What are the heroes of Russian oral epic creativity? Perkhavko V.B
The main characters of epics are heroes. They embody the ideal of a courageous person devoted to his homeland and people. The hero fights alone against hordes of enemy forces. Among the epics, a group of the most ancient stands out. These are the so-called epics about “elder” heroes, associated with mythology. The heroes of these works are the personification of unknown forces of nature associated with mythology. Such are Svyatogor and Volkhv Vseslavevich, Danube and Mikhailo Potyk.
In the second period of their history, the ancient heroes were replaced by heroes of modern times - Ilya Muromets, Nikitich And Alesha Popovich. These are the heroes of the so-called Kyiv cycle epic Under cyclization refers to the unification of epic images and plots around individual characters and places of action. This is how the Kiev cycle of epics, associated with the city of Kiev, developed.
Most epics depict the world of Kievan Rus. The heroes go to Kyiv to serve Prince Vladimir, and they protect him from enemy hordes. The content of these epics is predominantly heroic and military in nature.
Another major center of the ancient Russian state was Novgorod. Epics Novgorod cycle- everyday, novelistic 4. The heroes of these epics were merchants, princes, peasants, guslars (Sadko, Volga, Mikula, Vasily Buslaev, Blud Khotenovich).
The world depicted in epics is the entire Russian land. So, Ilya Muromets sees from the Bogatyrskaya outpost high mountains, green meadows, dark forests. The epic world is “bright” and “sunny”, but it is threatened by enemy forces: dark clouds, fog, thunderstorms are approaching, the sun and stars are dimming from countless enemy hordes. This is a world of contrast between good and evil, light and dark forces. In it, heroes fight against the manifestation of evil and violence. Without this struggle, the epic peace is impossible.
Each hero has a certain, dominant character trait. Ilya Muromets personifies strength; he is the most powerful Russian hero after Svyatogor. Dobrynya is also a strong and brave warrior, a snake fighter, but also a hero-diplomat. Prince Vladimir sends him on special diplomatic missions. Alyosha Popovich personifies ingenuity and cunning. “He won’t take it by force, but by cunning,” they say about him in epics. Monumental images of heroes and grandiose achievements are the fruit of artistic generalization, the embodiment in one person of the abilities and strength of the people or social group, exaggeration of what actually exists, i.e. hyperbolization 5 and idealization 6. Poetic language the epic is solemnly melodious and rhythmically organized. Its special artistic media- comparisons, metaphors, epithets - reproduce pictures and images that are epically sublime, grandiose, and when depicting enemies - terrible, ugly. 7
In different epics, motifs and images, plot elements, identical scenes, lines and groups of lines are repeated. Thus, through all the epics of the Kyiv cycle there are images of Prince Vladimir, the city of Kyiv, and heroes. Bylinas, like other works of folk art, do not have a fixed text. Passed from mouth to mouth, they changed and varied. Each epic had an infinite number of variants.
In epics, fabulous miracles are performed: the reincarnation of characters, the revival of the dead, werewolves. They contain mythological images of enemies and fantastic elements, but fantasy is different than in a fairy tale. It is based on folk historical ideas. The famous folklorist of the 19th century A.F. Hilferding wrote:
“When a person doubts that a hero can carry a forty-pound club or kill an entire army on the spot, the epic poetry in him is killed. And many signs convinced me that the northern Russian peasant singing epics, and the vast majority of those who listen to him, certainly believe in the truth of the miracles that are depicted in the epic. The epic preserved historical memory. Miracles were perceived as history in the life of the people.” 8
There are many historically reliable signs in the epics: descriptions of details, ancient weapons of warriors (sword, shield, spear, helmet, chain mail). They glorify Kyiv-grad, Chernigov, Murom, Galich. Other ancient Russian cities are named. Events also unfold in Ancient Novgorod. They indicate the names of some historical figures: Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh. These princes were united in the popular imagination into one collective image Prince Vladimir - “Red Sun”.
There is a lot of fantasy and fiction in epics. But fiction is poetic truth. The epics reflected the historical conditions of life of the Slavic people: conquests Pechenegs and Polovtsians to Rus', destruction of villages, full of women and children, plunder of wealth. Later, in the XIII-XIV centuries, Rus' was under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars, which is also reflected in epics. During the years of people's trials, they instilled love for native land. It is no coincidence that the epic is heroic folk song about the feat of the defenders of the Russian land.
However, epics depict not only the heroic deeds of heroes, enemy invasions, battles, but also everyday human life in its social and everyday manifestations and historical conditions. This is reflected in the cycle of Novgorod epics. In them, the heroes are noticeably different from the epic heroes of the Russian epic. The epics about Sadko and Vasily Buslaev include not just new original themes and plots, but also new epic images, new types of heroes who do not know other epic cycles. Novgorod heroes, unlike the heroes of the heroic cycle, do not commit feats of arms. This is explained by the fact that Novgorod escaped the Horde invasion; Batu’s hordes did not reach the city. However, the Novgorodians could not only rebel (V. Buslaev) and play the gusli (Sadko), but also fight and win brilliant victories over the conquerors from the West.
appears as a Novgorod hero Vasily Buslaev. Two epics are dedicated to him. One of them talks about political struggle in Novgorod, in which he takes part. Vaska Buslaev rebels against the townspeople, comes to feasts and starts quarrels with “rich merchants”, “men (men) of Novgorod”, enters into a duel with the “elder” Pilgrim - a representative of the church. With his squad, he “fights and fights day until evening.” The townspeople “submitted and made peace” and pledged to pay “three thousand every year.” Thus, the epic depicts a clash between the rich Novgorod settlement, eminent men and those townspeople who defended the independence of the city.
The hero's rebellion is manifested even in his death. In the epic “How Vaska Buslaev Went to Pray,” he violates prohibitions even at the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, swimming naked in the Jordan River. There he dies, remaining a sinner. V.G. Belinsky wrote that “Vasily’s death comes directly from his character, daring and violent, which seems to be asking for trouble and death.” 9
One of the most poetic and fairy tale epics Novgorod cycle is the epic "Sadko". V.G. Belinsky defined the epic “as one of the pearls of Russian folk poetry, the poetic apotheosis of 10 Novgorod.” eleven Sadko- a poor psaltery player who became rich thanks to skillful playing of the gusli and the patronage of the Sea King. As a hero, he expresses infinite strength and endless prowess. Sadko loves his land, his city, his family. Therefore, he refuses the countless riches offered to him and returns home.
So, epics are poetic, works of art. They contain a lot of unexpected, surprising, incredible things. However, they are fundamentally truthful, they convey the people's understanding of history, folk performance about duty, honor, justice. At the same time, they are skillfully constructed, their language is unique.
Ilya Muromets is the most famous, but at the same time the most mysterious hero of the Russian epic. It is difficult to find a person in Russia who has never heard of this glorious hero from the ancient city of Murom. Most know about him only what they remember from childhood from epics and fairy tales, and are often amazed at the complexity and ambiguity of this image. Scientists of various specialties have been struggling to resolve the mysteries associated with it for almost two centuries, but mysteries still remain.
