I write about what I want teleuts. Legends and were Teleuts

The internal structure of the Earth

Recently, the American geophysicist M. Herndon hypothesized that in the center of the Earth there is a natural " nuclear reactor” made of uranium and plutonium (or thorium) with a diameter of only 8 km. This hypothesis is able to explain the inversion of the Earth magnetic field occurring every 200,000 years. If this assumption is confirmed, then life on Earth may end 2 billion years earlier than expected, since both uranium and plutonium burn out very quickly. Their depletion will lead to the disappearance of the magnetic field that protects the earth from short-wave solar radiation and, as a result, to the disappearance of all forms of biological life. This theory was commented on by Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.P. Trubitsyn: “Both uranium and thorium are very heavy elements that, in the process of differentiation of the primary substance of the planet, can sink to the center of the Earth. But at the atomic level, they are carried away with light elements that are carried into the earth's crust, which is why all uranium deposits are located in the uppermost layer of the crust. That is, if these elements were also concentrated in the form of clusters, they could descend into the core, but, according to prevailing ideas, there should be a small number of them. Thus, in order to make statements about the uranium core of the Earth, it is necessary to give a more reasonable estimate of the amount of uranium that has gone into the iron core. It also follows the Structure of the Earth

In the fall of 2002, Harvard University professor A. Dzewonski and his student M. Ishii, based on the analysis of data from more than 300,000 seismic events collected over 30 years, proposed a new model, according to which the so-called “innermost” core lies within the inner core , which is about 600 km across: Its presence may be evidence of the existence of two stages in the development of the inner core. To confirm such a hypothesis, it is necessary to place an even larger number of seismographs around the globe in order to carry out a more detailed selection of anisotropy (dependence physical properties matter from the direction inside it), which characterizes the very center of the Earth.

The individual face of the planet, like the appearance of a living being, is largely determined by internal factors that arise in its deep depths. It is very difficult to study these interiors, since the materials that make up the Earth are opaque and dense, so the volume of direct data on the substance of the deep zones is very limited. These include: the so-called mineral aggregate (large constituent parts of the rock) from a natural super-deep well - kimberlite pipe in Lesoto (South Africa), which is considered as a representative of rocks occurring at a depth of about 250 km, as well as a core (cylindrical column of rock) lifted from the world's deepest well (12,262 m) on the Kola Peninsula. The study of the planet's superdeep is not limited to this. In the 70s of the twentieth century, scientific continental drilling was carried out on the territory of Azerbaijan - the Saably well (8,324 m). And in Bavaria in the early 90s of the last century, a ultradeep well KTB-Oberpfalz with a size of more than 9,000 m.

There are many ingenious and interesting methods of studying our planet, but the main information about its internal structure is obtained as a result of studies of seismic waves that occur during earthquakes and powerful explosions. Every hour in various points Earth registers about 10 oscillations earth's surface. In this case, seismic waves of two types arise: longitudinal and transverse. Both types of waves can propagate in a solid, but only longitudinal waves can propagate in liquids. Displacements of the earth's surface are recorded by seismographs installed around the globe. Observations of the speed with which waves travel through the earth allow geophysicists to determine the density and hardness of rocks at depths that are inaccessible to direct research. Comparison of the densities known from seismic data and those obtained in the course of laboratory experiments with rocks (where temperature and pressure corresponding to a certain depth of the earth are modeled) makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the material composition of the earth's interior. The latest data of geophysics and experiments related to the study of structural transformations of minerals made it possible to model many features of the structure, composition and processes occurring in the depths of the Earth.

Back in the 17th century amazing coincidence outlines of the coastlines of the west coast of Africa and the east coast South America led some scientists to the idea that the continents "walk" around the planet. But it wasn't until three centuries later, in 1912, that the German meteorologist Alfred Lothar Wegener detailed his continental drift hypothesis, according to which the relative positions of the continents have changed throughout the history of the earth. At the same time, he put forward many arguments in favor of the fact that in the distant past the continents were brought together. In addition to the similarity of coastlines, he discovered the correspondence of geological structures, the continuity of relic mountain ranges and the identity of fossil remains on different continents. Professor Wegener actively defended the idea of the existence of a single supercontinent Pangea in the past, its split and the subsequent drift of the formed continents into different sides. But this unusual theory was not taken seriously, because from the point of view of that time it seemed completely incomprehensible that giant continents could independently move around the planet. In addition, Wegener himself could not provide a suitable "mechanism" capable of moving the continents.

The revival of the ideas of this scientist occurred as a result of research on the bottom of the oceans. The fact is that the outer relief of the continental crust is well known, but the ocean floor, for many centuries reliably covered by many kilometers of water, remained inaccessible to study and served as an inexhaustible source of all kinds of legends and myths. An important step forward in the study of its relief was the invention of a precision echo sounder, with the help of which it became possible to continuously measure and record the depth of the bottom along the line of movement of the ship. One of the striking results of intensive research of the ocean floor has been new data on its topography. Today, the topography of the ocean floor is easier to map, thanks to satellites that measure the “height” of the sea surface very precisely: it accurately reflects the differences in sea level from place to place. Instead of flat, devoid of any special signs, covered with silt, deep ditches and steep cliffs, giant mountain ranges and largest volcanoes. The Mid-Atlantic mountain range, which cuts the Atlantic Ocean exactly in the middle, stands out especially clearly on the maps.

It turned out that the ocean floor ages as it moves away from the mid-ocean ridge, “spreading” from its central zone at a speed of several centimeters per year. The action of this process can explain the similarity of the outlines of the continental margins, if we assume that a new oceanic ridge is formed between the parts of the split continent, and the ocean floor, built up symmetrically on both sides, forms a new ocean. The Atlantic Ocean, in the midst of which lies the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, probably arose in this way. But if the area of the sea floor increases and the Earth does not expand, then something in the global crust must collapse to compensate for this process. This is exactly what happens on the outskirts of most Pacific Ocean. Here the lithospheric plates converge, and one of the colliding plates sinks under the other and goes deep into the Earth. Such collision sites are marked by active volcanoes that stretch along the shores of the Pacific Ocean, forming the so-called "ring of fire".

Direct drilling of the seabed and determination of the age of uplifted rocks confirmed the results of paleomagnetic studies. These facts formed the basis of the theory of new global tectonics, or lithospheric plate tectonics, which made a real revolution in the sciences of the earth and brought a new understanding of the outer shells of the planet. The main idea of this theory is the horizontal movement of plates.

How the earth was born

According to modern cosmological concepts, the Earth was formed along with other planets about 4.5 billion years ago from pieces and debris that revolved around the young Sun. It grew, engulfing the matter around it, until it reached its current size. At first, the growth process was very violent, and the continuous rain of falling bodies should have led to its significant heating, since the kinetic energy of the particles was converted into heat. During impacts, craters arose, and the substance ejected from them could no longer overcome the force of gravity and fell back, and the larger the falling bodies were, the more they heated the Earth. The energy of falling bodies was no longer released on the surface, but in the depths of the planet, not having time to radiate into space. Although the original mixture of substances may have been homogeneous on a large scale, the heating of the earth mass due to gravitational compression and bombardment of its debris led to the melting of the mixture and the resulting liquids under the influence of gravity separated from the remaining solid parts. The gradual redistribution of the substance along the depth in accordance with the density should have led to its stratification into separate shells. The lighter substances, rich in silicon, separated from the denser ones, containing iron and nickel, and formed the first earth's crust. After about a billion years, when the earth cooled significantly, the earth's crust hardened, turning into a solid outer shell of the planet. Cooling down, the earth ejected many different gases from its core (usually this happened during volcanic eruptions) - light ones, such as hydrogen and helium, mostly escaped into outer space, but since the force of gravity of the earth was already quite large, it kept heavier. They just formed the basis of the earth's atmosphere. Part of the water vapor from the atmosphere condensed, and oceans appeared on the earth.

