El Salvador gave the origin of the world. Mature and older years
Salvador Dali(full name Salvador Domenech Felip Jacinte Dalí and Domenech, Marquis de Dalí de Pubol, cat. Salvador Domènec Felip Jacint Dalí i Domènech, Marqués de Dalí de Púbol, Spanish. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marqués de Dalí y de Púbol; May 11, 1904, Figueres - January 23, 1989, Figueres) - spanish painter, graphic artist, sculptor, director, writer. One of the most famous representatives of surrealism.
Worked on the films: “Un Chien Andalou,” “The Golden Age” (directed by Luis Buñuel), “Spellbound” (directed by Alfred Hitchcock). Author of the books Secret life Salvador Dali, as told by himself" (1942), "The Diary of a Genius" (1952-1963), Oui: The Paranoid-Critical Revolution(1927-33) and the essay “The Tragic Myth of Angelus Millet.”
Childhood
Salvador Dali was born in Spain on May 11, 1904 in the city of Figueres, province of Girona, into the family of a wealthy notary. He was a Catalan by nationality, perceived himself as such and insisted on this peculiarity of his. He had a sister, Anna Maria Dali (Spanish. Anna Maria Dalí, 6 January 1908 – 16 May 1989), and an older brother (12 October 1901 – 1 August 1903), who died of meningitis. Later, at the age of 5, Salvador was told by his parents at his grave that he was the reincarnation of his older brother.
As a child, Dali was a smart, but arrogant and uncontrollable child. One day he started a scandal in a shopping area for the sake of a candy, a crowd gathered around, and the police asked the owner of the shop to open it during siesta and give the boy some sweets. He achieved his goal through whims and simulation, always striving to stand out and attract attention.
Numerous complexes and phobias, for example, fear of grasshoppers, prevented him from engaging in normal activities. school life, establish ordinary bonds of friendship and sympathy with children. But, like any person, experiencing sensory hunger, he was looking for emotional contact with children by any means, trying to get used to their team, if not in the role of a comrade, then in any other role, or rather the only one that he was capable of - in the role of a shocking and disobedient child, strange, eccentric, always acting contrary to other people's opinions. When he lost in school gambling games, he acted as if he had won and celebrated. Sometimes he would start fights for no reason.
Classmates treated the “strange” child rather intolerantly, took advantage of his fear of grasshoppers, slipped these insects down his collar, which drove Salvador to hysterics, which he later told about in his book “The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, Told by Himself.”
Learn fine arts Dali began at the municipal art school. From 1914 to 1918 he was educated at the Academy of the Brothers of the Marist Order in Figueres. One of his childhood friends was the future FC Barcelona footballer Josep Samitier. In 1916, with the family of Ramon Pichó, he went on vacation to the city of Cadaqués, where he became acquainted with modern art.
Youth
In 1921, at the age of 47, Dali’s mother died of breast cancer. For Dali this was a tragedy. That same year he entered the Academy of San Fernando. The drawing he prepared for the exam seemed too small to the caretaker, which he informed his father, and he, in turn, informed his son. Young Salvador erased the entire drawing from the canvas and decided to draw a new one. But he only had 3 days left before the final assessment. However, the young man was in no hurry to get to work, which greatly worried his father, who had already suffered through his quirks over the years. In the end, young Dali announced that the drawing was ready, but it was even smaller than the previous one, and this was a blow for his father. However, the teachers, due to their extremely high skill, made an exception and accepted the young eccentric into the academy.
In 1922, Dali moved to the “Residence” (Spanish. Residencia de Estudiantes), a student residence in Madrid for gifted young people, and begins his studies. At this time, Dali met Luis Buñuel, Federico Garcia Lorca, and Pedro Garfias. He reads Freud's works with enthusiasm.
After becoming acquainted with new trends in painting, Dali experiments with the methods of Cubism and Dadaism. In 1926 he was expelled from the Academy for his arrogance and disdain to the teachers. In the same year, he goes to Paris for the first time, where he meets Pablo Picasso. Trying to find his own style, in the late 1920s he created a number of works influenced by Picasso and Joan Miró. In 1929, he participated with Buñuel in the creation of the surreal film Un Chien Andalou.
Then he first meets his future wife Gala (Elena Dmitrievna Dyakonova), who was then the wife of the poet Paul Eluard. Having become close to Salvador, Gala, however, continued to meet with her husband and started relationships with other poets and artists, which at that time seemed acceptable in those bohemian circles where Dali, Eluard and Gala moved. Realizing that he actually stole his friend’s wife, Salvador paints his portrait as “compensation.”
Youth
Dali's works are shown at exhibitions, he is gaining popularity. In 1929 he joined the group of surrealists organized by Andre Breton. At the same time, there is a break with his father. The hostility of the artist’s family towards Gala, the associated conflicts, scandals, as well as the inscription made by Dali on one of the canvases - “Sometimes I spit with pleasure on the portrait of my mother” - led to the fact that the father cursed his son and kicked him out of the house. The provocative, shocking and terrible actions of the artist were not always worth understanding literally and seriously: he probably did not want to offend his mother and did not even imagine what this would lead to, perhaps he longed to experience a series of feelings and experiences that he stimulated in himself with such blasphemous by action. But the father, upset by the long-ago death of his wife, whom he loved and whose memory he carefully preserved, could not stand his son’s antics, which became the last straw for him. In retaliation, the indignant Salvador Dali sent his sperm to his father in an envelope with an angry letter: “This is all I owe you.” Later, in the book “The Diary of a Genius,” the artist, already an elderly man, speaks well of his father, admits that he loved him very much and endured the suffering caused by his son.
In 1934, he unofficially married Gala. In the same year he visited the USA for the first time.
Break with the surrealists
After Caudillo Franco came to power in 1936, Dalí quarreled with the surrealists on the left and was expelled from the group. In response to Dali: “Surrealism is me.” El Salvador was practically apolitical, and even his monarchist views were not taken seriously, as well as his constantly advertised sexual passion to Hitler.