Our ancestors of the 16th - early 19th centuries. had no doubt that Ilya Muromets was real historical figure, a warrior who served the Kyiv prince.
The usual beginning of epic tales, where Ilya leaves “Whether from that city from Murom, from that village from Karacharovo,” would seem to leave no room for doubt that he comes from the ancient Russian city of Murom, where not far from him there still exists the ancient village of Karacharovo. But doubts about the origin of the epic hero arose both in the last century and in our time. They are trying to connect the famous hero with the Chernigov region, where there are the cities of Moroviysk and Karachev, and where there are also legends about Ilya Muromets. But if we turn to the usual geographical map, it is clear that these two cities are separated by hundreds of kilometers and talking about the “Morovian city of Karachev” is absurd. Meanwhile, one cannot help but notice that Murom, Karachev, Chernigov, Moroviysk and Kyiv lie on the same line. This is precisely the same “straight path” that the hero used to travel from his native Murom to Kiev “through those forests, Brynskie, across the Smorodinnaya River,” through the village of Nine Oaks, not far from Karachev. That is, there is no contradiction between classical epics and Karachev legends. It is also worth noting that ancient city Murom was part of the Chernigov principality for quite a long time. The association of the name of the epic hero with the city of Murom is fully consistent with both epic and historical reality. Murom and the Murom principality were quite significant both during the times of Kyiv, Vladimir-Suzdal, and Muscovite Rus', to become the birthplace of Ilya Muromets.
Meanwhile, Russian chronicles do not mention his name. But he is the main one actor not only our epics, but also German epic poems of the 13th century, based on earlier legends. In them he is presented as a mighty knight, princely family Ilya Russian. In a documentary source, the name of this famous hero was first mentioned in 1574. The envoy of the Roman Emperor Erich Lassota, who visited Kyiv in 1594, left a description of the tomb of Ilya Muromets, located in the heroic chapel of the St. Sophia Cathedral.
Second part workbook for 4th grade in the subject " The world"by the authors Pleshakov, Novitskaya (the Perspective program) is quite complex, but children are no longer small, capable of understanding both history and archeology. Basically, this workbook, or rather its second part, touches on history.
Fundamental here is the “river of time”, work on which is carried out throughout the second half of the school year. Apparently, during the “world around us” lessons, the authors decided to prepare children in advance for history lessons, which they will begin to study in the 5th grade.
At the end of the notebook, Pleshakov again turns to the topic of folk art, apparently trying to instill in his students patriotism, which he failed to instill in the first grade.
Answers to assignments have been checked and approved by a primary school teacher.
Click on the page numbers to view the GDZ for them.
Page 3. Journey along the river of time
Answers to pages 3-5. ON THE WAY ON THE RIVER OF TIME
1. Using additional literature or the Internet, find out about one of the heroes of the oral epic literature of the peoples of your region. Write it down short story about him.
Alyosha Popovich - Russian folk hero epic epic. Alyosha Popovich, as the youngest, is the third in importance in the heroic trinity, along with Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich. He defeated Tugarin, the hero of the enemy army, in battle. Alyosha Popovich is distinguished not by strength, but by daring, pressure, sharpness, resourcefulness, and cunning.
Draw an illustration of one of this hero’s exploits.
2. Match the years and centuries. Fill out the table.
1861 19
74 1
1492 15
2000 20
988 10
1945 20
2015 21
3. Write down the birth years of your grandparents, parents and the year you were born. Determine and write down which centuries these years correspond to.
Sample answers:
birth of grandmother - 1953 - 20th century
birth of grandfather - 1952 - 20th century
birth of mother - 1983 - 20th century
birth of dad - 1976 - 20th century
my birth - 2008 - 21st century
Indicate on the diagram “River of Time” (pp. 40-41) the centuries when these events occurred. Cut out the signs from the appendix, paste them on and indicate the corresponding centuries with arrows.
Description of the "River of Time" scheme:
3-7 centuries BC - domination of the Scythians
5th century BC. - 484-425 - Herodotus
9th century - 862 - Calling of Rurik to reign in Novgorod
10th century - 988 - Baptism of Rus'
12th century - 1147 - The first mention of Moscow.
14th century - 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo
15th century - 1480 - End of Horde rule over Russia
16th century - 1564 - Publication of the first Russian printed book
17th century - 1613 - End of the Time of Troubles
18th century - 1712 - St. Petersburg became the capital of Russia
19th century - 1812 - Patriotic War
19th century - 1861 - Abolition of serfdom in Russia
19th century - 1891 - Start of construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway
20th century - 1914 - Beginning of the First World War
20th century - 1917 - Revolutions and the beginning of the Civil War in Russia
20th century - 1941-1945 - The Great Patriotic War
20th century - The birth of my grandparents
20th century - 1961 - First manned space flight
20th century - The birth of my dad and mom
20th century - 1991 - Formation of the Russian Federation
21st century - 200? g. - My birth *
21st century - 201? g. - Completion of primary school *
* You enter these dates on the “River of Time” yourself.
4. Using the textbook text, determine the century when the ancient Greek historian and traveler Herodotus lived. Indicate this century on the “River of Time” diagram...
Answer: Herodotus lived in the 5th century.
5. Project "Calendar" memorable dates".
Start making a "Calendar of Memorable Dates." Collect calendar pages in a folder. Using the textbook material (p. 6), additional literature, the Internet, compose a test version of the first page of the calendar, dedicated to Nestor the Chronicler - the father of Russian history.
When preparing pages, use the following plan:
1. Memorial Day (day, month)
2. Event title or name Outstanding figure history and culture.
3. Dates of birth and death of an outstanding figure.
4. His contribution to the history and culture of the country.
5. If a memorable date is dedicated significant event, write a short description of it.
(c. 1056 - 1114)
The chronicler Nestor was a monk and lived in the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. Based oral traditions he compiled the first history book Ancient Rus' and gave it the name "The Tale of Bygone Years."
This oldest historical document covers the period of history from biblical times to 1117. The dated part of the history of the Old Russian state begins with the reign of Emperor Michael (852).
Monuments to Nestor the Chronicler were erected in Kyiv and Vladimir.
Page 6-7. TRAVELING WITH ARCHAEOLOGISTS
1. Find on the map the locations of the Scythian burial mounds on Russian soil. Mark them by sticking the deer figures from the Appendix.
Crimea, Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, Voronezh and Belgorod regions, Orenburg region, Altai.
2. Using the large deer figurine from the Appendix, mark on the “River of Time” diagram the centuries of Scythian domination.
3. Using the textbook, compose a page of the “Calendar of Memorable Dates” dedicated to A.P. Okladnikov.
Okladnikov Alexey Pavlovich (October 3, 1908 - November 18, 1981).
Okladnikov Alexey Pavlovich - Soviet archaeologist, historian, ethnographer. Okladnikov's main works are devoted to research into the history of primitive culture, Paleolithic and Neolithic art, the history of Siberia and Far East.