What now?

Earth is not the largest, but not the smallest planet among its neighbors. Its equatorial radius, equal to 6378 km, due to the centrifugal force created by the daily rotation, is greater than the polar one by 21 km. The pressure in the center of the Earth is 3 million atm, and the density of matter is about 12 g/cm3. The mass of our planet, found by experimental measurements of the physical constant of gravity and the acceleration of gravity at the equator, is 6*1024 kg, which corresponds to an average density of matter of 5.5 g/cm3. The density of minerals on the surface is approximately half the average density, which means that the density of matter in the central regions of the planet should be higher than the average value. The moment of inertia of the Earth, which depends on the distribution of the density of matter along the radius, also indicates a significant increase in the density of matter from the surface to the center. A heat flux is constantly released from the bowels of the Earth, and since heat can only be transferred from hot to cold, the temperature in the depths of the planet must be higher than on its surface. Deep drilling has shown that the temperature increases with depth by about 20°C per kilometer and varies from place to place. If the temperature increase continued continuously, then in the very center of the Earth it would reach tens of thousands of degrees, but geophysical studies show that in reality the temperature here should be several thousand degrees.

The thickness of the Earth's crust (outer shell) varies from a few kilometers (in the oceanic regions) to several tens of kilometers (in the mountainous regions of the continents). The sphere of the earth's crust is very small, accounting for only about 0.5% of the total mass of the planet. The main composition of the crust is the oxides of silicon, aluminum, iron and alkali metals. The continental crust, which contains the upper (granite) and lower (basalt) layers under the sedimentary layer, contains the most ancient rocks of the Earth, whose age is estimated at more than 3 billion years. The oceanic crust under the sedimentary layer contains mainly one layer, similar in composition to basalt. The age of the sedimentary cover does not exceed 100-150 million years.

The still mysterious Moho Layer (named after the Serbian seismologist Mohorovichic, who discovered it in 1909) separates the earth's crust from the underlying mantle, in which the speed of propagation of seismic waves increases abruptly.

The Mantle accounts for about 67% of the total mass of the planet. The solid layer of the upper mantle, extending to various depths under the oceans and continents, together with the earth's crust is called the lithosphere - the most rigid shell of the Earth. A layer is marked under it, where there is a slight decrease in the propagation velocity of seismic waves, which indicates a peculiar state of matter. This layer, less viscous and more plastic in relation to the layers above and below, is called the asthenosphere. It is believed that the matter of the mantle is in continuous motion, and it is suggested that in relatively deep layers of the mantle, with an increase in temperature and pressure, a transition of matter into denser modifications occurs. Such a transition is also confirmed by experimental studies.

In the lower mantle at a depth of 2900 km, there is a sharp jump not only in the velocity of longitudinal waves, but also in density, and transverse waves disappear completely here, which indicates a change in the material composition of the rocks. This is the outer boundary of the Earth's core.

The Earth's core was discovered in 1936. It was extremely difficult to image it because of the small number of seismic waves reaching it and returning to the surface. In addition, extreme core temperatures and pressures for a long time difficult to reproduce in the laboratory. The Earth's core is divided into 2 separate regions: liquid (OUTER CORE) and solid (BHUTPEHHE), the transition between them lies at a depth of 5156 km. Iron is an element that corresponds to the seismic properties of the core and is abundantly distributed in the Universe to represent approximately 35% of its mass in the planet's core. According to modern data, the outer core is a rotating stream of molten iron and nickel, a good conductor of electricity. It is with him that the origin of the earth's magnetic field is associated, believing that, electric currents, flowing in the liquid core, create a global magnetic field. The layer of the mantle that is in contact with the outer core is affected by it, since the temperatures in the core are higher than in the mantle. In some places, this layer generates huge heat and mass flows directed to the Earth's surface - plumes.

THE INTERNAL SOLID CORE is not connected to the mantle. It is believed that its solid state, despite the high temperature, is provided by the gigantic pressure in the center of the Earth. It is suggested that, in addition to iron-nickel alloys, lighter elements, such as silicon and sulfur, and possibly silicon and oxygen, should also be present in the core. The question of the state of the Earth's core is still debatable. As the distance from the surface increases, the compression to which the substance is subjected increases. Calculations show that the pressure in the earth's core can reach 3 million atm. At the same time, many substances are, as it were, metallized - they pass into a metallic state. There was even a hypothesis that the core of the Earth consists of metallic hydrogen.

To understand how geologists created a model of the structure of the Earth, one must know the basic properties and their parameters that characterize all parts of the Earth. These properties (or characteristics) include:

1. Physical - density, elastic magnetic properties, pressure and temperature.

2. Chemical - chemical composition And chemical compounds, distribution of chemical elements in the Earth.

Based on this, the choice of methods for studying the composition and structure of the Earth is determined. Let's look at them briefly.

First of all, we note that all methods are divided into:

direct - based on the direct study of minerals and rocks and their placement in the Earth's strata;

· indirect - based on the study of the physical and chemical parameters of minerals, rocks and strata with the help of instruments.

By direct methods, we can only study the upper part of the Earth, because. the deepest well (Kolskaya) reached ~12 km. The deeper parts can be judged by volcanic eruptions.

The deep internal structure of the Earth is studied by indirect methods, mainly by a complex of geophysical methods. Let's consider the main ones.

1.seismic method(Greek seismos - shaking) - relies on the phenomenon of the emergence and propagation of elastic vibrations (or seismic waves) in various media. Elastic oscillations occur in the Earth during earthquakes, meteorite falls or explosions and begin to propagate at different speeds from the source of their occurrence (earthquake source) to the Earth's surface. There are two types of seismic waves:

1-longitudinal P-waves (the fastest), pass through all media - solid and liquid;

2-transverse S-waves are slower and only pass through solid media.

Seismic waves during earthquakes occur at depths from 10 km to 700 km. The speed of seismic waves depends on the elastic properties and density of the rocks they cross. Reaching the surface of the Earth, they seem to shine through it and give an idea of the environment that they crossed. The change in velocities gives an idea of the heterogeneity and stratification of the Earth. In addition to changing velocities, seismic waves experience refraction when passing through heterogeneous layers or reflection from a surface separating layers.

2.gravimetric method is based on the study of the acceleration of gravity Dg, which depends not only on geographical latitude, but also on the density of the Earth's matter. Based on the study of this parameter, the heterogeneity in the density distribution in different parts of the Earth was established.

3.magnetometric method- based on the study of the magnetic properties of the Earth's matter. Numerous measurements have shown that various rocks differ from each other in magnetic properties. This leads to the formation of areas with inhomogeneous magnetic properties, which make it possible to judge the structure of the Earth.

Comparing all the characteristics, scientists have created a model of the structure of the Earth, in which three main areas (or geospheres) are distinguished:

1-Earth's crust, 2-Earth's mantle, 3-Earth's core.

Each of them, in turn, is divided into zones or layers. Consider them and summarize the main parameters in the table.

1.Earth's crust(layer A) is the upper shell of the Earth, its thickness varies from 6-7 km to 75 km.

2.Mantle of the Earth subdivided into upper (with layers: B and C) and lower (layer D).

