Why is Yaroslavna considered the image of the ideal Russian woman. Essay “Yaroslavna - continuation of folklore traditions in the image (2)

Material overview

In the memoirs of the famous church figure of the first third of the 20th century, Metropolitan Evlogii (Georgievsky), we find evidence that is very important for understanding the merits of Russian literature. Bishop Evlogy tells how in early youth, in the first two years of his seminary life, he was not very different decent behavior and way of life. And what helped to avoid the fall? Reading Russian literature. " Educational value literature is enormous,” the Metropolitan asserted based on his own experience. “It is difficult to even take into account the extent of its beneficial influence.” It increased self-knowledge, saved from rudeness, promiscuity, and ugliness of actions, and nourished the youthful soul’s inclination toward idealism. I began to straighten out; good study, I got moral issues, more serious interests...my passion for literature...prepared the ground for further development..." [10.3]

Additional explanations about the influence of literature on the formation of personality are probably not required.

Today we are talking about ancient Russian literature - the first stage of great Russian literature, “the beginning of the beginning.” The uniqueness of literature Ancient Rus', according to D. Likhachev. is that its main themes are the beauty and greatness of the Russian land and moral beauty person. Ideals were born in life, and ancient Russian literature, using mainly two colors - black and white - determined who to write about with what color.

We love reading Russian people in the Middle Ages, i.e. in XV – 16th centuries, there were Lives of the Saints. Talented writers - authors of Lives - Epiphanius the Wise, Pacomius Lagofet, Joseph of Volotsky, St. Macarius, Ermolai Erasmus.

Ermolai Erasmus? What do we know about this author? (Message from a pre-prepared student)

Ermolai Erasmus created an amazing story about Prince Peter and his wife Fevronia - the heavenly patrons of newlyweds and young families. The Murom prince and his wife Fevronia were canonized at the Church Council in 1547. The story was very popular among the people mutual love Peter and Fevronia, their faithfulness to each other, despite various obstacles, despite the machinations of those around them, the Holy Spouses became famous for their piety and mercy. They carried their love for each other throughout their lives. They even died at the same time and, laid in different places, miraculously ended up in the same coffin - that’s how they were buried. Saints Peter and Fevronia accomplished the feat of Christian love, patience, humility and forgiveness. These saints can rightfully include the poem by Alexei Stepanovich Khomyakov “Feat” (Reading of the poem by a previously prepared student)

So let's look at the text ancient Russian literature 16th century “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom”

Why is a work of ageographic (hagiographic) literature called a “story”? “Tale” and not “life”? Why? (A student’s story about what the genre of “life” is, why a medieval writer left pure genre hagiographic literature).

Conclusion: folk legend, which served as the source of the plot of the story, had such a strong influence on Ermolai Erasmus that he created a fascinating plot narrative, not much reminiscent of the story about the feat of the saints for the glory of the Church.

Compositionally, the narrative can be divided into two parts. Which?

(The first part is about the flying Serpent; the second is about the wise maiden who became the prince’s wife, and their family life)

Let's remember the content of the first part (Student's answer: brief retelling)

Which folklore motives does the author use in the first part of the story? (Werewolf serpent, Agrikov sword or sword-cladine)

Who is the flying serpent? This is a hero fairy tales Russian people. In fairy tales, he has strength, cunning, and cunning, but sometimes he is also portrayed as stupid. For example, in the fairy tale “The Stupid Snake” (a retelling of a short episode)

Let's see how a medieval writer expresses his attitude towards the tempting serpent? What evaluative vocabulary does he use to characterize the serpent? (“Evil winged serpent”, “evil breath and hissing”, “villain”, “evil deceiver”, “insidious serpent”, “evil blood”)

And also, guys, in some other editions of “The Tale...” (and we know how many editions of “The Tale...” there are - 150) they also use the epithet “hostile” snake from the Old Slavonic word “hostility”, i.e. "devil". So, the hostile snake is the devil himself - a symbol of evil. Peter will have to fight with him. But to win he needs Agrikov’s sword. What is this?