Born into a teacher's family. While still at school, he was interested in history and local history. In 1925 Okladnikov entered Irkutsk University, here he expanded his knowledge in the “Ethnic Studies” circle of Professor B. E. Petri.
They say about Alexey Pavlovich Okladnikov that he had a unique ability to work. The academician did not drink, did not smoke, and in life, except for science, nothing else attracted him. In archeology, he was a real ace. The list of works written by Okladnikov alone amounted to about 80 pages of minute text. However, he cannot be classified as an armchair scientist. Alexey Pavlovich’s entire life was spent on archaeological expeditions; he traveled around the Asian part former USSR up and down and often wrote his books while sitting by the fire.
He made scientific discoveries casually, that is, he literally discovered them under his feet. For example, in 1949, Alexey Pavlovich found himself on an excursion next to Egyptian pyramids as part of an international delegation. He, unlike his foreign colleagues who were admiring the beauty, immediately drew attention to the suspicious stones scattered around the pyramids. These stones had chips that only a man could have made. stone era. So he discovered the Egyptian Paleolithic, the material evidence of which was sought in vain by scientists around the world.
In Mongolia, this story repeated itself. The Americans spent huge amounts of money on an archaeological expedition to find traces of ancient man there. We searched for several years, but to no avail. Alexey Pavlovich had just managed to get off the plane when he discovered these traces. On the way from the airport to Ulaanbaatar, he collected a suitcase full of stone finds.
In 1928, Alexey Pavlovich drew attention to one of the most remarkable monuments rock art Siberia - Shishkinsky rocks, the petroglyphs of which were first mentioned in the 18th century by the traveler Miller, and the artist Lorenius made several sketches. Okladnikov seemed to rediscover this monument ancient art peoples of Siberia and conducted his research there for decades, based on the results of which he published two fundamental monographs.
In the 30s, Okladnikov led the Angarsk archaeological expedition, which for three years explored the banks of the Angara over 600 kilometers - from Irkutsk to the village of Bratsk. The small funds allocated for the expedition did not allow excavations of any significant scale at that time. Ancient monuments could only be recorded and, at best, cursorily examined.
During the Great Patriotic War, Okladnikov worked in Yakutia on the Lena River. At the same time, he began excavating the remains of the camp of the Russian polar expedition on the northern Thaddeus Island and in the area of the Taimyr Peninsula (Simsa Bay). The archaeologist managed to reconstruct the picture of the death of the earliest known expedition of Russian industrialists, who walked east along the shores of the Arctic Ocean.
For more than half a century, Okladnikov went on expeditions every summer to search for and study traces of ancient man’s presence on the territory of our country. He has the honor of discovering a number of remarkable monuments of the distant past: sites and rock paintings, discovered and studied under his leadership on the Angara, Lena, Kolyma, Selenga, Amur and Ussuri, for the first time made it possible to accurately and completely present the history of the ancient inhabitants of Siberia and the Far East over many millennia.
In 1961, Okladnikov went to work at the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk, Akdemgorodok). He was appointed director of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy. He worked in this position until his death in 1981. Now Okladnikov’s work is continued by his numerous students who work in every city where there is a history department at the university.
Source: Irkipedia
Answers to pages 8-9. THROUGH THE PAGES OF THE CHRONICLE
1. Using the textbook map, color the places of settlement of the ancient Slavs on the map in the appropriate colors. Write the names of the alliances of the Eastern Slavic tribes.
See tutorial.
2. Visit a local local history museum. Examine and sketch some archaeological finds.
Write a short story about what these archaeological finds told you about the past of the region.
In the local history museum I saw a lot archaeological finds, who told me about the lives of people many years ago. One of the finds is pottery from ancient people. This means that many centuries ago people knew how to make objects from clay and fire them.
Ancient people also engaged in animal husbandry, hunting and fishing. This becomes clear thanks to other exhibits in the museum - iron household items. Among them are tips, fishing hooks and sinkers, and livestock harnesses.
The museum also has ancient weapons. This means that these people fought, or they had to defend themselves from enemies.
But pagan figurines made of stone and clay speak about who the ancient people worshiped.
Page 10-11. ORIGINS OF ANCIENT Rus'
2. Using the textbook text, fill in the blanks.
IN 10 century in Rus' there were no less 25 cities. By the 12th century there were already more of them 300 .
3. Mark the century on the “river of time” diagram. when Rurik was called to reign in Novgorod.
See the picture above "River of Time".
4. Correlate the texts on birch bark letters and fragments of translation to them in the appendices. Label each certificate with a translation.
Page 12-13. WISE CHOICE
1. Mark on the river of time the century of the adoption of Christianity in Rus'.
See the picture River of Time.
Calculate how much time has passed from the year of the baptism of Rus' to the current year. Write this number down.
Answer: 2019 - 988 = 1031 years
2. Cut out the photos from the application and paste them into the appropriate windows.
3. Carefully read the Christian commandments on p. 21 textbooks. Remember your actions that correspond to these commandments and give examples of them.
Answer: When I tell the truth, I am fulfilling the commandment “Thou shalt not lie.” And if I do not envy another, then I act according to the commandment “Do not covet.” When I obey my parents and respect them, then I fulfill the commandment “Honor your father and mother.”
4. Match the dates of the memorial days and photographs. Connect with lines.
5. Using the textbook and additional sources information, compose a page of the “Calendar of Memorable Dates” dedicated to the creator of Slavic writing, Cyril and Methodius, Princess Olga or Prince Vladimir the Saint (optional).
Cyril (827-869) and Methodius (815-885)
CYRILL AND MEFODIUS - brothers from Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki), Slavic educators, creators Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity. Cyril and Methodius in 863 were invited from Byzantium by Prince Rostislav to the Great Moravian Empire to introduce worship in the Slavic language.
Our alphabet is now almost in the form in which the brothers Cyril and Methodius brought it to Rus'. They translated many books, mostly religious, from Greek into Slavic, and introduced worship in the Slavic language. For this they suffered a lot of persecution from the Roman Catholics: they did not want the Slavs to have their own written language. To this the brothers answered: “Doesn’t the sun shine for everyone, doesn’t it rain for everyone, doesn’t the Word of God’s truth come to everyone, and in the language that man speaks?”
The chronicler reports that the first words written by the brothers in the Slavic language were from the Gospel of John: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”
There was an alphabet prayer based on the Slavic alphabet. “Az buki lead” in translation: I know (know) the letters. “The verb, good, is, live” in translation: it’s good to live kindly. “What are you thinking, people?” there is no need to translate this. Just like “rtsy, word, firmly,” that is: speak the word confidently, firmly.
The Day of the Holy Thessalonica brothers Cyril and Methodius is celebrated on the very day when in our schools last call, May 24. This day is a holiday of Slavic writing and culture.
Page 14-15. HEIRS OF KIEVAN Rus'
1. Using the Internet, find out the years of foundation or first mention of the cities of North-Eastern Rus'. Fill the table.
