from the conclusion of the examination, in order to obtain benefits in the form of money, valuables, other property, services of a property nature or property rights for yourself or third parties. All these points can be freely circumvented, including for criminal purposes, and the last point is simply impossible to fulfill, since any conclusion (positive or negative) leads to the benefit of certain third parties. And wittingly or unwittingly, an expert, when making a decision, is interested in it, no matter what it dictates (adherence to one or another ideal, admiration for this or that school, struggle against this or that ideology, national interests, economic benefits, etc.). In any case, an expert is a member of society, does not exist outside of it, and even more so does not stand above it. The regulation is replete with various declarative clauses about the duties of an expert and that he must refuse to conduct an examination if this violates the principles of its conduct. At the same time, there are no specific penalties or liability for the expert for failure to comply with these restrictions. If we consider that even deeply religious people have falsely testified many times, swearing on the Bible, then these declarations are reminiscent of the saying about "predatory sheep and good wolves." Paragraph 10 of the Regulations looks completely strange: “The expert’s opinion, if the specified circumstances became known to him after the execution of the expert opinion, is considered null and void. If the conclusion of such an expert influenced the result of the expert commission, the examination is carried out again. These circumstances mean circumstances that prevent him from being involved in the examination or do not allow him to comply with the principles of its conduct. The unusualness of this legal norm lies in the fact that it is valid if it becomes known to an expert, and not to anyone else.

Examination can be carried out by one expert, but for all important issues conducted by a committee of three or more experts. This rule, introduced to create greater objectivity, is in fact a rule for removing personal responsibility from an expert (creating an alibi for him), despite the fact that each of the members of the commission acts in his personal capacity. The regulation in no way defines who and how appoints experts to conduct a particular examination, but only paragraph 5 sends it into the unknown: “The procedure for organizing an examination is determined accordingly Federal Service on Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Field of Cultural Heritage Protection and Executive Authorities of the Subjects of the Russian Federation Authorized in the Field of Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects. From paragraph 30 of the Regulations, as from the law on CHO, it follows that the body for the protection of cultural heritage objects may not agree with the conclusion of the examination, while a list of grounds for disagreement is given: inconsistency of the conclusion of the examination with the legislation of the Russian Federation; inconsistency of the conclusion of the examination with the principles of its conduct, established by the law on OKN; the presence in the conclusion of the examination, the documents and materials attached to it, inaccurate information that affects the conclusion of the examination; revealing in relation to the expert who signed the conclusion of the examination, the circumstances that forbade him to conduct it; violation of the established procedure for conducting an examination; non-compliance of the expert opinion with the requirements for its execution; the absence of documents and materials attached to the conclusion of the examination; expiration of a two-year period from the date of execution of the expert opinion. All these grounds are of a formal nature, have nothing to do with the substance of the issue on which the examination was carried out, and are only a “fig leaf” for the executors of the law on OKN. The two-year validity period of the examination is generally nonsense, since it cannot have any reasonable explanation compared to the lifetime of a monument of history and culture and resembles the inscription on the packaging of sea salt: “age not less than 5 million years” and then “shelf life 1 year”. At the same time, it should be taken into account that before the enumeration given in paragraph 30 of the Regulations, the phrase “the reasons for disagreement, in particular, include.” , and this means that this list is not exhaustive.

The regulation repeats the norm of the law on OKN, stating that the body for the protection of cultural heritage objects has the right to appoint a re-examination. In this case, a collision occurs. It is not clear what grounds, other than pressure from the state body on experts, could be for the re-examination to give different results and be more correct than the initial one. Or everything is like in J. Orwell's "Animal Farm": "all animals are equal, but some animals are equal to others."

For a long time, despite the norms of the Law on OKN, the articles relating to historical and cultural expertise were not in effect. The approval of the Regulations on the historical and cultural expertise did not allow it to be started due to the lack of experts. In this regard, in 2010, another by-law was issued - the order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation dated August 26, 2010 No. 563 "On Approval of the Regulations on the Procedure for Certification of Experts for the State Historical and Cultural Expertise" (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on October 14, 2010 No. 18718) (hereinafter - the Regulations on Certification). The adoption of this document made it possible to certify experts in the conduct of historical and cultural expertise and from 2011 to begin its conduct. Unfortunately, due to the disbandment of Rosokhrankultura, the Regulations on attestation have ceased to be valid, and at present the number of certified experts is very limited. Considering that, according to clause 10 of the Regulations on attestation, “the period of validity of the attestation of an expert is three years”, after three years it will again become necessary to attest even previously certified experts in conducting historical and cultural expertise. In addition, there is still no strict methodological all-Russian base of how the conclusion of the historical and cultural expertise should look like and what mandatory items it should include.

From the analysis of issues related to the state historical and cultural expertise, it is necessary to draw several conclusions:

• - historical and cultural expertise is not a state one, since an expert or a commission of experts is not a state; the fate of an object of cultural heritage in fact may depend on the will of one person or a small group of persons, whose opinion may not coincide with the opinion on this issue of a huge number of other individuals;
• - a monument becomes a monument of history and culture not because it is a material manifestation of cultural heritage and cultural value, but because there is a corresponding entry in the register, made on the basis of a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation or a decree of the President of the Russian Federation, although the latter is not provided for by the Law on OKN;
• - the issues of preserving cultural tradition do not fall into the field of view of historical and cultural expertise at all, i.e., when considering issues related to historical and cultural monuments;
• - a monument of history and culture (object of cultural heritage) is a specific type of immovable cultural value provided that it is registered by the authorities of the state in the lists, code or register in the manner prescribed by law.

Bibliography

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• 4. Land near the stadium. Kirov want to re-register and divide. - IKL: http://www.zr.nevastroyka.rU/1/1995/ (date of access: 30.09.2011).
• 5. Kozlov D. Shusharin I. Cannot be demolished, reconstructed? - IKL: http://voopik.spb.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=321:130106- --&catid=81&Itemid=46 (date of access: 09/30/2011).
• 6. Kuznetsova Yu.S. Lardugin A.A., Shukhobodsky A.B. Privatization of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance: restoration yearbook. - St. Petersburg, 2008. - S. 63-64.
• 7. Kuznetsova Yu.S. Economics of privatization of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance. (Graduation qualifying work). - St. Petersburg: State. un-t inform. technologies, mechanics and optics. - St. Petersburg, 2008. -129 p.
• 8. Likhanova T. “The belly of Petersburg” does not need a surgeon // Novaya Gazeta. - 2010. - No. 39. - June 3. - P. 12-13. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 15, 2009 No. 5b9 "On approval of the Regulations on the State Historical and Cultural Expertise" // SZ RF No. 30. - Art. 3812.
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Vinnitsa Institute of Trade and Economics of Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics

The use of monuments of historical and cultural heritage of the Vinnitsa region as a prerequisite for the development of cultural and educational (architectural) tourism in the region

Grin V.V.