3. Core - subdivided into outer (layer E) and inner (layer G), between which there is a transition zone - layer F.

border between earth's crust and mantle is the Mohorović section, between mantle and core also a sharp border - Gutenberg section.

The table shows that the velocity of longitudinal and transverse waves increases from the surface to deeper spheres of the Earth.

A feature of the upper mantle is the presence of a zone in which the velocity of transverse waves drops sharply to 0.2–0.3 km/s. This is explained by the fact that, along with the solid state, the mantle is partially represented by a melt. This layer of reduced speeds is called asthenosphere. Its thickness is 200-300 km, depth is 100-200 km.

At the boundary between the mantle and the core, there is a sharp decrease in the velocity of longitudinal waves and attenuation of the velocity of transverse waves. Based on this, an assumption was made that the outer core is in a state of melt.

Average values of density by geospheres show its increase towards the core.

About the chemical composition of the Earth and its geospheres give an idea:

1- chemical composition of the earth's crust,

2 - chemical composition of meteorites.

The chemical composition of the earth's crust has been studied in sufficient detail - its bulk chemical composition and the role of chemical elements in mineral and rock formation are known. The situation is more difficult with regard to the study of the chemical composition of the mantle and core. We cannot do this by direct methods. Therefore, a comparative approach is used. The starting point is the assumption of a protoplanetary similarity between the composition of meteorites that fell to the earth and the internal geospheres of the Earth.

All meteorites that hit the Earth are divided into types according to their composition:

1-iron, consist of Ni and 90% Fe;

2-ironstones (siderolites) consist of Fe and silicates,

3-stone, consisting of Fe-Mg silicates and nickel iron inclusions.

Based on the analysis of meteorites, experimental studies and theoretical calculations, scientists suggest (according to the table) that the chemical composition of the core is nickel iron. True, in last years the point of view is expressed that, in addition to Fe-Ni, the core may contain impurities of S, Si, or O. For the mantle, the chemical spectrum is determined by Fe-Mg silicates, i.e. peculiar olivine-pyroxene pyrolite composes the lower mantle, and the upper one - rocks of ultramafic composition.

The chemical composition of the earth's crust includes the maximum range of chemical elements, which is revealed in the variety of mineral species known to date. The quantitative ratio between chemical elements large enough. A comparison of the most common elements in the earth's crust and mantle shows that Si, Al and O 2 play the leading role.

Thus, having considered the main physical and chemical characteristics of the Earth, we see that their values are not the same, they are distributed zonally. Thus, giving an idea of the heterogeneous structure of the Earth.

The structure of the earth's crust

The types of rocks considered earlier - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - are involved in the structure of the earth's crust. According to their physical and chemical parameters, all rocks of the earth's crust are grouped into three large layers. From bottom to top it is: 1-basalt, 2-granite-gneiss, 3-sedimentary. These layers in the earth's crust are distributed unevenly. First of all, this is expressed in power fluctuations of each layer. In addition, not all parts show a complete set of layers. Therefore, a more detailed study made it possible to distinguish four types of the earth's crust in terms of composition, structure and thickness: 1-continental, 2-oceanic, 3-subcontinental, 4-suboceanic.

1. Continental type- has a thickness of 35-40 km to 55-75 km in mountain structures, contains all three layers in its composition. The basalt layer consists of rocks of the gabbro type and metamorphic rocks of amphibolite and granulite facies. It is called so because physical parameters it is close to basalts. The composition of the granite layer is gneisses and granite-gneisses.

2.Ocean type- sharply differs from the continental thickness (5-20 km, average 6-7 km) and the absence of a granite-gneiss layer. Two layers participate in its structure: the first layer is sedimentary, thin (up to 1 km), the second layer is basalt. Some scientists distinguish the third layer, which is a continuation of the second, i.e. has a basaltic composition, but is composed of ultramafic rocks of the mantle that have undergone serpentinization.

3. Subcontinental type- includes all three layers and is close to the continental one. But it is distinguished by a smaller thickness and composition of the granite layer (less gneisses and more volcanic rocks of acid composition). This type is found on the border of continents and oceans with an intense manifestation of volcanism.

4. Subocean type- located in deep troughs of the earth's crust (inland seas such as the Black and Mediterranean). It differs from the oceanic type in the greater thickness of the sedimentary layer up to 20-25 km.

The problem of the formation of the earth's crust.

According to Vinogradov, the process of formation of the earth's crust took place according to the principle zone melting. The essence of the process: the substance of the Proto-Earth, close to meteorite, melted as a result of radioactive heating and the lighter silicate part rose to the surface, and Fe-Ni concentrated in the core. Thus, the formation of geospheres took place.

It should be noted that the earth's crust and the solid part of the upper mantle are combined into lithosphere, below which is asthenosphere.

tectonosphere- this is the lithosphere and part of the upper mantle to a depth of 700 km (ie, to the depth of the deepest earthquake sources). It is named so because the main tectonic processes that determine the restructuring of this geosphere take place here.

Plan:

1 Number and settlement
2 Language
3 History

Introduction

Teleuts(self-name tadar, bayat pachat) - people Mongoloid race in Russia, traditional place of residence - south Western Siberia(Kemerovo region).

1. Number and settlement

Number in the Russian Federation - 2650 people (2002), of which in the Kemerovo region - 2534 people. Teleuts are predominantly villagers. About 2 thousand people live in the villages of Bekovo, Chelukhoevo, Verkhovskaya, Shanda, Novo-Bachaty in the Belovsky and Guryevsky districts of the Kemerovo region. These are the so-called "Bachat teleuts" along the Big and Small Bachat rivers (Ob basin). Teleuts also live in the Novokuznetsk region of the Kemerovo region and the Shebalinsky region of the Altai Republic.

2. Language

The Teleut language belongs to the Kyrgyz-Kypchak (Khakas) languages Turkic group Altai language family as a separate language or, according to another classification, is a dialect of the South Altai (Altai proper) language. In the latter case, it is distributed not only in the Kemerovo Region, but also in the Altai Republic (Shebalinsky District along the Katun River and its tributary, the Sema River), Altai Territory, Novosibirsk Region.

3. History

The brightest period in the history of the Teleuts - Early Middle Ages. In 391 the Teleuts were conquered by the Tabgachs, in 403 by the Jujans. In the 480s. The Teleuts managed to achieve military successes (the capture of Gaochang, the ruin of Yuebani) and create the state of Gaogyui allied to the Chinese, but soon it collapsed, and the Teleuts were defeated by the Hephthalites. At the beginning of the VI century. the Teleuts, led by the princes Mivotu and Ifu, waged wars with the Rourans with varying success, killed Khan Futu, but were subjugated by the Turks. In the XIV century. Teleuts took part in the creation of the Oirot Union. In the 17th century they fell under the influence of Russia, many of them went to Tomsk.

WITH early XVIII V. most of the Teleuts roamed within the Dzungaria. By the 1760s, due to a number of destructive internal and external causes, the decisive of which was the war of Dzungaria and China, the ulus association of the Teleuts finally disintegrated and the Teleuts were scattered from the Volga to Baikal. In some cases, they completely dissolved in a foreign ethnic environment, in others they served important component in the formation of new ethnic communities. According to L.P. Potapov, the Teleuts play an exceptional role in the ethnogenetic formation of all groups of Altaians, both northern and southern.

Orthodox, traditional beliefs are preserved.

In terms of culture, they are close to the Telengits and Khakass.

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 All-Russian population census of 2002 - www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&docid=10715289081463.