2. Read a fragment from a Russian epic... Write down the parental instructions from the epic or the blessings of Vladimir Monomakh, which seem to you the most important in our time. You can write it down in your own words.
Do only good deeds
don't hurt the weak
help the poor, orphans, widows
don’t break your oath, keep your promises
don't punish the innocent
3. Indicate with arrows which attractions are in Kyiv and which are in Vladimir.
4. Using the textbook and additional sources of information, compose a page of the “Calendar of Memorable Dates” dedicated to Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky.
Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky (approx. 1111 - 1174)
Andrei Bogolyubsky is the son of Yuri Vladimirovich (Dolgoruky) and the Polovtsian princess, daughter of Khan Aepa Osenevich.
According to the late “Life of Andrei Bogolyubsky” (1701), Andrei Yuryevich received the nickname “Bogolyubsky” after the name of the city of Bogolyubov near Vladimir, his main residence.
Andrei Bogolyubsky was the most important political and spiritual figure in the history of Rus' in 1160-1170, as he not only contributed to the creation of the powerful Vladimir-Suzdal principality (on the site of the former Rostov estate of his grandfather, Vladimir Monomakh), but also turned the city of Vladimir-on- Klyazma is the center of the political and spiritual life of Rus'.
During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the Vladimir-Suzdal principality achieved significant power and was the strongest in Rus', and later it became the core of the modern Russian state.
Andrei's father, the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky, sought to establish himself in Kyiv and waged endless feuds with his opponents. Andrei was forced for the time being to obey his father's will. During the periods of Yuri's short-term reign in Kyiv, he ruled in neighboring fiefs - Vyshgorod, Turov, Pinsk (1149-1151, 1155). But he did not like reigning in the troubled southern lands, where his fate would depend on the mood of the squad and the veche decisions of the townspeople.
Power-hungry and capricious in character, Andrei wanted to give a dominant position among the Russian principalities to the Rostov-Suzdal land, to make it the center state life in Rus'. This prompted him to flee to Suzdal land in 1155 against the will of his father.
The residence founded by the prince in Bogolyubov became the favorite place of residence of Andrei, who has since been nicknamed Bogolyubsky. In 1157, after the death of Yuri Dolgoruky, the citizens of Rostov and Suzdal unanimously proclaimed Andrei prince. But he chose not Suzdal as the capital of the principality, but Vladimir, where he launched stone construction on a grand scale.
Under Andrei, the Golden Gates, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, the Assumption Cathedral - world-famous masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture - were built, as well as many monasteries, temples, and fortifications.
Bogolyubsky deprived of his possessions and expelled four of his brothers, two nephews, and boyars dissatisfied with his autocracy. These measures strengthened the princely positions, but at the same time increased the number of enemies.
However, Andrei's political interests extended much further than the borders of North-Eastern Rus'. The reason for one of the disputes was that Kyiv prince Mstislav Izyaslavich, Andrei's longtime opponent, of his own free will sent his son Roman to reign in Novgorod.
In 1169, the united army of 11 princes, equipped by Bogolyubsky, moved towards Kyiv. The ruined and plundered city forever lost its former significance as the center of Rus', and dominance in the Russian lands finally passed to the city of Vladimir.
Page 16-17. MOSCOW - VLADIMIR'S SUCCESSOR
1. Indicate on the “river of time” diagram the century of the first mention of Moscow in the chronicle. (12th century)
2. Look at the reproduction of the painting. Based on it, write a story about Moscow during the times of Ivan Kalita.
The reproduction of A. M. Vasnetsov “The Moscow Kremlin under Ivan Kalita” depicts ancient Moscow. It can be seen that this is a fortified city - a fortress and a fence have been built around it. Almost all the buildings are wooden, including the fortress and the towers on it. Only temples are built of stone.
Moscow began to be built on the banks of the river. In the reproduction we see that there are boats at the pier. They probably carried some kind of cargo for the residents of Moscow or for the construction of the city.
It can also be noted that the roads in those days were very bad, and movement was carried out with the help of horses. As can be seen in the picture, horses are pulling carts with cargo. At the same time, some kind of devices for lifting loads already existed, as can be seen in the lower right part of the reproduction.
3. Find in the works of the peoples of your region songs, legends, proverbs and other works of art that express people’s dreams of peace and harmony with each other.
Living with neighbors means being in conversations.
As are the neighbors, so is the conversation.
Don't buy a yard, buy a neighbor.
Don't buy a house for yourself, but buy a neighbor: you buy a house, but you can't sell your neighbor.
Be friends with your neighbor, but hold on to your saber.
Be friends with your neighbor, but stay the city.
Neighborhood is a mutual matter.
It's a bad thing to offend a neighbor.
How can you annoy your neighbor more than with your tongue?
Thistles and thistles creep from neighbor to neighbor under the meadow.
Whatever you have at home, don’t go to your neighbor for.
4. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century when the Battle of Kulikovo took place. (14th century)
5. Using the textbook and additional sources of information, compose a page of the “calendar of memorable dates” dedicated to the Battle of Kulikovo.
The Battle of Kulikovo is a battle of Russian regiments led by the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir Dmitry Ivanovich and the Horde army under Khan Mamai on September 8, 1380 on the Kulikovo field (currently located in the southeast of the Tula region), a turning point in the struggle of the Russian people against the yoke Golden Horde.
In 1380, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich sat on the Moscow throne. At that time, Rus' was fragmented into principalities and was under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars. Dmitry understood well that in order to successfully fight the Mongol-Tatars, all Russian principalities must unite their forces.
Prince Dmitry sent messengers throughout Rus' with his letters and in 30 days gathered a huge army. The prince was blessed for the battle with the Mongol-Tatars by Sergius of Radonezh, the founder of the Trinity Monastery. He gave Dmitry two monks, famous warriors - Peresvet and Oslyabya.
Dmitry led his troops towards the Mongol ruler Mamai. They met on the Kulikovo field, where the Nepryadva River flows into the Don.
Dmitry fought as a simple warrior along with his army. The battle lasted almost the whole day. The Mongols began to prevail, but an ambush regiment hit them in the rear - and the Mongols fled. So the Russian troops won.
In honor of the victory in this battle, the prince-commander was nicknamed Dmitry Donskoy. Although our troops won a victory on the Kulikovo field, Rus' still had a hundred years of struggle ahead of it against the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
Page 18-19. THE BEGINNING OF THE KINGDOM OF MOSCOW
1. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century of the liberation of Rus' from Horde rule. (15th)
2. Look at the reproduction of the paintings. Compare Moscow under Dmitry Donskoy and Ivan III. Write down the main differences.
The main difference is that under Dmitry Donskoy, only the walls of the Kremlin (made of white stone) and the Assumption Cathedral were made of stone. All other buildings were wooden. Ivan III built the Kremlin from red brick and replaced many of its buildings with stone ones. Several new cathedrals (temples) appeared, and a royal palace was built.