The article analyzes the significance of the historical cultural monuments for the development of tourism. The emphasis is made on the problem of preserving monuments, their intended use in Ukraine and, in particular, in the Vinnitsa region. The monuments of historical and cultural significance in the Vinnitsa region, which require immediate restoration, preservation and financing, are analyzed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the architectural monuments of the region, which is the basis for the formation and development of cultural and educational (architectural) tourism. The conditions and state of conservation of monuments of this type are described. Key words: historical cultural heritage, cultural and historical resources, educational tourism, architectural monuments, palaces.

Educational or cultural tourism has always been an important segment of travel. The main motive of this type of tourism is familiarization with historical and cultural values ​​and unique natural objects.

Cultural tourism is an important component of filling the budgets of both local communities and its members, and states. However, in most regions of Ukraine, this direction is still in the process of formation. Historical and cultural monuments continue to be isolated from the general tourist space. There are many reasons for this, but the material is not the main one. Such areas of work as mutual information between the historical, cultural and tourism spheres, as well as the lack of skills in cooperation, remain unresolved. However, from the very beginning, we should talk about what exactly our state can offer tourists as an object for inspection and find out why most of the historical monuments have become unsuitable for use in the field of cultural tourism due to misuse.

Vinnitsa region is rich in cultural and historical heritage. However, modern tourists, unfortunately, are not fully familiar with them. The reason for this is the insufficient use of a number of monuments and their funding. Urgent is the need for a detailed study, clarification of the prospects for the use of these objects in the field of tourism. The statement of the problem follows from the above.

Analysis of recent research and publications. A number of scientists were engaged in the study of this problem: V.A. Kvartal'nov, I.V. Smal - considered the importance of cultural tourism for the development of the industry and the preservation of values; P. Mokritsky, M.Yu. Kostra, L. Makhorin and others.

The purpose of the article is to find out the areas of use of the studied historical and cultural monuments of the Vinnitsa region now, as well as to analyze the significance of these objects for the development of tourism in the same region.

The significance lies in the possibility of using the results of this work in further scientific research in the Vinnitsa region, as well as in practical application the stated proposals for the use of promising monuments of historical and cultural purposes directly in the field of tourism, namely the development of cultural and educational (architectural) tourism in the region.

Presentation of the main material. The problems of using historical and cultural heritage are among the most painful in the Vinnitsa region.

There are more than 4,000 cultural heritage objects on the territory of the region under state protection.

The treasury of the cultural heritage of the Vinnitsa region includes monuments of archeology, history, architecture, urban planning and monumental art. In addition to scientific and educational, cultural heritage plays an important role in the matter of national priority education, clearly shows the originality of the culture of the Ukrainian people, the continuity of the modern with the past.

tourism architectural monument

The architectural heritage of the region covers the heels of the 15th - early 20th centuries. The most characteristic monuments of architecture of the Baroque, Classicism, Historicism.

There are 1.8 thousand monuments of history, 1.5 thousand monuments of archeology, 201 monuments of monumental art, 582 monuments of architecture and urban planning in the Vinnytsia region. According to the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, 189 monuments of cultural heritage are defined as monuments of national importance. Among them

monuments of history, 14 - archeology, 3 - monumental art, 166 monuments of architecture and urban planning and one national historical and cultural reserve.

The territory of the Vinnytsia region began to be populated in the early Paleolithic era. Therefore, to this day, the territory of the region constantly attracts archaeologists, scientists who, based on the study of excavated remains, seek to understand the life of our ancestors, and most importantly, to give an explanation modern traditions and features of life, architecture, beliefs.

Vinnytsia region is also known for its archaeological sites of the Neolithic period, in particular the Bug-Dniester culture of the 11th-10th millennium BC. the most characteristic monuments of this culture were investigated by V. Danilenko near the village. Ski - Bintsy of the Trostyanets region. Other settlements associated with the history of the Neolithic tribes c. Sokolets of the Gaysinsky district, with. Himself - chintsy of the Nemirovsky district, the city of Khmelnik, and others.

U-Sh thousand BC It is represented in our region by the well-known Trypillia culture (the village of Voroshilovka, Tyvrovsky district, the village of Pechora, Tulchinsky district, the village of Borisovka, Ilyinetsky district, etc.). The most fully explored settlements near the village. Ticks of the Tyvrovsky district (1969-1992).

At the same time, there are a number of monuments in the Vinnitsa region that have survived to this day. as living witnesses rich history edge, they testify to the work of outstanding architects and builders who created not only living quarters for the then nobility, but also built objects of culture, education, healthcare, and became monuments of art.

TO outstanding monuments culture and architecture of the region should include the palaces of the Potocki family in Tulchin, Pechora, Nemirov, the palace of Konstantin Ksido in Khmelnyk, the Chernyatinsky Palace of I. Vitoslavsky, the Chernomynsky Palace, which is very similar to the residence of the US presidents - the White House, the museum of the estate of Kotsyubinsky and Pirogov, the graves of prominent composers Leontovich and P. Nishchinsky and the grave of B. Khmelnitsky's comrade-in-arms Danila Nechay. Also in the village. Brailov, Zhmerinsky district, has preserved the von Meck Palace, which was visited several times by the Russian composer P.I. Tchaikovsky, with the name of the inventor of the aircraft O.F. Mozhaisky connected house in the village. Voronovitsy and many others.

Historical monuments are represented by the mass graves of soldiers who died during the civil war of 1918-1920, the graves of the victims of the Holodomor and political repressions of the 30s of the XX century, mass graves soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War, graves of victims of fascism.

The largest number of historical monuments in the Vinnitsa region belongs to the period of the Great Patriotic War.

All monuments of monumental art are located separately. Monuments of monumental art of national importance include monuments to N. Pirogov in Vinnitsa, N. Leontovich and A. Suvorov in Tulchin, busts of twice Hero of the Soviet Union I. Boyko in the village. Zhornishche Ilyinets district, twice Heroes of Socialist Labor T. Marcin in the village. Golu - Beche Kryzhopolsky district and P. Romanenko in the village. Pine Vinnitsa region.

It is advisable to take a closer look at the main historical sights presented in the Vinnytsia region, and indicate which of them suffer from improper use.

Archaeological and historical studies show that the territory of the Podolsk region is rich in numerous architectural monuments, namely palaces, architectural structures, monuments of sacred architecture.