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This abstract is based on an article from the Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed on 07/11/11 19:27:52
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Faces of Russia. "Living Together, Being Different"

The Faces of Russia multimedia project has existed since 2006, telling about Russian civilization, the most important feature of which is the ability to live together, remaining different - this motto is especially relevant for countries around the world. post-Soviet space. From 2006 to 2012, as part of the project, we created 60 documentaries about representatives of various Russian ethnic groups. Also, 2 cycles of radio programs "Music and songs of the peoples of Russia" were created - more than 40 programs. Illustrated almanacs have been released to support the first series of films. Now we are halfway to creating a unique multimedia encyclopedia of the peoples of our country, a picture that will allow the inhabitants of Russia to recognize themselves and leave a picture of what they were like for posterity.

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The cycle of audio lectures “Peoples of Russia” – Teleuts

General information

TELE'UTS, telengetter, payattar, tatarlar (self-designation tadar, bayat-pachat) - people in Russia, traditional place of residence - south of Western Siberia (Kemerovo region) (number 3 thousand people), most (about 2.5 thousand) live in rural areas and cities of Belovsky, Guryev and Novokuznetsk districts of the Kemerovo region. Small groups - in the Zarinsk and Kytmanovsky districts of the Altai Territory and the Shebalinsky district of the Altai Republic.

According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Teleuts living in Russia is 2.65 thousand people, according to the 2010 Population Census - 2,643 people, of which 2,534 people live in the Kemerovo region. Teleuts are predominantly rural residents. About 2 thousand people live in the villages of Bekovo, Chelukhoevo, Verkhovskaya, Shanda, Novo-Bachaty in the Belovsky and Guryevsky districts of the Kemerovo region. These are the so-called "Bachat teleuts" along the Big and Small Bachat rivers (Ob basin). Teleuts also live in the Novokuznetsk region of the Kemerovo region and the Shebalinsky region of the Altai Republic.

The Teleut language belongs to the Kyrgyz-Kypchak (Khakas) languages of the Turkic group of the Altaic language family as a separate language or, according to another classification, is a dialect of the South Altai (Altaic proper) language. In the latter case, it is distributed not only in the Kemerovo Region, but also in the Altai Republic (Shebalinsky District along the Katun River and its tributary, the Sema River), Altai Territory, Novosibirsk Region.

The main ethnographic groups in the 19th century were the Bachat, Tomsk, Altai, and Chumysh. They speak one of the southern dialects of the Altai language. Writing in Russian graphic basis. The majority of Teleut believers are Orthodox. A significant part adheres to traditional ideas.

The most ancient ancestors of the Teleuts are the tribes of the tele group of the era of the ancient Turks, to which the ethnic name of the people of Teleuts goes back. The Teleuts ("White Kalmyks") are first mentioned in Russian sources in 1601.

Two main economic and cultural types have developed on the territory of the Teleut settlement: nomadic pastoralists of the mountain-steppe zone and foot hunters of the taiga-steppe zone. Under Russian influence, from the 17th century, specific forms of a settled agricultural and pastoral economy began to develop among the indigenous population. In the 17th-1st half of the 18th centuries, for the bulk of the Teleuts, the leading branch of the economy was nomadic cattle breeding. They raised horses and cattle. Hunting and fishing were traditional trades. Gathering (pine nuts, sarany, wild garlic) was widespread. Under the influence of Russian peasants, many Teleuts began to engage in apiary beekeeping. Of the domestic crafts, leather, wood, metal, weaving, weaving, and sewing have received the greatest development. Leather processing, spinning and weaving were done by women.

The most common family form among the Teleuts was a small monogamous family, although there were also undivided families.

The type of Teleut settlements in the middle of the 19th-20th centuries is stationary. Street layout prevailed. In the 19th - early 20th century characteristic types dwellings were permanent frame ground buildings of a conical type made of poles and bark or birch bark; permanent semi-underground dwellings of a rectangular type - frame or log - semi-dugouts (1.5-2 m high, with a flat or gable male roof); dwellings modeled on Russian peasant houses - large four-five-walled huts or two-foot huts (two chambers separated by cold or warm vestibules) with two- or four-pitched roofs.

The complex of traditional men's clothing by the beginning of the 20th century was almost not preserved, although individual elements of the costume: a caftan, a warm quilted robe, various types of fur coats, leather shoes without tops and soles (charyk) existed until the 1960s. Women's clothing included bloomers made of chintz or canvas, long dress tunic-shaped cut with a laid on festive bib, a light caftan made of woolen or dense black chintz fabric, lined, silk festive robes. Warm outerwear - quilted robe and fur coats.

Hats - conical hats made of quilted fabric with a velvet-lined lapel and a tassel on top, and winter sheepskin hats with a beaver or sable trim, as well as purchased chintz and silk scarves of bright colors. Women wore braided jewelry, earrings made of copper or silver, rings, rings, bracelets, brooches. Traditional women's clothing largely used to this day.

The traditional food of the Teleuts included many dishes from horse and mutton meat and milk. significant place the diet also included products of hunting, fishing and gathering. So far, traditional dishes are common - tutmash (mutton broth with boiled and finely chopped dough, onions, meat), sheep or horse blood sausage (kan) with the addition of onions or garlic, tjörg - sheep intestines stuffed with pieces of heart, liver, lung and bacon, broths and soups from ground squirrels, marmots, badgers, dried horse meat, salted horse neck fat. Large crescent-shaped dumplings and many flour products, the recipes for which are borrowed from Russians, are also considered a traditional dish. Traditional drinks were prepared from dairy products: ayran, chegen, milk vodka - araki, as well as varenets, cheeses, sour cream, etc.

Folklore occupies a significant place in the spiritual culture of the Teleuts. The most monumental genre of Teleut folklore is heroic epic("Altai Kuuchun", "Koziyka and Bayan-Slu", etc.). The performers of epic works were storytellers - "kaichy". Historical legends are widespread, covering the events of the times of the Teleut-Dzhungar wars, etc.

Diverse musical folklore: historical, ritual, dance songs, spring games with singing - tabyr. Ritual folklore includes good wishes (alkysh) associated with family and household (wedding, maternity, etc.) rites. The oldest genre of oral art, dating back to the ancient Turkic era, is funeral laments (sygyt). Works of cult folklore are shamanic spells, appeals to family and tribal guardians.

E.P. Batyanova, D.A. Funk

Essays

Teleuts- the people of the Russian Federation living in the south of Western Siberia: in the Kemerovo region, as well as in the adjacent regions of the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic. The number in Russia (2002) is 2650 people, including in the Kemerovo region - 2534, the Altai Republic - 32 , Altai Territory - 15. The Teleut language belongs to the Kyrgyz-Kypchak (Khakass) languages of the Turkic group of the Altai language family. Writing based on Russian graphics. Religion - Orthodoxy, shamanism.

Siberia conquered, but not all

On famous painting Vasily Surikov “The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak” presents the capture in October 1582 by the Cossacks of the legendary ataman Kashlyk, the capital of the Siberian Khanate. During this battle, a handful of brave men defeated the huge army of Khan Kuchum, but final accession to Russia the richest lands beyond the Urals stretched for almost a century and a half. The penetration of Russian detachments into the southern part of Western Siberia occurred simultaneously with the advance to the east. In 1604, on the Tom River, the right tributary of the Ob, a wooden fortress was cut down - Tomsk City. In 1618 service people, collecting tribute from the local population, laid a new fortification in the upper reaches of the Tom - the Kuznetsk prison. However, the expansion to the south, to the upper reaches of the Ob, stopped at this point. By the middle of the century, Cossack detachments had already reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean, but they could not reach the mouth of the Katun and Biya: the territory of the modern Altai Territory, part of the Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions remained outside the Russian kingdom.