3. Look at the photographs. Check the box for the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow.
Answers to page 20-21. THE ASLEVANTS OF Rus' AND THE EARTHPAPERS
1. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century when the first Russian printed book was published. (16th century)
2. Imagine yourself as one of the first printers. Come up with your own sign and draw it. Explain what meaning you put into it.
My sign shows open book, the light of enlightenment emanates from it, because a book is a source of knowledge. At the top is my monogram, i.e. initial letters of first and last names.
3. Pick up proverbs and riddles about books, including those in the works of the peoples of your region.
Russian proverbs about books:
The book decorates in happiness, and consoles in misfortune.
Those who know more will get the books.
A book is the best friend.
A book is not beautiful in its writing, but in its mind.
From time immemorial, a book has raised a person.
It's not good to read books when you can only grasp the top of them.
The book is good, but the readers are bad.
Books don't tell, but they tell the truth.
Read books, but don’t forget things to do.
Reading books is not playing nice.
If you read books, you will know everything.
Choose a book like you choose a friend.
A book is to the mind what warm rain is to sunrise.
Books do not like to be honored, but they like to be read.
A book is like water: it will make its way everywhere.
The book will help in work, and will help out in trouble.
One good book is better than any treasure.
Good book- sincere friend.
A good book shines brighter than a star.
A book is food for the mind.
A book is your friend, without it it’s like having no hands.
Books are different: one teaches, the other torments.
The book is not a plane, but will take you far away.
The book is not a hat, but choose according to your head.
In a book, look not for letters, but for thoughts.
For a book, move your mind.
Some books enrich you, and others lead you astray.
Some books will add to your mind, others will turn you off.
Some people follow a book with their eyes, but their mind wanders around.
To whom a book is entertainment, and to whom it is teaching.
Those who know the basics and basics will find books in their hands.
It is wasted labor to fish without a hook and study without a book.
One book teaches thousands of people.
To be familiar with books is to gain intelligence.
Living with a book is a breeze.
If you get used to the book, you will gain intelligence.
A mind without a book is like a bird without wings.
You can't get any smarter than a book.
Some from books, some from the valley.
There is not a single book in the house - the owner has bad kids.
Russian riddles about the book:
She's small, but she's made her smart.
Not a bush, but with leaves,
Not a shirt, but sewn,
Not a person, but a storyteller.Not a tree, but with leaves,
Not a shirt, but sewn,
Not a plant, but with a root,
Not a person, but with intelligence.Who speaks silently?
4. Circle Semyon Dezhnev’s travel route on the map. Write the names of the two oceans that “meet” at Cape Dezhnev.
Page 22-23. ON THE WAY TO UNITY
1. Select proverbs from the peoples of your region about the need for friendship and unity. Write them down.
Proverbs:
You can live without your brother, but you can’t live without your neighbor.
A close neighbor is better than distant relatives.
The hostess didn’t provide lunch, so apparently they were pushing towards their neighbor.
There is no greater problem than bad neighbors.
It’s a bad life if you don’t make friends with your neighbors.
Let your neighbor into the house, and become a neighbor yourself.
The neighbor doesn't want it, so the world won't.
Neighborhood is a mutual matter.
Then the neighbor is kind when the bag is full.
A good neighbor is the greatest relative.
It’s good when the neighbor is close and the fence is low.
It's a bad thing to offend a neighbor.
2. Color it traditional costumes peoples of the Volga region - Mari, Mordovian, Tatar and Chuvash.
3. Identify from photographs the cities in which important events of the Time of Troubles took place. Connect with lines.
4. Using the textbook and additional sources of information, compose a page of the “Calendar of Memorable Dates” dedicated to Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.
Minin (late 16th century - 1616) and Pozharsky (1578 - 1642)
Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky - leaders of the second people's militia during the Polish intervention in the Time of Troubles in 1611 - 1612.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Russian land was occupied by enemies - the Poles. Even in Moscow, the capital, there was a Polish garrison, and Novgorod was captured by the Swedes. Russia was threatened with loss of independence.
In the fall of 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, the zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin began collecting civil uprising(army) to fight enemies. One of the best military leaders of that time, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, was called to command the militia.
IN Nizhny Novgorod militias began to gather from all over the country. For almost a whole year, the Russian people gathered their forces, and finally, in July 1612, the militia of Minin and Pozharsky marched on Moscow. The battle took place on August 24, it was stubborn and bloody. The Polish garrison settled in the Kremlin and held out for about two months. Eventually hunger forced the enemies to leave. Soon the entire Russian land was cleared of foreign invaders.
In Moscow, on Red Square, a monument was erected with the following inscription: “Grateful Russia to Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky.”
Minin and Pozharsky
Since 2005, our country has celebrated the Day national unity in memory of the events of 1612, when the people's militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from Polish invaders.
5. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century of the end of the Time of Troubles. (17th century)
Answers to pages 24-25. THE BEGINNING OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
1. Look at the reproduction of the painting. Write a short story about it.
HELL. Kivshenko. War games of the amusing troops of Peter I near the village of Kozhukhovo
Answer: The artist Kivshenko depicted war games in his painting young Peter I. Young Peter rides on horseback with a saber in hand, acting as commander-in-chief. Next to the sovereign is a drummer beating the rhythm and a trumpeter.
In the middle ground of the picture several detachments of soldiers in military clothing of that time are visible. Each detachment (or regiment) has its own color of clothing and its own commanders. Soldiers of the "amusing" troops carry banners with the coat of arms of the Russian Empire - a double-headed eagle.
In the background of the picture you can see the landscape of the area where the “funny” battles took place - the vicinity of the village of Kozhukhovo. A cannon is visible on the cliff, nearby are high fortresses that apparently needed to be stormed.
As we know from history, young Peter formed “amusing” troops from his peers and learned to fight. Foreign officers helped him master military literacy. Subsequently, from these amusing battalions, the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments were formed - the basis of Peter’s guard.
2. Look at the monuments to Peter I in different cities Russia. Write down why, in your opinion, monuments to Peter I were erected:
in St. Petersburg - this city was founded by Peter, it bore and bears his name.
in Petrozavodsk - in this city, by order of Peter, an arms factory was built.
in Arkhangelsk - in this city Peter laid the foundation for shipbuilding and opened the first shipyard in Russia.
Do you know which other Russian cities have monuments to Peter the Great? Write down the names of the cities.
Answer: Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Sochi, Voronezh, Taganrog, Derbent (Dagestan), Azov, Kaliningrad, Makhachkala (Dagestan), Tula, Lipetsk.
3. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century when St. Petersburg became the capital of Russia. (18 century)
Page 26-27. "LIFE IS FOR THE FATHERLAND, HONOR IS FOR ANYONE!"
1. Find out from guidebooks and directories of your city (or the nearest city or village) which streets, squares, and institutions bear the name of Lomonosov. Write down this information. Attach a photo of one of these places with an establishment sign or a sign on the building.
In Russia, the most famous institution that bears the name of Mikhailo Lomonosov is Moscow State University. Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov - one of the oldest and largest classical universities in Russia, founded in 1755 by I.I. Shuvalov and M.V. Lomonosov. Since 1940 it has been named after Mikhail Lomonosov.