Vinnitsa region is rich in cultural heritage. In terms of the number of architectural and urban planning monuments, the region occupies one of the leading places in Ukraine. Currently, 3,500 monuments have been taken under state protection in the region, including 189 monuments of national importance, most of which are concentrated mainly in historical cities.

Prior to the inspection of architectural objects, those that are of the greatest importance in historical, cultural and cognitive terms were selected.

The first object to be considered is the Potocki Palace in the city of Tulchin. IN early XVIII V. this city becomes the property of one of the richest families in Poland - the Potocki family. In 1782, the beautiful two-story palace of Stanislav Pototsky, built in the classical style and facing the city, became the main decoration of the city.

A number of foreign architects took part in the construction and design of the palace, namely: the palace was designed by La Croix - a French architect; interior work Merckx is Dutch, and Miller was the creator of the Good Park.

The paintings of the outstanding masters of Europe were placed in the art gallery of the palace, and there was also a theater at the palace, which had 5-7 operas and 2-3 concerts in the repertoire, Italian language was the main on which they sang.

The palace ensemble of Count Pototsky, thanks to the skill and talent of thousands of Tulchin builders, bring him and the city of Tulchin popularity and fame.

In 1874, the Tulchin estates were sold to the military appanage department by Prince P. Oldenburgsky, who for some time owned these lands. Since then, Russian military units have been constantly deployed on the estate, providing apartment buildings for officers of the Russian army. For a long time, the Potocki Palace in Tulchin remained unnoticed by art historians and scientists. In 1955 in Warsaw at a large exhibition dedicated to Polish education and organized People's Museum, an image of the palace appeared, which contributed to drawing the attention of progressive mankind and researchers to this extremely important object in the history of Central European classicism. Only then did the question arose about the beginning of mandatory registration work, and the state began to allocate funds for the reconstruction of the palace.

Since 1984, the palace in Tulchin has been used for public purposes, namely the location in former estate school of culture.

The majestic history of the Potocki Palace in Tulchin makes it possible even today to reveal the possibilities of this architectural ensemble for descendants, tourist groups, foreign guests, although the state of preservation of the monument is not at the highest level.

The palace in Chernyatyn is the next point. Monument 19th architecture century - the palace in which the Polish magnate Vitoslavsky lived, which in the past was the crown convoy, adorns the village of Chernyatyn, Vinnitsa region.

The park in which the palace of Vitos - Lavsky is located was created by the famous Irish botanist and master of gardening art - Dionysius Makler. Unfortunately, almost nothing remains of the park. Beautiful pavilions and pavilions were destroyed, and over time, the rich library of the palace did not become, however, rare books from this library are kept by bookplate collectors.

An interesting feature of the construction of this object is that only the southern and western facades have Gothic decor, and the courtyard facade is completely devoid of any decorations.

The Chernomyn Palace is also one of the unique objects of the Vinnitsa region. Palace of the Counts Chernomynsky, which is very similar to the world famous American The White house. It is located in the village of Chernomin, Vinnitsa region. Built in 1810-1820.

The chief in the construction work was the Italian architect Francesco Boffo, who is famous for such a creation as the palace of Count Vorontsov in Odessa. There are also several more names characteristic of Chernomynskaya's palace "Palace with twenty-dollar banknotes", "Venets broken love"Today, the premises of the palace are used as a school in the village, and the outbuilding as a hospital.

This palace claims a place in the list of the "golden ring" route excursions of Polish tourists to the most famous palaces and buildings of the Right-Bank Ukraine - the former lands of the heyday of the culture of the Commonwealth.

The list continues with the Mozhaisky Palace. The Polish magnate M. Groholsky in the middle of the XVIII century becomes the owner of the town of Voronovitsa, Vinnitsa region.

The palace was built during 1770-1777, in the style early classicism. Architectural construction techniques are borrowed from the Italian architectural era Palladio - palaces with slightly curved side wings. The architect of the construction of this palace was the Polish architect Dominik Merlini, who during 1774-1777 was the royal architect and developed palace projects for Polish magnates who lived in Ukraine. The center of the composition of the estate is a three-story palace, located on the highest point of the area. With the help of wings widely spaced on a semi-oval, the house, as it were, "embraced" those who approached the palace.

The last owner of the estate from the Groholsky family left these territories and moved to Austria. 1869 Captain of the second rank M.F. became the owner of the estate. Mozhaisky, however, unfortunately the same year he dies, and the ownership of the estate passes to his brother - A.F. Mozhaisky.

During 1869-1876, the future inventor of the first aircraft lived in the village of Voronovitsa, and therefore the model of an air glider was first tested here.

During 1869-1918, the period of ownership of the Mozhaisky estate, the building of the palace underwent some changes. By 1891, a balcony and a loggia were removed along the park facade, and the greenhouse was dismantled. At the beginning of the twentieth century. the fence that surrounded the area around was completely removed. Despite the changes and time, and this is almost two hundred years, the exquisite three-story building in the green space of the Ukrainian village still makes a great impression.

Palace of Princess Maria Shcherbatova. The palace of Princess Shcherbatova, which is located in the city of Nemirov, was erected in the 19th-20th centuries. The palace was built on the site medieval castle and the later estate of the magnates of the Potocki family. The estate was inherited by Princess Shcherbatova from Count B. Pototsky, who was her grandfather.

The architects G. Griner and E. Kramarzh erected the palace on the order of the princess. It was built in the neoclassical style and consists of two floors. The palace is surrounded by a large park with an area of ​​85 hectares. The park was developed by the Belgian master of landscape art Van Geert.

The building of the palace of its time was used to meet the needs of the population and performed various functions, for example, during the First World War, the palace housed an infirmary, in which the princess herself worked as a sister of mercy. At the moment, the Avangard sanatorium is located in the palace, but guests of the city can freely observe and admire the well-preserved interiors. On the walls you can see paintings by Ukrainian masters, the collection of which was collected by Princess Shcherbatova herself, and in the hall, in the most prominent place, there is a portrait of the princess herself.

And it's far from complete list architectural objects and structures, but only the part that plays an important role in today's life of the Vinnitsa region. These objects are the most voluminous and attract the most attention.

Sacred buildings - churches, churches, monasteries, etc. are no less attractive architectural monuments. Here, an important indicator of values ​​is not so much the age of architectural monuments as stylistic features, which reveal the age of the structure, even the artistic value of the object. Complexes of religious buildings are mainly located in large cities.

Having such a long history, which is rich in events, Podolia is full of various cultural and historical sights.

Conclusions and offers. Taking into account the content of the Constitution and the Law of Ukraine "On the Preservation of Cultural and Historical Heritage", it is worth noting that the preservation of monuments takes place at the legal stage, and our state needs to establish mechanisms for the implementation of regulatory documents.

