What is the Tretyakov Gallery built from? When was the Tretyakov Gallery opened?

The Tretyakov Gallery, as the museum is commonly called, has a rich collection and is famous for its many ideas and projects that have been embodied. That is why the Tretyakov Gallery has become so widely known and attracts the attention of true art connoisseurs from different corners peace. Even people who seem to be far from such “high matters” strive to visit its halls in order to get acquainted with the work of great masters of the brush. Come to Moscow and not go to the Tretyakov Gallery? This is even difficult to imagine, since it is usually included in everything excursion programs. Of course, you can visit here on an individual excursion.

The Tretyakov Gallery, as one of the most famous cultural institutions Russia, proclaims four main goals of its activities: to preserve, research, present and popularize domestic art, thereby forming a national cultural identity and instilling in modern generations an understanding of the important role, which art plays as the embodiment of achievements and an expression of the civility of our society. And these goals are achieved through introducing our fellow citizens (we are not talking about foreign tourists) to genuine masterpieces - creations of Russian and world talents. Thus, as one of the grateful visitors to the Tretyakov Gallery noted in his review, people’s lives become brighter, more beautiful and better.

Who was the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery?

Let's start our excursion into the history of the Tretyakov Gallery with an acquaintance with its founder - an outstanding man, without exaggeration, whose name is forever inscribed in the tablets national culture. This is Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov, who belonged to a famous merchant family that had nothing to do with culture: his parents were engaged exclusively in commerce. But since Pavel belonged to a wealthy family, he received an excellent education for those times and began to develop a craving for beauty. Having become an adult, he became involved, as they would say now, in the family business, helping his father in every possible way. When both parents died, the factory they owned passed to the young Tretyakov, and he thoroughly began developing it. The enterprise grew, bringing more and more income. However, despite being extremely busy, Pavel Mikhailovich did not abandon his passion for art.

Tretyakov often thought about creating the first permanent exhibition of Russian painting not only in the capital, but also in Russia. Two years before the opening of the gallery, he began acquiring paintings by Dutch masters. Tretyakov’s legendary collection began in 1856. The young merchant was then only 24 years old. The very first novice philanthropist acquired the oil paintings “A Skirmish with Finnish Smugglers” by V. Khudyakov and “Temptation” by N. Schilder. Today the names of these artists are well known, but then, in the second half of the 19th century, the general public knew nothing about them.

P. M. Tretyakov expanded his unique and priceless collection over several decades. He collected canvases not only outstanding painters, but also maintained friendly relations with beginning masters, not refusing to help those who needed it, and promoted their creativity in every possible way. If you give the names of everyone who should be grateful to the patron for his comprehensive help and support, then the scope of one article will not be enough for this - the list will be impressive.

History of the Tretyakov Gallery

Creator unique museum I saw my brainchild not just as a repository of the works of Russian artists, but specifically those of their canvases that would convey the true essence of the Russian soul - open, broad, filled with love for their Fatherland. And so in the summer of 1892, Pavel Mikhailovich donated his collection to Moscow. Thus, the Tretyakov Gallery became the first publicly accessible museum in Russia.

At the time of the transfer, the collection consisted not only of paintings, but also of graphic works of Russian painters: the first there were 1287 copies, the second - 518. Separately, it should be said about the works of European authors (there were over 80 of them) and a large collection Orthodox icons. In addition, there was a place in the collection for sculptures, there were 15 of them.

The Moscow authorities also made their contribution to the replenishment of the museum collection, purchasing real masterpieces of the world at the expense of the city treasury. fine arts. By 1917, which became fatal for Russia, the Tretyakov Gallery already had 4 thousand storage units. A year later, already under the Bolshevik government, the museum received state status. Simultaneously Soviet power nationalized many private collections.

The Tretyakov collection, in addition, was replenished by including exhibits from small capital museums: Rumyantsev Museum, Tsvetkovskaya Gallery, I. S. Ostroukhov Museum of Painting and Iconography. Thus, the beginning of the 30s of the last century was marked by a more than fivefold increase in the art collection. At the same time, the canvases Western European artists were transferred to other congregations. Founded by P. M. Tretyakov, the gallery became a repository of paintings glorifying the originality of the Russian people, and this is its fundamental difference from other museums and galleries.