Peter is a timid man, he can cope with the devil, the winged serpent, he knows what princely honor and dignity are. How does he come to be influenced by a peasant girl? What's the matter? Is Fevronia stronger than Peter? What is the strength of a peasant woman? By answering these questions. We will come to an understanding of the ideal of the ancient Russian woman. Let me remind you: this is the topic of our lesson

The second part begins with an acquaintance with the “wise maiden” (Staging of the episode:

: Peter heard. That there were many doctors in the Ryazan land and he ordered to be taken there - due to a serious illness he himself could not sit on a horse. And when they brought him to Ryazan land. Then he sent all his associates to look for doctors. One of the princely youths wandered into a village called Laskovo. He came to the gate of one house and saw no one. And he entered the house, but no one came out to meet him. Then he entered the upper room and saw a girl “more beautiful than red.” And the Girl said...

Young woman:…)

Guys, we know well that riddles are a common technique in oral folk art. They tested wisdom fairy tale hero. And here, for what purpose is this technique used? (To characterize the “wise maiden.” Together with the youth of Prince Peter, we admire the girl’s intelligence, the beauty of her mysterious speech, the depth of her thoughts)

Fevronia knows in advance that Peter is destined to be her husband. How does she know this? (She has the gift of healing and insight given to her by God)

Fevronia sees that Peter is courageous and selfless. These are real masculine qualities. But in Fevronia’s idea of the ideal, these courageous qualities must be complemented spiritual qualities: kindheartedness, meekness, humility. The “wise maiden” speaks about this to the prince’s youth.

In what action could the prince’s humility be manifested? (In marriage to a simple girl, whose father is just a “tree climber”, a beekeeper)

Power, Russian Christians believed, was given to man as the highest blessing. Only a “natural” sovereign could be on the throne. Marrying a low-class girl in ordinary life was impossible, but in the story of Saint Blessed Peter it became a manifestation of the greatest humility. In addition, the author approaches the depiction of the human personality as such, outside the boundaries of class (this is the first time in literature). What feelings does Peter experience when he hears detailed story O unusual girl? (Surprised by her intelligence)

Is he thinking of taking her as his wife? (He thinks, but considers it beneath his dignity)

What decision does he make? (Deceive the "wise maiden")

Does Fevronia assume such an act by the prince? (Yes)

What did the prince come up with to test Fevronia’s wisdom?

And how does Fevronia answer? (sends a piece of wood, offering to make a loom out of it while she combs a bunch of flax). In this episode the author also uses folklore motifs. "Wise Maiden" - one of the main characters folk tales. Let us all remember the well-known Vasilisa the Wise. And some fairy tales are called “The Wise Maiden”

What is she like, the heroine of folk tales? (Message from a student)

So, unselfish, non-greedy, kindly, open, direct. Fevronia's wisdom, kindness, and mercy captivated Peter and evoked a response. This marriage is truly made in heaven. And the author of the story says that Peter and Fevronia deserved their happiness: And they began to live piously, without breaking God’s commandments in anything.”

Of course, this is a work about love. This is love for God, expressed in prayers, observance of rituals and commandments. But this is also love for man as a being created by God in his own image and likeness. To love a person means to love in a person his Divine likeness: “mind, and word, and living ear.”

In the traditions of Russian Orthodoxy, love is a gift from God. Not everyone is capable of loving truly. Not everyone is able to see and protect the image of God in the object of their love.

IN Western European literature In the Middle Ages there is a legend about the love of Tristan and Isolde. How do they understand love? And what is the difference between their understanding of love and ours Peter and Fevronia?