The share of historical and cultural lands in the structure of the land fund is only 0.08% of the total area of ​​Ukraine. And on the very lands of cultural heritage sites there are more than 140 thousand monuments of history, archeology, architecture, ethnography. In particular, the total number of historical monuments is 51364 units, archeology - 57206. As of 01.01.20013

In Ukraine, 727 land owners and land users are registered, represented by organizations, enterprises and institutions of historical and cultural purpose, in the use of which were 6.8 thousand hectares, of which 94% are directly historical and cultural lands.

Thus, given that, according to official statistics, tourism ranks second in the overall structure of the purposes of entry of foreign citizens into the territory of Ukraine after private tourism, the restoration and preservation of cultural and historical monuments will be fully justified and will bring profit to the state and local authorities self-government from Ukrainian and foreign tourists.

And, despite the idea that the various colleges, located in the premises of castles and fortresses, keep the buildings in more or less good condition, it is worth noting that this idea is erroneous and short-sighted. Since, while adapting the luxurious mansions under the dining room and study rooms, a very large number of valuable bas-reliefs, frescoes, mosaics, interior and decor elements are lost, which will subsequently be difficult, if not impossible, to restore.

So, public policy in the field of tourism should be aimed not only at the restoration of monuments of cultural and historical significance, but at their long-term storage by means of tourism on a commercial basis, as well as at their use for tourism needs. The problem of preserving monuments is relevant today not only in the Vinnitsa region, but also throughout Ukraine.

1.Gizhko N. Pearls of Vinnitsa / N. Gizhko. - Vinnitsa PE Phoenix, 2007.

2.Encyclopedia architectural heritage Ukraine: thematic dictionary. - M.: Ukrainian Academy of Architecture, 1985. - 306 p.

.Podolny A.M. Vinnitsa. Historical outline/ A.M. Podolny. - Vinnitsa Book Vega, 2007. - 9 - 281 p.

.Rebik M. The walls started talking / M. Rebik - M.: Ukraine, 1970. - 13 p.

.Yavorskaya A.G. Protected objects of the Vinnitsa region: Textbook / A.G. Yavorskaya, I. and Ukrainian, V.L. Romanchik, etc. - Vinnitsa Veles, 2003. - 104 p.

.14 trips to Vinnitsa region. Guide. - M.: Grani-T, 2009. - 7-100 p.

7.

http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/ape/2010_3/APE-2010-03/208-212. pdf

This is the land of harsh and silent tundra and endless taiga forests. This is the land of numerous lakes (among them are the two largest in Europe - Ladoga and Onega), turbulent Karelian rivers, islands and fjords of the White Sea.
And in spring and autumn, this place becomes a refuge for migrating near-water birds, in particular ducks. In summer, it is not at all difficult to meet the common eider here, but you can watch colonies of seabirds nesting on numerous islets, the largest of which is located on the territory of the Kandalaksha Reserve.
That is why this place has always been and is very popular among ecotourists and fans of water sports.

The region is extremely rich in historical and cultural monuments, including the Valaam Monastery, Kizhi, monasteries and the remains of Stalin's camps on the Solovetsky Islands. You are also waiting for numerous islands and the rich underwater world of the White Sea, swimming and hiking in untouched corners of virgin nature. You will be able to see the beluga colony up close.
You will get a unique chance to visit the real gems of this area: the Pinezhsky, Nizhnesvirsky, Laplandsky and Pechoro-Ilychsky nature reserves, part of the Virgin Komi Forests World Heritage site.

Arkhangelsk region, Plesetsk and Kargopol districts

Founding history
In the Arkhangelsk region, many typical cultural landscapes Russian North: endless expanses and wooden churches, "holy" groves and worship crosses...
The territory of Kenozerye has been inhabited by humans since at least the 4th millennium BC. Neolithic settlements belonging to the so-called Kargopol culture of early metal were discovered on the territory of the park.
The colonization of these lands by the Slavs took place in two stages. In the 10th-14th centuries, the region was settled by people from Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands, and later, in the 15th-18th centuries, the Dvina lands were included in the Muscovite state and the Russians finally mastered the North.
A vivid economic, cultural, ethical and aesthetic identity was given to the region by the interaction of the cultures of the Slavs and the local Finno-Ugric tribes, who replaced the Proto-Sami. The careful attitude of the population to nature can be traced in rituals, beliefs and other elements of culture, originating in pre-Christian pagan times. An example of this is the preservation of "holy" groves, stones, and individual trees in our days.
The park was established in 1991 to protect and organize the recreational use of coniferous middle taiga forests of the Russian North, as well as a number of historical and cultural monuments. In 2004 it was included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.


The territory of the park has a pronounced flat relief with numerous bays - lahts. The high landscape and biotopic diversity that characterizes the territory is due to the fact that the border of the Baltic Shield and the Russian Platform passes here, the watershed between the basins of the White and Baltic Seas, a zone of contact of several floristic and faunal complexes at once.
Kenozero is characterized big amount lakes of glacial and glacial-tectonic origin. The largest of them are Kenozero in the north and Lekshmozero in the south of the park.
The climate of the region is temperate continental with long cold snowy winters, short springs with unstable temperatures, moderately warm humid summers, and long rainy autumns. The average air temperature in January is -12°С, in July + 16.5°С.
More than 70% of the park's territory is occupied by forests, including about 5 thousand hectares - indigenous taiga. Secondary and derived forests - with pines, spruces, larches and birches - are also the decoration of the territory.

Diversity of flora and fauna
Due to the wide variety of habitats - from wet depressions to sandy ridges - the local flora also has an increased diversity. It has 534 species. Orchids deserve special attention, most of which are included in the Red Book, including the lady's slipper and bulbous calypso. The fauna of the park is represented by 50 species of mammals, 5 species of amphibians and 4 species of reptiles. Here live such typical species of the middle taiga as squirrel, hare, bear, elk, as well as species more characteristic of the broad-leaved-forest and even steppe natural zones (baby mouse, common vole, quail), and animals of the northern taiga and tundra (forest lemming, wolverine).
Kenozerye is included in the catalog "Key ornithological territories of international importance in European Russia", which is associated with its important role in the conservation of the avifauna of Northern Europe. Among the 263 species of birds identified here, there are those included in the Red Book - white-tailed goose, osprey, white-tailed eagle, etc.
There are 28 species of fish in the reservoirs of the park, including grayling, whitefish, burbot, vendace, perch and pike.