Buildings of the Tretyakov Gallery

The main building of the Tretyakov Gallery at 10 Lavrushinsky Lane, in Zamoskvorechye, previously belonged to the family of the founder - his parents and he himself lived in this house. Subsequently, the merchant estate was rebuilt several times. The gallery also occupies buildings adjacent to the main building. The facade that we can see today was built at the beginning of the last century, the author of the sketches was V. M. Vasnetsov.

The style of the building is neo-Russian, and this is no coincidence: this was also intended to emphasize the fact that the museum is a repository of examples of Russian art. On the same main facade, visitors can see a bas-relief image of the capital's coat of arms - St. George with the serpent. And on both sides of it there is a ceramic polychrome frieze, very elegant. A large inscription made in script with the names of Peter and Sergei Tretyakov - both donors of the collection - forms a single whole with the frieze.

In 1930, an additional room was erected to the right of the main building according to the design of the architect A. Shchusov. To the left of the former merchant estate is the Engineering Building. In addition, the Tretyakov Gallery owns a complex on Krymsky Val, where, in particular, exhibitions are held contemporary art. Exhibition hall in Tolmachi, the museum-temple of St. Nicholas, as well as the A.M. Vasnetsov museum, house-museum folk artist P. D. Korin and the museum-workshop of the sculptor A. S. Golubkina also belong to the Tretyakov Gallery.

What to see in the Tretyakov Gallery

Currently, the Tretyakov Gallery is more than just a museum; it is a center for the study of various trends in art. Gallery employees, who are high-class professionals, often act as experts and restorers, whose opinions and assessments are listened to. Another asset of the gallery can be considered a unique book fund, which stores over 200 thousand thematic publications on various directions in art.

Now about the exhibition itself. The modern collection includes more than 170 thousand works Russian art, and this is far from the limit: it continues to be replenished thanks to artists, donations from individuals, various organizations and heirs prominent figures arts that are donated various works. The exhibition is divided into sections, each covering a specific historical period. Let's call them: ancient Russian art, starting from the XII and ending with the XVIII century; painting XVII- first half of the 19th century centuries; painting of the second half of the 19th century; Russian graphics from XIII to XIX century, as well as Russian sculpture of the same period.

Thus, the section of ancient Russian art presents works by both famous icon painters and those who remain nameless. Among the famous names we will name Andrei Rublev, Theophanes the Greek, Dionysius. In the halls reserved for masterpieces art XVIII– from the first half of the 19th century, paintings by such outstanding masters as F. S. Rokotov, V. L. Borovikovsky, D. G. Levitsky, K. L. Bryullov, A. A. Ivanov are exhibited.

Also noteworthy is the section of Russian realistic art dating back to the second half of the 1800s, presented in all its completeness and diversity. In this part of the Tretyakov Gallery you can see outstanding works by I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, I. N. Kramskoy, I. I. Shishkin, I. I. Levitan and many other masters of the brush. Among the most famous and discussed is the famous “Black Square” by Kazimir Malevich.

Turning to a vibrant collection of works late XIX– the beginning of the 20th century, you will see immortal work V. A. Serov and M. A. Vrubel, as well as the masters that existed at that time artistic associations: “Union of Russian Artists”, “World of Art” and “Blue Rose”.

Separately, it should be said about that part of the exhibition, which is known as the “Treasury”. The devil is literally gathered here valuable collection artistic products from precious stones and noble metals, made from the 12th to the 20th century.

Another special section of the Tretyakov Gallery displays examples of graphics, the peculiarity of which is that a straight line should not fall on them. bright light. They are exhibited in halls with soft artificial lighting, which makes them seem especially beautiful and enchanting.

Note to tourists: photography of temporary exhibitions in the Tretyakov Gallery may be prohibited (this will be reported separately).

Opening hours

The Tretyakov Gallery is open on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Sundays from 10:00 to 18:00; on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays - from 10:00 to 21:00. Day off is Monday. The excursion can be booked at tour desk, which is located at the main entrance. It lasts from 1 hour 15 minutes to one and a half hours.

How to get there

You can get to the main building of the Tretyakov Gallery at 10 Lavrushinsky Lane by metro. Stations: “Tretyakovskaya” or “Polyanka” (Kalininskaya metro line), as well as “Oktyabrskaya” and “Novokuznetskaya” of the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line and “Oktyabrskaya” of the Circle line.