In 1933, Dali painted The Riddle of William Tell, where he depicts the Swiss folk hero in the image of Lenin with a huge buttock. Dali reinterpreted the Swiss myth according to Freud: Tell became a cruel father who wants to kill his child. Personal memories of Dali, who broke with his father, were layered. Lenin was perceived by communist-minded surrealists as a spiritual, ideological father. The painting depicts dissatisfaction with an overbearing parent, a step towards the formation of a mature personality. But the surrealists took the drawing literally, as a caricature of Lenin, and some of them even tried to destroy the canvas.
The evolution of creativity. Departure from surrealism
In 1937, the artist visited Italy and was delighted with the works of the Renaissance. In his own works the correctness of human proportions and other academic features begin to dominate. Despite the departure from surrealism, his paintings are still filled with surrealist fantasies. Later, Dali credited himself with saving art from modernist degradation, with which he associated his given name, because " Salvador" translated from Spanish means "Savior".
In 1939, Andre Breton, mocking Dali and the commercial component of his work, came up with his anagram nickname “ Avida Dollars", which in Latin is not precise, but recognizably means "greedy for dollars." Breton's joke instantly gained enormous popularity, but did not harm Dali's success, which far exceeded Breton's commercial success.
Life in the USA
With the outbreak of World War II, Dali and Gala left for the USA, where they lived from 1940 to 1948. In 1942, he published a fictionalized autobiography, The Secret Life of Salvador Dali. His literary experiments, as well as works of art, as a rule, turn out to be commercially successful. He collaborates with Walt Disney. He invites Dali to test his talent in cinema, but the project of the surreal cartoon Destino proposed by Salvador was considered commercially unfeasible, and work on it was stopped. Dali worked with director Alfred Hitchcock and created the set for the dream scene from the film Spellbound. However, the scene was cut into the film due to commercial reasons.
Mature and older years
Salvador Dali with his ocelot named Babou in 1965
After returning to Spain, Dali lived mainly in Catalonia. In 1958, he officially married Gala in spanish city Girona. In 1965 he came to Paris and conquered it with his works, exhibitions and shocking actions. He makes short films and takes surreal photographs. In his films, he mainly uses reverse viewing effects, but skillfully selected shooting objects (flowing water, a ball bouncing down the steps), interesting comments, mysterious atmosphere, created acting artist, makes films unusual examples of art house. Dali appears in commercials, and even in such commercial activities he does not miss the opportunity for self-expression. TV viewers will long remember a chocolate commercial in which the artist takes a bite of a piece of a bar, after which his mustache twirls in euphoric delight and he exclaims that he has gone crazy from this chocolate.
Salvador Dali in 1972
His relationship with Gala is quite complicated. On the one hand, from the very beginning of their relationship, she promoted him, found buyers for his paintings, and convinced him to paint works that were more understandable to the mass audience at the turn of the 20s and 30s. When there was no order for paintings, Gala forced her husband to develop product brands and costumes. Her strong, decisive nature was very necessary for the weak-willed artist. Gala was putting things in order in his studio, patiently putting away canvases, paints, and souvenirs that Dali had scattered senselessly while looking for the right thing. On the other hand, she constantly had relationships on the side, in later years the spouses often quarreled, Dali’s love was rather a wild passion, and Gala’s love was not without calculation, with which she “married a genius.” In 1968, Dali bought Pubol Castle for Gala, in which she lived separately from her husband, and which he himself could visit only with the written permission of his wife. In 1981, Dali developed Parkinson's disease. Gala dies in 1982.
Last years
After the death of his wife, Dali experiences deep depression. His paintings themselves are simplified, and in them for a long time The motif of grief predominates, for example, variations on the Pietà theme. Parkinson's disease prevents Dali from painting. His last works(“Cockfights”) are simple squiggles in which the bodies of the characters are guessed.
It was difficult to care for a sick and distraught old man; he threw whatever came to hand at the nurses, screamed, and bit.
After Gala's death, Salvador moved to Pubol, but in 1984 there was a fire in the castle. The paralyzed old man rang the bell unsuccessfully, trying to call for help. In the end, he overcame his weakness, fell out of bed and crawled towards the exit, but lost consciousness at the door. Dali received severe burns but survived. Before this incident, Salvador may have planned to be buried next to Gala, and even prepared a place in the crypt in the castle. However, after the fire, he left the castle and moved to the theater-museum, where he remained until the end of his days.
In early January 1989, Dali was hospitalized with a diagnosis of heart failure. The only intelligible phrase he uttered during the years of illness was “My friend Lorca.”
Salvador Dali died on January 23, 1989, at the age of 85. The artist bequeathed to bury him in such a way that people could walk on the grave, so Dali’s body is walled up in the floor in one of the rooms of the Dali Theater-Museum in the city of Figueres. He bequeathed all his works to Spain.
In 2007, Spaniard Maria Pilar Abel Martinez announced that she was illegitimate daughter Salvador Dali. The woman claimed that many years ago Dali visited his friend’s house in the town of Cadaques, where her mother worked as a maid. Between Dali and her mother arose love affair, as a result of which Pilar was born in 1956. Allegedly, the girl knew from childhood that she was Dali’s daughter, but did not want to upset the feelings of her stepfather. At Pilar's request, a DNA test was carried out using hair and skin cells from Dali's death mask as a sample. The results of the examination indicated the absence of family ties between Dali and Maria Pilar Abel Martinez. However, Pilar demanded that Dali's body be exhumed for a re-examination.
In June 2017, a court in Madrid decided to exhume the remains of Salvador Dali to take samples for the purpose of conducting a genetic examination to establish the possible paternity of a resident of Girona. On July 20, the coffin containing the remains of Salvador Dali was opened and exhumation was carried out. 300 people watched the opening of the coffin. If paternity is recognized, Dali’s daughter would be able to obtain rights to his surname and part of the inheritance. However, the DNA test clearly refuted the assumptions about the relationship of these people.
Creation
Theater
Cinema
In 1945, in collaboration with Walt Disney, he began work on animated film Destino. Production was then delayed due to financial problems; The Walt Disney Company released the film in 2003.