Cultural heritage
Territory national park has preserved the centuries-old history and culture of the Russian North, embodied in natural complexes and numerous architectural monuments, monumental painting, icon painting, archeology, and rich ethnographic material.
The unique monuments include water-land routes - portages, along which the development of the territory by the Russians took place.
More than 100 architectural monuments are concentrated in a small area within the boundaries of the park, including traditional wooden churches and chapels of the 17th-18th centuries. Their artistic value is increased by the preserved painting in the interior: iconostases, church utensils, as well as picturesque "heavens" - the brightest phenomenon that is characteristic only for this region (monumental paintings on biblical themes in the structures of the vaults of churches).

What to watch
During a visit to the park, you will be able to get acquainted with its many chapels, each of which has its own characteristics. For example, the 18th century Nikolskaya chapel is a symbol of the park, and the other - the 19th century "cross" of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary - is the smallest chapel in Russia.
In the center of folk crafts, you can take part in a master class on weaving birch bark and listen to a performance folklore ensemble, and in the museum "Junk barn" to get acquainted with the history of antiques.

Kostroma region, Kolovogrivsky district

History of creation
"Kologrivsky Forest" is the youngest nature reserve in Russia, it was created in 2006.
The uniqueness of this corner of nature lies in the fact that there is a relict forest, which, according to experts, over the past 200 years has not touched the hand of man and civilization in general. In addition, unique plantations of Siberian larch have been preserved on the territory of the reserve. This tree species is typical for the southern taiga, but not for the European part of Russia.

Physical and geographical features
The reserve is located in the northeastern part of the Russian Plain.
All rivers of the reserve are left tributaries of the Volga, the largest of which are Kostroma and Unzha.
Quite extensive areas of the reserve are occupied by swamps and wetlands, which is primarily due to the flat, leveled relief.
The climate on the territory of the reserve is temperate continental, with relatively warm summers and cold snowy winters. The lowest temperature recorded was -53ºС, the maximum reached +36°С.

Diversity of flora and fauna
A large area of ​​the reserve is occupied by forests, and its name also speaks of this. These are mainly spruce forests with the participation of fir. Unique plantations of Siberian larch, uncharacteristic for this zone, have also been preserved.
The largest area of ​​the primary dark coniferous forest is the former natural monument "Kologrivsky forest", located in the basin of the Vonyukh River and constituting the core of the reserve.
The vegetation of the reserve has not yet been fully studied, but it is already possible to name several Red Book species that are found here: the real lady's slipper and Traunsteiner's toe.
At least 60 species of animals and about 170 species of birds are registered in the Kologrivsky Les Reserve. But above all, the reserve is famous for the so-called "Kostroma Five". This is a bear, lynx, elk, wild boar, wolf.
Of the birds listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, there are golden eagle, peregrine falcon, short-toed eagle, spotted eagle, osprey.

Nenets Autonomous District

History of creation
The Nenets Reserve is one of the youngest in our country, it was created only in 1997. The reserve occupies the northeastern tip of the Malozemelskaya tundra, the water area and the islands of the Barents Sea, so that the territory is divided into 12 clusters, united into three sections.
The most important goals of the work of the reserve are the protection and study of typical slightly disturbed ecosystems of the Eastern European tundra and coastal waters of the Barents Sea.

Physical and geographical features
The relief of the territory is flat; as you move south, the terrain rises slightly. Almost the entire territory is occupied by a heavily swampy lowland with numerous lakes and channels of various sizes.
There are many lakes of thermokarst and glacial origin, small rivers and streams are typical. More than half of the territory is occupied by the waters of the Pechora Bay and the Barents Sea.
The climate of the territory is subarctic maritime. In winter, arctic air intrusions drop temperatures down to -46ºC. About a third of the days of the year there are blizzards, and the snow lies for almost eight months.

Diversity of flora and fauna
The vegetation of the reserve is represented by arctic and typical tundra. Swamps are widespread, of which lowlands are richer in species composition than upland ones.
Rare species of plants listed in the Red Book grow on the territory of the reserve. These are Rhodiola rosea "golden root", eight-petal dryad, alpine butterflies and other species.
The reserve is inhabited by white fox, Ob and ungulate lemmings, fox, ermine, white hare, wolverine, and elk. Of the mammals listed in the Red Book, the Atlantic walrus is noted in the reserve, which resumes rookeries here, and polar bear, annually entering the territory.
Of the marine mammals, it should be noted beluga whale, bearded seal, seal, walrus, and more rare harp and gray seals, baleen whales.
One of the bird migration routes passes through the reserve. The variety of birds is especially great in summer. During the nesting and molting period, the Red Book lesser (tundra) swan, lesser white-fronted goose, barnacle goose and white-billed diver are found.
The coastal areas of the sea serve as a feeding ground for juvenile salmon, omul and other whitefish.

What to watch
The reserve is worth a visit to get acquainted with the harsh nature of this region, go birdwatching or learn to recognize rare plants. The staff of the reserve will conduct exciting excursions for you and answer all the most simple and terribly complex questions.

Arkhangelsk region, Pinezhsky district

History of creation
The Pinezhsky Reserve was created to preserve the ecosystems of the taiga of the European part of Russia, to study unique karst formations, rare animals and plants.
The reserve was established in 1974, and its total area is 51.5 thousand hectares.

Physical and geographical features
The reserve is located in the middle reaches of the Pinega River, a tributary of the Northern Dvina. The territory is formed by swampy outwash valleys, elevated areas and karst plains with numerous lakes and caves.
Gypsum rocks and caves, surrounded on all sides by swamps, make an incredible impression. In total, there are more than 70 caves, some of which reach a length of 7 km.
The climate of the reserve is cold and humid. The winter is cold, lasts almost half a year, the average January temperature is -15ºС. Summer is moderately warm, cloudy, the average July temperature is +14ºС.

Diversity of flora and fauna
Unique and relatively rich vegetable world reserve, - a third of plant species are relics and endemics, including alpine cornflower, saxifrage hard-leaved, cold astragalus and others.
Forests occupy almost 90% of the territory of the reserve, mainly spruce forests. More than a quarter of the reserve's forests are indigenous, the rest are intact and derived.
The fauna of the reserve is mainly typical for the taiga of the European part of the country. Elk and brown bear, ermine, weasel, lynx and fox live here.
Karst landscapes contribute to an increased diversity of bird and insect species. These groups, along with typical taiga representatives, include Arctic and Siberian species; the distribution of some species is associated exclusively with karst landforms. So, for example, the mountain wagtail nests only in the valley of the karst river Sotka.

What to watch
In the buffer zone, all landforms typical of the reserve, species of plants, birds and animals are represented. An interesting water-walking route passes here, which allows you to get acquainted with the peculiarities of the reserved nature.
Not so long ago, the Karst Museum was opened in the reserve. Here you will be told that more than 80 caves are known in a small area of ​​the reserve, that they have sub-zero temperatures all year round, and instead of stalactites and stalagmites there are icicles!