"And a friend of the steppes - a Kalmyk ..."

Here lived nomadic tribes Mongolian-speaking Oirats and Turkic-speaking Teleuts, who recognized the authority of Khuntaiji (Kontaishi) - the supreme ruler of a powerful state located between the Ili and Irtysh rivers, which received the name Dzungaria from the Mongolian phrase "zun gar" - " left-hand side". The Russians considered both of them Kalmaks or Kalmyks, which is translated from Turkic as “remaining” (from the Horde), but the Oirats were called “black” for distinction, and the Teleuts were called “white”, as they know, according to the expression famous researcher of these lands by Grigory Grumm-Grzhimailo, had an "almost European" appearance. The White Kalmyks originate from the Tomsk Kypchak-Kuznetsk Turks, mysterious bayats and medieval warlike nomadic herders Tele, who became famous for the invention of a wagon with huge wheels, that is, carts. Throughout their history, they fought with the Uighurs, the Yenisei Kirghiz, the rulers of the Dzungar Khanate, but they were a single people, divided into several clans within themselves. The Cossacks often took them for independent tribes, which were given separate names. So, in Russian documents of the 17th century, there are Teleuts, and Tau-Teleuts, and Altai-Kizhi, and Telengits, and Teleses. However, by careful study and comparison of archival documents, modern ethnographers have proved that this division is untenable, although the genus of the Southern Altaians did not represent something unified and was fragmented into communities independent of each other (Otok), settled almost throughout the Altai Mountains.

Teleut land

The very powerful rulers of the Upper Ob region called themselves "Telengets", which in Russian sounded like "Telenguts", and most often as "Teleuts". Therefore, their Siberian governors also called the country “Teleut land” in documents. With her alone, on March 31, 1609, the Muscovite state, after lengthy negotiations, during which Tsar Vasily Shuisky replaced Boris Godunov in the Kremlin, concluded an absolutely equal military-political alliance. This commonwealth was fragile: many times the treaty was violated, but each time it was restored, because both parties were interested in it. The owners of the Teleut land had a hard time: on the one hand - Moscow Cossacks with squeakers, on the other - warlike Dzhungars, whose state was flourishing by that time. Telengets tossed between the one and the other, but the opportunities for maneuver became less and less. For security purposes, the residence of the kaan, the ruler of this sovereign territory, was transferred several times: from the banks of the Charysh (Altai) to the Meret River (Moshkovsky district of the Novosibirsk region), then to the place where the city of Kamen-na-Ob now stands ( Altai region) ... But everyone understood that this was agony, since the forces are not equal, and at some point the Teleut land should become part of either Muscovy or Dzungaria.

Great Migration

It turned out differently: the white Kalmyks accepted the patronage of the khan, and he moved the new subjects to his place in Dzungaria. It took several thousand carts to take the brave warriors and skilled artisans to the territory of the neighboring kingdom. At a meeting with the Russian envoy Cheredov, the lord of the Dzungars Tsevan Rabdan explained his decision as follows: “The Russian authorities inflicted many insults on the Telenguts, it became impossible for them to live ... and despite the quarrels, the Telenguts took over.” In 1718, the Cossack border patrol, moving along the dividing line - the Teleut boundary, found that the outposts on the other side were empty: the "white Kalmyks" left, leaving Moscow and their former Kyshtyms - tributaries, and the graves of their ancestors. Therefore, the entry of the Teleut land into the Muscovite state was not accompanied by a ceremony of transferring power, but was carried out on the fact of the free entry of its subjects into its territory. However, the official date of joining the Upper Ob to Russia is the legal act of the formation of the Russian Empire on October 22, 1721, which, according to European legislation, legalized its right to include the lands of other peoples and states. On the same day, Peter I, by whose order "the Telenguts were inflicted with many insults", received from the Synod and the Senate the title of Emperor of All Russia and Father of the Fatherland.

“We will live peacefully - the hair will turn white, we will take up iron - the bones will turn white ...”

These lines from the birch bark letter of the last Teleut kaan, Sal Tabylov, to the governor Boris Sinyavin, delivered to Kuznetsk in the summer of 1716, eloquently testify not only to the philosophical mindset of the leader of the White Kalmyks, but also to his good command of the Russian language. Here is a quote from the following, more formidable message: “We live between two kings, in the middle. Have our people been caught by the sovereign's decree? Did you do it wrong or did you do it? Seek guilt in court. If you want the world, give up my people, if you want a warrior, tell me ... "Unfortunately, this last attempt to return central authorities in the mainstream of diplomatic relations was not crowned with success, and the language spoken by the owners of the Teleut land remained completely unknown, since its study began only two and a half centuries after the disappearance of their state.

Teleut aristocracy

No less interesting are the names of princes and zaisans (the best people) of the White Kalmyks. Unlike the Oirat ones - Orus Tsagan, Basang Baatr, Bembyan Indzha, they sounded like this: Matai Tabunov, Zhiran Iurganov, Batai Kokin, Mogulan Beikonov, Kumek Entugaev, Torgay Basbeykov, Read Terev. The closest to them can be considered pre-Christian, that is, pagan - "speaking", nicknames of the Suzdal Slavs. So, Matai - from "dangle", Zhiran - from "fat", Bataille - from "dad", Mogulan - from "mighty", Kumek - probably from "smart", Torgay and Read - by analogy. They called themselves "bayats" - from the old Russian "bayat" (to speak, to tell). In addition, in the replies of the Siberian governors addressed to the Muscovite tsar, the Teleut nobility is called by their last names, while the leaders of other tribes are called simply by their first names. But in those days it was so respectful to call only boyars, nobles or Cossack atamans who were in the sovereign’s service ...

Inheritance - medicine

Modern Teleuts in Altai are not familiar in detail with the mysterious history of their ancestors, but the traditions of traditional medicine have been preserved in their ancestral memory. Thus, the ancient Telengets knew about the properties of herbs, minerals, and healing springs. They consolidated this knowledge and practical experience in the form of norms and rules that guided them in all areas. Everyday life whether it be building a home, tailoring, starting a family, or raising children. They were observant and subtly understood the surrounding nature, knew how to adapt to it. Diseases were treated with mineral waters, red copper powders, decoctions of medicinal herbs - wormwood, hemp, golden root, vegetable and animal ointments, young deer antlers were used. They knew the healing properties of bean oil, bear and badger fat, animal blood. Healers-shamans made decoctions, infusions or pomace from juniper, plantain, old oak, lingonberry, birch leaves, hawthorn, thick-leaved bergenia, wild rose, blueberry, bilberry and other plants.

Springs of health

Having fallen ill, the Altai inhabitants always turned to nature, more precisely, to healing springs. In the area of Lake Teletskoye - the pearl of the Teleut land - they have survived to this day. So, at the mouth of the Cholushman, from under a huge stone block, the magic water of Adyshtu slowly flows, and four kilometers south of the Kokshi River on Mount Saratka, a key beats out of the rock, which has been well known among local residents for a long time. They drink its water from all sorts of diseases, and legends are made about miraculous healings. Like their ancestors, Teleuts of the 21st century turn to springs twice a year: in spring and autumn, during the exacerbation of chronic diseases. Visiting them is also preventive in nature, and often this “prevention” is not so necessary from a medical point of view (that is, there is no illness yet), but it is obligatory as a cultural tradition, a way of life that wise white Kalmyks bequeathed to their descendants.

Why are they so named?