The Tretyakov Gallery is another sight Moscow, which every tourist must visit. The largest collection of paintings in Russia is located here. Now the mansion on Lavrushinsky Lane, the façade of which is decorated with stucco, is a famous gallery, but in the 19th century it was a merchant’s house. In 1851, this mansion was bought by a philanthropist, the owner paper spinning factories and art collector Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov. Initially, the house was bought for living and only much later it turns into a gallery.

In 1854, Tretyakov acquired 9 canvases and 11 sheets of graphics by ancient Dutch masters and placed them in his mansion. According to historians, this was the reason for the creation of the famous gallery. However, the official year of its foundation is 1856. This year for his collection P. M. Tretyakov acquires two paintings - V. G . Khudyakov “Skirmish with the Finnish smugglers" and N. G . Schilder "Temptation".

Together with Pavel, his brother Sergei is also involved in purchasing paintings by famous painters. For some time, only a narrow circle of people can admire the collection of the Tretyakov brothers. But in 1867 it became available to the general public for the first time. By this year, the collection of the Tretyakov brothers already consisted of 471 drawings, 10 sculptures and 1276 paintings. The vast majority of works were by domestic artists.

Time passed. The collection kept growing. Additional extensions had to be made to the house. New halls appeared. In 1892, Pyotr Mikhailovich Tretyakov donated the gallery to Moscow. In 1904, the building of the art gallery acquired the famous Vasnetsov facade. The sketch of the facade was created by the famous Russian painter V. M. Vasnetsov (the façade was named after him), and was designed by V. N. Bashkirov.

Every year the collection of the Tretyakov Gallery increased, it was necessary to organize it. Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar, having become in 1913 first a trustee and then director of the gallery, for the first time in Russia introduced the arrangement of paintings in chronological ok .

After the revolution, it was decided to transfer the neighboring buildings to the Tretyakov Gallery. First, a house in Maly Tolmachevsky Lane (the former property of the merchant Sokolikov) was assigned to it, and then the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi. In order to extend the gallery's operating hours, it was electrified in 1929.

In 1941, the collection was evacuated, and the building itself was seriously damaged. However, by 1945, most of the halls of the Tretyakov Gallery had been restored, the exhibits were returned to Moscow, and tourists could once again admire the works of Russian masters.

In 1986, the gallery building was closed for major renovations, which lasted almost 10 years. Part of the exhibition was located in one of the buildings on Krymsky Val. The same year is also the moment of formation of the All-Russian Museum Association, which received the name “ State Tretyakov Gallery". Today in the composition State The Tretyakov Gallery, in addition to these two buildings, also includes the house-museum of P. Korina, museum-church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi, house-museum of V. Vasnetsov and the museum-apartment of A. Vasnetsov, as well as the museum-workshop of A. Golubkina. Since 1995, the building of the merchant Tretyakov has housed a collection of exhibits dating back to the beginning of the last century. Works from the 20th century are located exclusively in the building on Krymsky Val.

Now the Tretyakov Gallery collection includes over 55 thousand exhibits. There are not only paintings here, but also icons, sculptures, and works of decorative and applied art. An excursion to the Tretyakov Gallery will be very interesting and will bring a lot of impressions.

The Tretyakov Gallery is one of the most famous museums in Russia, and throughout the world. The extensive exhibition covers the period from the eleventh century to today. It is difficult to imagine that the Tretyakov Gallery, whose halls have become a reflection of Russian art from antiquity to the present, began with a private collection.

Home collection

The Tretyakovs purchased the house on Lavrushinsky Lane in 1851. The head of the family, Pavel Mikhailovich, was a successful businessman, but at the same time he was a well-known philanthropist who invested in many charitable programs. He was a passionate collector, collecting paintings, sculptures, icons and other works of art.

He had a global goal - to create national gallery, and not just a museum. The collection began with ten paintings painted by Dutch masters. Initially, the Tretyakov Gallery, whose halls were open only to family members and guests, was in the house where the Tretyakovs lived. But the collection grew very quickly, and there was not enough space for display. During the owner's lifetime, numerous reconstructions were carried out. And even under Pavel Mikhailovich, the townspeople had the opportunity to visit such cultural institution, like the Tretyakov Gallery. The halls expanded, and the exhibition grew constantly. The popularity of the museum is evidenced by the fact that in the first four years its visitors exceeded 30 thousand people.