Design
Salvador Dali is the author of the packaging design for Chupa Chups. Enrique Bernat called his caramel "Chups", and at first it had only seven flavors: strawberry, lemon, mint, orange, chocolate, coffee with cream and strawberry with cream. The popularity of “Chups” grew, the amount of caramel produced increased, and new flavors appeared. Caramel could no longer remain in its original modest wrapper; it was necessary to come up with something original so that “Chups” would be recognized by everyone. Enrique Bernat turned to Salvador Dali with a request to draw something memorable. Brilliant artist I didn’t think long and in less than an hour I sketched out a picture for him that depicted the Chupa Chups daisy, which in a slightly modified form is today recognizable as the Chupa Chups logo in all corners of the planet. What made the new logo different was its location: it is located not on the side, but on top of the candy.
Female figure (Baku Museum of Modern Art)
Horse and rider stumbling
Space elephant
In prison
Since 1965, in the main dining room of the prison complex on Rikers Island (USA), a drawing by Dali, which he wrote as an apology to prisoners for not being able to attend their lecture on art, has hung in a prominent place. In 1981, the drawing was hung in the hall “for safekeeping,” and in March 2003 it was replaced with a fake, and the original was stolen. Four employees were charged in this case, three of them pleaded guilty, the fourth was acquitted, but the original was not found.
The child suffered from a lot of phobias and complexes, which prevented him from finding mutual language with peers. His classmates often teased him and used his phobias against him. At the same time, Salvador behaved defiantly and tried to shock those around him. Although there were few childhood friends, one of them was Josep Samitier, a Barcelona football player.
Already in childhood, Dali's talent for fine art manifested itself. At the age of 6 he wrote interesting pictures. And at the age of 14, his first exhibition took place in Figueres. Dali had the opportunity to improve his skills at the municipal art school.
In 1914-1918, Salvador studied in Figueres at the Academy of the Marist Order. Education at the monastic school did not go smoothly, and at the age of 15 the eccentric student was expelled for obscene behavior.
In 1916, a significant event for Dali took place - a trip to Cadaqués with the Pichot family. It was there that we met modern painting. IN hometown the genius studied with Joan Nunez.
In 1921 future artist He graduated from the institute (that’s what high schools were called in Catalonia), which he managed to enroll in even despite being expelled from the monastic school. Dali's grades were brilliant.
Dalí's youthful years
A talented young man easily enters the Madrid Academy of San Fernando and moves to the “Residence” - a dormitory for gifted students. Dali is noticed for his attractive appearance and panache. Along with studying artistic craft, the young man begins to master literature. Although the first notes about great artists appeared back in 1919, while studying at the Academy, he devoted more time to writing.
In 1921, Salvador's mother, whom he adored, died.
During his studies, Dali met Lorca, Garfias and Buñuel. Later, in his scandalous book “The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, Told by Himself,” written in 1942, the artist would write that only Lorca made an indelible impression on him. The artist will have a fruitful collaboration with Buñuel.
Also during his studies, Dali read Freud, whose ideas made an indelible impression on him. Under the influence of the father of psychoanalysis, the paranoid - critical method was born, which in 1935 would be described in the work “Conquest of the Irrational.”
Contemporaries spoke of Salvador Dali as a very talented and hardworking person. They said that he could spend hours writing in the studio, mastering new techniques, and forgetting to go down to eat. Experimenting with Dada and Cubism, Dali tried to find his own style. Towards the end of his studies, he became disillusioned with his teachers and began to behave defiantly, for which he was expelled from the Academy in 1926. In the same year, in search of himself, the genius goes to Paris and meets Picasso. In the works of that period, the influence of the latter is noticeable, as well as Joan Miró.
Youth
In 1929, Dali, together with Buñuel, wrote the script for the film “Un Chien Andalou” in just six days. The film is a resounding success.
The success of Un Chien Andalou inspired Buñuel and Dali to make their second film, The Golden Age, which was released in 1931.
Quarrels with the surrealists begin. The last straw was the painting of the painting “The Mystery of William Tell” in 1933. Here the character is identified with Lenin as a stern ideological father. The surrealists took Dali literally. Moreover, he had the audacity to declare: “Surrealism is me.” The conflict leads to a break with Breton society in 1936.
Creative changes
In 1934, one of the most famous paintings— “The Metamorphosis of Narcissus.” Almost immediately Dali published literary work"Metamorphoses of Narcissus. Paranoid topic."
Gradually, the artist moves away from surrealism, but still continues to shock the public, calling himself a savior (a play on the meaning of the name Salvador) from modernist degradation.
Life in the USA
With the outbreak of World War II, Dali and Gala went to the USA, where they would remain throughout 1940-1948. The scandalous autobiography mentioned earlier comes out here.
All activities in the States turn out to be commercially successful: paintings, advertising, photographs, exhibitions, eccentric actions. Gala’s strong-willed character contributes a lot to this. She organizes her husband’s activities, puts things in order in his workshop, pushes him in certain directions, stimulating him to earn money.
Return to Spain. Mature years
Homesickness made itself felt, and in 1948 the couple returned to Spain, to their beloved Catalonia. Fantastic and religious themes begin to appear in the paintings of that period. In 1953, an exhibition was held, which collected more than 150 works. In general, Dali was a very prolific artist.
Dali and Gala established their real first home in Port Lligat in 1959. By that time, the genius had become a very popular and sold author. Only very wealthy people could afford his paintings in the 60s.
In 1981, the artist was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, and he practically stopped writing. The death of his wife also brought him down. The latest works express all the melancholy of an old sick person.
The genius died on January 23, 1989 from heart failure and was buried in his homeland, in a museum under an unnamed slab, so that, as he wanted, people could walk on the grave.
Salvador Dali(full name Salvador Domenech Felip Jacinth Dali and Domenech, Marquis de Pubol, cat. Salvador Domènec Felip Jacint Dalí i Domènech, Marqués de Dalí de Púbol, Spanish Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marqués de Dalí y de Púbol ; May 11 - January 23) - Spanish painter, graphic artist, sculptor, director, writer. One of the most famous representatives of surrealism.