Vologda region, Kirillovsky district

Founding history
The Russian North is not just the name of one of the national parks, it is a vast territory where beautiful northern nature and Russian traditional culture are harmoniously combined.
Among the numerous monuments of culture, architecture and engineering eight in the park are of national significance. These are a pile settlement on the Modlon River, the Karavaevskaya site, the ensembles of the Kirillo-Belozersky, Ferapontov and Goritsky monasteries, the Church of Elijah the Prophet near the village of Tsypino, the Volga-Baltic waterway and the North Dvina water system.
Myself national park was established in 1992 with an area of ​​166.4 thousand hectares. The tasks of the park include the preservation of natural complexes and historical and cultural sites, the creation of conditions for tourism and recreation in natural conditions, environmental education and a number of other tasks.

Physical and geographical features
On the territory of the park there is a glacial upland and lacustrine-glacial and lacustrine lowlands. In total, 7 landscape regions are distinguished, formed by global glacial processes about 23 thousand years ago.
Within the park, along the Kirillovskaya Ridge, a part of the global watershed passes, separating the basins of the internal runoff (Caspian Sea) and the Arctic Ocean (White Sea).
The territory of the park is replete with lakes, of which there are 106 and rivers of the Volga and White Sea basins. The Cherepovets reservoir is located in the southern part of the park. The lakes abound with fish, some of them contain crayfish, which indicates their ecological well-being. The most interesting lakes are: Siverskoye, with an area of ​​950 hectares and a depth of 27 meters; Bordered by a lake terrace, Borodaevskoye with 15 islands; Ferapontovskoye - there are 2 small islands on it, one of which, according to legend, is man-made - they say it was built in the shape of a cross at the direction of Patriarch Nikon.
The park is located in the temperate climate zone, where seasonality is well expressed. Average temperatures in January average -11.8ºС, in July +16.9ºС. The absolute minimum temperature is -46ºС, maximum +36ºС.

Diversity of flora and fauna
Despite long history human development, the flora of these places has been preserved and still amazes us with its diversity. Coniferous forests predominate, incl. pine, spruce. Small-leaved forests are represented mainly by birch and aspen forests, as well as gray alder forests. Swampy forests are widespread - grass and sphagnum.
The northern boundary of the distribution of oak, maple, linden, hazel, forest apple tree passes through the park.
Herbaceous plants are highly diverse. The orchid family (23 species) is widely represented. Mushrooms are widely represented. About 60 species noted in the park are rare and protected. The Red Book of the Russian Federation includes the real lady's slipper, the leafless chin, the lacustrine half-grass, the Baltic palydecornik and other species that live here.
The fauna includes a number of typical taiga dwellers: elk, chipmunk, capercaillie, hazel grouse, boreal owl, nutcracker and other species. The brown bear, viviparous lizard, common viper, squirrel, ermine, weasel, pine marten, mink, chaffinch and many others are common. There are 29 species of fish in the reservoirs.
About 110 species of animals, including species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, need special protection. The habitats of rare species of animals, areas of seasonal concentration of ungulate mammals, near-water and waterfowl, as well as areas of capercaillie currents are very valuable.

Cultural heritage
Numerous archaeological finds testify to the development of this territory by man in the Mesolithic - the Middle Stone Age. It is to this period that one of the oldest known settlements in the Russian North belongs - Pogostishche 1 on the Maldon River (5 thousand BC). The Neolithic (New Stone Age) era is represented by about 20 monuments, including a unique pile settlement on the Modlon River.
On the territory of the park there are unique historical and cultural monuments, including ancient migration and trade routes, located along them various archaeological sites and historical villages, monastic centers, numerous monuments of civil and church architecture, ethnography, engineering art. The most famous include the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (founded in 1397), the Ferapontov Monastery (1398), the Nilo-Sorskaya Hermitage - the first in Rus', the Goritsky Resurrection Convent - a place of exile for noble Russian women.
The fact that they are in a natural environment, in unity with nature and the historical environment gives a special value and charm to the monuments.

What to watch
In addition to visiting the unique historical and cultural monuments mentioned above, the park has wonderful natural monuments, including Mount Maura, Shalgo-Bodunovsky Forest and Sokolsky Bor. The latter attracts tourists with its healing air, an abundance of berries and mushrooms, excellent conditions for fishing and walks. The osprey lives in Sokolsky Bor - a bird of prey from the owl family, one of the most beautiful birds in the world. Fishermen call it the fish eagle - the osprey feeds on fish, and only live ones. If an osprey hunts on the lake, then there are a lot of fish in it, and the water is clean.
You will surely like the excursions specially designed by the park: "Northern Orchids", "Observation of large animals" (bear and wild boar), "Observation of birds of prey" (osprey).

1. By different sources information, identify the centers of art crafts.

Vologda lace, as you might guess, is made in Vologda. Artistic crafts such as bone carving and birch bark work use local material: walrus tusks and the outer part of birch bark. In the old days, they wrote on birch bark as on paper. Since 1951, more than 800 birch bark letters have been discovered, most of all in Veliky Novgorod. These crafts were most developed in the cities of Naryan-Mar and Veliky Ustyug.

2. Think about whether the features of folk crafts could have influenced natural conditions where they originated and developed.

In folk crafts, local natural material, what, unlike the surrounding territories, the land is rich in. For example, bone carving could only be born on the shores of the Arctic Ocean by brave sea walrus hunters. And in the fragments depicted in Figure 98, the life of the Nenets is vividly represented - deer in sleigh teams and moments of hunting for walruses. The thickness of walrus skin reaches 3-4 cm, and it can only be pierced with a spear strong man. At the beginning of the century, predatory fishing brought walruses to the brink of extinction and they were listed in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and natural resources and their fishing is prohibited. But for the Nenets and some other peoples of the North, limited mining is allowed, which now supports the ancient craft of bone carving.

Birch bark is a material widespread throughout the forest zone, used by many Russian craftsmen to make boxes, baskets, elegant caskets and kitchen utensils.

3. Tell us about the features of historical and cultural monuments European North. What natural and historical factors determined their development? Give geographical description one of the natural or cultural monuments of the North based on various sources of information.

There is a small town of Totma, 215 km northwest of Vologda, a pier on the river. Sukhona. Now about 10 thousand people live here, and it is hard to believe that this town is older than Moscow - it has been known since 1137. Totma lay on the trade route from Moscow to Arkhangelsk and developed rapidly in the 16th-17th centuries, when the main trade with Europe went through the White Sea. In the XVIII century. many baroque churches were built here, four of them have survived to this day - the churches of John the Baptist, Rozhdestvenskaya,

Troitskaya, Maksimovskaya. Take a look at the map - the railroads bypassed this town, and it did not receive industrial development. But the houses, cut down in Totma, are in many summer cottages near Moscow.