The love of Peter and Fevronia was subjected to many tests. And the most significant episode is the machinations of the boyars. Which ones? (The dissatisfied boyars - their wives are commanded by the dart frog's daughter - insist on expelling Fevronia from the city)

What did Fevronia ask the boyars for most dearly? (Petra)

Why does the prince decide not to drive away his wife, but to sacrifice power (“Power is nothing”) and leave with the princely throne. How does the author explain this? (Read the episode - an excerpt from the Gospel cited by Erasmus). Some researchers say that Fevronia is a gifted, strong-willed nature, she is the embodiment and bearer of an active feeling of love. Prove it. Based on knowledge of the text (Peter and Fevronia in exile). In this episode one can feel both Fevronia’s spiritual superiority over Peter and her extraordinary spiritual beauty and the gift of her love. Her faith, calmness, dignity, humility, meekness inspire confidence in Peter, and he obeys her in everything.

Why do peace, tranquility and harmony reign in Fevronia’s soul? (Because her mind lives in harmony with her heart, they are one whole. She does not deceive, does not dissemble, lives by the commandment “Love your neighbor as yourself”)

D.S. Likhachev compares the heroine of the story with Rublev’s “quiet angels”. How do you see this similarity?

Which artistic media the author uses when creating perfect image women of Ancient Rus'?

Comparisons (“thread”, “needle”)

So, the character of Fevronia in the story is presented in many ways. The daughter of the Ryazan tree frog peasant is full of feeling self-esteem, feminine pride, extraordinary strength and will. She has a sensitive with a tender heart, is capable of loving and fighting for her love with constancy and fidelity. She makes a wish wise riddles. Copes with no fuss life's difficulties, speaks allegorically, works miracles, teaches lessons to Prince Peter.

In the surrounding gases, Fevronia is a “seer”, has the gift of foresight, reveals moral and mental superiority over the prince. For the author, she is the ideal of moral wealth and spiritual beauty. Ermolai Erasmus writes about her with deep sympathy. Glorifies wisdom, fidelity in love, holiness of feelings, high moral qualities peasant girl. In all manifestations of her feelings, actions and deeds one can see peace of mind and tranquility. Even at the moment when she decides to die at the same time as her loved one, without fuss, without exclamations or lamentations, Fevronia interrupts her work by wrapping a thread around a needle and sticking it into the air, which she was embroidering for the church.

So, we come to the answer: Fevronia is the ideal of an ancient Russian woman. February 14 is St. Valentine's Day, a Western European holiday for lovers. It is associated with the celebration of the beginning of spring. We have our own holiday of the beginning of spring - Maslenitsa. and there is its own Valentine's Day - July 8 - Valentine's Day - the day of Peter and Fevronia of Murom, the day of purity of relationships. The captivating image of Fevronia attracts the attention of writers, artists, and musicians. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov created the opera “The Tale of invisible city Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia”, K. Vasiliev – the painting “Geese-Swans”, in which poetic form internal integrity is expressed peace of mind girls, her crystal purity, nobility, kindness. The artist was able to convey all this in her graceful movement. In the gaze directed after the flying couple of fidelity.

Homework. Essay-miniature

Option 1: “Why would my heart be upset? ancient Russian man when looking at modern woman?»

Option 2: “What would the heart of an ancient Russian man rejoice at when looking at a modern woman?”

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What could be better than love and fidelity? Nothing. That’s why the image of Yaroslavna from “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” emanates inner beauty, which surprises us with its integrity and depth. This woman combined a great feeling for her beloved with great love for native land. And it seems that Yaroslavna is the entire Russian land, which is crying for its sons. Somewhere on the Danube, like “a complaining seagull,” Yaroslavna is moaning, waiting for her husband.

And her husband is Grand Duke Igor, who was captured by the Polovtsians. How hard it is for this unfortunate woman who doesn’t even know if her husband is alive! And tears of pain, despair, sad tears flow great love. Yaroslavna is crying, and in her crying the voices of all the women whose husbands died in a foreign land or were captured are heard. Yaroslavna's cry in Putivl is not just a wife's appeal to her husband, it is personified Rus', which calls its defenders to itself. And she mourns Igor not only as a husband, but also as a defender of the Motherland, who was defeated in a battle with enemies.