Acquaintance with new trends in painting develops - Dali experiments with the methods of cubism and dadaism. In the city he is expelled from the Academy for his arrogant and disdainful attitude towards teachers. In the same year he goes to Paris for the first time, where he meets Pablo Picasso. Trying to find his own style, in the late 1920s he created a number of works influenced by Picasso and Joan Miró. In the city he participates with Buñuel in the creation of the surreal film “Un Chien Andalou”.
Then he first meets his future wife Gala (Elena Dmitrievna Dyakonova), who was then the wife of the poet Paul Eluard. Having become close to Salvador, Gala, however, continued to meet with her husband and started relationships with other poets and artists, which at that time seemed acceptable in those bohemian circles where Dali, Eluard and Gala moved. Realizing that he actually stole his friend’s wife, Salvador paints his portrait as “compensation.”
Youth
Dali's works are shown at exhibitions, he is gaining popularity. In 1929 he joined the group of surrealists organized by Andre Breton. At the same time, there is a break with his father. The hostility of the artist’s family towards Gala, the associated conflicts, scandals, as well as the inscription made by Dali on one of the canvases - “Sometimes I spit with pleasure on the portrait of my mother” - led to the fact that the father cursed his son and kicked him out of the house. The provocative, shocking and seemingly terrible actions of the artist were not always worth understanding literally and seriously: he probably did not want to offend his mother and did not even imagine what this would lead to, perhaps he longed to experience a series of feelings and experiences that he stimulated in such a blasphemous, at first glance, act. But the father, upset by the long-ago death of his wife, whom he loved and whose memory he carefully preserved, could not stand his son’s antics, which became the last straw for him. In retaliation, the indignant Salvador Dali sent his sperm to his father in an envelope with an angry letter: “This is all I owe you.” Later, in the book “The Diary of a Genius,” the artist, already an elderly man, speaks well of his father, admits that he loved him very much and endured the suffering caused by his son.
Break with the surrealists
After Caudillo Franco came to power in 1936, Dalí quarreled with the surrealists on the left and was expelled from the group. In response, Dali, not without reason, declares: “Surrealism is me.” Salvador was practically apolitical, and even his monarchist views should be understood surrealistically, that is, not seriously, as well as his constantly advertised sexual passion for Hitler. He lived surrealistically, his statements and works had a broader and deep meaning, rather than the interests of specific political parties. So, in 1933, he painted the picture The Riddle of William Tell, where he depicts Lenin in the image with a huge buttock. Dali reinterpreted the Swiss myth according to Freud: Tell became a cruel father who wants to kill his child. Personal memories of Dali, who broke with his father, were layered. Lenin was perceived by communist-minded surrealists as a spiritual, ideological father. The painting depicts dissatisfaction with an overbearing parent, a step towards the formation of a mature personality. But the surrealists took the drawing literally, as a caricature of Lenin, and some of them even tried to destroy the canvas.
The evolution of creativity. Departure from surrealism
In 1937, the artist visited Italy and was delighted with the works of the Renaissance. The correctness of human proportions and other features of academicism begin to dominate in his own works. Despite the departure from surrealism, his paintings are still filled with surrealist fantasies. Later Dali (in best traditions his conceit and outrageousness) credits himself with saving art from modernist degradation, with which he associates his own name (“Salvador” translated from Spanish means “Savior”).
Dali in the USA
With the outbreak of the Second World War, Dali and Gala left for the United States, where they lived from 2000 to 2000. In 2010, he published a fictionalized autobiography, “The Secret Life of Salvador Dali.” His literary experiments, like his works of art, usually turn out to be commercially successful. He collaborates with Walt Disney. He invites Dali to test his talent in cinema - an art that at that time was covered in an aura of magic, miracles and wide possibilities. But the surreal cartoon project Destino, proposed by Salvador, was considered commercially unfeasible, and work on it was stopped. Dali works with director Alfred Hitchcock and paints the scenery for the dream scene from the film Spellbound. However, the scene was included in the film very truncated - again for commercial reasons.
Middle and old years
After returning to Spain, he lives mainly in his beloved Catalonia. In 1965 he came to Paris and again, as almost 40 years ago, conquered it with his works, exhibitions and shocking actions. He makes whimsical short films and takes surreal photographs. In his films, he mainly uses reverse viewing effects, but skillfully selected shooting objects (flowing water, a ball bouncing down the steps), interesting comments, and a mysterious atmosphere created by the artist’s acting make the films unusual examples of art house. Dali appears in commercials, and even in such commercial activities he does not miss the opportunity for self-expression. TV viewers will long remember a chocolate commercial in which the artist takes a bite of a piece of a bar, after which his mustache twirls in euphoric delight and he exclaims that he has gone crazy from this chocolate.
His relationship with Gala is quite complicated. On the one hand, from the very beginning of their relationship, she promoted him, found buyers for his paintings, convinced him to paint works that were more understandable to the mass audience (the change in his painting at the turn of the 20-30s was striking), shared with him the luxury, and need. When there was no order for paintings, Gala forced her husband to develop product brands and costumes: her strong, decisive nature was very necessary for the weak-willed artist. Gala was putting things in order in his studio, patiently putting away canvases, paints, and souvenirs that Dali had scattered senselessly while looking for the right thing. On the other hand, she constantly had relationships on the side, in her later years the spouses often quarreled, Dali’s love was rather a wild passion, and Gala’s love was not devoid of calculation, with which she married a genius. In 1968, Dali bought a castle for Gala in the village of Pubol, in which she lived separately from her husband, and which he himself could visit only with the written permission of his wife. In 1981, Dali developed Parkinson's disease. Gala dies in the city.