40 years after the collection was started, he donated it to Moscow. The collection was supplemented by works of art kept by the second brother, Sergei. This is how the “Paul and Sergei Tretyakov Gallery” appeared in Moscow. Another famous philanthropist Morozov handed over masterpieces by Renoir, Van Gogh, and Monet. Despite the transfer to the city, both patrons continued to add to the collection. After the death of the Tretyakovs, the entire house in Lavrushinsky Lane came under the jurisdiction of the city.

New life for the collection

In 1913, I. E. Grabar was appointed trustee and director of the gallery. He was not only talented artist, an architect and art historian, but also an organizer. It was he who carried out the colossal work of systematizing the collection. He distributed the canvases according to historical periods so that visitors have the opportunity to trace the path of development of Russian art. A restoration workshop was also founded under him. At the end of the year, the works hanging in the hall of the Tretyakov Gallery were available for viewing by the general public.

After the revolution, the entire collection was nationalized and transferred to the young republic. The State Tretyakov Gallery was created, the halls of which became accessible to all segments of the population. The collection has expanded significantly through mergers with other museums and the transfer of private collections that were nationalized during the years of Soviet power.

During the war, museum funds were taken to Novosibirsk. The Nazis bombed the capital mercilessly. In 1941, two high-explosive bombs hit the Tretyakov Gallery, causing significant damage. But the very next year, the restoration of the museum began, and by 1944, the doors of the gallery, beloved by the residents of the capital, were again opened to visitors.

Halls of the Tretyakov Gallery

Since the gallery's founding, the building has been rebuilt many times. New passages and additional rooms were created so that the collection could be presented in all its glory. Today the exhibition is located in 106 halls. Most are located in a building on Lavrushinsky Lane, there are 62 of them. The complex also includes the museum-temple of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the Golubkina workshop-museum, the Vasnetsov house-museum and the Korin house-museum. Each room in the Tretyakov Gallery is an opportunity to touch art and see brilliant masterpieces. The collection contains over 150 thousand exhibits, most of which are familiar to everyone from childhood. Reproductions of many paintings were included in school textbooks throughout the country. You can get to know Russia from these paintings. After all, our sea is like forests - like Shishkin's, nature is like Levitan's. Even the best portrait of Pushkin, known to every schoolchild, is exhibited here.

Hall of Icon Painting

In every corner of the Tretyakov Gallery there are canvases that will take your breath away. But perhaps one of the most mysterious halls is the hall of icon painting. When handing over the collection, Pavel Mikhailovich, along with the paintings, also handed over 62 icons from his collection. Now there are several hundred of them in the museum. Each of them reflects the path of Orthodoxy on Russian soil. Among them are works by Rublev, Theophanes the Greek and other famous icon painters. And in the Tretyakov house church one of the most revered and ancient images is exhibited - Vladimirskaya Mother of God. She is already more than 900 years old.

Exhibition in Lavrushinsky Lane

The building on Lavrushinsky Lane, with the famous Vasnetsovsky facade, houses the bulk of the collection. In 62 halls, divided into 7 zones, chronological order works exhibited the best masters Russia and not only. How large and diverse the Tretyakov Gallery is. A description of the halls would take several volumes printed edition. When going on an excursion, it is better to choose a specific artist or painting to devote most of your time to. Otherwise, your acquaintance with the galleries will be very superficial and incomplete. The names of the halls of the Tretyakov Gallery correspond to the collections exhibited in them.

Thus, ancient Russian art is represented by iconography.

And in the halls of the 18th-19th centuries, paintings by the great masters Levitsky, Rokotov, Ivanov, and Bryullov are exhibited. A special room was built to display Ivanov’s painting “The Appearance of Christ to the People.” And Rokotov became famous most a large number portraits of unknown people. It was important for him to capture and convey on canvas the features and character of a person, but at the same time he did not necessarily have to be famous. Among Bryullov’s works, one can note the masterfully executed work “Horsewoman,” where a young girl with amazing grace sits astride a magnificent stallion.

Also captivating is the hall where works by artists of the second half of the 19th century are presented. Here you can dive into magical world realistic art, where every detail is executed with amazing care. In Repin’s paintings, you can physically feel how the sun is baking on the lawn, how every leaf is swaying in the wind. And Vasnetsov’s “Three Heroes” seem to be protecting the country’s borders from uninvited invaders even today. By the way, here you can also see the works of Vasnetsov Jr.