She appeals to the three forces of nature. Yaroslavna reproaches Vetra for blowing Khin’s arrows at her husband’s warriors (during the battle the wind was blowing from the Polovtsians): “Why are you throwing Khin’s arrows at the warriors of my people?” She asks the Dnieper-Slavuta to cherish her husband on her waves. Yaroslavna complains about the sun because she tormented the Russian soldiers with thirst during the battle in the waterless steppe. Yaroslavna cries to appease nature, so that she can hear that groan that goes across all Russian lands. This faithful patriotic woman cannot tolerate the injustice that comes from the Polovtsian invaders. And her cry, her immortal words are both a woman’s melancholy and an accusation of the forces of nature, which, instead of helping the Russian soldiers, tried to destroy them.

The author of "The Lay" created immortal image Russian woman with such poetic power that the small “Lament of Yaroslavna” became a masterpiece of world literature. There are so many poetic feelings in the lament, so many active love and sincere devotion, there are so many living hints contained in appeals to the wind, the Dnieper-Slavuta, to the sun about the real situation of the soldiers during a difficult battle and after it that even the forces of nature did not remain indifferent! Yaroslavna is the image of an ideal Russian woman, a patriotic woman, he still lives in our hearts. It lives as a reminder of great love, of fidelity, of love for one’s native land. Yaroslavna is a symbol of the Russian land, which yearns for its defenders, and her cry is not only a poetic creation, but also a real conversation. I believe that for many, many years she will be a model of fidelity and love for future generations.

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That central place it refers to the chronicle work “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” or simply “The Lay...”. This is truly a masterpiece that has managed to survive to this day, revealing to the world the unique culture of our ancestors in its pure form. The image of Yaroslavna in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” is not the main one, but it can safely be called one of the best. But let's talk about everything in order.

The plot of the epic work

Before considering the image of Yaroslavna in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” it is worth knowing the entire plot of the work. It begins with an introduction in which the author (he is unknown) glorifies the heroism of the history of his people. In short lines he mentions legendary singer Boyana, and Trajan, and epic heroes, and talks about the battles of the princes of the Russian land. They also have responses. pagan beliefs: the author talks about the deities of the sun, winds, livestock, which were worshiped by the ancestors of the Russians.

The image of Yaroslavna in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” appears only in the third chapter, and before that the unknown poet talks about Igor, the Novgorod-Seversk prince, who is preparing to go on a campaign against the Polovtsians. He encourages his warriors and goes on a campaign, despite the strange signs bestowed by fate. He ignores the eclipse, which promises failure, and throws his army into battle. Inspired by his first success, he is in no hurry to return, for which he pays cruelly. When the main forces of the nomads arrived, the Russians were not ready. As a result, almost the entire prince's squad perishes, and the surviving soldiers are captured.

The news of the tragedy quickly spreads across the Russian land and overtakes the young wife of Prince Igor in Putivl. The Grand Duke of Kyiv gathers all the rulers appanage principalities, calling to unite and ransom Igor from captivity. The so-called golden word of Svyatoslav calls on the Russians to unite, because then they will become a thunderstorm for everyone. Then Igor’s escape from captivity and the pursuit sent by the nomads after him are described. But he successfully reached his native lands and returned to his faithful wife.

The image of Yaroslavna in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”

Yaroslavna is a young princess, Igor's wife. She remained in Putivl to wait for her husband’s return from the campaign. It was there that the news of the tragedy that happened to him found her; it was in the castle of this city that “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” introduces her to the reader. It is impossible to briefly describe the image of Yaroslavna, although the author devoted only a few lines to the woman. But she appears before us as if alive. She has a subtle, vulnerable soul, a strong character, and self-sacrifice is close to her. She does not think about herself and all her thoughts are with her beloved.

The image of Yaroslavna in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” is not only a portrait loving wife who is ready to do anything to help her husband. She is ready to turn into a bird to wash his wounds, she turns to the forces of nature with reproach for why they allowed this to happen. But she thinks not only about Igor, but also about his army, which shared the fate of their prince. Therefore, the image of Yaroslavna in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” is assembled portrait all Russian women whose husbands went to war with the enemy. This is the image of a guardian hearth and home, take care of the family, because the husband will definitely return, since they are waiting for him so much.