Last years
After the death of his wife, Dali experiences deep depression. His paintings themselves are simplified, and for a long time they are dominated by the motif of grief (variations on the theme “Pietà”). Parkinson's disease also prevents Dali from painting. His most recent works (“Cockfights”) are simple squiggles in which the bodies of the characters are guessed - last attempts self-expression of an unhappy sick person. It was difficult to care for a sick and distraught old man; he threw himself at the nurses with whatever came to hand, screamed, and bit. In 1984, there was a fire in the castle. The paralyzed old man rang the bell unsuccessfully, trying to call for help. In the end, he overcame his weakness, fell out of bed and crawled towards the exit, but lost consciousness at the door. He was taken to hospital with severe burns, but survived. Sick and infirm, Dali died on January 23, 1989 from heart attack. The only intelligible phrase he uttered during the years of illness was “My friend Lorca”: the artist recalled the years of his happy, healthy youth, when he was friends with the poet Federico García Lorca. Dali's body is walled up in the floor in one of the rooms of the Dali Theater-Museum in Figueres. The artist bequeathed to bury him so that people could walk around the grave.
Plaque on the wall in the room where Dali is buried
Some works
- Self-Portrait with Raphael's Neck (1920-1921) This is one of Dali's first works. Made in an impressionist style.
- Portrait of Luis Buñuel (1924) Like "Still Life" (1924) or "Puristic Still Life" (1924), this picture created during Dali’s search for his manner and style of execution, the atmosphere is reminiscent of the paintings of De Chirico.
- Flesh on the Stones (1926) Dali called Picasso his second father. This canvas is made in a cubist manner unusual for El Salvador, like the previously painted “Cubist Self-Portrait” (1923). In addition, Dali also painted several portraits of Picasso.
- The Gizmo and the Hand (1927) Experiments with geometric shapes continue. You can already feel that mystical desert, the manner of painting landscapes characteristic of Dali of the “surrealist” period, as well as some other artists (in particular, Yves Tanguy).
- The Invisible Man (1929) Also called "Invisible", the painting shows metamorphosis, hidden meanings and contours of objects. Dali often returned to this technique, making it one of the main features of his painting. This applies to a number of later paintings, such as, for example, “Swans Reflected in Elephants” (1937) and “The Appearance of a Face and a Bowl of Fruit on the Seashore” (1938).
- Enlightened Pleasures (1929) Reveals Dali's obsessions and childhood fears. He also uses images borrowed from his own “Portrait of Paul Eluard” (1929), “Riddles of Desire: “My Mother, My Mother, My Mother” (1929) and some others.
- The Great Masturbator (1929) The painting, like Enlightened Pleasures, is a field for studying the artist’s personality.
- William Tell (1930) Rethinking the role and essence of the Swiss folk hero, presenting him in the film as an overbearing father who, with his pressure, his “dictatorship,” fetters the development and personal maturation of his son. The father's phallus on display, the scissors in his hand, is an illustration of the Freudian idea of the castration complex that a son experiences, suppressed by the image of his father.
- The Persistence of Memory (1931) One of the most famous works Salvador Dali. Like many others, it uses ideas from previous work. In particular, this is a self-portrait and ants, soft watch and the coast of Cadaqués, Dali's birthplace.
- Paranoid Transformations of Gala's Face (1932) It’s like a picture-instruction for Dali’s paranoiac-critical method.
- Retrospective Bust of a Woman (1933) Surreal item. Despite the huge bread and cobs - symbols of fertility, Dali seems to emphasize the price at which all this is given: the woman’s face is full of ants eating her up.
- The Mystery of William Tell (1933) One of Dali's outright mockeries of Andre Breton's communist love and his leftist views. Main character according to Dali himself, this is Lenin in a cap with a huge visor. In “The Diary of a Genius,” Dali writes that the baby is himself, screaming “He wants to eat me!” There are also crutches here - an indispensable attribute of Dali’s work, which retained its relevance throughout the artist’s life. With these two crutches the artist props up the visor and one of the leader’s thighs. This is not the only known work on this topic. Back in 1931, Dali wrote “Partial Hallucination. Six apparitions of Lenin on the piano."
- Mae West's face (used as a surreal room) (1934-1935) The work was realized both on paper and in the form of a real room with furniture in the form of a lip-sofa and other things.
- Woman with a Head of Roses (1935) The head of roses is rather a tribute to Arcimboldo, an artist beloved by the surrealists. Arcimboldo, long before the advent of the avant-garde as such, painted portraits of court men, using vegetables and fruits to compose them (eggplant nose, wheat hair, etc.). He (like Bosch) was something of a surrealist before surrealism.
- The Pliable Structure with Boiled Beans: A Premonition of the Civil War (1936) Like Autumn Cannibalism, written the same year, this picture is the horror of a Spaniard who understands what is happening to his country and where it is heading. This painting is akin to “Guernica” by the Spaniard Pablo Picasso.
- Venus de Milo with boxes (1936) The most famous Dalian item. The idea of boxes is also present in his paintings. This can be confirmed by “Giraffe on Fire” (1936-1937), “Anthropomorphic Locker” (1936) and other paintings.
- Telephone - Lobster (1936) A so-called surrealistic object is an object that has lost its essence and traditional function. Most often it was intended to evoke resonance and new associations. Dali and Giacometti were the first to create what Salvador himself called “objects with a symbolic function.”
- Sunshine Table (1936) and Poetry of America (1943) When advertising has become a part of everyone's life, Dali resorts to it to create a special effect, a kind of unobtrusive culture shock. In the first picture he casually drops a pack of CAMEL cigarettes onto the sand, and in the second he uses a bottle of Coca-Cola.
- Metamorphoses of Narcissus (1936-1937) Or "The Metamorphosis of Narcissus". Deeply psychological work.
- The Riddle of Hitler (1937) Dali himself spoke differently about Hitler. He wrote that he was attracted to the Fuhrer’s soft, plump back. His mania did not cause much enthusiasm among the surrealists, who had leftist sympathies. On the other hand, Dali subsequently spoke of Hitler as a complete masochist who started the war with only one goal - to lose it. According to the artist, he was once asked for an autograph for Hitler and he made a straight cross - “the complete opposite of the broken fascist swastika.”
- Slave Market with the Appearance of Voltaire's Invisible Bust (1938) One of Dali's most famous "optical" paintings, in which he skillfully plays with color associations and angles of view. Another extreme famous work of a similar kind is “The Gala, looking at the Mediterranean Sea, at a distance of twenty meters turns into a portrait of Abraham Lincoln” (1976).