2. Cut out portraits from the application and paste them into the appropriate windows.
3. Read the story about the city of the Russian Empire - Sevastopol. In the text of the story, underline the names of peoples you know, the names of famous figures of history and culture.
Answer: the following words can be emphasized (they were previously found in textbooks): Crimea, Black Sea, Scythians, Greeks, Cyril, Methodius, Prince Vladimir, Suvorov, Ushakov, Lazarev, Empress Catherine the Great.
Answers to pages 28-29. PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1812
1. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century during the Patriotic War of 1812. (19th century)
2. Read the text. Look at the figures of Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, as well as the bas-relief on the pedestal.
Express your thoughts about the source of Russia's victories in the great wars. Write it down.
The strength and source of Russia's victories in great wars lies in the unity of its people. When the Russian principalities united and all as one began to defend their homeland, they defeated the Mongol-Tatars. Cohesion Russian army helped to win the War of 1812. Another reason for victories is brave and savvy commanders. And, of course, such qualities of a Russian person as heroism, selflessness, love for the Motherland, and love of freedom are important.
3. In St. Petersburg, in one of the halls of the Hermitage there is a Gallery of Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. It contains more than three hundred portraits.
Using the textbook and additional sources of information, compose a page of the “Calendar of Memorable Dates” dedicated to the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812.
Here you can write about such heroes as
Kutuzov, Field Marshal General
Bagration, infantry general
Barclay de Tolly
Vasilchikov, cavalry general
Wittgenstein, Infantry General
Volkonsky, Major General
Golitsyn, cavalry general
Gorchakov, Lieutenant General
Davydov, Major General
Dorokhov, Lieutenant General
Dokhturov, infantry general
Durova Nadezhda Andreevna
Ermolov, Lieutenant General
Konovnitsyn, Lieutenant General
Kostenetsky, Lieutenant General
Kulnev, Major General
Gerasim Kurin, partisan
Seslavin, Major General
Platov, cavalry general
Orlov-Denisov, Lieutenant General
Orlov, Major General
Neverovsky, Lieutenant General
Miloradovich, infantry general
Likhachev, Major General
Kozhina Vasilisa
Kutaisov, Major General
Raevsky N.N.
Khrapovitsky, Major General
Figner, Colonel
Uvarov, cavalry general
Tuchkov (1st), Lieutenant General
Tuchkov (4th), Major General
Page 30-31. THE GREAT PATH
1. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century in which the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began. (19th century)
2. Look at photographs of fragments of the openwork pavilion presented at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900. Write down in what century this exhibition took place: in the 19th. Using these samples, draw your own versions of openwork casting to decorate the exhibition modern achievements Russia.
3. Project "My family in the history of Russia." Using the example given in the textbook, write a story about the participation of your ancestors in the development of Russian industry at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Illustrate your story with photographs or drawings.
For this project, it is best to find some old family items and present them in front of the whole class and talk about them. Here are the items you can use in this project:
old newspapers and magazines
personal letters, envelopes, postcards
stamps dedicated to some event (40 years of Soviet power, 30 years of victory in the Second World War, etc.)
coins or paper money (can be bought cheaply at flea markets)
photographs of great-grandparents, or photos of their home
medals, orders, awards from relatives
child prisoner's certificate (to page 48)
old Christmas decorations
old books
icons
something from clothes or shoes, a pioneer tie, ribbons for braids, collars that were sewn to the uniform
household items (an old cast iron iron or a watch, for example)
candy wrappers
documents (IDs, party cards, Komsomol tickets, etc.)
diplomas and certificates of commendation for schoolchildren, diaries, notebooks, albums of fathers and mothers
maps, globes from the USSR
toys, figurines
dishes (porcelain plates, cups, silver spoons - if parents allow)
jewelry: beads, brooches, etc.
Answers to pages 32-33. THE GOLDEN AGE OF THEATER AND MUSIC
1. Do you know the figures musical art Russia? Cut out portraits from the application and paste them into the appropriate windows.
2. Listen musical composition Russian composer of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Write down your impressions.
Title of the work: Ballet "The Nutcracker".
Form of recording of the work: recording on CD.
My impressions (key words): very beautiful music, fabulous and magical sound of instruments, happy, enthusiastic, joyful, jubilant and gentle music.
4. Based on the text of the textbook, make a plan for a story about Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin.
1) Birth and childhood of Chaliapin.
3) Chaliapin becomes popular all over the world. The emergence of the Chaliapin school.
4) Tatarstan is the birthplace of the Chaliapin Festival.
5. Design a page of the “Calendar of Memorable Dates” dedicated to one of the figures of Russian musical and theatrical art.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (April 25, 1840 - October 25, 1893)
Tchaikovsky P.I. - Russian composer, conductor, teacher, musical and public figure, music journalist.
Considered one of the greatest composers in the history of music. Author of more than 80 works, including ten operas and three ballets. His most famous works: these are ballets " Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty", "The Nutcracker", as well as "Seasons" - famous piano cycle. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky made an extremely valuable contribution to world musical culture.
The great composer was born into the family of an engineer in a village near the Kama-Votkinsk plant Vyatka province(now the city of Votkinsk, Udmurtia). He studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, then lived and worked in Moscow. Last years The composer spent his life in the vicinity of the town of Klin near Moscow, where his museum is now located.
Streets in many Russian cities, conservatories and music schools, as well as the city in Perm region. And since 1958 it has been held international competition named after P.I. Tchaikovsky, in which they take part talented musicians and vocalists.
Page 34-35. THE FLOWERING OF FINE ARTS AND LITERATURE
1. Look at the reproduction of a painting from the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. Compare your impressions spring landscape and poems by Bunin. Choose lines in it to express your impression of the picture. Emphasize them.
Wider, chest, open up to receive
Feelings of spring - minute guests!
Open your arms to me, nature,
So that I merge with your beauty!
You, high sky, distant,
Boundless expanse of blue!
You, wide green field!
My soul strives only for you!
2. Consider a reproduction of a painting from the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg. Read an excerpt from Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” Underline in red the poetic lines that speak of the severity of agricultural labor, green- lines in which the poet’s special respect for the peasant is expressed.
3. Design a page of the “Calendar of Memorable Dates” dedicated to A.P. Chekhov or your favorite writer of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich (1860 - 1904)
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. A generally recognized classic of world literature. A doctor by profession. Honorary Academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature. One of the most famous playwrights peace.
Over 25 years of creativity, Chekhov created more than 300 various works(short humorous stories, serious stories, plays), many of which have become classics of world literature.
His works have been translated into more than 100 languages. His plays, especially The Seagull, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard", has been staged in many theaters around the world for more than 100 years.
Answers to pages 36-39. IN SEARCH OF JUSTICE
1. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century when it was canceled serfdom in Russia. (19th century)
2. Look at the portraits of Russian emperors. Explain why Alexander II is called the Liberator.
Answer: Because he abolished serfdom, making the peasants free people.
Write what you know about these emperors.