In those few lines one can feel the woman’s enormous love, her compassion, her desire to be close to her chosen one, her deep sadness and tenderness. That is why “Yaroslavna’s Lament” has attracted writers and readers so much for so many years.

Other images in The Lay

The main character of the work is Igor, who organized an unsuccessful campaign. This event was preceded by another campaign - a successful military campaign of the Russians with joint forces, in which many princes of Rus' participated, except Igor. Therefore, he appears as someone who was thinking about glory, and not about good preparation for war. He is short-sighted because he does not pay attention to bad sounds, he only craves fame and reward.

Another image is the Prince of Kiev Svyatoslav, into whose mouth the author puts the idea of unification. This current problem Rus' at that time: there was a march for supreme power. Therefore the country suffered from external enemies, who tried to tear off a tidbit from her, and from the internal ones. Only together it was possible to fight back against the offenders, and this is exactly what the author calls for.

Meaning of the work

This is a special essay. “The Tale of Igor’s Host” (the image of Yaroslavna, the princes in particular) makes it possible to compose big picture the life of Rus' at the end of the 12th century, its way of life, its reality. The melodic language of the work, full of comparisons and epithets, is a source of inspiration for creative people- poets, writers, artists. But the ancient author also teaches a lesson to future generations, an old but forgotten truth: Only together can we repel enemies, only together are the people invincible.

“The Word” is especially special because it can be called folk epic with all the contradictions. For example, the author often refers to the image of nature and phenomena, Yaroslavna also speaks to the wind, sun, river, she does not pray to God, although the country has long been considered Christian.

Instead of an afterword

It is a pity that such a work as “The Lay” was lost in original version. It's sad that we don't know the author of this literary masterpiece. But, fortunately, we have the opportunity to read it in translation and admire the depth of the images, the sincerity of feelings and the relevance of the problem described almost a thousand years ago.

What could be better than love and fidelity? Nothing. Therefore, the image of Yaroslavna from “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” exudes inner beauty, which surprises us with its integrity and depth. This woman combined a great feeling for her beloved with a great love for her native land.

And it seems that Yaroslavna is the entire Russian land, which is crying for its sons. Somewhere on the Danube, like “a complaining seagull,” Yaroslavna is moaning, waiting for her husband. And her husband- this is Grand Duke Igor, who was captured by the Polovtsians. How hard it is for this unfortunate woman who doesn’t even know if her husband is alive! And tears of pain, despair, sad tears of great love flow.

Yaroslavna is crying, and in her crying the voices of all the women whose husbands died in a foreign land or were captured are heard. Yaroslavna's cry in Putivl is not just a wife's appeal to her husband, it is personified Rus', which calls its defenders to itself. And she mourns Igor not only as a husband, but also as a defender of the Motherland, who was defeated in a battle with enemies.

This faithful patriotic woman cannot tolerate the injustice that comes from the Polovtsian invaders. And her cry, her immortal words are both a woman’s melancholy and an accusation of the forces of nature, which, instead of helping the Russian soldiers, tried to destroy them. The author of “The Lay” created an immortal image of a Russian woman with such poetic power that the small “Lament of Yaroslavna” became a masterpiece of world literature.

There are so many poetic feelings in crying, so much active love and sincere devotion, so much is contained in appeals to the wind, the Dnieper-Slavuta, to the sun of living allusions to the real situation of soldiers during a difficult battle and after it, that even the forces of nature did not remain indifferent! Yaroslavna is the image of an ideal Russian woman, a patriotic woman, he still lives in our hearts. It lives as a reminder of great love, of fidelity, of love for one’s native land.

Yaroslavna is a symbol of the Russian land, which yearns for its defenders, and her cry is not only a poetic creation, but also a real conversation. I believe that for many, many years she will be a model of fidelity and love for future generations.