- A dream caused by the flight of a bee around a pomegranate a second before awakening (1944) This bright picture has a feeling of lightness and instability of what is happening. In the background is a long-legged elephant. This character appears in other works, such as The Temptation of St. Anthony (1946).
- Naked Dali contemplating five ordered bodies turning into corpuscles from which Leonardo’s Leda is unexpectedly created, fertilized by the face of Gala (1950) One of many paintings dating back to the period of Dali’s passion for physics. He breaks images, objects and faces into spherical corpuscles or some kind of rhinoceros horns (another obsession demonstrated in the diary entries). And if an example of the first technique is “Galatea with Spheres” (1952) or this painting, then the second is based on “The Explosion of Raphael’s Head” (1951).
- Crucifixion or Hypercubic Body (1954) Corpus hypercubus - a painting depicting the crucifixion of Christ. Dalí turns to religion (as well as mythology, as exemplified by The Colossus of Rhodes (1954)) and writes biblical stories in his own way, bringing a considerable amount of mysticism into the paintings. The wife Gala is now becoming an indispensable character in “religious” paintings. However, Dali does not limit himself and allows himself to write quite provocative things. Such as “The Sodom Self-Pleasure of the Innocent Maiden” (1954).
- Last Supper (1955) The most famous painting, showing one of the biblical scenes. Many researchers still argue about the value of the so-called “religious” period in Dali’s work. The paintings “Our Lady of Guadalupe” (1959), “The Discovery of America through the Dream of Christopher Columbus” (1958-1959) and “Ecumenical Council” (1960) (in which Dali depicted himself) - prominent representatives paintings of that time.
The canvas presents in its entirety scenes from the Bible (the supper itself, Christ’s walking on water, the crucifixion, prayer before the betrayal of Judas), which are surprisingly combined, intertwined with each other.
The biblical theme occupies a significant position in the works of Salvador Dali. The artist tried to find God in the world around him, in himself, imagining Christ as the center of the primordial Universe (“Christ of St. John of the Cross”, 1951).
Dali sculptures
Salvador Dali in 1972
The image of Dali in cinema
| Year | A country | Name | Director | Salvador Dali |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | The Adventures of Picasso | Tage Danielsson | ||
| Germany Spain Mexico |
Buñuel and King Solomon's Table | Carlos Saura | Ernesto Alterio | |
| Great Britain Spain |
Echoes of the past | Paul Morrison | Robert Pattison | |
| USA Spain |
Midnight in Paris | Woody Allen | Adrien Brody |
see also
Notes
Literature
- Delassin S. Gala for Dali. Biography of a married couple. M., Text, 2008.
- George Orwell. The privilege of spiritual shepherds. Essay. - Lenizdat, 1990.
Links
| Dali, Salvador in Wikiquote | |
| Salvador Dalí on Wikimedia Commons |
Well, here's a biography of Salvador Dali. Salvador is one of my favorite artists. I tried to add more dirty details delicious interesting facts and quotes from friends from the master’s circle that are not on other sites. Available short biography artist's creativity - see navigation below. Much is taken from Gabriella Poletta’s film “The Biography of Salvador Dali,” so be careful, spoilers!
When inspiration leaves me, I put my brush and paints aside and sit down to scribble something about the people who inspire me. So it goes.
Salvador Dali, biography. Table of contents.
The Dalís would spend the next eight years in the United States. Immediately upon their arrival in America, Salvador and Gala launched a grandiose orgy of a PR event. They threw a costume party in a surreal style (Gala sat in a unicorn costume, hmm) and invited the most prominent people from the bohemian party of their time. Dali quite successfully began to exhibit in America, and his shocking antics were very much loved by the American press and the bohemian crowd. What, what, they have never seen such masterly and artistic silliness.
In 1942, the surrealist published his autobiography, “The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, Written by Himself.” The book will be slightly shocking for unprepared minds, I say right away. Although it's worth reading, it's interesting. Despite the obvious strangeness of the author, it is quite easy and relaxed to read. IMHO, Dali, as a writer, is quite good, in his own way, of course.
However, despite the huge critical success, Gala again had difficulty finding buyers for her paintings. But everything changed when, in 1943, the Dali exhibition was visited by a wealthy couple from Colorado - Reynold and Eleanor Mos. regular customers paintings by Salvador and family friends. The Moss purchased a quarter of all Salvador Dali's paintings and later founded the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, but not in the one you think of, but in America, in Florida.
We started collecting his works, often met with Dali and Gala, and he liked us because we liked his paintings. Gala also fell in love with us, but she needed to maintain her reputation as a person with a difficult character, she was torn between sympathy for us and her reputation. (c) Eleanor Mos
Dali worked closely as a designer, participating in the creation of jewelry and scenery. In 1945, Hitchcock invited the master to create the scenery for his film Spellbound. Even Walt Disney was captivated magical world Dali. In 1946, he commissioned a cartoon that would introduce Americans to surrealism. True, the sketches turned out to be so surreal that the cartoon will never appear in theaters, but later, nevertheless, it will be finished. It's called Destino. The cartoon is schizophasic, very beautiful, with high-quality drawings and is worth watching, unlike The Andalusian Dog (don't watch the dog, honestly).
Salvador Dali's spat with the surrealists.
While the entire artistic and intellectual community hated Franco, he was a dictator who had taken over the republic by force. Dali, however, decided to go against popular opinion. (c) Antonio Pichot.
Dali was a monarchist, he talked with Franco and he told him that she was going to restore the monarchy. So Dali was for Franco. (c) Lady Moyne
The painting of El Salvador at this time acquired a particularly academic character. The master's paintings of this period are especially characterized by a classical component, despite the obvious surreal nature of the plot. The maestro also paints landscapes and classic paintings without any surrealism. Many of the paintings also take on a distinctly religious character. Famous paintings by Salvador Dali of this time - Atomic ice, last supper, Christ of Saint Juan de la Cruz, etc.