Emperor Alexander II was born in 1818, he was the son of Nicholas I. His teacher was the Russian poet Zhukovsky. In 1861, the Tsar abolished serfdom in Russia. He also carried out many reforms in Russia, participated in Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878. In 1881, Alexander II was killed by Narodnaya Volya, and the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood was erected in St. Petersburg at the site of the emperor’s murder.
Nicholas II - the last Emperor Russian Empire. Born in 1868. During his reign, many events took place in the world and in Russia: Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905; Bloody Sunday; Revolution 1905-1907 in Russia; World War I; February Revolution of 1917 Nicholas II abdicated the throne during February Revolution 1917 and was shot along with his family.
3. Read the poem... Yesenin "The Beggar", written in 1915. Using pencils of contrasting colors, underline lines and words, some of which describe suffering, grief, while others speak of carefree fun.
Little girl crying at the window of a large mansion,
And in the mansions cheerful laughter flows like silver.
The girl is crying and getting cold in the wind of autumn thunderstorms,
AND wipes away drops of tears with a frozen hand.With tears she asks for a piece of stale bread,
From resentment and excitement the voice freezes.
But in the mansions this voice drowns out the noise of joys,
AND the baby is standing, crying under cheerful, high-spirited laughter.
4. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century when the First World War, revolutions and Civil War in Russia. (see answers to pages 3-5)
5. In your city, identify the streets and squares that received new names after the 1917 revolution. Write down the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary names of the same street next to each other.
Approximate answer (these streets are in almost every city):
Lenin street - street...
Dzerzhinsky street - street...
6. Look at the map Soviet Union. Find and show on the map the republics that were part of the USSR. Using a map, name the capitals of the union republics. Check each other.
We look at the map and name the republics, they are highlighted in bright colors, the capitals are indicated by dots.
Page 42-43. A CENTURY OF TROUBLES AND VICTORIES
1. Consider secular posters of the 20-30s of the last century. Write in your own words what they call for.
The first poster is addressed to children. He encourages them to choose a profession in childhood, to have a dream, a goal in life and to strive for it. The second two posters are addressed to adults. They call for more study in order to be literate and work more for the good of the country.
2. Look at the diagram on p. 43. Compare it with the modern map of the Moscow metro, which you can find on the Internet. Write down what has changed.
On the diagram in the textbook you can see only 13 metro stations (in 1935). Currently, there are 200 metro stations and there is a ring line that connects all metro lines (directions). Some stations have changed their names. For example, Kirovskaya (old name) - Chistye Prudy (new name).
3. Project "My family in the history of Russia." Continue working on the project. Do your family have any memories of life in the 20-30s of the last century, photographs, objects of those times? Write a short story.
This period is the childhood of the student’s great-grandparents, or the time when great-great-grandparents lived. Tell us about them.
Answers to pages 44-45. "GET UP, HUGE COUNTRY!"
1. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century when the Great Patriotic War took place. (20th century)
2. Using the textbook text, make a table major events Great Patriotic War.
Date Event
End of January 1943. The blockade of Leningrad was broken.
Summer 1943 The Battle of Kursk lasted 50 days.
1944 Liberation of cities: Veliky Novgorod, Leningrad, Sevastopol, Petrozavodsk, Minsk.
Summer 1944 Belarus was liberated, Operation Bagration.
1945 Soviet troops liberated Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia.
3. Do you know the monuments dedicated to the Great Patriotic War? Cut out photos from the application and paste them into the appropriate windows.
4. Design a page of the “Calendar of Memorable Dates” dedicated to an event, hero or veteran of the Great Patriotic War - to your fellow countryman.
Everyone will have different answers depending on the city and region in which you live, because a COUNTRYMAN is someone who lives or lived in the same region as you.
Pages 46-47. RUSSIAN LABOR FRONT
1. Based on the text of the textbook, make a plan for a story about how those who remained in the rear worked during the Great Patriotic War.
The entire people stood up to defend the Motherland.
Men are at the front. Old people, women and children work in the rear.
Military factories were evacuated to the east of the country.
It is necessary to provide the front with weapons, equipment, clothing and food.
Students work in construction teams - building anti-tank ditches.
Children help adults: care for the wounded, prepare Molotov cocktails.
Everyone contributes to the common cause of the country's defense.
2. Using information from the textbook, answer the questions in writing.
To which Russian cities were many enterprises evacuated from the western regions of the country? Answer: To Kazan, Omsk, Novosibirsk.
What was necessary to provide the troops with equipment and weapons. ammunition, clothing, food? Answer: It was necessary for them to work uninterruptedly Railway, sea and river transport, telephone, telegraph, post, radio. And also, so that plants, factories, and collective farms operate uninterruptedly in the rear.
What facts indicate that students and children contributed to the defense of the Fatherland? Answer: Students dug anti-tank trenches and worked in factories. Children helped adults on the field, looked after the wounded in hospitals, and looked after the younger ones while their mothers worked for the front.
3. Look at the photographs. What happened at the front, and what happened in the rear? Mark photos from the front in red, photos from the rear in green.
Page 48-49. "THERE IS NO FAMILY LIKE THIS IN RUSSIA"
Project “My family in the history of Russia.” Continue working on the project. Do your family still have memories of the Great Patriotic War, including its first and last days, as well as photographs, awards, letters, wartime items?...
If there are no things preserved from the war, you can write about your great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers who fought, and paste their photographs.
Page 50-51. AFTER THE GREAT WAR
1. Using the textbook text, make a table of the achievements of your compatriots in recent years.
Date Event
December 1946 Europe's first nuclear reactor was launched.
1947 The Dnepropetrovsk hydroelectric power station began operating.
1945-1950 Many destroyed cities have been rebuilt.
Late 1947 Food rationing system abolished.
1949 Universal compulsory seven-year education introduced.
Answers to pages 52-53. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE 1950-1970S
1. Using the textbook, sign photographs of outstanding scientists of our country.
2. Do you know the first Soviet cosmonauts? Cut out the photos from the Appendix and paste them into the appropriate boxes.
3. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century in which man first flew into space. (20th century)
5. Project "My family in the history of Russia." Continue working on the project. Do your family have any memories of the life of our country in the years 1950-1970, as well as photographs and objects from those years? Write a story based on the memories of older relatives.
This period is the childhood and adolescence of the student’s grandmother. Tell us about her or your grandfather.
We are building the future of Russia
Page 54-57. MODERN RUSSIA
1. Using the map on p. 56-57 find out what independent states formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Fill the table.
Name of states Capitals
Russian Federation Moscow
Ukraine, Kyiv
Belarus (Belarus) Minsk
Moldova (Moldova) Chisinau
Estonia Tallinn
Latvia, Riga
Lithuania Vilnius
Abkhazia Sukhum
Georgia, Tbilisi
Armenia Yerevan
South Ossetia Tskhinvali
Azerbaijan, Baku
Kazakhstan, Astana
Uzbekistan Tashkent
Tajikistan Dushanbe
Turkmenistan Ashgabat
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek
2. Indicate on the “River of Time” diagram the century when a new state appeared on the world map - the Russian Federation. (20th century)
3. Think about what in your city (village) you would like to preserve for the future. Write down what you would like to change in your city (village).