On the railway branching off from the Vorkuta main line and leading to Labytnangi, on the border of the Komi Republic and the Yamalo-Nenets unusual monument- a pillar marking the border between Europe and Asia. Approximately 67 ° N. sh. the road crosses the Polar Urals. Here, on the 99th km of the Polar Ural - Ob section, there is a border post between parts of the world. In 2004, the sign turned 50 years old, and it was decided to carry out its restoration.

4. Make a tourist route in Karelia, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk or Vologda region. What type of tourism is preferable here? What time of year?

For tourist routes in the European North, in addition to traditional buses and trains, kayaks and boats are also typical. Only by boat you can now get to the Solovetsky Islands, Valaam, Kizhi. The best time to travel in the North is the end of summer. Although the homeland of Father Frost, Veliky Ustyug is usually visited on New Year's Eve.

5. Suggest a variant of the northern "Golden Ring" tourist routes by analogy with Central Russia. What items will you include? What is their uniqueness? What transport is better to use? How were the roads to your chosen places in the distant past? What modes of transport would you prefer to recreate the images of the historical past and more complete emotional perception cultural monuments?

Probably the most colorful would be the route along the Nenets Autonomous Okrug on reindeer sleds or along the White Sea on horseback. Koch is the main means of transportation for Siberian pioneers in the 16th-17th centuries. This is a marine wooden one-deck single-mast sailing and rowing vessel with a shallow draft.

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UDC 719+711.13 (574.5)

FEATURES OF RESTORATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS ON THE LAND OF ANCIENT IRRIGATION OF SOUTHERN KAZAKHSTAN

A.N. Yusupov, K.E. Imanaliev
South Kazakhstan State University them. M. Auezov, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
E.N. Likhachev
Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Arts, Novosibirsk, Russia

Annotation. The factors of reconstruction of historical, cultural and natural monuments on the lands of ancient irrigation of Southern Kazakhstan and the role of monuments in the process of accelerated development of the territory of the region as part of the revival of the Silk Road are considered. The analysis of ecosystems and names of settlements - toponyms of lands of ancient irrigation, grouped according to the main types, was carried out. The main tasks of the gradual restoration of historical, cultural and natural monuments on the lands of ancient irrigation of Southern Kazakhstan are determined.

Keywords: reconstruction, historical, cultural and natural monuments, lands of ancient irrigation, development of the territory, South Kazakhstan.

1. Historical analysis. The development of agriculture in the conditions of Central Asia in general and South Kazakhstan in particular is directly related to the development of lands of ancient irrigation in the dry channels of the Syr Darya, Amu Darya and other rivers with an area of ​​more than 8 million hectares. The lands of ancient irrigation are not only highly productive territories of increased profitability, but also the cradle of bygone civilizations. Areas of historical, cultural and natural monuments are concentrated here ( 4th century BC. – Х V 3rd century). The most striking are the cities of the ancient period and the Middle Ages: Otrar, Dzhend, Sauran, Yangikent, Shahsanem, Akkala and hundreds of others, including monuments of landscape art. The desolation of ancient irrigation lands in the region is caused by historical and social factors and natural and climatic changes associated with the transfer of river beds. Since agriculture was based on artificial irrigation, one devastating war was able to deprive the country for centuries and deprive it of civilization..

Important aspects of the reconstruction of these monuments are: the inclusion of historical, cultural and natural monuments as potential and key elements to the regional settlement system of Southern Kazakhstan; construction of new reservoirs in the lower reaches of the Koksarai and Syrdarya rivers, the use of underground and Wastewater, drip irrigation and other modern land reclamation technologies; accelerated development of the territory within the framework of the revival of the Silk Road, supported by UNESCO as a way of progress and international integration of the countries of the Eurasian space. It should be noted that the transport corridor of the Silk Road, connecting Western China with Western Europe, will run through the ancient irrigation lands of Southern Kazakhstan. The picturesque ruins of cities and many monuments located in the zone of visibility and accessibility of roads will attract investments, the population of Central Asia and foreign tourists.

The restoration of these cities and other monuments should be carried out together with the adjacent ecosystems, flora and fauna. On the plains of the lands of ancient irrigation, both in antiquity and at the present time, there are three main ecosystems. The functioning and modification of ecosystems depends on the historical structure of the relief and its water supply. Ecosystems were the main factor of settlement in historical stages; according to the degree of biological productivity, they are divided into the following types:

tugai ecosystems formed in the valleys and lower reaches of rivers with rich phytomass (300 t/ha) and wildlife;

desert-sandy ecosystems, with sufficient phytomass (several tens of tons/ha), especially in historically established areas with the corresponding wildlife;

clay-takyr ecosystems formed on the silt drifts of the Syrdarya, Amudarya and other small rivers with a moderate phytomass (5–8 t/ha), here the flora and fauna are tied to ravines of hilly ridges, pegs, etc., have a large agro-irrigation potential, there are a large number of dispersed historical, cultural and natural monuments ( IPP) with agro-irrigation layouts.

An analysis using the method of combining natural areas and anthropogenic landscapes showed that at each historical stage, the formation of the settlement structure was decisively influenced by the features of ecosystem structures. During the Neolithic period, the location of settlements was determined by tugai ecosystems rich in flora and fauna in the lower reaches of the ancient channels of the Syr Darya.

In the period of bronze and antiquity, the development of productive forces led to the emergence of agricultural settlements on clay-takyr ecosystems. The settlements were located on local heights, elevated plains of the plateau, mainly near hydrological and botanical sites, which were not amenable to irrigation and were used mainly for household needs. During this period, the urban planning culture was born, reflected in the settlement of Chirik Rabat, Zhetyasar, Koikrylgankala, Toprak-kala, Dzhanbas-kala. The areas of tugai, desert-sand ecosystems were economic and hunting grounds.

The period of the Middle Ages (X-XIII centuries) is characterized by a straightening of settlement along the Khorezm-Turkestan caravan route, where ecosystems, agricultural planning and fortresses of previous periods were used. The ruins of ancient cities with landscape gardening complexes, mosques, individual castles - Dzhend, Syrlytam, Kum-kala and many others have been preserved. etc. In the dried up channels of the Amu Darya, cities with garden and park complexes have been preserved - Ak-kala, Vazir. Before the sinking of the study area in the Syrdarya basin in the 19th century. The main factors of settlement were agro-irrigated landscapes, habitats of ecosystems and abandoned settlements of previous periods, which remained characteristic of the later period. The surroundings of individual historical, cultural and natural monuments were stable areas of settlement for many years. historical periods. As a result of social upheavals, the abandoned neighborhoods of the IKPP were re-populated in the same order after millennia. Building materials, enclosing structures and fortifications of ancient settlements were reused: Chirik-rabat, Dzhend, ecosystem areas near Dairabay Kala and many others. others

2. Analysis of toponyms. The analysis of historical landscapes and natural monuments using the "combination method" made it possible to establish that the landscape areas of individual IPPs were environment-forming "oases" - sustainable settlement objects that were formed taking into account ecology, economics, and urban planning in conditions of irrigated agriculture. At present, as a result of the "change in the socio-economic functions of landscapes", the environment-forming "oases" have passed into the rank of monuments of nature, history, archeology, architecture and urban planning and have acquired a socio-cultural potential.