The wonderful lake has two names: in Russian studies it is called "Teletsky", and the Altai Mountains since ancient times consider it golden. In the book of B. Bedyurov “The Word about Altai. History, folklore and culture” gives two explanations for this. The first, close to reality, looks like this: “A long time ago, people settled on the shores of a mountain lake, which is filled with water from hundreds of rivers and streams running down from glacial mountains. Turkic tribe teölös. They began to call the lake by the name of the settlers Työlyos-Köl - Lake Työlyosov. In the summer of 1633, a detachment of Cossacks arrived here from the Aba-Turinsky prison under the command of the boyar son Peter Sabansky. Gathered to him locals who saw the Russians for the first time. Peter asked them what the name of the lake was. They answered him that the lake is called Töölös-Köl. The boyar son wrote down in his papers "Telesskoye Lake". Over time, in Russian speech, this name turned into Lake Teletskoye, only the Altaians themselves call it Altyn-Kel - “Golden”

The parable of the golden nugget and the cup of barley

The second is more like a fairy tale: “In ancient times, in the valley of the Cholushman River, the only one that flows into the lake, the hunter Chokul lived. Once he went to the taiga to hunt. For many days he walked along the ravines, tracked down prey on the mountain slopes, but luck turned away from him. When the supplies ran out, he went home. Suddenly his horse stumbled, and the moss was knocked off the ground with a hoof. The hunter looks - something glitters below. He dismounted and sees a gold nugget in the ground. He dug it up and measured it. There was that nugget the size of a horse's head. Chokul buried his wealth and thought that now he was not afraid of any trouble. One day a year of great heat came. Ears of barley dried up on meager plots, grasses withered and turned yellow in meadows, cattle fell from starvation, neither pine nuts, nor mushrooms, nor berries were born in the forests. Animals and birds left the shores of the lake. A great pestilence has come, and trouble is in Chokul's yurt. The beautiful eyes of his beautiful wife dimmed, the parents departed to another world, the children swelled from hunger. But the hunter did not despair. He hoped that the golden nugget would help him out in a difficult time. He went through the villages to exchange gold for food. He traveled for a long time, but nowhere did he find people who would agree to do this for him. He returned to the Cholushman valley, went into the yurt, but did not find his wife or children alive - they died of starvation. Chokul cried out in despair: “If I cannot exchange a nugget the size of a horse’s head for a cup of barley, why do I need this gold? I’ll throw it into the lake so that it doesn’t embarrass anyone else, it doesn’t inspire hope.” With the last of his strength, he climbed to the top of the mountain that hung over the lake. He threw the nugget and said: “Spirits of the mountains, I offer this gold as a sacrifice to you. I ask your blessing for my people, so that they are not rich in gold, but in those gifts that the land, forests and waters of the blessed Altai bring. And in memory of the fact that gold does not have the power that people attribute to it, from now on this mountain, from which I threw the nugget, will be called Altyn-Tuu - Golden Mountain, and the lake that accepted it into its waters, Altyn-Kel - Golden Lake»

TOFAL'AR, tofa, tokha (self-name), karagasy (obsolete name), people in Russia, inhabit the mountain-taiga territory of the Nizhneudinsky district Irkutsk region in the basins of the rivers Uda, Biryusa, Kan, Gutara, Iya and others. The number is over 730 people. According to the 2002 census, the number of Tofalars living in Russia is 1 thousand people, according to the 2010 census. - 762 people.

They speak the Tofalar language of the Turkic group of the Altai family. Tofalar believers are Orthodox. Shamanism persists.

basis traditional economy Tofalar was a hunting trade (squirrel, sable, otter, beaver, fox, elk, maral, roe deer, etc.), combined with reindeer breeding. Blacksmithing, processing of wood, birch bark, leather and horn are known in home production. Some Tofalar products, along with furs and skins, went on sale, including skis lined with skins, smoking pipes, saddles, some birch bark products, and fur boots.

Before the transition to settled life, the main dwelling of Tofalar was a conical pole tent, which in the summer was covered with strips of boiled birch bark, and with the onset of cold weather (until spring), with cavities sewn from dressed elk or deer skins using tendon threads. After the transition to settled life, log houses were built in the villages.

Traditional Tofalar clothing (men's, women's and children's) did not have significant differences in cut. Winter was made from the skins of ungulates, mainly elk, deer, deer. A fur coat sewn inside with fur served as the traditional winter clothing. The most common type of summer outerwear was a robe, which was sewn from worn deer skins or roe deer rovduga. The women's winter headdress was a hat made of reindeer skins with fur on the outside, in summer - a scarf made of purchased fabric. Many men in the summer wore a caftan with sleeves tapering at the bottom, sewn from cloth or fabric. Traditional clothing in recent decades gradually fell out of use.

They mainly consumed boiled meat of wild ungulates - deer, elk, roe deer, musk deer, as well as bear, hare, squirrel, game birds. Reindeer milk was drunk boiled, mostly added to tea. The main food was rye flour cakes mixed with hot water. They also ate flour mash with salt.

Some features of tribal life were preserved, including the awareness of belonging to one of the eight tribal groups differing in their number. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the memory of the blood clans "nyon" was preserved, the members of which descended from a common mythical ancestor, had a generic name, common territory resettlement.

Along with the genus, there were patronymics represented by groups of related families, the heads of which descended from one ancestor in the male line. Each patronymy consisted of separate small families that owned deer, hunting tools, utensils, dwellings, etc. In recent decades, more and more nationally mixed families are being created.

The Tofalars preserved songs, fairy tales, legends, proverbs and sayings in their oral tradition. Important role pre-Christian cults played, as well as shamanism.

Almost three centuries ago, the Teleuts - the indigenous inhabitants of Kuzbass - roamed from region to region, traded in cattle breeding and hunting, lived in yurts. Now just over 2 thousand people live in the Kemerovo region.

The Teleuts are descended from the Turkic-speaking population. They got their name from the word "tel", which means "seed" in translation. For this people great value had a family, clan, ancestors.

I would like to believe that on the streets of Bekovo you can still meet a woman in a long flowery dress coming out of a yurt, or a daring Teleut flying on a horse. But the modern life of this people now practically does not differ from "ours" - from the life of newcomers.

They live in ordinary houses, take care of gardens, work as tractor drivers, engineers, musicians - everything is almost like ours. But still, modern Teleuts try not to forget their traditional crafts. They are trying to revive felting from wool and sewing national dolls. This is the work of not only adults, but also children who are happy to attend circles in the house of culture: “Golden Hands”, “Needlewomen”, fine art circles.

Some people still wear the national costume in everyday life. Photo: Znamenka newspaper archive

And although National Costume now for the most part - an outfit for holidays and performances from the stage, some grandmothers wear it in everyday life. “After my generation, hardly anyone will wear a kunek (dress) except for a holiday. Therefore, I feel responsible. After all, our youth should know what their ancestors wore!”, says a retired resident of Bekovo Valentina Egorovna Shadeeva.

The power of the family

According to the ancient Teleut tradition, guests should be greeted with a song. It helps you open your heart. And the guest should also sing in response - to open his heart to you. Then both of you - the guest and the host - will definitely find mutual language. But from everyday song tradition has been out for a long time. Only the tea ceremony has survived - hot herbal tea and national dishes.

Teleuts believe that with the help of fire one can purify the soul. Photo: Znamenka newspaper archive

Many traditions have already been forgotten. It is unlikely that you will meet a traditional Teleut family that lives according to strict house building rules. Like the Russians, the Teleuts left them long ago. It is understandable - the time is different, the conditions of life are different. Teleuts used to lead endless wars, therefore, the unconditional owner of the house was a man, he was engaged in raising his son, preparing him for battles, hard work. The mother was engaged in raising her daughter: she taught the girl how to manage the household and take care of her husband. With the change in living conditions, the need for house building has disappeared. Although some see it bad sign, they say, the family is weakening.