Sample answers:
I would like to preserve the forest on the outskirts of the city, a park, old house, pond with ducks, etc.
I would like to change things in my city: build a big new bridge across the river, repair the embankment, make bike paths on some street, plant new trees, build a new sports school With ice palace etc.
Pages 58-59. HEALTH OF RUSSIA
1. Look at the signs representing some areas of the Belgorod region. Give examples of agricultural areas in your region (region, republic).
Come up with and draw symbolic symbols for 1-2 agricultural areas of your region.
2. Write a story about the product Agriculture your region.
Corn is a tall annual herbaceous plant, reaching a height of 3 m. Corn is grown to produce cobs with edible grains, as well as corn oil. It is the most important grain after wheat and rice.
Wheat is one of the most important grain crops. Flour obtained from grains is used for baking white bread and production of other food products; Flour milling waste serves as feed for livestock and poultry.
Poultry farming is a branch of agriculture specializing in the production of poultry meat and edible eggs. Poultry by-products are down and feathers, and production waste is used to make meat and bone meal.
Livestock production produces food (meat, milk and dairy products), raw materials for light industry, working animals for a range of agricultural and transport work.
3. If you live in a village... draw or photograph episodes of working together on the land and caring for pets.
Page 60-61. SMART POWER OF RUSSIA
1. Using additional literature and information from the Internet, plan a short story about industrial enterprise your region...
Write about one of the enterprises in your city.
Answers to pages 62-63. BRIGHT SOUL OF RUSSIA
1. Find out what festive events related to the traditional culture of the peoples of your region are held in the spring. Write down the names and dates of these events.
Approximate answer (each city has its own events):
crafts fair
exhibition of applied arts
festival of folk craftsmen
festival folk choirs and ensembles
art song competition
performance by artistic groups
Maslenitsa
Come up with and draw symbolic symbols for these events.
2. Look at the photographs on p. 63 Using the textbook, determine which artistic crafts these products belong to. Number them according to the list.
Page 64-68. BEGIN WITH YOURSELF!
1. Mark on the “River of Time” diagram (pp. 40-41) the date of your upcoming graduation from primary school.
2. Come up with and draw a symbolic designation for your school, for those clubs and studios in which you study additionally. You can sketch existing emblems.
3. Write down the most interesting things in your life for four years of primary school.
Sample answers:
a trip to another city, to a resort, to a lake, abroad
a hike in the forest, a trip to nature
excursion to a museum or zoo or safari park
holidays with grandma in the village, picking mushrooms and berries, fishing
communication with animals (bought a dog, looked after it, raised it)
joint construction of a house with dad
working together in the garden or vegetable garden
summer or winter camp, etc.
4. Evaluate your achievements during your studies at primary school. Write down those that you consider most important.
Sample answer: During 4 years of primary school I
learned to read, write, count and solve problems
learned the multiplication table
learned to play chess
learned to swim
made friends with the guys in class
learned to sing or play musical instruments
learned to draw
learned to pack a briefcase and go to school on his own
I started doing all my homework myself
started helping my parents around the house
grew by 20 cm!
5. Think over and write down your plans for the coming year (what you want to do, what you want to learn, where to go)
Sample answers:
This coming summer:
I want to visit St. Petersburg (Moscow, Red Square)
I want to learn how to cook soup and borscht
I want to visit my grandmother, who lives far away
I want to learn to swim
I will help my dad build a house
In 5th grade:
I want to start learning a second foreign language
I want to know the names of the stars and constellations in the sky
I want to learn how to draw
I want to know how my body works
Project I AM BUILDING THE FUTURE OF RUSSIA
Option 1: Insect Zoo.
Project goal: To introduce everyone to rare and amazing insects, to teach people how to treat them with care.
1) Build a greenhouse, insulate it, plant different plants.
2) Purchase live insects from all over the world and place them in the zoo.
3) Offer excursions around the insect zoo to everyone, explain and tell excursionists how insects live and what they eat.
Description: I really want our city to have a special insect zoo. In it I want to collect insects from all over the world that cannot be found in our forests. They would live among plants, butterflies would fly freely, in special terrariums it would be possible to trace the entire butterfly cycle: how a caterpillar turns into a cocoon, and then into a butterfly. Visitors could pick up non-dangerous insects. It is very interesting!
Option 2 - Build a new sports complex for children.
Option 3 - Open a nursery for homeless animals, where anyone could take an animal home.
Option 4 - Open a hiking club for the whole family - such hikes would unite parents and children, you could make new friends and see a lot interesting places our country.
Ilya Muromets is the most famous, but at the same time the most mysterious hero of the Russian epic. It is difficult to find a person in Russia who has never heard of this glorious hero from the ancient city of Murom. Most know about him only what they remember from childhood from epics and fairy tales, and are often amazed at the complexity and ambiguity of this image. Scientists of various specialties have been struggling to resolve the mysteries associated with it for almost two centuries, but mysteries still remain.
Our ancestors of the 16th – early 19th centuries. there was no doubt that Ilya Muromets was a real historical figure, a warrior who served the Kyiv prince.
The usual beginning of epic tales, where Ilya leaves “Whether from that city from Murom, from that village from Karacharovo,” would seem to leave no room for doubt that he comes from the ancient Russian city of Murom, where not far from him there still exists the ancient village of Karacharovo. But doubts about the origin of the epic hero arose both in the last century and in our time. They are trying to connect the famous hero with the Chernigov region, where there are the cities of Moroviysk and Karachev, and where there are also legends about Ilya Muromets. But if you look at an ordinary geographical map, you can see that these two cities are separated by hundreds of kilometers and talking about the “Morovian city of Karachev” is absurd. Meanwhile, one cannot help but notice that Murom, Karachev, Chernigov, Moroviysk and Kyiv lie on the same line. This is precisely the same “straight path” that the hero used to travel from his native Murom to Kiev “through those forests, Brynskie, across the Smorodinnaya River,” through the village of Nine Oaks, not far from Karachev. That is, there is no contradiction between classical epics and Karachev legends. It is also worth noting that the ancient city of Murom was part of the Chernigov principality for quite a long time. The association of the name of the epic hero with the city of Murom is fully consistent with both epic and historical reality. Murom and the Murom principality were quite significant both during the times of Kyiv, Vladimir-Suzdal, and Muscovite Rus', to become the birthplace of Ilya Muromets.
Meanwhile, Russian chronicles do not mention his name. But he is the main character not only of our epics, but also of German epic poems of the 13th century, based on earlier legends. In them he is represented as a powerful knight, the princely family Ilya the Russian. In a documentary source, the name of this famous hero was first mentioned in 1574. The envoy of the Roman Emperor Erich Lassota, who visited Kyiv in 1594, left a description of the tomb of Ilya Muromets, located in the heroic chapel of the St. Sophia Cathedral.