The prodigal son returned to the fold catholic church and in 1958 Dali and Gala got married. Dali was 54 years old, Gala 65. However, despite the wedding, their romance changed. Gala's goal was to turn Salvador Dali into world celebrity and she has already achieved her goal. There's no denying that their partnership was much more than just a business arrangement. But Gala loved young stallions, so that they could stand for an hour without a break, and Salvadorich was no longer the same. He no longer looked like the sexless, extravagant ephebe she had known before. Therefore, their relationship cooled noticeably, and Gala was increasingly seen surrounded by young gigolos and without Salvador.
Many people thought that Dali was just a showman, but this is not so. He worked 18 hours a day, admiring the local landscapes. I think he was basically a simple person. (c) Lady Moyne.
Amanda Lear, Salvador Dali's second great love.
Salvador, who had been partying all his life with burning eyes, turned into a shaking, unhappy animal with a hunted look. Time spares no one.
Death of Gala, wife of a surrealist.
Soon the maestro was waiting for a new blow. In 1982, at the age of 88, Gala died of a heart attack. Despite the rather cool temperatures Lately relationship, Salvador Dali, with the death of Gala, lost his core, the basis of his existence and became like an apple whose core had rotted.
For Dali it was with a strong blow. It was as if his world was falling apart. It's arrived scary time. A time of deepest depression. (c) Antonio Pichot.
After Gala's death, Dali went downhill. He left for Pubol. (c) Lady Moyne.
The famous surrealist moved to the castle bought for his wife, where traces of her former presence allowed him to somehow brighten up his existence.
I think it was a big mistake to retire to this castle, where he was surrounded by people who did not know him at all, but in this way Dali mourned Gala (c) Lady Moyne.
Once a well-known party animal, Salvador, whose house was always full of people drunk on pink champagne, turned into a recluse who only allowed close friends to visit him.
He said, okay, let's meet, but in complete darkness. I don't want you to see how gray and old I have become. I want her to remember me as young and beautiful (c) Amanda.
I was asked to visit him. He put a bottle of red wine and a glass on the table, placed an armchair, and remained in the bedroom with the door closed. (c) Lady Moyne.
Fire and death of Salvador Dali
Fate, which had previously spoiled Dali with luck, decided, as if in revenge for all the previous years, to throw Salvador a new misfortune. In 1984, there was a fire in the castle. None of the nurses on duty around the clock responded to Dali’s cries for help. When Dali was rescued, his body was 25 percent burned. Unfortunately, fate did not give the artist an easy death and he recovered, although he was exhausted and covered with scars from burns. Salvador's friends persuaded him to leave his castle and move to a museum in Figueres. Salvador Dali spent his last years before his death surrounded by his art.
5 years later, Salvador Dali died in a hospital in Barcelona from cardiac arrest. So it goes.
Such an end seems too sad for a man who was so full of life and so different from others. He was incredible person. (c) Lady Moyne
Tell this to Vrubel and Van Gogh.
Salvador Dali enriched our lives not only with his paintings. I'm glad he allowed us to get to know him so intimately. (c) Eleanor Mos
I felt that a huge, very significant part of my life had ended, as if I had lost my own father. (c) Amanda.
For many, the meeting with Dali was a real discovery of a new huge world, an unusual philosophy. Compared to him, all these contemporary artists Those who try to copy his style look simply pathetic. (c) Ultraviolet.
Before his death, Salvador Dali bequeathed to be buried in his museum, surrounded by his works, under the feet of his admiring fans.
There are probably people who don't even know that he died, they think he just doesn't work anymore. In a sense, it doesn't matter whether Dali is alive or dead. For pop culture, he is always alive. (c) Alice Cooper.
Salvador Dali (1904─1989) – great spanish artist and sculptor, writer, graphic artist, director. One of the brightest and most talented representatives of the surrealist movement in painting.
Birth and family
In the northeastern part of Spain, not far from Barcelona, there is a small town called Figueres. At the very beginning of the twentieth century, on May 11, 1904, the future genius Salvador Dali was born in this place. His family at that time consisted only of his parents - his father, Don Salvador Dali y Cusi, and his mother, Dona Filipa Domenech. Later, Salvador had a little sister, Anna Maria.
Before this, there was already one son in the family, but he died of meningitis in 1903, just shy of two years old. When the future artist was only 5 years old, while visiting his brother’s grave, his parents had the imprudence to say that Salvador was his reincarnation. From that moment on, Dali had an obsessive idea that his parents loved not him at all, but his older deceased brother in the person of Salvador. Ideas of this kind will be characteristic of a genius throughout his life.
But the parents actually loved both Salvador and him very much. younger sister. The family was of average income, father was a wealthy state notary, mother was engaged in housekeeping and raising children. The father was an atheist, but the mother, on the contrary, was an unwavering Catholic, thanks to her insistence the children regularly attended church.
Childhood and school years
Father and mother gave their children the most worthy education they were capable of, given their financial situation. In 1910 the boy was sent to primary school « Immaculate Conception» Christian Brothers.
Dali grew up very smart child, but for unknown reasons he himself argued the opposite. He was uncontrollable and arrogant. One day, while with his mother in a shopping area, Salvador threw a tantrum over a piece of candy. The candy shop was closed for siesta, but the boy was screaming so loudly that passing police officers begged the owner-trader to open the shop and sell the ill-fated candy to the child. Salvador achieved his goal by any means: he was capricious, feigned, and attracted the attention of strangers.
Because of this character, Dali was unable to make friends with the kids at school. In addition, all sorts of phobias and complexes prevented him from leading a normal school life. Even from his school days, he began to exhibit some kind of split personality. He played gambling with the guys, but when he lost, he acted like a winner. He was never able to find common ground with his classmates and develop sympathy or friendship with at least one of them. A strange, eccentric child evoked a corresponding reaction from the children. When the children learned that Dali was terribly afraid of grasshoppers, they began to catch these insects and throw them down his collar. He started having wild hysterics, which amused the children. One only child, with whom El Salvador developed at least some similar human relations, was the future Barcelona footballer Josep Samitier.
Painting training
His talent for drawing manifested itself from an early age; he often drew caricatures in school textbooks and notebooks in the margins to make his little sister laugh. Family friend Ramon Pichot was an impressionist artist, he noticed the boy's abilities and helped him develop in this direction.