The interior of a yurt in Shanda village. Photo: Znamenka newspaper archive

Previously, small wooden amulets protected his power, but now they are gone. In general, Teleut dolls are special. Unlike other peoples, the Teleuts revived their guardians by carving their faces. This was done exclusively by dedicated people with strong energy. Entire rituals were performed with dolls. The eldest in the family once a year fed them salamat from flour and butter with the help of fire, juniper and milk. Dolls were passed down from generation to generation, protecting the family. Teleuts believe that it is dangerous to work with energies, because you can get to evil spirits, that's why now hardly anyone carves such dolls.

Past before my eyes

Sometimes in Bekovo, on the square of the house of culture, a khan appears with his retinue, a prince who has returned from a hunt, a shaman performing rites with fire. This is how the Teleut museum "Cholkoy" greets its guests. founded it Vladimir Ilyich Chelukhoev. Thanks to his efforts, the history of the people and centuries-old traditions will not sink into oblivion, but will be passed down from generation to generation.

“We have no right to forget the traditions of our ancestors, their laws of honor and conscience. Our children are always happy to come on excursions, look at the exhibits, ask questions about traditions, analyze their actions and evaluate them, looking back at the distant past. Some, seeing the yurt, enthusiastically exclaim: “If our ancestors lived like this, then we can too!” At such moments, I understand that everything was not in vain! ”, - says Vladimir Ilyich.

Yurt. Photo: Znamenka newspaper archive

Cholkoy is an extraordinary museum. In addition to several halls on the second floor of the house of culture, it has a platform for open sky, where there are traditional chadir (in which the Teleuts lived in the warm season), obo (a stone pile decorated with ribbons) and other buildings of the 17th-20th centuries, cleaned inside according to all the rules.

A tour of the museum turns into an exciting journey! Keepers Demonstrate traditional rite purification by fire. According to the Teleuts, it purifies the soul. In a matter of hours, visitors can get acquainted with the history and traditions of the Teleut people, see what they used daily. There is a whole village on the street. You can enter a hexagonal log yurt, in which the Teleut survived in the Siberian frosts.

Teleuts keep their traditions in collective creativity. Photo: Znamenka newspaper archive

There are always a lot of guests at museums. Not only Kuzbass residents want to go on a trip, but also tourists from neighboring Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions and even foreigners. The Teleuts keep their traditions in collective creativity. Bekovo and Shanda are famous for their groups: the folklore ensemble "Solony", which celebrated its seventieth anniversary, dance groups"Telekey" and "Ayas" and many others. Every year they participate in regional and regional competitions. In May 2011, the Shandinsky House of Culture took the 1st place in the nomination "Tyaraen kys" and the 2nd place in the nomination "The Best Teleut camp" in the regional national holiday "Saint Nikola".

The people do not forget about national holidays either. Photo: Znamenka newspaper archive

Help to keep cultural traditions annual National holidays: winter "Kolodo", spring "Tabyr" and summer "Pairam". “In my family, holidays are celebrated traditionally. We sing national songs preparing national dishes. For example, we have a holiday "Dumplings". By this day, the whole family makes many, many crescent-shaped dumplings. Dumplings are not simple, but with a surprise - with a coin inside. A coin as a symbol of good luck.

By tradition, on this day we receive guests and go to visit ourselves. True, now more children run to visit, and we - adults - meet them. We only visit relatives. With my mother's milk, I absorbed traditions, and passed on my native language to my children. Now I'm trying to teach my grandchildren. Although they cannot speak their native language yet, they understand a lot,” says a retired resident of Shanda, a regular participant in festive performances Zoya Ivanovna Torzunova.

From time immemorial, the Teleuts have not parted with horses. Photo: Znamenka newspaper archive

Without a language there is no people

At festivals and holidays, Teleut songs are always heard, the meaning of the words of which is far from clear to everyone today. After all, basically only the older generation freely communicates in their native language. “The main task of any nation is to preserve its language. After all, while he is alive, there is hope that the people will live. Therefore, it pains me to see when children cannot speak Teleut. Of course, for the most part they know some words and phrases, but there is no holistic knowledge,” says Vladimir Satin, Director of the House of Culture in Shanda.

But the older generation does not allow boys and girls to completely forget their language. The school and the library have books in Teleut, Teleut primers. And the children themselves have not lost interest in mother tongue and to their culture, they are happy to participate in the holidays, learning national poems. “Unfortunately, I don’t know the language,” says the seventeen-year-old Vladimir Ten. - Just a few words heard on the street. And I don’t understand traditions well, although I think that you need to know them. In the future, I will definitely learn the language and study my history. After all, the revival of national culture depends on us!”

The older generation does not allow the younger to forget about their roots and traditions. Photo: Znamenka newspaper archive

ringing mountain

The Teleuts have a sacred place - Mount Shaantu in Shand, or Ringing Mountain. In the 70s of the last century, a monument was erected on it to a mother waiting for her sons from the war. According to legend, the spirits of ancestors live here. The Teleuts believe that the strongest energy is concentrated on the mountain. “There are not only elderly people here, but also young people. True, young people are not yet fully aware of the great significance of this place and often arrange their festivities here. But still they are proud of their mountain. It is important. Perhaps, over time, we will return to our ancestors and we will all, without exception, honor this place,” hopes Vladimir Satin.

Monument to a mother waiting for her sons from the war. Photo: Znamenka newspaper archive

The Teleut people come here to pray and meditate. They believe that the mountain is their place of power. They believe that if you behave on it correctly, do not make noise and ennoble it, grace will come. And if you behave blasphemously, then the mountain will cry. And there will be no future for the people.

There is a small depression on Shaantu. According to legend, if you stand in it and make a wish, you can hear a ringing, which means that the gods have heard you. Vladimir Satin says that he heard it more than once, but some people hear thunder too.

teleut clothes costume shoes

Shors and Teleuts are the most ancient inhabitants of the Kuznetsk land. By their origin, they belong to the nomadic Turkic-speaking tribes. In our time, they are settled throughout Western Siberia. The majority live in the Kemerovo region. The Shors mainly live in the Tashtagol region and Gornaya Shoria. Teleuts are most common in the Belovsky and Guryev regions of the Kemerovo region.

Number in the Russian Federation - 2650 people (2002), of which in the Kemerovo region - 2534 people. Teleuts are predominantly rural residents. About 2 thousand people live in the villages of Bekovo, Chelukhoevo, Verkhovskaya, Shanda, Novo-Bachaty in the Belovsky and Guryevsky districts of the Kemerovo region. These are the so-called "Bachat teleuts" along the Big and Small Bachat rivers (Ob basin). Teleuts also live in the Novokuznetsk region of the Kemerovo region and the Shebalinsky region of the Altai Republic. Number of Teleuts in settlements in 2002:

Kemerovo region:

Chelukhoevo village 505 people

city of Belovo 438 people

city of Novokuznetsk 303 people

Bekovo village 273 people

Verkhovskaya village 194 people

Shanda village 177 people

Novobachaty village 140 people

Zarechnoe village 136 people

They live in southern Siberia. Settlement - Kemerovo region, Altai Territory, Republic of Altai. Self-name - telengetter, payattar, tadarlar. Writing - on the Russian graphic basis.