On the lands of ancient irrigation, the names of settlements - toponyms - are tied to the ecosystem. The role of the latter in identifying landscape features was highly valued by V.P. Semenov-Tienshansky. He wrote: “... the people involuntarily and very faithfully and consistently reflect in the names of their villages the characteristic features of the natural geographical landscape in which they have to live ... The object that originally gave this name may disappear from the face, but the name of the village will remain with him as long as the village itself exists. That is why such names of settlements are common on the map of Russia: Borovoe, Gorki, Ozerki, Kamenka, etc.” .

The analysis of toponyms of lands of ancient irrigation was carried out mainly on the territory of South Kazakhstan. All toponyms of ancient irrigation lands can be divided into 5 main types.

The total amount of geographical names associated with the influence of the IPP on the names of settlements amounted to 76.5%. This fact suggests that the objects of the IPP played a certain role in the formation of traditional settlement in the territory of Southern Kazakhstan.

The first group consists of settlements, the names of which are associated with historical and cultural events, stay and activities historical figures. These are historical heights and elevations where popular assemblies. This group includes the names of legendary figures, ancient cities and unique historical sites.

The second group consists of settlements located near hydrological objects: near springs, wells, small lakes and rivers. The danger of flooding forced them to settle more often not on the banks of large rivers, but on tributaries or canals, near springs or wells. Settlements located on hills, stone outcrops, in characteristic areas of the relief, make up the third group, and settlements near botanical objects - the fourth group. Like the cult of heights, the grove and individual trees were objects of worship among all peoples (for example, the sacred tree of Romulus, which the Romans worshipped). IN Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the term “waving” is widespread - a sanctuary. It has been scientifically proven that the veneration of natural objects was based on a more ancient cult of trees, groves, springs, and stones. This word in the form of synonyms (Mashat) is very often found in the toponymy of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

The last group consists of settlements with names of zoological origin. Many of them are currently located on the territory of reserves, wildlife preserves - Aksu-Zhabagly, Bidaytugay, Karakul.

3. Features of the restoration of monuments. Thus, to a large extent, the objects of the IPP were the reference points for traditional settlement. The desire to find a favorable place in the conditions of the arid zone, like a person looking for shade in the desert, dictated free resettlement near the IPP microcomplexes, which together created a favorable and unique living environment. PKI gradually became an integral part of folk culture and urban planning.

Below is a description of a characteristic historical city - Sauran, the ruins of which are located on the highway near the city of Turkestan.

The first mention of Sauran dates back to the Middle Ages. The famous Arab geographer al-Maqdisi characterized it as follows: “Sauran (Savran, Sabran) is a large city surrounded by 7 walls one after the other, and it has a rabad, the cathedral mosque is located in the inner city. He is a frontier fortress." Subsequently, the city is mentioned as a major cultural, trade and craft center in the south of Kazakhstan. In the first half of XI V V. Sauran was the capital center of the Ak Orda state. Sauran is extensively described by a historian who calls it "an extraordinarily pleasant city". Valuable information about the city is contained in the memoirs of the poet and writer Vasifi, who lived here in 1514–1515. He describes the kyariz water supply, unusual for these years. Karizes are underground galleries through which underground waters are brought out. “People like them,” Vasifi notes, “have not been seen by people who have traveled the whole world on land and at sea. At the origins of the karez there was a reservoir. On a plot of land irrigated by vineyards and outbuildings. Sauran was well fortified for its time thanks to defensive structures, provision of water and food, weapons, the city could withstand a siege for several months. Life in Sauran continued until the end of X V III century, but at that time the city turned into a "small place near Turkestan".

It should be noted that the historical, cultural and natural objects of the lands of ancient irrigation are ecologically inscribed in the topography of the area, enliven the rural landscape, imprinted in the minds of the ethnic group as images of their native land. These objects are environment-forming oases of ancient irrigation lands, subject to restoration and use in modern architecture.

The prerequisites for this are the need to protect and use valuable biocenoses and historical and cultural monuments, the ethnic value of the IPP for the indigenous population. About this connection Academician Yu.V. Bromley writes: Characteristics geographical environment (climate, soil, relief, flora, fauna, etc.) also have a certain influence on the formation of certain aspects of the spiritual culture and psychological make-up of the ethnic group. This finds its indirect expression primarily in certain specific habits, customs, rituals, in which the features of the life of the people associated with characteristic features its development. The landscapes of an ethnic territory are imprinted in the minds of the people inhabiting it in the form of an idea of native land» .

The main objectives of the gradual restoration of historical, cultural and natural monuments on the lands of ancient irrigation in South Kazakhstan are:

1. Determining the criteria for evaluating and selecting objects of the IPP of South Kazakhstan for the organization of an expositional transboundary zone on the Silk Road. scientific study the most significant and located near modern settlements of archaeological sites.

2. Determination of methods of restoration, conservation, preservation and use of unique archaeological, historical, cultural and architectural monuments of South Kazakhstan, which are of particular importance for the national history and the history of the region.

3. Creation of popular science films about monuments (in 3 D programs). Making a miniature model of settlements (in M 1:25).

4. Assistance in expanding the tourism infrastructure. Organization of places for short-term rest of tourists at the foot of the ruins of medieval cities. The use of mobile exhibition facilities (yurts) for the demonstration of popular science films, models, educational and cultural events. Organization of equestrian, caravan routes through the objects of the IPP, restored gardens and parks.

5. Gradual restoration of the ruins of cities with the identification of expressive fragments (gates with towers and a part of the fortress wall, typical residential buildings of the Middle Ages, etc.).

6. Organization of agro-recreational settlements based on a combination of recreational and service activities with the activities of peasant farms.

Conclusion. Thus, the gradual restoration of the architectural and artistic appearance of monuments on the lands of ancient irrigation in Southern Kazakhstan will open up new opportunities for the formation of a full-fledged historical, cultural and subject-spatial environment on the Silk Road, will contribute to the qualitative transformation of the rural environment of life.

Bibliographic list

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