In the town of Cadaques by the sea, the Dali family had a small house. Here in 1916 the future artist spent his holidays. He liked to communicate with the lower strata of society, he talked for a long time with local workers and fishermen, and eagerly studied the superstitions and mythology of his people. Perhaps even then in his creative talent mystical themes were intertwined.
In parallel with receiving a regular education, the boy was enrolled in the municipal art school, where he studied fine arts. After completing his studies here, he entered the Academy of the Brothers of the Marist Order in Figueres, where the Spanish artist Nunez taught Dali the methods of original engraving.
In 1921, a tragedy struck the family: my mother died of cancer.
Madrid
After the death of his mother, Dali decided to leave for Madrid. He persuaded his father to let him go and help him enter the Academy fine arts.
In 1922, Salvador Dali prepared a drawing for the entrance exams that turned out to be too small. The caretaker from the Academy told Dali’s father about this, and he, already tired of his son’s whims, asked him to redraw it in an amicable way. There was three days left, but Salvador was in no hurry to write, which drove his father to white heat. On the day of the exam, the young man told his father that he had made a drawing, only it was even smaller than the previous one; for the parent, such a challenge was with a strong blow. But the commission examined Dali's work high craftsmanship and accepted him into the Academy.
He began his studies in Madrid and settled in a student dormitory for gifted young people. Along with his studies, Dali was very interested in the works of Freud, showed off in society, and made new useful acquaintances.
Salvador wrote a lot at this time, introducing new trends into his paintings: cubism and Dadaism.
But in 1926, despite his talent, Salvador was expelled from the Academy for his disgusting arrogance and disdainful attitude towards teachers. That same year he left for Paris.
Creative path
In the French capital, Dali met Pablo Picasso. Under his influence, he created a number of paintings that took part in exhibitions and brought popularity to the artist.
Salvador wrote in the style of surrealism. His paintings intertwined myths with reality, and his deep study of psychology according to Freud left a significant imprint on his work.
In 1937, the artist visited Italy, he was delighted with the works of the Renaissance, after which he own paintings even correct human proportions appeared, but still with surreal fantasies.
At the beginning of World War II, Salvador left for the United States, where he lived until 1948. In America, he also discovered his talent for writing; in 1942, his autobiography “The Secret Life of Salvador Dali” was published. Acquaintance with Walt Disney also brought Dali experience of working in cinema. Director Alfred Hitchcock shot the film Spellbound, and Salvador wrote the scenery for it.
Returning to Spain, the artist worked a lot and, as before, conquered the whole world with his works, exhibitions and shocking antics.
In 1969, Dali became interested in sculpture, among his most famous works:
- "Gala in the Window";
- "Seated Don Quixote";
- "Space Elephant";
- "The horse and rider are stumbling."
An incredible love story
Famous muse and Elena Dyakonova, known throughout the world under the name Gala, became the wife of Salvador Dali.
They met in the summer of 1929, at that time Elena was married to French poet Paul Eluard and at the same time had a lover, Mark Ernst. The woman was too loving, she simply adored sex, could not exist without it.
Gala was older than Dali for 10 years. At the time of their acquaintance, he was a young aspiring artist who came from a provincial town, and Gala was experienced and sophisticated, self-confident and sophisticated, moving in the highest circles of society. He was struck by her beauty.
It cannot be said that Gala had beauty in the usual sense of the word; she, like a magnet, attracted men to her, they became as if bewitched and lost their minds from this woman.
Gala and Dali became close, but this did not stop the woman from continuing her relationship with her husband and also having lovers along the way; at that time in bohemian circles this was considered normal.
But in the end she left her husband and moved in with Dali in 1930, she told him then: “My boy, we will never part”. She not only satisfied his sexual fantasies, Gala became everything for Salvador: patroness, business manager, organizer.
It was Gala who made the artist famous throughout the world; she used all her connections, organized exhibitions, and brought his works to connoisseurs. And he created with such zeal that one painting had not yet been completed, and another was already asking to be put on canvas. Dali painted his muse, which inspired him so much, constantly. Now his paintings were signed with the double name Gala - Salvador Dali.
Husband Paul Eluard before last days wrote to her Love letters, full of tenderness. And only after his death in 1952 did Gala and Salvador get married.
When Dali began to lose interest in paintings, Gala gave him new idea creating designer furniture. Rich people all over the world were ready to give any money for sofas in the shape of women's lips, elephants on thin legs, or for fancy watches with a strange dial. Salvador Dali is also the author of the packaging design for Chupa Chups caramel.
Their relationship seemed strange to the ordinary world, but for the two of them it was normal. The woman changed lovers like gloves, Dali constantly had fun in the company of young girls, spending a lot of money on them. In 1965, El Salvador had a second muse - Amanda Lear, a 19-year-old model and singer.
But Gala remained the only woman to whom he completely obeyed. If not for her, the world might never have known the great genius of Salvador Dali. First, she inspired self-confidence in the young, insecure artist, then she fully revealed the full scope of his talent: she made Dali an idol of the planet, while constantly protecting and defending him. And he bowed to her.
Their amazing relationship lasted 53 years. Gala died in 1982 at the age of 88. Her body was embalmed, dressed in a red dress and placed in a coffin with a glass lid. In their castle of Pubol, during her lifetime, she built a crypt for the two of them, and the woman was buried there.
The last years of life and death of a genius
Dali survived his wife by 7 years. After Gal's death, he had terrible depression, and Parkinson's disease was rapidly developing. He spent last years in seclusion in the Pubol castle, where the woman of his life lay under a glass lid.
He painted a little, but the paintings were very simple, and a thin thread of grief ran through them everywhere.
Over time, he stopped writing, speaking, and then moving. The old man was distraught, it was almost impossible to care for him, he bit the nurses, threw whatever came to hand at them, and screamed.
He died on January 23, 1989. Finally, he shocked the whole world with his will - to bury himself not next to the woman he loved; he asked that people walk on his grave. In the town of Figueres there is a Dali theater-museum; in one of the rooms, his body is walled up under the floor...