The most ancient ancestors of the Teleuts are the ancient Turkic tribes of the Tele, who settled in Central Asia, first mentioned in literary sources in 1601. They were then called "white Kalmyks". In the 17th century Teleuts represented a large association of nomads of the Upper Ob region ulus. At the beginning of the XVIII century. most of them were taken away by the western Mongols to Dzungaria, where they wandered for over 50 years.

In the XIX - early XX centuries. the Bachat, Tomsk, Chumysh and Altai ethno-territorial groups formed. They differed in the peculiarities of the tribal composition, dialects, as well as economic and cultural development. The Bachat group remains the most ethnically original.

The brightest period in the history of the Teleuts is the Early Middle Ages. In 391 the Teleuts were conquered by the Tabgaches, in 403 by the Jujans. In the 480s. The Teleuts managed to achieve military successes (the capture of Gaochang, the ruin of Yuebani) and create the state of Gaogyui allied to the Chinese, but soon it collapsed, and the Teleuts were defeated by the Hephthalites. At the beginning of the VI century. the Teleuts, led by the princes Mivotu and Ifu, waged wars with the Rourans with varying success, killed Khan Futu, but were subjugated by the Turks.

In the XVII-XVIII milestones, the Teleuts roamed in the Upper Ob region and the foothills of the Altai, on both sides of the Ob. Thus, the "Teleut land" included the main mass of land between the Irtysh River in the west and the Tom River in the east in the upper and middle reaches. According to later written sources and the testimonies of travelers who visited Siberia, the Teleuts were engaged in semi-nomadic cattle breeding, which was combined with appropriating forms of economy - hunting (which is confirmed by the finds of animal bones in campsites), gathering and fishing. They also knew agriculture, although it was primitive. TO XVII century, by the time the Russians came to Siberia, the Teleuts had developed patriarchal-feudal relations. Stronger tribes not only pushed back and absorbed the weak ones, but in a number of cases conquered them in order to receive tribute. The Teleuts also had a population of "Kyshtyms" dependent on them. They also had slaves captured during clashes with neighbors.

In the 17th century Teleuts fell under the influence of Russia, many of them left for Tomsk. However, for a long time the Teleut feudal-tribal nobility, backed by Dzungaria, remained the main opponent of the Russian authorities in the Upper Ob and Gorny Altai. Throughout the 17th century, the "Teleut land" played the role of a kind of buffer between the Russian districts and the possessions of the "Black Kalmyks" (Western Mongols). Until the 80s of the 17th century, the Teleut princes from the house of Abakovichi (Abak himself, his son Koka and grandson Tabun), maneuvering between Russia and Dzungaria, managed to maintain independence or significant independence, and even to one degree or another subjugated other Altai tribes, taxing them with tribute (alman). The Teleut nobility stubbornly tried to maintain its monopoly on the exploitation of the entire Altai population and therefore in every possible way opposed the penetration of Russians into the regions of the Upper Ob and Gorny Altai.

From the beginning of the XVIII century. most of the Teleuts roamed within the Dzungaria. By the 1760s, due to a number of destructive internal and external causes, the decisive of which was the war between Dzungaria and China, the ulus association of the Teleuts finally disintegrated and the Teleuts were scattered. In some cases, they completely dissolved in a different ethnic environment, in others they served as an important component in the formation of new ethnic communities. According to L.P. Potapov, the Teleuts play an exceptional role in the ethnogenetic formation of all groups of Altaians, both northern and southern.

Orthodox, traditional beliefs are preserved.

In terms of culture, they are close to the Telengits and Khakass.

According to ethnographic studies, in ancient times the Teleuts practiced the rite of air burial, which is often found among the peoples included by Starostin S.A. in the hypothetical Sino-Caucasian macrofamily of languages.

The Teleuts have developed two main economic and cultural types: nomadic pastoralists mountain-steppe zone and foot hunters of the taiga-steppe zone. Thanks to the influence of Russians from the 17th century. settled agricultural and pastoral economy began to actively develop. Rye, oats, barley, wheat, and millet were sown from cereals. From hoes (abyl) and simple plows (andazyn, salda) they switched to complex plows. In the XIX - early XX centuries. in the north of the Altai Mountains, herd horses, cattle were bred, pigs and goats were kept. To the greatest extent traditional features maintained horse breeding. Horses were marked with a brand (a label like a tamga).

The traditional trade was hunting: riding on hares, foxes, wolves and on skis - on bears, columns, weasels, sables, elks, roe deer, deer, wild goats, lynxes. Ducks, quails, hazel grouses, wood grouses, black grouses, partridges, sandpipers were harvested from birds, moles, ferrets, ground squirrels, hamsters, marmots, badgers from small animals. Fishing existed as an auxiliary type of economy. Engaged in apiary beekeeping. From home crafts, woodworking, metalworking, as well as weaving, weaving, and sewing were widely developed.

The characteristic types of dwellings at that time were alanchyk - a ground frame conical building made of poles and bark or birch bark. Inside, the dwelling was divided into male and female parts.

To the dishes traditional cuisine include tutmash (mutton broth with pieces of dough, onions and meat), kan (sausage made from sheep or horse blood with onions or garlic), t'org (thinly sliced pieces of sheep's viscera, lard, etc., tied with a small intestine), as well as soups from the meat of gophers, marmots, badgers, dried horse meat, salted horse neck fat, large crescent-shaped dumplings (pelmen), pies, pancakes, cookies borrowed from Russians. Ayran, chegen, araki (milk vodka), cheeses, varenets, sour cream, etc. can be called traditional drinks and milk products.

The nomadic ulus organization served as the social structure of the Teleuts before their entry into Russia. Uluses of the XVII-XVIII centuries. represented associations of clans (seoks). Power in the ulus was inherited within the framework of one "princely" clan, in which there were special privileged clans (uktu - "best people"), which differed from various categories of the population.

The most common family form among the Teleuts was a small monogamous family, although there were also undivided families.

Shamanism, based on animism, is the traditional religion of the people. According to the ideas of shamans (kams), the Universe consists of several spheres. The sky has 16 layers (kat), on which the celestial spirits (ulgeni) live.

Introducing people to Christianity big role played by the Altai Spiritual Mission. At the end of the XIX century. missionaries opened the first schools in the Teleut villages, and at the beginning of the 20th century, a national intelligentsia was formed: priests, teachers, local historians.

Among the national customs, two forms of marriage are interesting: conspiracy (matchmaking) and kidnapping (kidnapping). Up until the 1920s. marriages of minors were practiced: an adult girl was given in marriage to a 10-12-year-old boy. wedding ceremonies, as a rule, included matchmaking (kuda), reconciliation (yarashtyk) and wedding feast(that one).

Teleuts consider Mai-ene, a young, beautiful, kind woman, to be the patroness of children. The ritual of laying the child in the cradle was performed on the new moon in the presence of only old people. Funeral and memorial rite in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. basically corresponded to Orthodox norms (except for Muslim Teleuts). Orthodox confessed before death, buried the dead, the dead were usually buried on the second day after death or on the day of death.

From the end of the 19th century Christian holidays have firmly entered the public life. Traditional Teleut rituals are timed to coincide with church dates. The custom of collective treats on the occasion of the autumn slaughter of livestock persisted until the middle of the 20th century.

One of the most striking genres of folklore is the heroic epic (the legends "Altai Kuuchun", "Koziyka and Bayan-Slu", etc.), performed by storytellers (kaichy) to the accompaniment string instrument shertme-komys with a resonator made of foal skin. Historical legends and songs are also widespread, covering the events of the times of the Teleut-Dzhungar wars, the Teleuts' acceptance of Russian citizenship, etc.