Surikov’s paintings “Boyaryna Morozova” or “Morning of the Streltsy Execution” convey the emotional intensity of each participant in those events. There is not a single indifferent face or random character here. Everything is described with an authenticity that boggles the imagination.

In the section reflecting painting turn of XIX-XX centuries, works by such geniuses as Serov, Vrubel, as well as representatives of the Union of Russian Artists are presented.

Treasures of Russian art

The Tretyakov Gallery is large and diverse. The halls, paintings, sculptures, graphics will not leave anyone indifferent. A separate part of the exhibition is the “Treasury”, where objects from precious metals and gems. The fine work of the jewelers is mesmerizing.

Graphics

A separate room is dedicated to graphic art. All works presented in this technique are very afraid of light; these are fragile creations. Therefore, special lighting, slightly dimmed, was installed to demonstrate them. The largest collection of Russian graphics is exhibited here. And also a small, but no less valuable collection of porter miniatures.

Contemporary art

The building on the Tretyakov Gallery displays art from the Soviet period to the present day. Visitors observe with interest how ideology influences the artist.

Halls of Masters

The collection includes individual works, but there are also entire collections of paintings by one master. Hall, dedicated to the artist in the Tretyakov Gallery, contains only his works different periods. This is the exhibition of Shishkin’s works. But other masters of the brush received a similar honor.

Since its opening, the Tretyakov Gallery has become the richest collection of paintings and art objects. Even the Russian Museum, created at the state level, was inferior in popularity to this private collection.

State Tretyakov Gallery (also known as the State Tretyakov Gallery, Tretyakov Gallery) - art museum in Moscow, founded in 1856 by merchant Pavel Tretyakov and has one of the largest and most significant collections of Russian fine art in the world. The exhibition in Moscow's Lavrushinsky Lane "Russian Painting of the 11th - Early 20th Centuries" (Lavrushinsky Lane, 10) is part of the All-Russian Museum Association "State Tretyakov Gallery", formed in 1986.

Pavel Tretyakov began collecting his painting collection in the mid-1850s. This, after some time, led to the fact that in 1893 the “Moscow City Gallery of Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov” was opened to the general public in Zamoskvorechye. Her collection consisted of 1276 paintings, 471 drawings and 10 sculptures by Russian artists, as well as 84 paintings by foreign masters.

On June 3, 1918, the Tretyakov Gallery was declared “state property of the Russian Federative Soviet Republic” and received the name State Tretyakov Gallery. Igor Grabar was appointed director of the museum. With his active participation, the State Museum Fund was created in the same year, which until 1927 remained one of the most important sources of replenishment of the Tretyakov Gallery collection.

In 1928, major heating and ventilation repairs were made, and electricity was installed in 1929. In 1932, three new halls were built, connecting the main building of the State Tretyakov Gallery with the storage room in the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi. This ensured uninterrupted viewing of the exhibition. The museum began developing a new concept for exhibit placement.

From the first days of the Great Patriotic War dismantling of the exhibition began in the Gallery - like other museums in Moscow, the Tretyakov Gallery was preparing for evacuation. In mid-summer 1941, a train of 17 carriages departed from Moscow and delivered the collection to Novosibirsk. Only on May 17, 1945, the State Tretyakov Gallery was reopened in Moscow.

In 1985 State art gallery, located on Krymsky Val, 10, was merged with the Tretyakov Gallery into a single museum complex under common name State Tretyakov Gallery. Now the building houses the updated permanent exhibition “Art of the 20th Century”.

From 1986 to 1995, the Tretyakov Gallery was closed to visitors due to major reconstruction.

Part of the Tretyakov Gallery is the Museum-Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi, which represents a unique combination museum exhibition and a functioning temple. The museum complex on Lavrushinsky Lane includes, intended for temporary exhibitions, the Engineering Building and the Exhibition Hall in Tolmachi.

Included in the federal government agency culture All-Russian Museum Association State Tretyakov Gallery (FGK VMO Tretyakov Gallery) includes: Museum-workshop of the sculptor A.S. Golubkina, House-Museum of V.M. Vasnetsov, Museum-Apartment of A.M. Vasnetsov, House-Museum of P.D. Korina, Exhibition Hall in Tolmachi.